Eastern Parkway: Difference between revisions

Eastern Parkway
Eastern Parkway Extension (east of Ralph Avenue)
	Near New York Avenue in Crown Heights
Former name(s)	Sackett Street
Maintained by	NYCDOT
Length	3.8 mi (6.1 km)
Width	70 to 200 feet (21 to 61 m)
Restrictions	No commercial vehicles west of Ralph Avenue (excluding service roads)
Location	Brooklyn, New York
West end	Grand Army Plaza in Prospect Heights
East end	Bushwick Avenue in Bushwick
	Eastern Parkway
	U.S. National Register of Historic Places
	New York City Landmark No. 0998
Built	1870–1874 (original parkway) ; 1896–1898 (extension)
Architect	Frederick Law Olmsted; Calvert Vaux
NRHP reference No.	83001689
NYCL No.	0998
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	September 26, 1983
Designated NYCL	August 22, 1978

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Eastern Parkway is a major east–west boulevard in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, it was built between 1870 and 1874 and has been credited as the world's first parkway. At the time of its construction, Eastern Parkway extended to the eastern edge of the then-independent city of Brooklyn.

The road begins at Grand Army Plaza (the main entrance to Prospect Park) and runs 3.8 miles (6.1 km) east to Bushwick Avenue. The initial portion of Eastern Parkway, west of Ralph Avenue, consists of a main road and two service roads separated by landscaped medians, which include bike paths and walkways. The section west of Ralph Avenue is a New York City scenic landmark and on the National Register of Historic Places. The part east of Ralph Avenue is narrower and is officially known as the Eastern Parkway Extension.

Olmsted and Vaux designed Eastern Parkway, along with Ocean Parkway, in the 1860s to connect Prospect Park with neighborhoods further afield. Eastern Parkway was built with the expectation that it would be the centerpiece of a neighborhood with "first-class" housing. Ultimately, the resulting development encompassed a variety of building styles including single-family homes, mansions, and apartment buildings. Eastern Parkway has been modified several times over the years. The extension east of Ralph Avenue was built in the late 1890s, and the original parkway's service roads were widened in the 1900s. The neighborhoods around the parkway developed into a "Doctor's Row" in the late 19th century, and further development occurred with the opening of the New York City Subway's Eastern Parkway Line in 1920. Following a period of deterioration, the section between Washington and Ralph avenues was rebuilt between 1987 and 1993, and the section west of Washington Avenue was rebuilt in the 2000s. By the 21st century, Eastern Parkway had some of Brooklyn's most dangerous intersections.

Route description

Eastern Parkway extends 3.8 miles (6.1 km) across Brooklyn from west to east.^[1] Its western terminus is at Grand Army Plaza (originally Prospect Park Plaza), the main entrance to Prospect Park, where it intersects with Prospect Park West, Flatbush Avenue, and Vanderbilt Avenue. From Grand Army Plaza to Washington Avenue. the thoroughfare consists of a broad, bidirectional avenue of six lanes, separated by a median from a narrow parallel service road on the north side. It passes Brooklyn Central Library, Brooklyn Museum, Mount Prospect Park, and Brooklyn Botanic Garden in this area; all of these are located on the south side of Eastern Parkway.^[3]^[4] The section between Washington and Ralph avenues has a second service road on the south side, separated by another median.^[4] The parkway makes a slight bend at Bedford Avenue,^[5] and it continues east to Ralph Avenue.^[4]

East of Ralph Avenue, the parkway is reduced to six lanes, heading in a northeasterly direction toward Bushwick Avenue. Here, Eastern Parkway officially becomes the Eastern Parkway Extension^[6] and curves northeast to intersect with Howard Avenue, Atlantic Avenue, Fulton Street, and Broadway.^[4] In this area, Eastern Parkway runs diagonally to the rest of the street grid, creating several oblique intersections.^[7] At Bushwick Avenue, the Extension becomes Vanderveer Street, a dead-end street. The extension connects to the Jackie Robinson Parkway, three blocks southeast, via Bushwick Avenue.^[4]

East of Ralph Avenue, the street numbers on Eastern Parkway continue down Pitkin Avenue toward Aqueduct Racetrack.^[4] Pitkin Avenue was created by the late 1890s when the Eastern Parkway Extension was constructed.^[8] Eastern Park, the home of the Brooklyn Dodgers before Ebbets Field, was located at Eastern Parkway and Vesta Avenue (now Pitkin Avenue at Van Sinderen Avenue, respectively).^[9]^[10]^[11]

In Crown Heights, Eastern Parkway divides the black community to the north and the Jewish community to the south.^[12] There have historically been tensions between the two demographic groups,^[13] especially after the 1991 Crown Heights riot, which occurred after one of the cars in Chabad-Lubavitch Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson's motorcade struck two Guyanese children.^[12]^[14] Eastern Parkway also divides the two community boards that serve Crown Heights: Brooklyn Community Board 8 to the north^[15] and Brooklyn Community Board 9 to the south.^[16] One news reporter wrote in the 1990s that, although Eastern Parkway's apartment buildings and rowhouses were typical of a mid-20th-century American middle-class neighborhood, its West Indian and Jewish populations "created a world that sometimes resembles two vastly different countries".^[17]

Design

The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission and New York City Department of Parks and Recreation credit Eastern Parkway as the world's first parkway, built explicitly for personal and recreational traffic while restricting commercial traffic.^[6]^[18] Frederick Law Olmsted, the parkway's co-designer, described a parkway as "a shaded green ribbon" which might "be absolutely formal or strikingly picturesque, according to circumstances."^[19]^[20]

Eastern and Ocean parkways were planned together,^[21]^[22] though Eastern Parkway was intended to be the more grand of the two.^[23] The parkway is similar to Ocean Parkway in its layout.^[24] West of Washington Avenue, the roadway is about 150 feet (46 m) wide.^[25] The section between Washington and Ralph Avenues is 210 feet (64 m) wide between outer sidewalks,^[24]^[a] with a main road, two service roads, and two medians.^[29] The main roads are around 55–60 feet (17–18 m) wide, while the service roads and medians are each around 30 feet (9.1 m) wide.^[6]^[24]^[28] Both medians are about 35 feet (11 m) wide^[24] and have trees, concrete and wood benches, and paths for pedestrians.^[30] The medians' walkways were originally paved in gravel,^[31] but these have since been replaced with hexagonal asphalt tiles.^[31]^[30] Residents along the parkway tend to use the medians as gathering spaces.^[32]^[33]

The Eastern Parkway Extension is 70 feet (21 m) wide between curbs, with two 20-foot-wide (6.1 m) sidewalks,^[8] for a total width of 110 feet (34 m).^[26] This section has a narrower median of between 5 and 8 feet (1.5 and 2.4 m) separating each direction of traffic. There are three lanes in each direction.^[34]

Originally, there were 1,100 trees planted in the medians.^[6] As such, Olmsted placed elm trees along the main road and a variety of trees consisting mostly of maples on the service roads. These were provided by John Condor's Brooklyn nursery.^[19] The southern median has a bike path, which part of the Brooklyn-Queens Greenway. The greenway runs south from the western end through Prospect Park to Ocean Parkway and east from the eastern end through Forest Park.^[35] The southern median's bike and pedestrian paths are separated by a rumble strip. The northern median is for pedestrians only.^[28] Many trees along the parkway bear plaques commemorating soldiers fallen in World War I.^[36]^[37] As of 2023^[update], there are about 25 different species of trees.^[6]

Traffic and safety

West of Ralph Avenue, most traffic uses the main road of Eastern Parkway, while the service roads tend to be used by local traffic.^[38] Commercial vehicles are prohibited on all three roadways west of Ralph Avenue, since that section of Eastern Parkway is classified as part of the New York City parks system.^[38]^[39] Trucks are allowed east of Ralph Avenue, where traffic loads are heavy throughout the day.^[34] Neither section of Eastern Parkway is designated as a local truck route.^[40] By the late 1990s, the parkway was used by 44,440 vehicles a day, traveling at an average speed of 27 miles per hour (43 km/h).^[41] As of 2023^[update], segments of the original parkway are used by up to 45,000 vehicles a day, while segments of the extension average up to 35,000 a day.^[42]

Between Grand Army Plaza and Ralph Avenue, the main road has traffic lights at every intersection. At several intersections, only one of the two service roads have traffic lights, while the other service road has a stop sign. At intersections with two-way streets, both service roads and the main roads generally contain a traffic light.^[38]^[43] Since the parkway was not designed for modern traffic loads, traffic lights and crosswalks at the service roads are installed in a piecemeal fashion, creating inconsistencies even between adjacent intersections.^[44] At many intersections, there are also no crosswalks between the medians or on the service roads.^[45] Furthermore, drivers frequently exceed the speed limit of 25 miles per hour (40 km/h) due to the design of the main road, which is long, wide, and straight.^[46] Due to the parkway's width and the lack of traffic lights on some service roads, several intersections on Eastern Parkway record high rates of accidents.^[38] This is exacerbated by cars attempting to turn from the main road onto the side streets, which frequently block the crosswalk or make quick turns onto these streets.^[47] The medians are also crowded during rush hours, since several New York City Subway stations have entrances in the medians.^[33]

The intersection with Utica Avenue, a two-way street, was regarded in the 2010s as the most dangerous intersection in Brooklyn.^[48]^[49] This was once the second-most-dangerous intersection in the city, with 88 pedestrians being hurt and four being killed between 1995 and 2001.^[50] Another intersection with Washington Avenue, a two-way street, formerly lacked a traffic light for the northbound service road. Between 1995 and 2005, the intersection of Eastern Parkway and Washington Avenue saw one fatality and 39 injuries,^[51] though the intersection with Washington Avenue was later upgraded with a traffic light.^[52] The New York City Police Department also identified other intersections, such as Eastern Parkway's junctions with Kingston Avenue and Nostrand Avenue, as dangerous during the late 20th century.^[53] Four people were killed at the intersection with Nostrand Avenue between 1988 and 1993 alone.^[54]

Because of the high number of traffic incidents on Eastern Parkway, the parkway is designated as a Vision Zero traffic safety "priority corridor".^[55]^[46] In an effort to reduce injuries, the city proposed installing traffic signals on all of the service roads during the 2010s.^[56] In addition, dedicated turn lanes were added, and traffic signal phases were modified so cars did not conflict with pedestrians and cyclists.^[46]

History

Development

Planning and construction

Eastern Parkway is located on the high edge of Harbor Hill Moraine, a terminal moraine.^[6] Approximately 17,000 years ago the moraine of the receding Wisconsin Glacier that formed Long Island established a string of hills.^[57]^[58] Mount Prospect (or Prospect Hill), near the present-day intersection of Flatbush Avenue and Eastern Parkway, is one of the tallest hills in Brooklyn, rising 200 feet (61 m) above sea level.^[59]^[60] During the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), the area was a site of the Battle of Long Island (also known as the Battle of Brooklyn). American forces attempted to hold Battle Pass, an opening in the terminal moraine where the old Flatbush Road passed from the villages of Brooklyn to Flatbush. It fell after some of the heaviest fighting in the engagement, and its loss contributed to George Washington's decision to retreat. Even though the Continental Army lost the battle, they were able to hold the British back long enough for Washington's army to escape across the East River to Manhattan.^[61]^[62]

Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, who were also responsible for Central Park and Prospect Park, suggested the construction of Eastern Parkway and Ocean Parkway to Brooklyn park commissioners in reports prepared in 1866.^[6] The proposed parkways would connect Prospect Park with Coney Island and East New York, and the parkways were inspired by boulevards such as Under den Linden in Berlin and Avenue Foch in Paris. Ocean and Eastern parkways were considered to be improvements over the European thoroughfares, since both would contain service roads separated from the main road by tree-lined medians.^[21]^[22] Olmsted and Vaux intended the parkways to be the center of a parkway system in Brooklyn. Though this plan did not come to fruition, it spurred plans for other park and parkway systems in the United States.^[6] The design of Eastern Parkway also popularized the concept of tree-lined parkways in the U.S.^[63]

Until the 1860s, the road was known as Sackett Street.^[64]^[22] On May 6, 1868, the New York State Legislature approved the street's widening between Washington and Ralph avenues, the latter street being the boundary of the City of Brooklyn at the time.^[22] In conjunction with the widening, Sackett Street was renamed Eastern Parkway, and zoning restrictions were placed on either side of the parkway.^[65]^[5] The grading of the site began in August 1870, and because the road was to run at the top of the high ridge of a moraine, this work was difficult. The grading resulted in the excavation of topsoil that was then used to landscape the medians. Gangs of workmen started to break up stone for gravel, paving stones, and Belgian blocks. By August 10, 1871, grading between Washington and Ralph avenues had been completed and paving had begun.^[19]^[66] Brooklyn's park commissioners expected that, considering Prospect Park was nearly complete, the parkway would be finished along with the park.^[67]

The Report of the Brooklyn Park Commissioners for the Years 1874–1879, contained a description of "Parkways, Avenues, Streets and Roads, graded, paved and otherwise improved by the Brooklyn Park Commissioners" between 1866 and 1879. The report classified Ocean Parkway as a "gravel roadway" and Eastern Parkway as being of "macadam stone, Belgian block and cobble".^[19]^[68] Specifically, the main road was paved with macadam or gravel to accommodate horse-drawn carriages, while the service roads were paved with stone blocks because they were used by heavier vehicles.^[69] At the time of its completion, Eastern Parkway overlooked the then-separate city of New York to the north, as well as Coney Island and the Rockaways to the south.^[70]

Lagging development of surrounding area

By 1874, Eastern Parkway was almost completed, and land lots were put for sale along the route of the parkway.^[71] The Brooklyn government also implemented a special zoning ordinance along the route (see § Structures).^[19]^[72] The plan was supposed to spur "first-class" construction on the parkway; according to Brooklyn city official James S. T. Stranahan, similar development had occurred in Brooklyn Heights and at the original location of Columbia College.^[73] However, development was stymied by disputes over the ownership of Prospect Park's East Side lands at the parkway's western end.^[74]^[75]^[73] The city of Brooklyn sold off some of the property north of the parkway in 1881. The city's attempts to sell the remaining lots led to a lengthy lawsuit in which the New York Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the city.^[74] Some of the land lay undeveloped until a realty company vouched for the property title in 1910.^[73] While Stranahan originally envisioned one large park between Prospect Park and Jamaica, Queens, rapid development made this impossible.^[76]

Development was also hindered by the presence of the Kings County Penitentiary near Nostrand Avenue, as well as stables, pig farms, and dumps along the parkway.^[5]^[72] Few wealthy people wanted to live on Eastern Parkway as a result,^[72] and the area was filled with empty lots and billboards.^[77] The Brooklyn city government had placed a tax assessment on nearby properties to fund the parkway's construction, but many smaller landowners instead abandoned their land.^[5] By the 1880s, the city had expanded eastward to the neighborhood of New Lots, but the area around Eastern Parkway was still underdeveloped.^[78] The first major development on Eastern Parkway, at the northwest corner with Utica Avenue, did not commence until 1887; the Eastern Parkway Improvement Association was established at that time.^[75] The next year, Brooklyn park commissioners reported that 279 of the 1,014 land lots north of the parkway had been sold, though none of the land to the south had been sold yet.^[79]

News media in the 1890s described Eastern Parkway as leading "nowhere".^[74]^[78] The parkway was seldom used east of Bedford Avenue,^[80] and the eastern end of the parkway transitioned abruptly into an unpaved road.^[5]^[81] The Brooklyn Daily Eagle described the Ralph Avenue terminus in 1896 as being situated "on the brow of a forbidding hill",^[82] and the New-York Tribune wrote in 1894 that the parkway had "not more than half a dozen recently built houses".^[5] In addition, the parkway was in poor condition, with layers of mud covering the roadways.^[83]^[84]

1880s and 1890s

Upgrades

In 1883, workers installed naphtha lamps along Eastern Parkway.^[85] Brooklyn city officials announced plans the next year to repave Eastern Parkway with gravel between Prospect Park Plaza and Brooklyn Avenue.^[86]^[87] The repaving took place during 1885.^[88] In addition, cyclists were allowed to begin using the main roadway at all times, provided that they followed traffic laws.^[89]^[90] During the 1890s, the Brooklyn park commissioners proposed widening the service roads by 10 feet (3.0 m) to accommodate heavy vehicles,^[91]^[92] as well as repaving the entire roadway.^[93] The Brooklyn Daily Eagle predicted that carriage drivers would support the paving project after Highland Park was completed.^[94]

Two city aldermen requested funding in early 1895 to construct a bike path as far east as Howard Avenue.^[95]^[96] A bike path was added alongside the existing roadway,^[97]^[98] and some lampposts were removed to make way for the bike path.^[99] Soon after the bike path opened in late 1895, the Good Roads Association said that cyclists seldom used the path because they had to navigate steep curbs at each intersection.^[98] The city of Brooklyn also upgraded other parts of the existing parkway. The intersection with Bedford Avenue was repaved in brick,^[100]^[101] and the curbs at that intersection were lowered to allow cyclists to safely cross the street.^[102]^[103] Workers laid a sidewalk on the south side of the parkway west of Washington Avenue, along the northern edge of Prospect Park's East Side lands.^[104] In addition, the Brooklyn city government had repaved the main roadway in macadam by 1896.^[80]

Extensions

In the early 1890s, Brooklyn officials proposed extending the parkway northeast to near Cemetery of the Evergreens, Highland Park, and the Ridgewood Reservoir along Brooklyn and Queens' Cemetery Belt.^[81]^[105]^[106] The extension was to travel northeast to Stone Avenue (now Mother Gaston Boulevard), then north to Fulton Street and northeast to Bushwick Avenue.^[107]^[78] Another road, Highland Boulevard, would continue eastward from Bushwick Avenue to Highland Park.^[78] State lawmakers introduced legislation to extend the parkway in March 1891;^[108]^[109] the Assembly passed the bill at the end of that month,^[110] and the Senate approved it that April.^[111] Consulting engineer John Y. Culyer began preparing plans for the extension the next year.^[106]^[112] Brooklyn's park commissioners appropriated $600,000 for the project, and they planned to obtain 368 land lots through eminent domain.^[105] Work on the extension stalled for several years because Brooklyn park commissioner George V. Brower opposed it.^[113]

In 1896, Governor Levi P. Morton signed legislation to authorize the parkway's extension^[114]^[115] and approve the acquisition of further land for the parkway.^[116]^[117] The Brooklyn government acquired 466 parcels of land from 150 landowners.^[118] Thomas Byrnes and M. J. Dady were hired to construct two parts of the extension in September 1896. Byrnes was hired to construct the section from Ralph to Rockaway avenues, while Dady was to build Highland Boulevard, connecting Eastern Parkway's Bushwick Avenue terminus with Highland Park.^[119]^[120] Dady was hired to construct the section between Rockaway and Bushwick avenues that November.^[121]^[122] Brooklyn park commissioner Timothy L. Woodruff planned to include bike paths along the Eastern Parkway Extension as well,^[123] and he was devising plans for the paths by June 1896.^[124] The extension to Bushwick Avenue, along with Highland Boulevard, had been completed by 1897.^[125]^[126] From Ralph to Bushwick avenues, the median was originally paved in macadam, while the outer lanes were paved in asphalt. The section along Highland Boulevard was paved in brick.^[126] The bike path between Ralph and Stone avenues was complete by 1898,^[127] and cyclists were using the entire extension by the following year.^[128]

Brooklyn's Department of City Works also wanted to build a 500-foot (150 m) long connection from the parkway's original terminus, at Ralph Avenue, to East New York Avenue.^[129] The Cody Brothers was hired to construct the connecting street,^[130] which measured 80 feet (24 m) wide,^[131] After the consolidation of the City of Greater New York, there were proposals to extend Eastern Parkway further through Cypress Hills Cemetery and Ridgewood Reservoir, connecting to Forest Park in Queens.^[132] The proposed extension to Forest Park ultimately became the Interboro (now Jackie Robinson) Parkway.^[133] There were also unsuccessful proposals to extend Eastern Parkway southeast to Rockaway Parkway,^[134] east to the Queens county border,^[135] and east to the Long Island suburbs.^[136]

1900s and 1910s

By the early 1900s, the area around Eastern Parkway was being developed, and the majority of structures did not follow Olmsted's original zoning regulations.^[73] Apartment buildings and two-family residences were built along the parkway.^[137] Workers renovated Eastern Parkway during 1900,^[138]^[139] and New York City park commissioners decreed the same year that heavy wagons use the service roads instead of the main roadway.^[140] There were also proposals for a 48-inch-wide (120 cm) water main under Eastern Parkway, transporting water from Ridgewood Reservoir to Mount Prospect Park,^[141] and the New York City government hired John J. Cashman in July 1903 to construct the water main.^[142]^[143] The water main's installation was temporarily delayed when the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) refused to allow Cashman to excavate the parkway.^[144]

An equestrian statue of Henry Warner Slocum was installed in the middle of the main roadway, at the intersection with Bedford Avenue, in 1905.^[145]^[146] The Bedford Avenue intersection was also widened, since the statue would have otherwise posed a navigational hazard.^[147] The service roads were regraded and widened in the late 1900s,^[19]^[148] and dead trees along the parkway were replaced in the same decade.^[149] The main road was also paved in macadam, and the service roads were paved in asphalt, allowing automobiles to more easily traverse Eastern Parkway.^[72] The western stretch of the parkway became known as "Doctor's Row"^[150] due to the high concentration of professionals that moved to the area by the 20th century.^[6]^[151] Eastern Parkway divided the Crow Hill section of Crown Heights to the south and the African American village of Weeksville to the north.^[152]

The early 20th century brought proposals for New York City Subway lines to Brooklyn, and builders anticipated that development would increase along corridors with subway lines.^[153] There were proposals for a subway line on Eastern Parkway as early as the 1900s, after the completion of the city's first subway line.^[154] As part of the Dual Contracts, in 1914 the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) agreed to extend its Brooklyn Line under Flatbush Avenue and Eastern Parkway.^[155] The line would have had up to three branches, namely the Nostrand Avenue, Utica Avenue, and New Lots Avenue lines,^[156] though the Utica Avenue Line was never built.^[157]

Due to concerns that the subway would damage 500 to 800 old elm trees on Eastern Parkway,^[158]^[159] Brooklyn park commissioner Raymond Ingersoll recommended that the plans be modified to avoid damaging the trees.^[160]^[161] As a result, plans for the line were changed in October 1914.^[162] The four-track tunnel under Eastern Parkway was built as a double-decked structure, except at the Franklin Avenue station, where all tracks were on the same level.^[163] The tunnel between Grand Army Plaza and Nostrand Avenue was built using the cut-and-cover method, with two steam shovels excavating an estimated 600,000 cubic yards (460,000 m³).^[164] Dirt from the excavation of the tunnel was used to infill the old Brighton Beach Race Course.^[165] The center roadway was torn up in 1915 to allow workers to dig the subway tunnels,^[166]^[167] and traffic was diverted to the service roads.^[167] During the subway's construction, the Brooklyn Times Union wrote in 1916 that the parkway was often crowded during the evenings and on Sundays.^[77]

1920s to 1940s

The Eastern Parkway Line opened in 1920.^[168] The city government was supposed to restore Eastern Parkway's main roadway after the subway was completed. The project was delayed through 1921 due to disputes over who would pay for the work.^[166]^[169] In addition, numerous residential buildings were developed along the parkway, especially near stations served by express trains.^[77] After the subway opened, large numbers of Jews and African-Americans moved into high-rise buildings along Eastern Parkway, such as Copley Plaza and Turner Towers.^[6] Brick houses and religious buildings were also built,^[77]^[31] including what would become the Lubavitch world headquarters at 770 Eastern Parkway.^[6]^[170] Rents for storefronts on the parkway increased by more than 100% after the subway opened, from $1,000–1,200 before World War I to $2,500–3,000 afterward.^[31] By the 1920s, the area around the parkway was an upscale residential neighborhood, where people would visit just to see wealthy residents drive by.^[171]

There were proposals in 1923 to move about 2,300 trees from Bedford Avenue to Eastern Parkway; these trees contained plaques with the names of Brooklyn residents who had died in World War I.^[172]^[173] The next year, NYC Parks officials proposed relocating only the plaques, affixing them to trees on Eastern Parkway.^[174]^[175] The Slocum statue at the intersection with Bedford Avenue, which posed a danger to the increasing automobile traffic on the parkway,^[176]^[177] was relocated to Prospect Park in 1924.^[178] A traffic light was erected in place of the Slocum statue at Bedford Avenue.^[177]^[179] Following requests from local politicians,^[180]^[181] the city government agreed to install additional traffic lights on the western section of the parkway in 1927.^[182]^[183] Another traffic signal was added at Bushwick Avenue the next year,^[184] along with a synchronized traffic-signal system from Grand Army Plaza all the way east to Ralph Avenue.^[185] Further signals were added on the Eastern Parkway Extension from Ralph Avenue to Fulton Street in 1929.^[186]

By the 1930s, the Eastern Parkway Extension's median had become hazardous; the median's plantings hindered visibility, and its stone pavement damaged drivers' cars.^[187] Concrete benches were installed along the parkway's bike path in the early 1930s,^[188] and cement crosswalks for cyclists were added to several intersections.^[189]^[190] In 1939, the fences around the parkway's trees were removed, and the memorial plaques on some of the fences were reinstalled on granite stones at the bases of each tree.^[191] To direct motorists to the 1939 New York World's Fair in Queens, the city government installed amber-colored street lamps on the parkway east of Howard Avenue.^[192] A Works Progress Administration guidebook from the same year stated that Eastern Parkway "recalls the Champs-Élysées".^[30]^[193] The parkway's condition gradually declined during the mid-20th century due to a lack of maintenance.^[171] NYC Parks added road surface markings to Eastern Parkway in 1946 after the parkway was repaved.^[194]^[195] The same year, the New York City Council contemplated renaming the thoroughfare to Memorial Parkway,^[196] though this did not happen.^[197]

1950s to 1970s

Additional traffic markings were painted onto the roadway in 1950,^[198] and the city adjusted the parkway's traffic signals two years later.^[199] The existing traffic lights, in the middle of the roadway, were involved in one-third of the vehicular crashes on Eastern Parkway by the mid-1950s.^[200] Accordingly, the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) announced in 1958 that it would add yield signs and traffic lights to Eastern Parkway's service roads at several intersections.^[201]^[202]^[203] At the time, only the main road had traffic lights, and drivers on the service roads had to yield to traffic turning from the main road, even though the wide medians hindered visibility.^[204] The existing traffic lights at 17 intersections were replaced with signals suspended from mast arms, and pedestrian signals were added at seven intersections.^[202]^[203]

Several north–south cross-streets in Crown Heights were converted to one-way streets in 1963, and the traffic signals on Eastern Parkway were adjusted to facilitate traffic flow on these streets.^[205]^[206] In advance of the 1964 New York World's Fair, workers also planted new trees along Ocean Parkway.^[207] Traffic commissioner Henry Barnes also added parking spaces to the service roads, and he removed parking spaces near intersections to improve visibility.^[208]^[209] Two years later, the NYCDOT announced that it would install a computer-controlled traffic light system to synchronize the traffic signals on Eastern Parkway.^[210] The New York City Board of Estimate did not approve the computerized system until 1970,^[211] and the system was activated in 1973.^[212]^[213]

Brooklyn officials requested funding in 1973 to renovate the parkway from Ralph to Bushwick Avenue,^[214] and the Board of Estimate allocated $965,000 that March for a renovation of the parkway.^[213]^[215] The work was to include new trees, restoration of the medians, and repairs to the service roads. By then, the parkway saw relatively few visitors at night due to fears of crime.^[215] Prostitution on the parkway was commonplace, and several stabbings took place there as well.^[216] In 1976, Borough President Sebastian Leone asked the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) to designate Eastern Parkway a New York City scenic landmark, following a similar designation for Ocean Parkway.^[217]^[218] New York City Council president Carol Bellamy endorsed the landmark designation,^[219] and the parkway was declared a scenic landmark on August 22, 1978.^[29]^[220]

1980s and 1990s

After the New York City fiscal crisis, the city government had comparatively little money on hand to repair Eastern Parkway in the 1970s and early 1980s.^[31] According to Leone, the city-landmark designation would allow the city government to more easily apply for state and federal funding to rebuild Eastern Parkway.^[218] There were also plans to integrate the parkway into the Brooklyn–Queens Greenway, a bike and walking path across Brooklyn and Queens.^[221] By the mid-1980s, many of the elm trees on the parkway had died because of Dutch elm disease, and there were holes in the pavement, broken benches, and missing pieces of curb.^[171] The parkway was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.^[2] That year, NYCDOT officials asked the LPC for a certificate of appropriateness, which would allow the NYCDOT to renovate the parkway. The plans called for rebuilt roadways and a new bikeway on the southern median, as well as new benches, lamps, traffic signals, and curbs.^[222] The state government announced plans in October 1983 to sell $56 million in bonds to fund the parkway's reconstruction.^[223]

The city announced in 1986 that it would spend $40 million to redesign Eastern Parkway, starting with the section between Washington and Pitkin avenues.^[171] The NYCDOT began requesting bids for the reconstruction of Eastern Parkway west of Pitkin Avenue that November.^[224] Work officially commenced on Eastern Parkway's renovation in August 1987.^[63]^[225]^[226] A $59 million, three-year contract was awarded to Naclerio Contracting Company.^[227]^[228] even though several of the company's previous projects had been delayed significantly.^[226] About $27.8 million of the funding came from the federal government, which had originally earmarked the funds for the unbuilt Westway project in Manhattan, while the city government paid the rest of the cost.^[63]^[226] The reconstruction of Eastern Parkway was initially slated to take three years.^[225] The project entailed installing water and sewage pipes, as well as rebuilding the roadways, sidewalks, and medians.^[228]^[229] One of the inner roadway's six travel lanes was removed.^[229] Granite curbs were installed; benches, street lights, and traffic signs were replaced; and a bike lane with hexagonal asphalt blocks was added. The medians were replanted, and 1,000 trees were added.^[63]^[228] Nearly 2,500 parking spaces were temporarily removed, so people frequently double-parked in travel lanes.^[228]

The West Indian Day Parade, which performed on Eastern Parkway every year, was not displaced by the project.^[230]^[231] Due to a dispute with the New York City government, Naclerio temporarily halted work on the reconstruction of Eastern Parkway from 1988 to September 1989.^[228] Naclerio stopped working on the project again after it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1990.^[227]^[232] The city government refused to fire Naclerio,^[233] though it did file a lawsuit to force the renovation's completion.^[234] Further complications arose after city officials found that the mobster John A. Gotti was involved with the parkway's renovation.^[235] Work resumed in mid-1991 after more than a year of delays.^[232] A representative of Brooklyn Community Board 9 said that residents had "been victimized long enough" by the prolonged renovation,^[236] while the chairman of Brooklyn Community Board 8 said, "I went away to war and came back and nothing was changed."^[237] After the Tully Construction Company resumed construction in 1993, the cost of the renovation increased to $62.4 million. The renovation was completed that year.^[229] Part of the parkway was again excavated in 1995 while workers repaired the subway tunnel underneath.^[238]

2000s to present

To improve wayfinding, the NYCDOT added oversized street signs to several intersections along Eastern Parkway in 2003.^[240] The agency also retimed traffic lights at several intersections, allowing pedestrians to start crossing the street before vehicles could proceed.^[241]^[242] The four-block section of Eastern Parkway between Grand Army Plaza and Washington Avenue was the only part of the original parkway that had not been rebuilt. Although the New York City government had spent $362,000 to redesign that section of the parkway, funding for construction was delayed after the city councilman for the area, James Davis, was assassinated in 2003.^[243] Work on a $5.9 million reconstruction of that section began in October 2005.^[244]^[245] The reconstruction was completed in the early 2010s. The work included a westbound bike lane in the northern median and a traffic light at the intersection with Washington Avenue.^[52]

As part of a pilot program, the NYCDOT also replaced the parkway's street lamps with LED lights in the early 2010s, a move that saved $70,000 annually.^[246] Following the success of the pilot program, the NYCDOT later installed LED lights across the city.^[247]^[248] The agency also added concrete pedestrian medians at two intersections in 2015 but removed them after local officials said the islands would obstruct the West Indian Day Parade;^[249] these medians were replaced with removable rubber medians.^[46]^[250] In 2017, as part of the Vision Zero traffic-safety plan, NYCDOT also proposed installing traffic signals on all of the service roads.^[56] The segment between Lincoln Place and Pacific Street was upgraded in 2020, providing additional space for cyclists and pedestrians. The intersection of Eastern Parkway and Buffalo Avenue was upgraded in 2022, and the NYCDOT proposed further upgrades to the section between Rogers and Troy avenues in 2023.^[251]

Structures

Original zoning

The design of the original parkway was supposed to spur the construction of prestigious residential structures between Douglas Street to the north and President Street to the south. Olmsted believed he could narrow the paved portion of the main road to 40 feet (12 m) and widen the medians to 50 feet (15 m). The service roads themselves would be relegated to 35-foot-wide (11 m) driveways.^[19]^[252] On the service roads, Olmsted proposed erecting only "first class" residences,^[19]^[252] with buildings set back 30 feet (9.1 m) from the sidewalk.^[27]^[75] These buildings would have been detached homes with courtyards, and the Brooklyn park commissioners were charged with ensuring that all new development conformed to that building style.^[253]

Douglass and President streets, which run two blocks away from Eastern Parkway, were widened when the parkway was built.^[19]^[252] The streets directly to the south and north of the parkway (respectively, Union and Degraw streets) were narrowed to 35 feet.^[75] All new construction on Union and Degraw streets was banned except for private horse stables,^[65]^[254] which were to be attached to houses along Eastern Parkway.^[72] Because of these restrictions, and because the eastern end of the parkway led nowhere, these sites remained under-developed into the end of the 19th century.^[74]^[254] The housing restriction was repealed in 1903.^[19]^[252] Other restrictions were put in place, including a requirement that all proposed plantings be approved first.^[6]

Current structures

In the 21st century, Eastern Parkway contains a variety of zoning uses. While the parkway is mostly zoned for mid-to-high-rise residential structures, there are also small areas of commercial zoning, as well as industrial zoning at the extreme eastern end, where there is a high concentration of transit-related infrastructure in the area around Broadway Junction. In addition, high-rise zoning is allowed at the western end.^[255]^[256] Eastern Parkway is lined with one-and-two-family rowhouses, apartment complexes, semi-detached residences, and freestanding mansions.^[30]^[23] There are many pre-war apartment buildings on the parkway, some of which have become housing cooperatives.^[257] Some of these apartment buildings, such as Turner Towers and Copley Plaza, are similar to developments on Park Avenue in Manhattan.^[258]^[259] Commercial uses are more common at Franklin, Nostrand, Kingston, Schenectady, and Utica Avenues, where there are subway entrances.^[28] Generally, the Eastern Parkway Extension has fewer institutions or commercial structures, and there are many more residential or industrial buildings.^[256] The city's zoning prevents office buildings from being built on the parkway.^[260]

Some of the larger structures on the parkway include the Brooklyn Museum^[23]^[259] and the Brooklyn Central Library.^[259]^[261] Other attractions and notable buildings along Eastern Parkway include the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the Lubavitch world headquarters at 770 Eastern Parkway, and the Jewish Children's Museum.^[30]^[262]^[263] The East New York Savings Bank Building, a designated city landmark, is at 1117 Eastern Parkway on the northwest corner with Utica Avenue.^[264]^[265] There are also numerous parks along Eastern Parkway's route. In addition to Prospect and Highland parks, Eastern Parkway passes by Mount Prospect Park at its west end, as well as Callahan and Kelly Playground at its eastern end. There are also numerous schools and educational institutions around the parkway, such as PS 155, PS 157, PS 167, Prospect High School, Clara Barton High School, and Medgar Evers College.^[263]

Events

Eastern Parkway is the route of the West Indian Day Parade, a festive annual celebration taking place during J'ouvert, around Labor Day.^[30]^[266] The parade, which has been held on Eastern Parkway since c. 1968,^[267] attracts between one and three million participants each year.^[268]^[269] The event often attracts West Indians from all over the Americas.^[17] Street vendors and other businesses on Eastern Parkway prepare large amounts of food for the parade.^[270] In the 21st century, the West Indian Day Parade has received media attention for shootings and stabbings on the route, both during and following the parade.^[271]

As of 2023^[update], as part of New York City's annual Summer Streets event, the street is closed to traffic for pedestrians and cyclists for one Saturday in August.^[272] Eastern Parkway has also been used as the route of the Brooklyn Half Marathon.^[273] The parkway hosted large Memorial Day parades every year for much of the 20th century; by the 2000s, these parades had been moved to Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, due to declining attendance.^[274] In addition, thousands of rabbis congregate annually on Eastern Parkway to take group photos near the Lubavitch headquarters.^[275]

Transportation

The New York City Subway's IRT Eastern Parkway Line runs under the parkway.^[168] There are stations at Eastern Parkway–Brooklyn Museum (served by the 2 and 3 trains), Franklin Avenue (served by the 2, 3, 4, 5, and S trains), Nostrand Avenue and Kingston Avenue (both served by the 3 train), and Crown Heights–Utica Avenue (served by the 3 and 4 trains).^[276]^[277] The line underneath Eastern Parkway is mostly a double-deck tunnel, with two tracks on each level.^[163] At the Franklin Avenue station, all four tracks of the Eastern Parkway Line are on the same level,^[163]^[167] and the S (Franklin Avenue Shuttle) train crosses over the Eastern Parkway Line.^[167] The Broadway Junction station on the A, C, J, L, and Z trains is located at the extreme eastern end of the Eastern Parkway Extension.^[276]^[278]

Several bus routes also serve Eastern Parkway. The B14 bus runs on Eastern Parkway eastbound from Utica Avenue to Ralph Avenue, and the westbound B14 runs on the parkway from Howard Avenue to Schenectady Avenue, terminating at Utica Avenue. The Crown Heights–bound B17 bus runs from Troy Avenue to Utica Avenue, where it terminates. The Ridgewood–bound B20 and Bushwick–bound Q24 buses run on the parkway from Fulton Street to Broadway.^[279]

References

Notes

^ Several contemporary sources give a width of 210 feet (64 m),^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27] while the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation and New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission cite a different width of 200 feet (61 m).^[28]^[6]

Citations

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External links

KML file (edit • help)

Template:Attached KML/Eastern Parkway

KML is from Wikidata

Media related to Eastern Parkway (Brooklyn) at Wikimedia Commons

[29] Several contemporary sources give a width of 210 feet (64 m),^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27] while the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation and New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission cite a different width of 200 feet (61 m).^[28]^[6]

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[259] Smith, Sarah Harrison (May 18, 2013). "Brooklyn's Champs-Élysées". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2023.

[New_York_Daily_News_1999-260] "Real Estate Scene a Fresh Prospect Heights Caribbean Influx Brings New Flavor". New York Daily News. April 15, 1999. p. 15. ISSN 2692-1251. ProQuest 313654607.

[261] Jacobs, Karrie (June 5, 2003). "Remodeling, Answering to a Higher Authority". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 30, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2024.

[262] Gray, Christopher (October 11, 1987). "Streetscapes: Brooklyn Museum; A Touch of Imperial Rome Gracing Eastern Parkway". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019.

[FOOTNOTEFederal_Writers'_Project1939485–488-263] Federal Writers' Project 1939, pp. 485–488.

[FOOTNOTENew_York_City_Department_of_Transportation2006a20-264] New York City Department of Transportation 2006a, p. 20.

[265] Croghan, Lore (March 8, 2016). "Crown Heights North gets a new landmark". Brooklyn Eagle. Archived from the original on July 22, 2024. Retrieved July 20, 2024.

[266] Smith, Rachel Holliday; Bautista, Camille (March 8, 2016). "1920s-Era Eastern Parkway Bank With 'Special Character' Landmarked by City". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on November 12, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2024.

[267] "West Indian Day Parade 2019 guide". Time Out New York. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019.

[268] "Metropolitan Briefs". The New York Times. September 4, 1973. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 22, 2024. Retrieved July 20, 2024.

[269] "Our Brooklyn – West Indian Carnival History". www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved July 27, 2019.

[270] "The history of Brooklyn's Caribbean Carnival, the most colorful event in New York City". 6sqft. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019.

[271] Vidal, David (August 31, 1975). "West Indians Celebrating THE Carnival in Brooklyn". The New York Times. p. 74. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 120639361.

[272] Goodman, J. David (September 8, 2015). "Violence Casts a Shadow Over J'ouvert Celebration in Brooklyn". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019.

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[274] See, for example: Adcroft, Patrick (May 16, 2024). "Street closures, subway changes set for Brooklyn Half Marathon". Spectrum News NY1. Archived from the original on June 24, 2024. Retrieved June 24, 2024; Luck, Brad (April 26, 2024). "Brooklyn Half Marathon: route, road closures, what to know". NBC New York. Archived from the original on June 24, 2024. Retrieved June 24, 2024.

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[276] Keith, Stephanie (November 13, 2023). "Scenes from the Chabad Lubavitch annual group portrait". Brooklyn Magazine. Archived from the original on July 23, 2024. Retrieved July 21, 2024.

[submap-277] "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.

[278] "MTA Neighborhood Maps: Crown Heights" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.

[279] "MTA Neighborhood Maps: Ocean Hill" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.

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@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 | image_map                = {{maplink|raw={{Wikipedia:Map data/Wikipedia KML/Eastern Parkway}}|frame=yes|plain=yes|zoom=12|frame-width=325|frame-height=325}}
 | caption                  = Near New York Avenue in [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]]
-| other_name               =
+| other_name               = Eastern Parkway Extension (east of Ralph Avenue)
 | former_names             = Sackett Street
-| postal_code              = 11207, 11213, 11216, 11225, 11233, 11238
+| postal_code              =
 | addresses                =
-| length_mi                = 4.2
+| length_mi                = 3.8
-| length_ref               = <ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" />
+| length_ref               = <ref name="Eastern Parkway h391" />
 | width                    = {{convert|70|to|200|ft|m}}
 | location                 = [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 | name                     = Eastern Parkway
 | nrhp_type                =
-| built                    = 1870–1874
+| built                    = 1870–1874 (original parkway) <br> 1896–1898 (extension)
 | architect                = [[Frederick Law Olmsted]]; [[Calvert Vaux]]
 | architecture             =
@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 '''Eastern Parkway''' is a major east–west [[boulevard]] in the [[borough (New York City)|New York City borough]] of [[Brooklyn]]. Designed by [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] and [[Calvert Vaux]], it was built between 1870 and 1874 and has been credited as the world's first [[parkway]]. At the time of its construction, Eastern Parkway extended to the eastern edge of the then-independent city of Brooklyn.
-The road begins at [[Grand Army Plaza]] (the main entrance to [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]]) and extends east to Ralph Avenue, along the crest of the [[moraine]] that separates northern from southern Long Island. This section runs parallel to [[Atlantic Avenue (New York City)|Atlantic Avenue]] and is aligned with the [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]] street grid. East of Ralph Avenue, it turns to the northeast, still following the moraine, until it terminates at Bushwick Avenue near the [[Cemetery of the Evergreens, Brooklyn|Evergreen Cemetery]], where the moraine climbs steeply toward a peak at [[Ridgewood Reservoir]]. The initial portion of Eastern Parkway, west of Ralph Avenue, consists of a main road and two [[service road]]s separated by landscaped medians. The part east of Ralph Avenue is narrower and is officially known as the '''Eastern Parkway Extension'''.
+The road begins at [[Grand Army Plaza]] (the main entrance to [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]]) and runs {{convert|3.8|mi}} east to Bushwick Avenue. The initial portion of Eastern Parkway, west of Ralph Avenue, consists of a main road and two [[service road]]s separated by landscaped medians, which include [[bike path]]s and walkways. The section west of Ralph Avenue is a [[New York City scenic landmark]] and on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. The part east of Ralph Avenue is narrower and is officially known as the '''Eastern Parkway Extension'''.
-Olmsted and Vaux designed Eastern Parkway, along with [[Ocean Parkway (Brooklyn)|Ocean Parkway]], in the 1860s to connect Prospect Park with neighborhoods further afield. Eastern Parkway was built with the expectation that it would be the centerpiece of a neighborhood with "first-class" housing. Ultimately, the resulting development encompassed a variety of building styles including single-family homes, mansions, and apartment buildings. The parkway extension east of Ralph Avenue was built in the late 1890s. The neighborhoods around the parkway developed into a "Doctor's Row" in the late 19th century, and further settlement occurred with the opening of the [[New York City Subway]]'s [[IRT Eastern Parkway Line|Eastern Parkway Line]] in 1920. The section of Eastern Parkway west of Ralph Avenue is a [[New York City scenic landmark]] and on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].
+Olmsted and Vaux designed Eastern Parkway, along with [[Ocean Parkway (Brooklyn)|Ocean Parkway]], in the 1860s to connect Prospect Park with neighborhoods further afield. Eastern Parkway was built with the expectation that it would be the centerpiece of a neighborhood with "first-class" housing. Ultimately, the resulting development encompassed a variety of building styles including single-family homes, mansions, and apartment buildings. Eastern Parkway has been modified several times over the years. The extension east of Ralph Avenue was built in the late 1890s, and the original parkway's service roads were widened in the 1900s. The neighborhoods around the parkway developed into a "Doctor's Row" in the late 19th century, and further development occurred with the opening of the [[New York City Subway]]'s [[IRT Eastern Parkway Line|Eastern Parkway Line]] in 1920.  Following a period of deterioration, the section between Washington and Ralph avenues was rebuilt between 1987 and 1993, and the section west of Washington Avenue was rebuilt in the 2000s. By the 21st century, Eastern Parkway had some of Brooklyn's most dangerous intersections.
 ==Route description==
-[[Image:Tour de Brooklyn passing Rockaway Ave on Eastern Pkwy jeh.jpg|thumb|Bicyclists on Eastern Parkway near Rockaway Avenue in 2008|alt=|left]]Eastern Parkway's western terminus is at [[Grand Army Plaza]] (originally Prospect Park Plaza), the main entrance to [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]], where it intersects with [[Eighth Avenue (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park West]], [[Flatbush Avenue]], and [[Vanderbilt Avenue]]. From Grand Army Plaza to Washington Avenue. the thoroughfare consists of a broad, bidirectional avenue of six lanes, separated by a median from a narrow parallel [[service road]] on the north side. It passes [[Central Library (Brooklyn Public Library)|Brooklyn Central Library]], [[Brooklyn Museum]], [[Mount Prospect Park]], and [[Brooklyn Botanic Garden]] in this area; all of these are located on the south side of Eastern Parkway.{{sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006a|p=25}}<ref name="NYCityMap">{{Cite web |title=NYCityMap |url=http://maps.nyc.gov/ |website=NYC.gov |publisher=[[New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications]] |access-date=July 8, 2024 |archive-date=May 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150524114059/http://maps.nyc.gov/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The section between Washington and Ralph avenues has a second service road on the south side, separated by another median.<ref name="NYCityMap" /> The parkway makes a slight bend at [[Bedford Avenue (Brooklyn)|Bedford Avenue]],<ref name="New-York Tribune 1894">{{cite news |date=18 Nov 1894 |title=The Eastern Parkway: a Lasting Monument of Democratic Ring Extravagance in Brooklyn |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-tribune-the-eastern-parkway-a/151762865/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |work=New-York Tribune |page=25 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|573976155}}}}</ref> and it continues east to Ralph Avenue.<ref name="NYCityMap" />
+Eastern Parkway extends {{convert|3.8|mi}} across Brooklyn from west to east.<ref name="Eastern Parkway h391">{{cite web |title=Eastern Parkway |publisher=The Cultural Landscape Foundation |url=https://www.tclf.org/landscapes/eastern-parkway |access-date=May 25, 2024 |archive-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402062606/https://www.tclf.org/landscapes/eastern-parkway |url-status=live}}</ref> Its western terminus is at [[Grand Army Plaza]] (originally Prospect Park Plaza), the main entrance to [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]], where it intersects with [[Eighth Avenue (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park West]], [[Flatbush Avenue]], and [[Vanderbilt Avenue]]. From Grand Army Plaza to Washington Avenue. the thoroughfare consists of a broad, bidirectional avenue of six lanes, separated by a median from a narrow parallel [[service road]] on the north side. It passes [[Central Library (Brooklyn Public Library)|Brooklyn Central Library]], [[Brooklyn Museum]], [[Mount Prospect Park]], and [[Brooklyn Botanic Garden]] in this area; all of these are located on the south side of Eastern Parkway.{{sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006a|p=25}}<ref name="NYCityMap">{{Cite web |title=NYCityMap |url=http://maps.nyc.gov/ |website=NYC.gov |publisher=[[New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications]] |access-date=July 8, 2024 |archive-date=May 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150524114059/http://maps.nyc.gov/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The section between Washington and Ralph avenues has a second service road on the south side, separated by another median.<ref name="NYCityMap" /> The parkway makes a slight bend at [[Bedford Avenue (Brooklyn)|Bedford Avenue]],<ref name="New-York Tribune 1894">{{cite news |date=November 18, 1894 |title=The Eastern Parkway: a Lasting Monument of Democratic Ring Extravagance in Brooklyn |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-tribune-the-eastern-parkway-a/151762865/ |access-date=July 20, 2024 |work=New-York Tribune |page=25 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|573976155}} |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722141827/https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-tribune-the-eastern-parkway-a/151762865/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and it continues east to Ralph Avenue.<ref name="NYCityMap" />
 East of Ralph Avenue, the [[parkway]] is reduced to six lanes, heading in a northeasterly direction toward Bushwick Avenue. Here, Eastern Parkway officially becomes the '''Eastern Parkway Extension'''<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/B029/history |title=Eastern Parkway Highlights : NYC Parks |website=www.nycgovparks.org |access-date=July 26, 2019 |archive-date=July 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726212345/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/B029/history |url-status=live}}</ref> and curves northeast to intersect with Howard Avenue, [[Atlantic Avenue (New York City)|Atlantic Avenue]], [[Fulton Street (Brooklyn)|Fulton Street]], and Broadway.<ref name="NYCityMap" /> In this area, Eastern Parkway runs diagonally to the rest of the street grid, creating several oblique intersections.{{sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006c|p=6}} At Bushwick Avenue, the Extension becomes Vanderveer Street, a [[cul-de-sac|dead-end street]]. The extension connects to the [[Jackie Robinson Parkway]], three blocks southeast, via Bushwick Avenue.<ref name="NYCityMap" />
@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 East of Ralph Avenue, the street numbers on Eastern Parkway continue down Pitkin Avenue toward [[Aqueduct Racetrack]].<ref name="NYCityMap" /> Pitkin Avenue was created by the late 1890s when the Eastern Parkway Extension was constructed.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1896">{{cite news |title=Going On With The Work: The Park Department Not Hampered By Lack Of Funds |date=August 27, 1896 |work=New-York Tribune |page=13 |id={{ProQuest|574210578}}}}</ref> [[Eastern Park]], the home of the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] before [[Ebbets Field]], was located at Eastern Parkway and Vesta Avenue (now Pitkin Avenue at Van Sinderen Avenue, respectively).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BOZyd7v1cDAC&pg=PA29 |title=The Greatest Ballpark Ever: Ebbets Field and the Story of the Brooklyn Dodgers |last=McGee |first=B. |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8135-3600-2 |page=29 |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828141307/https://books.google.com/books?id=BOZyd7v1cDAC&pg=PA29 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmy1AAAAIAAJ |title=The Giants and the Dodgers: The Fabulous Story of Baseball's Fiercest Feud |last=Allen |first=L. |publisher=Putnam |year=1964 |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828141308/https://books.google.com/books?id=pmy1AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iefbwP_Wx88C&pg=PA232 |title=Brooklyn!: An Illustrated History |last=Snyder-Grenier |first=E.M. |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-59213-082-5 |series=Critical Perspectives on the Past |page=232 |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828141307/https://books.google.com/books?id=iefbwP_Wx88C&pg=PA232 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-In Crown Heights, Eastern Parkway divides the black community to the north and the Jewish community to the south.<ref name="Mitchell 1992" /> There have historically been tensions between the two demographic groups,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lichtenstein |first=Grace |date=1974-08-01 |title='Transitional' Crown Heights Now in Midst of Comeback |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/01/archives/-transitionalcrownheights-now-in-midst-of-comeback-transitional.html |access-date=2024-07-20 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> especially after the 1991 [[Crown Heights riot]], which occurred after one of the cars in [[Chabad-Lubavitch]] rebbe [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson]]'s motorcade struck two Guyanese children.<ref name="Mitchell 1992">{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Alison |date=October 31, 1992 |title=Anger, on Both Sides Of Eastern Parkway |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/31/nyregion/anger-on-both-sides-of-eastern-parkway.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727233955/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/31/nyregion/anger-on-both-sides-of-eastern-parkway.html |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |access-date=July 27, 2019 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ewing |first=Maura |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Riot Anniversary Finds Jews and Blacks of Crown Heights Facing Common Threat: Displacement |url=https://citylimits.org/2016/08/18/riot-anniversary-finds-jews-and-blacks-of-crown-heights-facing-common-threat-displacement/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727234137/https://citylimits.org/2016/08/18/riot-anniversary-finds-jews-and-blacks-of-crown-heights-facing-common-threat-displacement/ |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |access-date=July 27, 2019 |website=City Limits |language=en-US}}</ref> Eastern Parkway also divides the two [[Community boards of New York City|community boards]] that serve Crown Heights: [[Brooklyn Community Board 8]] to the north<ref>{{cite web |title=NYC Planning {{!}} Community Profiles |url=https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/brooklyn/8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327144604/https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/brooklyn/8 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |access-date=March 18, 2019 |website=communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov |publisher=New York City Department of City Planning}}</ref> and [[Brooklyn Community Board 9]] to the south.<ref>{{cite web |title=NYC Planning {{!}} Community Profiles |url=https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/brooklyn/9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327225052/https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/brooklyn/9 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |access-date=March 18, 2019 |website=communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov |publisher=New York City Department of City Planning}}</ref> One news reporter wrote in the 1990s that, although Eastern Parkway's apartment buildings and rowhouses were typical of a mid-20th-century American middle-class neighborhood, its West Indian and Jewish populations "created a world that sometimes resembles two vastly different countries".<ref name="Samuel 1994">{{Cite news |last=Samuel |first=Terence |date=5 Sep 1994 |title=A Fragile Mix of Distinct Cultures: Brooklyn's Jews Plan Somber Day; Its West Indians Will Party. |work=Philadelphia Inquirer |page=A.1 |id={{pq|1840780765}}}}</ref>
+In Crown Heights, Eastern Parkway divides the black community to the north and the Jewish community to the south.<ref name="Mitchell 1992" /> There have historically been tensions between the two demographic groups,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lichtenstein |first=Grace |date=August 1, 1974 |title='Transitional' Crown Heights Now in Midst of Comeback |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/01/archives/-transitionalcrownheights-now-in-midst-of-comeback-transitional.html |access-date=July 20, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722141812/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/01/archives/-transitionalcrownheights-now-in-midst-of-comeback-transitional.html |url-status=live }}</ref> especially after the 1991 [[Crown Heights riot]], which occurred after one of the cars in [[Chabad-Lubavitch]] Rebbe [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson]]'s motorcade struck two Guyanese children.<ref name="Mitchell 1992">{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Alison |date=October 31, 1992 |title=Anger, on Both Sides Of Eastern Parkway |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/31/nyregion/anger-on-both-sides-of-eastern-parkway.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727233955/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/31/nyregion/anger-on-both-sides-of-eastern-parkway.html |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |access-date=July 27, 2019 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ewing |first=Maura |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Riot Anniversary Finds Jews and Blacks of Crown Heights Facing Common Threat: Displacement |url=https://citylimits.org/2016/08/18/riot-anniversary-finds-jews-and-blacks-of-crown-heights-facing-common-threat-displacement/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727234137/https://citylimits.org/2016/08/18/riot-anniversary-finds-jews-and-blacks-of-crown-heights-facing-common-threat-displacement/ |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |access-date=July 27, 2019 |website=City Limits |language=en-US}}</ref> Eastern Parkway also divides the two [[Community boards of New York City|community boards]] that serve Crown Heights: [[Brooklyn Community Board 8]] to the north<ref>{{cite web |title=NYC Planning {{!}} Community Profiles |url=https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/brooklyn/8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327144604/https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/brooklyn/8 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |access-date=March 18, 2019 |website=communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov |publisher=New York City Department of City Planning}}</ref> and [[Brooklyn Community Board 9]] to the south.<ref>{{cite web |title=NYC Planning {{!}} Community Profiles |url=https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/brooklyn/9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327225052/https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/brooklyn/9 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |access-date=March 18, 2019 |website=communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov |publisher=New York City Department of City Planning}}</ref> One news reporter wrote in the 1990s that, although Eastern Parkway's apartment buildings and rowhouses were typical of a mid-20th-century American middle-class neighborhood, its West Indian and Jewish populations "created a world that sometimes resembles two vastly different countries".<ref name="Samuel 1994">{{Cite news |last=Samuel |first=Terence |date=September 5, 1994 |title=A Fragile Mix of Distinct Cultures: Brooklyn's Jews Plan Somber Day; Its West Indians Will Party. |work=Philadelphia Inquirer |page=A.1 |id={{ProQuest|1840780765}}}}</ref>
 === Design ===
+[[File:Eastern_Parkway_sidewalk.jpg|thumb|A walkway in one of the medians]]
-[[Image:Eastern Pkwy & Kingston Ave 6.JPG|right|thumb|Eastern Parkway at Kingston Avenue in Crown Heights photographed in 2006]]
-The [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] and [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] credit Eastern Parkway as the world's first parkway, built explicitly for personal and recreational traffic while restricting commercial traffic.<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" />{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=1}} [[Frederick Law Olmsted]], the parkway's co-designer, described a parkway as "a shaded green ribbon" which might "be absolutely formal or strikingly picturesque, according to circumstances."{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=3}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Frederick Law Olmsted: essential texts |last=Olmsted |first=Frederick Law |last2=Twombly |first2=Robert C |date=2010 |publisher=W.W. Norton |isbn=9780393733105 |location=New York |at="Parks, Parkways and Pleasure-Grounds", p. 256 |language=en |oclc=449866981}}</ref>
+The [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] and [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] credit Eastern Parkway as the world's first parkway, built explicitly for personal and recreational traffic while restricting commercial traffic.<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" />{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=1}} [[Frederick Law Olmsted]], the parkway's co-designer, described a parkway as "a shaded green ribbon" which might "be absolutely formal or strikingly picturesque, according to circumstances."{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=3}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Frederick Law Olmsted: essential texts |last1=Olmsted |first1=Frederick Law |last2=Twombly |first2=Robert C |date=2010 |publisher=W.W. Norton |isbn=9780393733105 |location=New York |at="Parks, Parkways and Pleasure-Grounds", p. 256 |language=en |oclc=449866981}}</ref>
-Eastern and [[Ocean Parkway (Brooklyn)|Ocean]] parkways were planned together,{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1975|p=1}}{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=2}} though Eastern Parkway was intended to be the more grand of the two.<ref name="Goldberger 1986">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/14/arts/brooklyn-s-best-brightest-borough-filled-with-brilliant-gems-urban-architecture.html |title=Brooklyn's Best And Brightest; A Borough Filled With Brilliant Gems of Urban Architecture |last=Goldberger |first=Paul |date=November 14, 1986 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 27, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325164844/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/14/arts/brooklyn-s-best-brightest-borough-filled-with-brilliant-gems-urban-architecture.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The parkway is similar to Ocean Parkway in its layout.<ref name="BMK p. 171">{{harvnb|Bosselmann|Macdonald|Kronemeyer|1999|ps=.|page=171}}</ref> West of Washington Avenue, the roadway is about {{Convert|150|ft}} wide.<ref name="Times Union 1913">{{Cite news |date=September 20, 1913 |title=Eastern Parkway, City's Finest Drive |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-eastern-parkway-citys-fine/150248039/ |access-date=June 28, 2024 |work=Times Union |pages=17 |archive-date=June 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628201514/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-eastern-parkway-citys-fine/150248039/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The section between Washington and Ralph Avenues is {{Convert|210|ft}} wide between outer sidewalks,<ref name="BMK p. 171" /><ref name="Times Union 1913" /><ref name="New-York Tribune 1912" />{{Efn|The [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] and [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] cite a different width of {{convert|200|ft}}.{{Sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006b|p=2}}<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" />}} with a main road, two service roads, and two medians.{{sfn|Diamonstein-Spielvogel|2011|page=232}} The main roads are around {{convert|55|-|60|ft}} wide, while the service roads and medians are each around {{Convert|30|ft|m}} wide.<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" /><ref name="BMK p. 171" />{{Sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006b|p=2}} Both medians are about {{Convert|35|ft}} wide<ref name="BMK p. 171" /> and have trees, concrete and wood benches, and paths for pedestrians.{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=5}} The medians' walkways were originally paved in gravel,<ref name="Colford 1987" /> but these have since been replaced with hexagonal asphalt tiles.<ref name="Colford 1987" />{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=5}} Residents along the parkway tend to use the medians as gathering spaces.<ref>{{harvnb|Bosselmann|Macdonald|Kronemeyer|1999|ps=.|page=175}}</ref><ref name="Sachar 1993">{{Cite news |last=Sachar |first=Emily |date=1993-05-01 |title=E. Pkwy Cross Examination |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-e-pkwy-cross-examination/151748525/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=Newsday |pages=12}}</ref>
+Eastern and [[Ocean Parkway (Brooklyn)|Ocean]] parkways were planned together,{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1975|p=1}}{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=2}} though Eastern Parkway was intended to be the more grand of the two.<ref name="Goldberger 1986">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/14/arts/brooklyn-s-best-brightest-borough-filled-with-brilliant-gems-urban-architecture.html |title=Brooklyn's Best And Brightest; A Borough Filled With Brilliant Gems of Urban Architecture |last=Goldberger |first=Paul |date=November 14, 1986 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 27, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325164844/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/14/arts/brooklyn-s-best-brightest-borough-filled-with-brilliant-gems-urban-architecture.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The parkway is similar to Ocean Parkway in its layout.<ref name="BMK p. 171">{{harvnb|Bosselmann|Macdonald|Kronemeyer|1999|ps=.|page=171}}</ref> West of Washington Avenue, the roadway is about {{Convert|150|ft}} wide.<ref name="Times Union 1913">{{Cite news |date=September 20, 1913 |title=Eastern Parkway, City's Finest Drive |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-eastern-parkway-citys-fine/150248039/ |access-date=June 28, 2024 |work=Times Union |pages=17 |archive-date=June 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628201514/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-eastern-parkway-citys-fine/150248039/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The section between Washington and Ralph Avenues is {{Convert|210|ft}} wide between outer sidewalks,<ref name="BMK p. 171" />{{Efn|Several contemporary sources give a width of {{convert|210|ft}},<ref name="BMK p. 171" /><ref name="Times Union 1913" /><ref name="New-York Tribune 1912" /><ref name="n151800299"/> while the [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] and [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] cite a different width of {{convert|200|ft}}.{{Sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006b|p=2}}<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" />}} with a main road, two service roads, and two medians.{{sfn|Diamonstein-Spielvogel|2011|page=232}} The main roads are around {{convert|55|-|60|ft}} wide, while the service roads and medians are each around {{Convert|30|ft|m}} wide.<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" /><ref name="BMK p. 171" />{{Sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006b|p=2}} Both medians are about {{Convert|35|ft}} wide<ref name="BMK p. 171" /> and have trees, concrete and wood benches, and paths for pedestrians.{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=5}} The medians' walkways were originally paved in gravel,<ref name="Colford 1987" /> but these have since been replaced with hexagonal asphalt tiles.<ref name="Colford 1987" />{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=5}} Residents along the parkway tend to use the medians as gathering spaces.<ref>{{harvnb|Bosselmann|Macdonald|Kronemeyer|1999|ps=.|page=175}}</ref><ref name="Sachar 1993">{{Cite news |last=Sachar |first=Emily |date=May 1, 1993 |title=E. Pkwy Cross Examination |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-e-pkwy-cross-examination/151748525/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=Newsday |pages=12 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722141840/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-e-pkwy-cross-examination/151748525/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 The Eastern Parkway Extension is {{convert|70|ft|m|abbr=}} wide between curbs, with two {{convert|20|ft|m|-wide|abbr=|adj=mid}} sidewalks,<ref name="New-York Tribune 1896" /> for a total width of {{Convert|110|ft}}.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1912">{{cite news |date=May 5, 1912 |title=May Join Its Driveways: Eastern Parkway Link Would Unite Brooklyn Roads |work=New-York Tribune |page=B2 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|574930178}}}}</ref> This section has a narrower median of between {{Convert|5|and|8|ft|abbr=}} separating each direction of traffic. There are three lanes in each direction.{{sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006c|p=9}}
-Originally, there were 1,100 trees planted in the medians.<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" /> As such, Olmsted placed [[Elm|elm trees]] along the main road and a variety of trees consisting mostly of [[maple]]s on the service roads. These were provided by John Condor's Brooklyn nursery.{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=3}} The southern median has a [[cycling in New York City|bike path]], part of the [[Brooklyn-Queens Greenway]] which runs south from the western end through Prospect Park to Ocean Parkway and east from the eastern end through [[Forest Park (Queens)|Forest Park]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/bikemap-2019.pdf |title=NYC DOT – Bicycle Maps |date=2019 |website=[[Government of New York City|nyc.gov]] |publisher=[[New York City Department of Transportation]] |access-date=May 14, 2019 |archive-date=May 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514162629/https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/bikemap-2019.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The southern median's bike path is separated from the pedestrian path by way of a "rumble strip" between the pedestrian and bike lanes. The northern median is for pedestrians only.{{Sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006b|p=2}} Many trees along the parkway bear plaques commemorating soldiers fallen in [[World War I]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/B040/monuments/1568 |title=Grand Army Plaza Monuments – Tree markers : NYC Parks |website=www.nycgovparks.org |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727032848/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/B040/monuments/1568 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/20/weekinreview/the-nation-war-memorials-putting-out-fewer-flags.html |title=The Nation: War Memorials; Putting Out Fewer Flags |last=Martin |first=Douglas |date=May 20, 2001 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 27, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828141309/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/20/weekinreview/the-nation-war-memorials-putting-out-fewer-flags.html |url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, there are about 25 different species of trees.<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" />
+Originally, there were 1,100 trees planted in the medians.<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" /> As such, Olmsted placed [[Elm|elm trees]] along the main road and a variety of trees consisting mostly of [[maple]]s on the service roads. These were provided by John Condor's Brooklyn nursery.{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=3}} The southern median has a [[cycling in New York City|bike path]], which part of the [[Brooklyn-Queens Greenway]]. The greenway runs south from the western end through Prospect Park to Ocean Parkway and east from the eastern end through [[Forest Park (Queens)|Forest Park]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/bikemap-2019.pdf |title=NYC DOT – Bicycle Maps |date=2019 |website=[[Government of New York City|nyc.gov]] |publisher=[[New York City Department of Transportation]] |access-date=May 14, 2019 |archive-date=May 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514162629/https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/bikemap-2019.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The southern median's bike and pedestrian paths are separated by a rumble strip. The northern median is for pedestrians only.{{Sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006b|p=2}} Many trees along the parkway bear plaques commemorating soldiers fallen in [[World War I]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/B040/monuments/1568 |title=Grand Army Plaza Monuments – Tree markers : NYC Parks |website=www.nycgovparks.org |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727032848/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/B040/monuments/1568 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/20/weekinreview/the-nation-war-memorials-putting-out-fewer-flags.html |title=The Nation: War Memorials; Putting Out Fewer Flags |last=Martin |first=Douglas |date=May 20, 2001 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 27, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828141309/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/20/weekinreview/the-nation-war-memorials-putting-out-fewer-flags.html |url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, there are about 25 different species of trees.<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" />
 === Traffic and safety ===
+[[Image:Eastern Pkwy & Kingston Ave 6.JPG|right|thumb|Traffic on Eastern Parkway at Kingston Avenue, seen in 2006]]
-West of Ralph Avenue, most traffic uses the main road of Eastern Parkway, while the service roads tend to be used by local traffic.{{Sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006b|p=3}} Commercial vehicles are prohibited on all three roadways west of Ralph Avenue, since that section of Eastern Parkway is classified as part of the New York City parks system.{{Sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006b|p=3}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1991-08-01 |title=Gridlock Sam |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-gridlock-sam/151747118/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=80}}</ref> Trucks are allowed east of Ralph Avenue, where traffic loads are heavy throughout the day.{{sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006c|p=9}} Neither section of Eastern Parkway is designated as a local truck route.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/2022-truck-map.pdf |title=Trucks and Commercial Vehicles |access-date=July 27, 2019 |publisher=New York City Department of Transportation |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212021642/https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/2022-truck-map.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> By the late 1990s, the parkway was used by 44,440 vehicles a day, traveling at an average speed of {{Convert|27|mph}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Bosselmann|Macdonald|Kronemeyer|1999|ps=.|page=172}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, segments of the original parkway are used by up to 45,000 vehicles a day, while segments of the extension average up to 35,000 a day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Traffic Counts in New York |url=https://nysdottrafficdata.drakewell.com/publicmultinodemap.asp |access-date=July 10, 2024 |publisher=[[New York State Department of Transportation]] |archive-date=July 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710022937/https://nysdottrafficdata.drakewell.com/publicmultinodemap.asp |url-status=live}}</ref>
+West of Ralph Avenue, most traffic uses the main road of Eastern Parkway, while the service roads tend to be used by local traffic.{{Sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006b|p=3}} Commercial vehicles are prohibited on all three roadways west of Ralph Avenue, since that section of Eastern Parkway is classified as part of the New York City parks system.{{Sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006b|p=3}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 1, 1991 |title=Gridlock Sam |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-gridlock-sam/151747118/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=80 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722141839/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-gridlock-sam/151747118/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Trucks are allowed east of Ralph Avenue, where traffic loads are heavy throughout the day.{{sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006c|p=9}} Neither section of Eastern Parkway is designated as a local truck route.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/2022-truck-map.pdf |title=Trucks and Commercial Vehicles |access-date=July 27, 2019 |publisher=New York City Department of Transportation |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212021642/https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/2022-truck-map.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> By the late 1990s, the parkway was used by 44,440 vehicles a day, traveling at an average speed of {{Convert|27|mph}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Bosselmann|Macdonald|Kronemeyer|1999|ps=.|page=172}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, segments of the original parkway are used by up to 45,000 vehicles a day, while segments of the extension average up to 35,000 a day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Traffic Counts in New York |url=https://nysdottrafficdata.drakewell.com/publicmultinodemap.asp |access-date=July 10, 2024 |publisher=[[New York State Department of Transportation]] |archive-date=July 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710022937/https://nysdottrafficdata.drakewell.com/publicmultinodemap.asp |url-status=live}}</ref>
 Between Grand Army Plaza and Ralph Avenue, the main road has [[traffic lights]] at every intersection. At several intersections, only one of the two service roads have traffic lights, while the other service road has a [[stop sign]]. At intersections with two-way streets, both service roads and the main roads generally contain a traffic light.{{Sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006b|p=3}}{{Sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2017|p=6}} Since the parkway was not designed for modern traffic loads, traffic lights and crosswalks at the service roads are installed in a piecemeal fashion, creating inconsistencies even between adjacent intersections.{{Sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2017|p=2, 8}} At many intersections, there are also no crosswalks between the medians or on the service roads.{{Sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2017|p=5, 7}} Furthermore, drivers frequently exceed the speed limit of {{Convert|25|mph}} due to the design of the main road, which is long, wide, and straight.<ref name="Budds 2022">{{cite web |last=Budds |first=Diana |date=August 4, 2022 |title=Eastern Parkway Was Never Meant to Be a Highway |url=https://www.curbed.com/2022/08/frederick-law-olmsted-eastern-parkway-brooklyn-safe-streets.html |access-date=May 20, 2023 |website=Curbed |archive-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520001153/https://www.curbed.com/2022/08/frederick-law-olmsted-eastern-parkway-brooklyn-safe-streets.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the parkway's width and the lack of traffic lights on some service roads, several intersections on Eastern Parkway record high rates of accidents.{{Sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006b|p=3}} This is exacerbated by cars attempting to turn from the main road onto the side streets, which frequently block the crosswalk or make quick turns onto these streets.{{Sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006b|p=6}} The medians are also crowded during [[rush hour]]s, since several [[New York City Subway]] stations have entrances in the medians.<ref name="Sachar 1993" />
-The intersection with [[Utica Avenue]], a two-way street, was regarded in the 2010s as the most dangerous intersection in Brooklyn.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amny.com/transit/eastern-parkway-and-utica-is-brooklyn-s-most-dangerous-intersection-1.9956453 |title=BK's most dangerous intersection is Eastern Parkway and Utica |website=am New York |language=en |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727160555/https://www.amny.com/transit/eastern-parkway-and-utica-is-brooklyn-s-most-dangerous-intersection-1.9956453 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://brooklyn.news12.com/story/34795247/brooklyn-intersections-get-dubious-safety-distinctions |title=Brooklyn intersections get dubious safety distinctions |date=December 4, 2007 |website=News 12 Brooklyn |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727160938/http://brooklyn.news12.com/story/34795247/brooklyn-intersections-get-dubious-safety-distinctions |url-status=live}}</ref> This was once the second-most-dangerous intersection in the city, with 88 pedestrians being hurt and four being killed between 1995 and 2001.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/25/nyregion/neighborhood-report-brooklyn-up-close-crossing-delancey-it-s-not.html |title=Neighborhood Report: Brooklyn Up Close; Crossing Delancey It's Not |last=Mooney |first=Jake |date=July 25, 2004 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 27, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727163031/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/25/nyregion/neighborhood-report-brooklyn-up-close-crossing-delancey-it-s-not.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Another intersection with Washington Avenue, a two-way street, formerly lacked a traffic light for the northbound service road. Between 1995 and 2005, the intersection of Eastern Parkway and Washington Avenue saw one fatality and 39 injuries,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/parents-blast-dangerous-washington-ave-eastern-parkway-intersection-lack-crossing-light-article-1.174170 |title=Parents blast dangerous Washington Ave. and Eastern Parkway intersection for lack of crossing light |last=Wilkins |first=Jeff |date=March 9, 2010 |website=nydailynews.com |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727160938/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/parents-blast-dangerous-washington-ave-eastern-parkway-intersection-lack-crossing-light-article-1.174170 |url-status=live}}</ref> though the intersection with Washington Avenue was later upgraded with a traffic light.<ref name="Gottesdiener 2011">{{Cite web |last=Gottesdiener |first=Laura |date=2011-03-25 |title=City's Eastern Parkway fix includes signals, medians and a bike lane |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/34/12/ps_easternparkway_2011_3_25_bk.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727160608/https://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/34/12/ps_easternparkway_2011_3_25_bk.html |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |access-date=July 27, 2019 |website=Brooklyn Paper |language=en}}</ref> The [[New York City Police Department]] also identified other intersections, such as Eastern Parkway's junctions with Kingston Avenue and Nostrand Avenue, as dangerous during the late 20th century.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Leeder |first=Sara |date=March 18, 2001 |title=Neighborhood Report: Crown Heights; Traffic Woes on Eastern Parkway, A 'Highway With Stoplights' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/18/nyregion/neighborhood-report-crown-heights-traffic-woes-eastern-parkway-highway-with.html |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627152846/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/18/nyregion/neighborhood-report-crown-heights-traffic-woes-eastern-parkway-highway-with.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Four people were killed at the intersection with Nostrand Avenue between 1988 and 1993 alone.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Olmstead |first=Larry |date=1993-05-02 |title=Fears and Death on Eastern Parkway |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/02/nyregion/fears-and-death-on-eastern-parkway.html |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
+The intersection with [[Utica Avenue]], a two-way street, was regarded in the 2010s as the most dangerous intersection in Brooklyn.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amny.com/transit/eastern-parkway-and-utica-is-brooklyn-s-most-dangerous-intersection-1.9956453 |title=BK's most dangerous intersection is Eastern Parkway and Utica |website=am New York |language=en |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727160555/https://www.amny.com/transit/eastern-parkway-and-utica-is-brooklyn-s-most-dangerous-intersection-1.9956453 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://brooklyn.news12.com/story/34795247/brooklyn-intersections-get-dubious-safety-distinctions |title=Brooklyn intersections get dubious safety distinctions |date=December 4, 2007 |website=News 12 Brooklyn |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727160938/http://brooklyn.news12.com/story/34795247/brooklyn-intersections-get-dubious-safety-distinctions |url-status=live}}</ref> This was once the second-most-dangerous intersection in the city, with 88 pedestrians being hurt and four being killed between 1995 and 2001.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/25/nyregion/neighborhood-report-brooklyn-up-close-crossing-delancey-it-s-not.html |title=Neighborhood Report: Brooklyn Up Close; Crossing Delancey It's Not |last=Mooney |first=Jake |date=July 25, 2004 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 27, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727163031/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/25/nyregion/neighborhood-report-brooklyn-up-close-crossing-delancey-it-s-not.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Another intersection with Washington Avenue, a two-way street, formerly lacked a traffic light for the northbound service road. Between 1995 and 2005, the intersection of Eastern Parkway and Washington Avenue saw one fatality and 39 injuries,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/parents-blast-dangerous-washington-ave-eastern-parkway-intersection-lack-crossing-light-article-1.174170 |title=Parents blast dangerous Washington Ave. and Eastern Parkway intersection for lack of crossing light |last=Wilkins |first=Jeff |date=March 9, 2010 |website=nydailynews.com |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727160938/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/parents-blast-dangerous-washington-ave-eastern-parkway-intersection-lack-crossing-light-article-1.174170 |url-status=live}}</ref> though the intersection with Washington Avenue was later upgraded with a traffic light.<ref name="Gottesdiener 2011">{{Cite web |last=Gottesdiener |first=Laura |date=March 25, 2011 |title=City's Eastern Parkway fix includes signals, medians and a bike lane |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/34/12/ps_easternparkway_2011_3_25_bk.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727160608/https://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/34/12/ps_easternparkway_2011_3_25_bk.html |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |access-date=July 27, 2019 |website=Brooklyn Paper |language=en}}</ref> The [[New York City Police Department]] also identified other intersections, such as Eastern Parkway's junctions with Kingston Avenue and Nostrand Avenue, as dangerous during the late 20th century.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Leeder |first=Sara |date=March 18, 2001 |title=Neighborhood Report: Crown Heights; Traffic Woes on Eastern Parkway, A 'Highway With Stoplights' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/18/nyregion/neighborhood-report-crown-heights-traffic-woes-eastern-parkway-highway-with.html |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627152846/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/18/nyregion/neighborhood-report-crown-heights-traffic-woes-eastern-parkway-highway-with.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Four people were killed at the intersection with Nostrand Avenue between 1988 and 1993 alone.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Olmstead |first=Larry |date=May 2, 1993 |title=Fears and Death on Eastern Parkway |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/02/nyregion/fears-and-death-on-eastern-parkway.html |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118040920/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/02/nyregion/fears-and-death-on-eastern-parkway.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 Because of the high number of traffic incidents on Eastern Parkway, the parkway is designated as a [[Vision Zero (New York City)|Vision Zero]] traffic safety "priority corridor".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/ped-safety-action-plan-brooklyn.pdf |title=Pedestrian Safety Action Plan (Vision Zero) Brooklyn |date=2015 |website=[[Government of New York City|nyc.gov]] |publisher=[[New York City Department of Transportation]] |access-date=June 18, 2019 |archive-date=August 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807232819/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/ped-safety-action-plan-brooklyn.pdf |url-status=live |page=12}}</ref><ref name="Budds 2022" /> In an effort to reduce injuries, the city proposed installing traffic signals on all of the service roads during the 2010s.<ref name="brooklyn.news12.com">{{Cite web |url=http://brooklyn.news12.com/story/36278558/dot-introduces-plans-to-curb-traffic-related-injuries-on-eastern-parkway |title=DOT introduces plans to curb traffic-related injuries on Eastern Parkway |website=brooklyn.news12.com |language=en |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727160600/http://brooklyn.news12.com/story/36278558/dot-introduces-plans-to-curb-traffic-related-injuries-on-eastern-parkway |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, dedicated turn lanes were added, and traffic signal phases were modified so cars did not conflict with pedestrians and cyclists.<ref name="Budds 2022" />
@@ Line 79: / Line 80: @@
 ==History==
+=== Development ===
-=== Planning and original construction ===
+==== Planning and construction ====
 Eastern Parkway is located on the high edge of [[Harbor Hill Moraine]], a [[terminal moraine]].<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" /> Approximately 17,000 years ago the moraine of the receding [[Last glacial period#Wisconsin glaciation, in North America|Wisconsin Glacier]] that formed [[Long Island]] established a string of hills.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=11760 |title=Prospect Park: Wetlands of New York City |date=December 7, 2001 |access-date=November 20, 2007 |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] |archive-date=March 12, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050312132325/http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=11760 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/parks/loc62.htm |title=NYC Regional Geology: 62 Prospect Park |year=2004 |access-date=November 20, 2007 |publisher=United States Geological Survey |archive-date=November 9, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109174955/http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/parks/loc62.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mount Prospect Park|Mount Prospect]] (or Prospect Hill), near the present-day intersection of [[Flatbush Avenue (Brooklyn)|Flatbush Avenue]] and Eastern Parkway, is one of the tallest hills in Brooklyn, rising 200 feet (61&nbsp;m) above sea level.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xPwBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |title=Great City Parks |last=Tate |first=Alan |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-61298-8 |access-date=January 29, 2019 |archive-date=October 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014190800/https://books.google.com/books?id=8xPwBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |url-status=live |page=218}}</ref><ref>{{cite map |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] |title=Brooklyn (NY) Topographical Map |url=https://prd-tnm.s3.amazonaws.com/StagedProducts/Maps/USTopo/PDF/NY/NY_Brooklyn_20130328_TM_geo.pdf |date=2013 |access-date=January 19, 2019 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727033440/https://prd-tnm.s3.amazonaws.com/StagedProducts/Maps/USTopo/PDF/NY/NY_Brooklyn_20130328_TM_geo.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[American Revolutionary War]] (1775–1783), the area was a site of the [[Battle of Long Island]] (also known as the Battle of Brooklyn). American forces attempted to hold [[Battle Pass (Brooklyn)|Battle Pass]], an opening in the terminal moraine where the old Flatbush Road passed from the villages of Brooklyn to [[Flatbush, Brooklyn|Flatbush]]. It fell after some of the heaviest fighting in the engagement, and its loss contributed to [[George Washington]]'s decision to retreat. Even though the [[Continental Army]] lost the battle, they were able to hold the British back long enough for Washington's army to escape across the East River to Manhattan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prospectpark.org/visit/history/timeline |title=History timeline |website=prospectpark.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231075355/http://www.prospectpark.org/visit/history/timeline |archive-date=December 31, 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=March 20, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amny.com/secrets-of-new-york/secrets-of-prospect-park-1.9498571 |title=Secrets of Prospect Park |date=October 19, 2014 |website=am New York |access-date=February 7, 2019 |archive-date=February 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124156/https://www.amny.com/secrets-of-new-york/secrets-of-prospect-park-1.9498571 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] and [[Calvert Vaux]], who were also responsible for [[Central Park]] and [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]], suggested the construction of Eastern Parkway and [[Ocean Parkway (Brooklyn)|Ocean Parkway]] to Brooklyn park commissioners in reports prepared in 1866.<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" /> The proposed parkways would connect Prospect Park with [[Coney Island]] and [[East New York, Brooklyn|East New York]], and the parkways were inspired by [[boulevard]]s such as [[Unter den Linden|Under den Linden]] in [[Berlin]] and [[Avenue Foch]] in [[Paris]]. Ocean and Eastern parkways were considered to be improvements over the European thoroughfares, since both would contain service roads separated from the main road by tree-lined medians.{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1975|p=1}}{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=2}} Olmsted and Vaux intended the parkways to be the center of a parkway system in Brooklyn. Though this plan did not come to fruition, it spurred plans for other park and parkway systems in the United States.<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" /> The design of Eastern Parkway also popularized the concept of tree-lined parkways in the U.S.<ref name="French 1987">{{Cite news |last=French |first=Howard W. |date=August 5, 1987 |title=New, Yet Old, Tableau for Noble Road |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/05/nyregion/new-yet-old-tableau-for-noble-road.html |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110084605/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/05/nyregion/new-yet-old-tableau-for-noble-road.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
-Until the 1860s, the road was known as Sackett Street.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 24, 1870 |title=Prospect Park; Tenth Annual Report of the Commissioners—The Western Drive—The Lincoln Monument—The Great Well—The East Side of Flatbush—avenue. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1870/01/24/archives/prospect-park-tenth-annual-report-of-the-commissionersthe-werstern.html |access-date=June 24, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630000701/https://www.nytimes.com/1870/01/24/archives/prospect-park-tenth-annual-report-of-the-commissionersthe-werstern.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=2}} On May 6, 1868, the [[New York State Legislature]] approved the street's widening between Washington and Ralph avenues, the latter street being the boundary of the City of Brooklyn at the time.{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=2}} In conjunction with the widening, Sackett Street was renamed Eastern Parkway, and [[zoning]] restrictions were placed on either side of the parkway.<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1897">{{Cite news |date=1897-11-21 |title=Eastern Parkway Plans |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-eastern-parkway/151535959/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=7}}</ref><ref name="New-York Tribune 1894" /> The [[Grading (engineering)|grading]] of the site began in August 1870, and because the road was to run at the top of the high ridge of a moraine, this work was difficult. The grading resulted in the excavation of topsoil that was then used to landscape the medians. Gangs of workmen started to break up stone for [[gravel]], [[Pavers (flooring)|paving stones]], and [[Belgian block]]s. By August 10, 1871, grading between Washington and Ralph avenues had been completed and paving had begun.{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=3}}{{sfn|Brooklyn Park Commissioners|1861|pages=528–529, 546}} Brooklyn's park commissioners expected that, considering Prospect Park was nearly complete, the parkway would be finished along with the park.{{sfn|Brooklyn Park Commissioners|1861|page=400}}
+Until the 1860s, the road was known as Sackett Street.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 24, 1870 |title=Prospect Park; Tenth Annual Report of the Commissioners—The Western Drive—The Lincoln Monument—The Great Well—The East Side of Flatbush—avenue. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1870/01/24/archives/prospect-park-tenth-annual-report-of-the-commissionersthe-werstern.html |access-date=June 24, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630000701/https://www.nytimes.com/1870/01/24/archives/prospect-park-tenth-annual-report-of-the-commissionersthe-werstern.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=2}} On May 6, 1868, the [[New York State Legislature]] approved the street's widening between Washington and Ralph avenues, the latter street being the boundary of the City of Brooklyn at the time.{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=2}} In conjunction with the widening, Sackett Street was renamed Eastern Parkway, and [[zoning]] restrictions were placed on either side of the parkway.<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1897">{{Cite news |date=November 21, 1897 |title=Eastern Parkway Plans |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-eastern-parkway/151535959/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=7 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718004219/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-eastern-parkway/151535959/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="New-York Tribune 1894" /> The [[Grading (engineering)|grading]] of the site began in August 1870, and because the road was to run at the top of the high ridge of a moraine, this work was difficult. The grading resulted in the excavation of topsoil that was then used to landscape the medians. Gangs of workmen started to break up stone for [[gravel]], [[Pavers (flooring)|paving stones]], and [[Belgian block]]s. By August 10, 1871, grading between Washington and Ralph avenues had been completed and paving had begun.{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=3}}{{sfn|Brooklyn Park Commissioners|1861|pages=528–529, 546}} Brooklyn's park commissioners expected that, considering Prospect Park was nearly complete, the parkway would be finished along with the park.{{sfn|Brooklyn Park Commissioners|1861|page=400}}
-The Report of the Brooklyn Park Commissioners for the Years 1874–1879, contained a description of "Parkways, Avenues, Streets and Roads, graded, paved and otherwise improved by the Brooklyn Park Commissioners" between 1866 and 1879. The report classified Ocean Parkway as a "gravel roadway" and Eastern Parkway as being of "macadam stone, Belgian block and cobble".{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=3}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=1879 |title=1874–1879 Brooklyn Park Commissioners Annual Report |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4281annual_report_brooklyn_parks_comm_1874-79.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206212245/http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4281annual_report_brooklyn_parks_comm_1874-79.pdf |archive-date=February 6, 2017 |access-date=January 29, 2019 |website=[[Government of New York City|nyc.gov]] |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] |page=101}}</ref> Specifically, the main road was paved with macadam or gravel to accommodate horse-drawn carriages, while the service roads were paved with stone blocks because they were used by heavier vehicles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gray |first=Christopher |date=2014-04-18 |title=Under Hoof, Foot and Tire |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/20/realestate/under-hoof-foot-and-tire.html |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
+The Report of the Brooklyn Park Commissioners for the Years 1874–1879, contained a description of "Parkways, Avenues, Streets and Roads, graded, paved and otherwise improved by the Brooklyn Park Commissioners" between 1866 and 1879. The report classified Ocean Parkway as a "gravel roadway" and Eastern Parkway as being of "macadam stone, Belgian block and cobble".{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=3}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=1879 |title=1874–1879 Brooklyn Park Commissioners Annual Report |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4281annual_report_brooklyn_parks_comm_1874-79.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206212245/http://home2.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/4281annual_report_brooklyn_parks_comm_1874-79.pdf |archive-date=February 6, 2017 |access-date=January 29, 2019 |website=[[Government of New York City|nyc.gov]] |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] |page=101}}</ref> Specifically, the main road was paved with macadam or gravel to accommodate horse-drawn carriages, while the service roads were paved with stone blocks because they were used by heavier vehicles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gray |first=Christopher |date=April 18, 2014 |title=Under Hoof, Foot and Tire |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/20/realestate/under-hoof-foot-and-tire.html |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101091353/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/20/realestate/under-hoof-foot-and-tire.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At the time of its completion, Eastern Parkway overlooked the then-separate city of New York to the north, as well as [[Coney Island]] and [[the Rockaways]] to the south.<ref name="n151799244">{{Cite news |date=1884-04-12 |title=Real Estate |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-union-real-estate/151799244/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Brooklyn Union |pages=1 |via=newspapers.com |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722141818/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-union-real-estate/151799244/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-==== Lagging development ====
+==== Lagging development of surrounding area ====
 [[File:View of Eastern Parkway Looking towards Museum Eugene Wemlinger ca. 1903- 1910 Brooklyn Museum.jpg|thumb|View of Eastern Parkway looking toward the [[Brooklyn Museum]], cellulose nitrate negative photograph by Eugene Wemlinger {{Circa|1903–1910 }} ]]
-By 1874, Eastern Parkway was almost completed, and land lots were put for sale along the route of the parkway.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 16, 1874 |title=Eastern Parkway |url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/34287824 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828141310/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/34287824/eastern-parkway/ |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |access-date=July 26, 2019 |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |page=3}}</ref> The Brooklyn government also implemented a special zoning ordinance along the route (see {{Section link||Structures}}).{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=3}}<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1911">{{Cite news |date=1911-04-16 |title=Eastern Parkway Region Shows Big Development |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-eastern-parkway/151559398/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=50}}</ref> The plan was supposed to spur "first-class" construction on the parkway; according to Brooklyn city official [[James S. T. Stranahan]], similar development had occurred in [[Brooklyn Heights]] and at the original location of [[Columbia University|Columbia College]].{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=4}} However, development was stymied by disputes over the ownership of Prospect Park's East Side lands at the parkway's western end.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1892a">{{cite news |date=June 26, 1892 |title=The Eastern Parkway: the City's Big Boulevard Revival of Interest in Property Along It—projected Improvements |work=New-York Tribune |page=21 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|573720018}}}}</ref>{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=4}} The city of Brooklyn sold off some of the property north of the parkway in 1881. The city's attempts to sell the remaining lots led to a lengthy lawsuit, in which the [[New York Court of Appeals]] ruled in favor of the city.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1892a" /> Some of the land lay undeveloped until a realty company vouched for the property [[Title (property)|title]] in 1910.{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=4}} While Stranahan originally envisioned one large park between Prospect Park and [[Jamaica, Queens]], rapid development made this impossible.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oak Ridge house in Forest Park is rich in Queens history: Our Neighborhood, The Way it Was |url=https://qns.com/story/2018/09/08/oak-ridge-house-forest-park-rich-queens-history-neighborhood-way/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726085449/https://qns.com/story/2018/09/08/oak-ridge-house-forest-park-rich-queens-history-neighborhood-way/ |archive-date=July 26, 2019 |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=QNS.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
+By 1874, Eastern Parkway was almost completed, and land lots were put for sale along the route of the parkway.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 16, 1874 |title=Eastern Parkway |url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/34287824 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828141310/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/34287824/eastern-parkway/ |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |access-date=July 26, 2019 |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |page=3}}</ref> The Brooklyn government also implemented a special zoning ordinance along the route (see {{Section link||Structures}}).{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=3}}<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1911">{{Cite news |date=April 16, 1911 |title=Eastern Parkway Region Shows Big Development |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-eastern-parkway/151559398/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=50 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718143651/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-eastern-parkway/151559398/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The plan was supposed to spur "first-class" construction on the parkway; according to Brooklyn city official [[James S. T. Stranahan]], similar development had occurred in [[Brooklyn Heights]] and at the original location of [[Columbia University|Columbia College]].{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=4}} However, development was stymied by disputes over the ownership of Prospect Park's East Side lands at the parkway's western end.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1892a">{{cite news |date=June 26, 1892 |title=The Eastern Parkway: the City's Big Boulevard Revival of Interest in Property Along It—projected Improvements |work=New-York Tribune |page=21 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|573720018}}}}</ref><ref name="n151799657">{{Cite news |date=1887-10-14 |title=Building on Eastern Parkway |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-building-on-eas/151799657/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=1 |via=newspapers.com |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722141933/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-building-on-eas/151799657/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=4}} The city of Brooklyn sold off some of the property north of the parkway in 1881. The city's attempts to sell the remaining lots led to a lengthy lawsuit in which the [[New York Court of Appeals]] ruled in favor of the city.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1892a" /> Some of the land lay undeveloped until a realty company vouched for the property [[Title (property)|title]] in 1910.{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=4}} While Stranahan originally envisioned one large park between Prospect Park and [[Jamaica, Queens]], rapid development made this impossible.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oak Ridge house in Forest Park is rich in Queens history: Our Neighborhood, The Way it Was |url=https://qns.com/story/2018/09/08/oak-ridge-house-forest-park-rich-queens-history-neighborhood-way/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726085449/https://qns.com/story/2018/09/08/oak-ridge-house-forest-park-rich-queens-history-neighborhood-way/ |archive-date=July 26, 2019 |access-date=May 31, 2019 |website=QNS.com |date=September 8, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>
-Development was also hindered by the presence of the Kings County Penitentiary near Nostrand Avenue, as well as stables, [[Piggery|pig farms]], and dumps along the parkway.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1894" /><ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1911" /> Few wealthy people wanted to live on Eastern Parkway as a result,<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1911" /> and the area was filled with empty lots and billboards.<ref name="Times Union 1916">{{Cite news |date=1916-04-29 |title=The Vista of Eastern Parkway, Where 1,000 Men Are Working on the Next Great Transit Development |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-the-vista-of-eastern-parkway/151561590/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=Times Union |pages=15}}</ref> The Brooklyn city government had placed a [[tax assessment]] on nearby properties to fund the parkway's construction, but many smaller landowners instead abandoned their land.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1894" /> By the 1880s, the city had expanded eastward to the neighborhood of [[New Lots, Brooklyn|New Lots]], but the area around Eastern Parkway was still underdeveloped.<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1895">{{Cite news |date=1895-07-28 |title=To Connect the Parks |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-to-connect-the/151763135/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=14}}</ref> News media described Eastern Parkway as leading "nowhere".<ref name="New-York Tribune 1892a" /><ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1895" /> The parkway was seldom used east of Bedford Avenue,<ref name="New-York Tribune 1896a">{{cite news |date=July 15, 1896 |title=The News of Brooklyn: Eastern Parkway Work a New Surface of Gravel to Be Provided Making Ready for the Completion of the Glenmore-ave. Improvement—how the New Road to the East is Advancing |work=New-York Tribune |page=13 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|574207481}}}}</ref> and the eastern end of the parkway transitioned abruptly into an unpaved road.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1894" /><ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1891">{{Cite news |date=1891-05-10 |title=The Eastern Parkway |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-the-eastern-par/151754975/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=19}}</ref> The ''[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]]'' described the Ralph Avenue terminus in 1896 as being situated "on the brow of a forbidding hill",<ref>{{Cite news |date=1896-12-13 |title=Brooklyn's Chain of Parkways |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-brooklyns-chai/151531891/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=22}}</ref> and the ''[[New-York Tribune]]'' wrote in 1894 that the parkway had "not more than half a dozen recently built houses".<ref name="New-York Tribune 1894" /> In addition, the parkway was in poor condition, with layers of mud covering the roadways.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1890-05-31 |title=Please Fix This Road |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-please-fix-this-road/151756836/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=Times Union |pages=7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1891-03-10 |title=Condition of Eastern Parkway |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-condition-of-ea/151759462/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=3}}</ref>
+Development was also hindered by the presence of the Kings County Penitentiary near Nostrand Avenue, as well as stables, [[Piggery|pig farms]], and dumps along the parkway.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1894" /><ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1911" /> Few wealthy people wanted to live on Eastern Parkway as a result,<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1911" /> and the area was filled with empty lots and billboards.<ref name="Times Union 1916">{{Cite news |date=April 29, 1916 |title=The Vista of Eastern Parkway, Where 1,000 Men Are Working on the Next Great Transit Development |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-the-vista-of-eastern-parkway/151561590/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=Times Union |pages=15 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718160703/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-the-vista-of-eastern-parkway/151561590/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Brooklyn city government had placed a [[tax assessment]] on nearby properties to fund the parkway's construction, but many smaller landowners instead abandoned their land.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1894" /> By the 1880s, the city had expanded eastward to the neighborhood of [[New Lots, Brooklyn|New Lots]], but the area around Eastern Parkway was still underdeveloped.<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1895">{{Cite news |date=July 28, 1895 |title=To Connect the Parks |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-to-connect-the/151763135/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=14 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722141935/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-to-connect-the/151763135/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The first major development on Eastern Parkway, at the northwest corner with Utica Avenue, did not commence until 1887; the Eastern Parkway Improvement Association was established at that time.<ref name="n151799657" /> The next year, Brooklyn park commissioners reported that 279 of the 1,014 land lots north of the parkway had been sold, though none of the land to the south had been sold yet.<ref name="n151799949">{{Cite news |date=1888-01-13 |title=Eastern Parkway Lands |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-eastern-parkway-lands/151799949/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=Times Union |pages=4 |via=newspapers.com |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722141938/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-eastern-parkway-lands/151799949/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+News media in the 1890s described Eastern Parkway as leading "nowhere".<ref name="New-York Tribune 1892a" /><ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1895" /> The parkway was seldom used east of Bedford Avenue,<ref name="New-York Tribune 1896a">{{cite news |date=July 15, 1896 |title=The News of Brooklyn: Eastern Parkway Work a New Surface of Gravel to Be Provided Making Ready for the Completion of the Glenmore-ave. Improvement—how the New Road to the East is Advancing |work=New-York Tribune |page=13 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|574207481}}}}</ref> and the eastern end of the parkway transitioned abruptly into an unpaved road.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1894" /><ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1891">{{Cite news |date=May 10, 1891 |title=The Eastern Parkway |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-the-eastern-par/151754975/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=19 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722141943/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-the-eastern-par/151754975/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]]'' described the Ralph Avenue terminus in 1896 as being situated "on the brow of a forbidding hill",<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 13, 1896 |title=Brooklyn's Chain of Parkways |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-brooklyns-chai/151531891/ |access-date=July 17, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=22 |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717235235/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-brooklyns-chai/151531891/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the ''[[New-York Tribune]]'' wrote in 1894 that the parkway had "not more than half a dozen recently built houses".<ref name="New-York Tribune 1894" /> In addition, the parkway was in poor condition, with layers of mud covering the roadways.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 31, 1890 |title=Please Fix This Road |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-please-fix-this-road/151756836/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=Times Union |pages=7 |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723005735/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-please-fix-this-road/151756836/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 10, 1891 |title=Condition of Eastern Parkway |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-condition-of-ea/151759462/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=3 |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723005729/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-condition-of-ea/151759462/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-=== Late 19th century ===
-==== Extension into the cemetery belt====
-[[File:Eastern Parkway bike path.jpg|thumb|upright|Bike path on Eastern Parkway]]In the early 1890s, Brooklyn officials proposed extending the parkway northeast to near [[Cemetery of the Evergreens]], [[Highland Park (Brooklyn)|Highland Park]], and the [[Ridgewood Reservoir]] along Brooklyn and Queens' [[Cemetery Belt]].<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1891" /><ref name="The Standard Union 1895">{{Cite news |date=August 24, 1895 |title=Frank Squier |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-frank-squier/80388483/ |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=The Standard Union |pages=5 |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627020905/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-frank-squier/80388483/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="New-York Tribune 1892">{{cite news |date=26 Aug 1892 |title=Affairs in Brooklyn: a Good Reason for Non-appearance Planning to Extend the Eastern Parkway Gathered About the Town |work=New-York Tribune |page=12 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|573777401}}}}</ref> The extension was to travel northeast to Stone Avenue (now Mother Gaston Boulevard), then north to [[Fulton Street (Brooklyn)|Fulton Street]] and northeast to [[Bushwick Avenue]].<ref>{{cite news |date=June 30, 1895 |title=A Fine Roadway Demanded: Brooklyn's Need of a Good Connection With Queens County |work=New-York Tribune |page=15 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|574045315}}}}</ref><ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1895" /> Another road, Highland Boulevard, would continue eastward from Bushwick Avenue to Highland Park.<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1895" /> State lawmakers introduced legislation to extend the parkway in March 1891;<ref>{{Cite news |date=1891-03-13 |title=O'Connor Was Mad |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-oconnor-was-mad/151761860/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |pages=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1891-03-13 |title=Bills in Transit |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-bills-in-transit/151761898/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The Standard Union |pages=1}}</ref> the [[New York State Assembly|Assembly]] passed the bill at the end of that month,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1891-03-31 |title=Strahan's Tale |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-strahans-tale/151761950/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=6}}</ref> and the [[New York State Senate|Senate]] approved it that April.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1891-04-14 |title=The Fight for a Bridge |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-the-fight-for-a-bridge/151762051/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=Times Union |pages=1}}</ref> Consulting engineer John Y. Culyer began preparing plans for the extension the next year.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1892" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=1892-08-25 |title=A New Drive |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-a-new-drive/151762432/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The Standard Union |pages=1}}</ref> Brooklyn's park commissioners appropriated $600,000 for the project, and they planned to obtain 368 [[land lot]]s through [[eminent domain]].<ref name="The Standard Union 1895" /> Work on the extension stalled for several years because Brooklyn park commissioner [[George V. Brower]] opposed it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1897-02-28 |title=Eastern Parkway Plan |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-eastern-parkway/151533301/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=16}}</ref>
+===1880s and 1890s===
-In 1896, Governor [[Levi P. Morton]] signed legislation to authorize the parkway's extension<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 1, 1896 |title=Work on the New Cycle Path |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-work-on-the-new-cycle-path/150142865/ |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=Times Union |pages=1 |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627022403/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-work-on-the-new-cycle-path/150142865/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1896-04-09 |title=Morton Signs Brooklyn Bills |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-morton-signs-br/151769186/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=1}}</ref> and approve the acquisition of further land for the parkway.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 29, 1896 |title=Eastern Parkway |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-eastern-parkway/150142732/ |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=The Standard Union |pages=1 |archive-date=June 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630000701/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-eastern-parkway/150142732/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1896-05-29 |title=Twelve Local Bills Signed |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-twelve-local-bi/151768780/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=1}}</ref> The Brooklyn government acquired 466 parcels of land from 150 landowners.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1896-12-17 |title=Need the Money |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-need-the-money/151535398/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Standard Union |pages=5}}</ref> Thomas Byrnes and M. J. Dady were hired to construct two parts of the extension in September 1896. Byrnes was hired to construct the section from Ralph to Rockaway avenues, while Dady was to build Highland Boulevard, connecting Eastern Parkway's Bushwick Avenue terminus with [[Highland Park (Brooklyn)|Highland Park]].<ref>{{cite news |date=23 Sep 1896 |title=Eastern Parkway Contracts Awarded |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-tribune-eastern-parkway-contrac/151531774/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=New-York Tribune |page=14 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|574224217}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1896-09-22 |title=Parkway Extension Plans |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-parkway-extensi/151531644/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=16}}</ref> Dady was hired to construct the section between Rockaway and Bushwick avenues that November.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1896-11-12 |title=Mr. Woodruff's Resignation |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-mr-woodruffs/151535003/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1896-11-12 |title=Woodruff Out |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-woodruff-out/151535153/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Standard Union |pages=1}}</ref> Brooklyn park commissioner [[Timothy L. Woodruff]] planned to include bike paths along the Eastern Parkway Extension as well,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1896-03-07 |title=Mr. Woodruff's Park Plans |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-mr-woodruffs/151766755/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=1}}</ref> and he was devising plans for the paths by June 1896.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1896-06-04 |title=Path Plans Nearly Completed |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-tribune-path-plans-nearly-compl/151768871/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=New-York Tribune |pages=14}}</ref> The extension to Bushwick Avenue, along with Highland Boulevard, had been completed by 1897.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1897-09-18 |title=Wheelmen on Parade |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-wheelmen-on-par/151539804/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=1}}</ref><ref name="Times Union 1897">{{Cite news |date=1897-09-09 |title=Splendid System of Parkways |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-splendid-system-of-parkways/151538068/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=Times Union |pages=8}}</ref> From Ralph to Bushwick avenues, the median was originally paved in macadam, while the outer lanes were paved in asphalt. The section along Highland Boulevard was paved in brick.<ref name="Times Union 1897" /> The bike path between Ralph and Stone avenues was complete by 1898,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1898-06-09 |title=Danger to Bicyclists |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-danger-to-bicyclists/151771359/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=Times Union |pages=6}}</ref> and cyclists were using the entire extension by the following year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1899-03-05 |title=Oppose Side-path Bill; Associated Cycling Clubs Object to the Ellsworth Measure |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1899/03/05/archives/oppose-sidepath-bill-associated-cycling-clubs-object-to-the.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
+==== Upgrades ====
-Brooklyn's Department of City Works also wanted to build a {{convert|500|ft|adj=on}} long connection from the parkway's original terminus, at Ralph Avenue, to East New York Avenue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 12, 1896 |title=Parkway Scheme Hung Up |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-parkway-scheme/150143502/ |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=5 |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627020905/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-parkway-scheme/150143502/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The Cody Brothers was hired to construct the connecting street,<ref>{{cite news |date=10 Sep 1896 |title=Stirring Up the Contractors: Cody Brothers Exasperatingly Slow With the Work of Extending Eastern Parkway to East New-York-Ave |work=New-York Tribune |page=12 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|574223784}}}}</ref> which measured {{convert|80|ft}} wide,<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 22, 1896 |title=News of the Wheelman |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-news-of-the-whe/150143566/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627020900/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-news-of-the-whe/150143566/ |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=10}}</ref> After the consolidation of the [[City of Greater New York]], there were proposals to extend Eastern Parkway further through [[Cypress Hills Cemetery]] and [[Ridgewood Reservoir]], connecting to [[Forest Park (Queens)|Forest Park]] in [[Queens]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1901-04-17 |title=Bicycle Roads Being Improved |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-bicycle-roads-being/151480205/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |pages=5 |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717022108/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-bicycle-roads-being/151480205/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The proposed extension to Forest Park ultimately became the [[Jackie Robinson Parkway|Interboro (now Jackie Robinson) Parkway]].<ref>{{cite news |date=December 28, 2001 |title=Back When The Jackie Robinson Parkway Was Just A Dirt Road |url=http://www.timesnewsweekly.com/sites/www.timesnewsweekly.com/files/archives/Archives2001/122801/NewFiles/OURNEIGH.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412092132/http://www.timesnewsweekly.com/sites/www.timesnewsweekly.com/files/archives/Archives2001/122801/NewFiles/OURNEIGH.html |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 29, 2016 |newspaper=[[Times Newsweekly]]}}</ref> In the 1900s, there were also unsuccessful proposals to extend Eastern Parkway southeast to [[Rockaway Parkway]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 15, 1907 |title=Opposition to Opening of Rockaway Parkway |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-opposition-to-opening/150249503/ |access-date=June 28, 2024 |work=The Standard Union |pages=17 |archive-date=June 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630000702/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-opposition-to-opening/150249503/ |url-status=live}}</ref> east to the [[Queens]] county border,<ref>{{cite news |date=10 Jan 1909 |title=Brooklyn News: Gossip of the Borough Brooklyn League Will Demand the Extension of Eastern Parkway |work=New-York Tribune |page=C6 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572237775}}}}</ref> and east to the [[Long Island]] suburbs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 19, 1913 |title=Long Island Boulevard. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1913/01/19/archives/long-island-boulevard.html |access-date=June 28, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630000703/https://www.nytimes.com/1913/01/19/archives/long-island-boulevard.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
+In 1883, workers installed [[naphtha]] lamps along Eastern Parkway.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1883-09-29 |title=Municipal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-municipal/151799183/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=6 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722145026/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-municipal/151799183/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Brooklyn city officials announced plans the next year to repave Eastern Parkway with gravel between Prospect Park Plaza and Brooklyn Avenue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1884-12-13 |title=The Parks |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-the-parks/151798948/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=Times Union |pages=1 |via=newspapers.com |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722145151/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-the-parks/151798948/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1884-05-24 |title=Municipal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-municipal/151798971/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=6 |via=newspapers.com |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722145549/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-municipal/151798971/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The repaving took place during 1885.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1885-12-15 |title=City Parks |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-parks/150002209/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=1 |via=newspapers.com |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722145644/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-parks/150002209/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, cyclists were allowed to begin using the main roadway at all times, provided that they followed traffic laws.<ref name="n151799461">{{Cite news |date=1885-10-01 |title=Bicycles in the Park |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-bicycles-in-the/151799461/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=6 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722150213/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-bicycles-in-the/151799461/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1885-06-21 |title=Our Bicyclists |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-union-our-bicyclists/151799558/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Brooklyn Union |pages=8 |via=newspapers.com |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722150140/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-union-our-bicyclists/151799558/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the 1890s, the Brooklyn park commissioners proposed widening the service roads by {{Convert|10|ft}} to accommodate heavy vehicles,<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 4, 1890 |title=Park Report |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-park-report/151757602/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=6 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722150720/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-park-report/151757602/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 5, 1890 |title=The Eastern Parkway |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-the-eastern-parkway/151758255/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=Times Union |pages=2 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722150715/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-the-eastern-parkway/151758255/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as repaving the entire roadway.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 2, 1890 |title=Our Pleasure Grounds |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-our-pleasure-grounds/151758154/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=Times Union |pages=1 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722150829/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-our-pleasure-grounds/151758154/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''Brooklyn Daily Eagle'' predicted that carriage drivers would support the paving project after Highland Park was completed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 17, 1891 |title=Doings in the New Ward |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-doings-in-the-n/151759179/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=3 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722151301/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-doings-in-the-n/151759179/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Two city aldermen requested funding in early 1895 to construct a bike path as far east as Howard Avenue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 1, 1895 |title=For More Bicycle Paths.; The Brooklyn Aldermanic Committee Favor Proposed Improvements. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1895/06/01/archives/for-more-bicycle-paths-the-brooklyn-aldermanic-committee-favor.html |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 31, 1895 |title=Good News for Wheelmen |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-good-news-for-w/151767274/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=4 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722152936/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-good-news-for-w/151767274/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A bike path was added alongside the existing roadway,<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 12, 1896 |title=The Parks of Brooklyn |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-the-parks-of-brooklyn/151535471/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=Times Union |pages=43 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718004216/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-the-parks-of-brooklyn/151535471/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1895a" /> and some lampposts were removed to make way for the bike path.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 2, 1896 |title=Electric Light Poles Removed: an Improvement on the Cycle Path on the Eastern Parkway |work=New-York Tribune |page=13 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|574272899}}}}</ref> Soon after the bike path opened in late 1895, the Good Roads Association said that cyclists seldom used the path because they had to navigate steep [[curb]]s at each intersection.<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1895a">{{Cite news |date=September 7, 1895 |title=Cycle Path in Bad Shape |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-cycle-path-in-b/151768493/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=5 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722152823/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-cycle-path-in-b/151768493/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city of Brooklyn also upgraded other parts of the existing parkway. The intersection with Bedford Avenue was repaved in brick,<ref>{{cite news |date=August 18, 1895 |title=Improving Bedford-ave: Vitrified Brick Laid at Its Junction With the Eastern Parkway—crossings to Be Put in Good Condition by a Rail Road Company |work=New-York Tribune |page=14 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|574079099}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=November 27, 1895 |title=Brick for Pavements: Brooklyn Authorities in Search of Information |magazine=Clay Record |page=20 |volume=7 |issue=10 |id={{ProQuest|128314064}}}}</ref> and the curbs at that intersection were lowered to allow cyclists to safely cross the street.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 28, 1896 |title=Cycle Path's Opening; Big Demonstration in Brooklyn by 10,000 Riders. It Was a Great Parade on the Return Path, and Probably 100,000 Persons Witnessed the Spectacle Arranged by the Good Roads Association – Century Wheelmen Capture a Prize – Brooklyn Bicycle Club Also a Winner. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1896/06/28/archives/cycle-paths-opening-big-demonstration-in-brooklyn-by-10000-riders.html |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711163420/https://www.nytimes.com/1896/06/28/archives/cycle-paths-opening-big-demonstration-in-brooklyn-by-10000-riders.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=August 3, 1895 |title=Alert for Good Roads |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-alert-for-good/151767860/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=4 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722153452/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-alert-for-good/151767860/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Workers laid a sidewalk on the south side of the parkway west of Washington Avenue, along the northern edge of Prospect Park's East Side lands.<ref>{{cite news |date=March 14, 1897 |title=Park Department Work: a New Sidewalk to Be Provided on Eastern Parkway-improving Institute Park |work=New-York Tribune |page=A11 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|574286823}}}}</ref> In addition, the Brooklyn city government had repaved the main roadway in macadam by 1896.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1896a" />
-====Upgrade to the original roadway====
-During the 1890s, the Brooklyn park commissioners proposed widening the service roads by {{Convert|10|ft}} to accommodate heavy vehicles,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1890-03-04 |title=Park Report |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-park-report/151757602/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1890-03-05 |title=The Eastern Parkway |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-the-eastern-parkway/151758255/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=Times Union |pages=2}}</ref> in addition to repaving.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1890-04-02 |title=Our Pleasure Grounds |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-our-pleasure-grounds/151758154/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=Times Union |pages=1}}</ref> The ''Brooklyn Daily Eagle'' predicted that carriage drivers would support the paving project after Highland Park was completed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1891-05-17 |title=Doings in the New Ward |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-doings-in-the-n/151759179/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=3}}</ref> Two city aldermen requested funding in early 1895 to construct a bike path as far east as Howard Avenue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1895-06-01 |title=For More Bicycle Paths.; The Brooklyn Aldermanic Committee Favor Proposed Improvements. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1895/06/01/archives/for-more-bicycle-paths-the-brooklyn-aldermanic-committee-favor.html |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1895-05-31 |title=Good News for Wheelmen |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-good-news-for-w/151767274/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=4}}</ref> A bike path was added alongside the existing roadway,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1896-12-12 |title=The Parks of Brooklyn |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-the-parks-of-brooklyn/151535471/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=Times Union |pages=43}}</ref><ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1895a" /> and some lampposts were removed to make way for the bike path.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 2, 1896 |title=Electric Light Poles Removed: an Improvement on the Cycle Path on the Eastern Parkway |work=New-York Tribune |page=13 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|574272899}}}}</ref> Soon after the bike path opened in late 1895, the Good Roads Association said that cyclists seldom used the path because they had to navigate steep [[curb]]s at each intersection.<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1895a">{{Cite news |date=1895-09-07 |title=Cycle Path in Bad Shape |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-cycle-path-in-b/151768493/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=5}}</ref> The city of Brooklyn also upgraded other parts of the existing parkway. The intersection with Bedford Avenue was repaved in brick,<ref>{{cite news |date=August 18, 1895 |title=Improving Bedford-ave: Vitrified Brick Laid at Its Junction With the Eastern Parkway—crossings to Be Put in Good Condition by a Rail Road Company |work=New-York Tribune |page=14 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|574079099}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=Nov 27, 1895 |title=Brick for Pavements: Brooklyn Authorities in Search of Information |work=Clay Record |page=20 |volume=7 |issue=10 |id={{Pq|128314064}}}}</ref> and the curbs at that intersection were lowered to allow cyclists to safely cross the street.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1896-06-28 |title=Cycle Path's Opening; Big Demonstration in Brooklyn by 10,000 Riders. It Was a Great Parade on the Return Path, and Probably 100,000 Persons Witnessed the Spectacle Arranged by the Good Roads Association – Century Wheelmen Capture a Prize – Brooklyn Bicycle Club Also a Winner. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1896/06/28/archives/cycle-paths-opening-big-demonstration-in-brooklyn-by-10000-riders.html |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1895-08-03 |title=Alert for Good Roads |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-alert-for-good/151767860/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=4}}</ref> Workers laid a sidewalk on the south side of the parkway west of Washington Avenue, along the northern edge of Prospect Park's East Side lands.<ref>{{cite news |date=March 14, 1897 |title=Park Department Work: a New Sidewalk to Be Provided on Eastern Parkway-improving Institute Park |work=New-York Tribune |page=A11 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|574286823}}}}</ref> In addition, the Brooklyn city government had repaved the main roadway in macadam by 1896.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1896a" />
-=== Early 20th century ===
+==== Extensions ====
+[[Image:Tour de Brooklyn passing Rockaway Ave on Eastern Pkwy jeh.jpg|thumb|Bicyclists on the Eastern Parkway  Extension near Rockaway Avenue in 2008|alt=]]In the early 1890s, Brooklyn officials proposed extending the parkway northeast to near [[Cemetery of the Evergreens]], [[Highland Park (Brooklyn)|Highland Park]], and the [[Ridgewood Reservoir]] along Brooklyn and Queens' [[Cemetery Belt]].<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1891" /><ref name="The Standard Union 1895">{{Cite news |date=August 24, 1895 |title=Frank Squier |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-frank-squier/80388483/ |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=The Standard Union |pages=5 |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627020905/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-frank-squier/80388483/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="New-York Tribune 1892">{{cite news |date=August 26, 1892 |title=Affairs in Brooklyn: a Good Reason for Non-appearance Planning to Extend the Eastern Parkway Gathered About the Town |work=New-York Tribune |page=12 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|573777401}}}}</ref> The extension was to travel northeast to Stone Avenue (now Mother Gaston Boulevard), then north to [[Fulton Street (Brooklyn)|Fulton Street]] and northeast to Bushwick Avenue.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 30, 1895 |title=A Fine Roadway Demanded: Brooklyn's Need of a Good Connection With Queens County |work=New-York Tribune |page=15 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|574045315}}}}</ref><ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1895" /> Another road, Highland Boulevard, would continue eastward from Bushwick Avenue to Highland Park.<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1895" /> State lawmakers introduced legislation to extend the parkway in March 1891;<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 13, 1891 |title=O'Connor Was Mad |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-oconnor-was-mad/151761860/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |pages=1 |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723005735/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-oconnor-was-mad/151761860/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 13, 1891 |title=Bills in Transit |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-bills-in-transit/151761898/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The Standard Union |pages=1 |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723005750/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-bills-in-transit/151761898/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[New York State Assembly|Assembly]] passed the bill at the end of that month,<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 31, 1891 |title=Strahan's Tale |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-strahans-tale/151761950/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=6 |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723005736/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-strahans-tale/151761950/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[New York State Senate|Senate]] approved it that April.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 14, 1891 |title=The Fight for a Bridge |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-the-fight-for-a-bridge/151762051/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=Times Union |pages=1 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722143014/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-the-fight-for-a-bridge/151762051/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Consulting engineer John Y. Culyer began preparing plans for the extension the next year.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1892" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=August 25, 1892 |title=A New Drive |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-a-new-drive/151762432/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The Standard Union |pages=1 |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723005737/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-a-new-drive/151762432/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Brooklyn's park commissioners appropriated $600,000 for the project, and they planned to obtain 368 [[land lot]]s through [[eminent domain]].<ref name="The Standard Union 1895" /> Work on the extension stalled for several years because Brooklyn park commissioner [[George V. Brower]] opposed it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 28, 1897 |title=Eastern Parkway Plan |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-eastern-parkway/151533301/ |access-date=July 17, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=16 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718004229/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-eastern-parkway/151533301/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In 1896, Governor [[Levi P. Morton]] signed legislation to authorize the parkway's extension<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 1, 1896 |title=Work on the New Cycle Path |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-work-on-the-new-cycle-path/150142865/ |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=Times Union |pages=1 |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627022403/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-work-on-the-new-cycle-path/150142865/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 9, 1896 |title=Morton Signs Brooklyn Bills |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-morton-signs-br/151769186/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=1 |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723005732/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-morton-signs-br/151769186/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and approve the acquisition of further land for the parkway.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 29, 1896 |title=Eastern Parkway |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-eastern-parkway/150142732/ |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=The Standard Union |pages=1 |archive-date=June 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630000701/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-eastern-parkway/150142732/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 29, 1896 |title=Twelve Local Bills Signed |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-twelve-local-bi/151768780/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=1 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722143947/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-twelve-local-bi/151768780/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Brooklyn government acquired 466 parcels of land from 150 landowners.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 17, 1896 |title=Need the Money |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-need-the-money/151535398/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Standard Union |pages=5 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718004226/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-need-the-money/151535398/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Thomas Byrnes and M. J. Dady were hired to construct two parts of the extension in September 1896. Byrnes was hired to construct the section from Ralph to Rockaway avenues, while Dady was to build Highland Boulevard, connecting Eastern Parkway's Bushwick Avenue terminus with [[Highland Park (Brooklyn)|Highland Park]].<ref>{{cite news |date=September 23, 1896 |title=Eastern Parkway Contracts Awarded |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-tribune-eastern-parkway-contrac/151531774/ |access-date=July 17, 2024 |work=New-York Tribune |page=14 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|574224217}} |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717235233/https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-tribune-eastern-parkway-contrac/151531774/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 22, 1896 |title=Parkway Extension Plans |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-parkway-extensi/151531644/ |access-date=July 17, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=16 |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717235231/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-parkway-extensi/151531644/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dady was hired to construct the section between Rockaway and Bushwick avenues that November.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 12, 1896 |title=Mr. Woodruff's Resignation |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-mr-woodruffs/151535003/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=2 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718004223/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-mr-woodruffs/151535003/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 12, 1896 |title=Woodruff Out |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-woodruff-out/151535153/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Standard Union |pages=1 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718004230/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-woodruff-out/151535153/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Brooklyn park commissioner [[Timothy L. Woodruff]] planned to include bike paths along the Eastern Parkway Extension as well,<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 7, 1896 |title=Mr. Woodruff's Park Plans |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-mr-woodruffs/151766755/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=1 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722143950/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-mr-woodruffs/151766755/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and he was devising plans for the paths by June 1896.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 4, 1896 |title=Path Plans Nearly Completed |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-tribune-path-plans-nearly-compl/151768871/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=New-York Tribune |pages=14 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722143954/https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-tribune-path-plans-nearly-compl/151768871/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The extension to Bushwick Avenue, along with Highland Boulevard, had been completed by 1897.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 18, 1897 |title=Wheelmen on Parade |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-wheelmen-on-par/151539804/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=1 |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723010240/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-wheelmen-on-par/151539804/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Times Union 1897">{{Cite news |date=September 9, 1897 |title=Splendid System of Parkways |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-splendid-system-of-parkways/151538068/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=Times Union |pages=8 |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723010240/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-splendid-system-of-parkways/151538068/ |url-status=live }}</ref> From Ralph to Bushwick avenues, the median was originally paved in macadam, while the outer lanes were paved in asphalt. The section along Highland Boulevard was paved in brick.<ref name="Times Union 1897" /> The bike path between Ralph and Stone avenues was complete by 1898,<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 9, 1898 |title=Danger to Bicyclists |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-danger-to-bicyclists/151771359/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=Times Union |pages=6 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722145038/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-danger-to-bicyclists/151771359/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and cyclists were using the entire extension by the following year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 5, 1899 |title=Oppose Side-path Bill; Associated Cycling Clubs Object to the Ellsworth Measure |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1899/03/05/archives/oppose-sidepath-bill-associated-cycling-clubs-object-to-the.html |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718004216/https://www.nytimes.com/1899/03/05/archives/oppose-sidepath-bill-associated-cycling-clubs-object-to-the.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-==== 1900s changes ====
-By the early 1900s, the area around Eastern Parkway was being developed, and the majority of structures did not follow Olmsted's original zoning regulations.{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=4}} Apartment buildings and two-family residences were built along the parkway.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1910-02-20 |title=Great Bedford Section Rapidly Becoming a New Center of Brooklyn |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-great-bedford-s/151559222/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=37}}</ref> Workers renovated Eastern Parkway during 1900,<ref>{{cite news |date=13 July 1900 |title=Cycling: Some Brooklyn Streets That Have Been Improved and Others That Should Be – News Notes |work=New-York Tribune |page=6 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|570877279}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1900-02-01 |title=Good Roads Workers Dine |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-good-roads-workers-dine/151479944/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=Times Union |pages=8 |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717022137/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-good-roads-workers-dine/151479944/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and New York City park commissioners decreed the same year that heavy wagons use the service roads instead of the main roadway.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 Sep 1900 |title=Cycling: to Preserve Eastern Parkway—Century Runs |work=New-York Tribune |page=5 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|570920156}}}}</ref> There were also proposals for a {{convert|48|in|cm|-wide|adj=mid}} [[water main]] under Eastern Parkway, transporting water from [[Ridgewood Reservoir]] to [[Mount Prospect Park]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=1903-05-28 |title=Monster Water Main |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-monster-water-main/151540460/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=Times Union |pages=16}}</ref> and the New York City government hired John J. Cashman in July 1903 to construct the water main.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1903-07-16 |title=Water Main Contracts Made |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-water-main-contract/151540617/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1903-07-16 |title=To Lay a Great Water Main |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-to-lay-a-great/151540649/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=18}}</ref> The water main's installation was temporarily delayed when the [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] (NYC Parks) refused to allow Cashman to excavate the parkway.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1904-01-19 |title=Oakley is Insisting on Eastern Parkway Main |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-oakley-is-insis/151540822/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=2}}</ref>
-An [[equestrian statue of Henry Warner Slocum]] was installed in the middle of the main roadway, at the intersection with Bedford Avenue, in 1905.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 31, 1905 |title=Slocum Statue Unveiled |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-york-times-slocum-statue-unveile/150248678/ |access-date=June 28, 2024 |work=The New York Times |pages=4 |archive-date=June 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628201517/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-york-times-slocum-statue-unveile/150248678/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 30, 1905 |title=President Roosevelt Reviews Brooklyn's Memorial Parade |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-president-roosevelt-r/150248729/ |access-date=June 28, 2024 |work=The Standard Union |pages=1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-president-roosevelt-r/150248759/ 2] |archive-date=June 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630000704/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-president-roosevelt-r/150248729/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The Bedford Avenue intersection was also widened, since the statue would have otherwise posed a navigational hazard.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 July 1904 |title=Statue an Eyesore: General Slocum Still Wrapped in Burlap—danger to Vehicles |work=New-York Tribune |page=A6 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|571575822}}}}</ref> The service roads were widened in 1907,{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=3}} and dead trees along the parkway were replaced in the same decade.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 29, 1909 |title=Coler Was Not There |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-coler-was-not-there/150248289/ |access-date=June 28, 2024 |work=The Chat |pages=1 |archive-date=June 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628201522/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-coler-was-not-there/150248289/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The main road was also paved in macadam, and the service roads were paved in asphalt, allowing automobiles to more easily traverse Eastern Parkway.<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1911" /> The western stretch of the parkway became known as "Doctor's Row"<ref>{{Cite news |date=2000-06-01 |title=Crown Heights has long, rich past |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-crown-heights-has-long-rich/151752954/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=New York Daily News |pages=1085 |issn=2692-1251}}</ref> due to the high concentration of professionals that moved to the area by the 20th century.<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2016 |title=What's your favorite house on Doctor's Row? |url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2016/06/22/whats-your-favorite-house-on-doctors-row/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727032850/https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2016/06/22/whats-your-favorite-house-on-doctors-row/ |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |access-date=July 27, 2019 |website=Brooklyn Eagle |language=en-US}}</ref> Eastern Parkway divided the Crow Hill section of [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]] to the south and the African American village of [[Weeksville, Brooklyn|Weeksville]] to the north.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern Parkway Highlights : NYC Parks |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/B029/history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726212345/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/B029/history |archive-date=July 26, 2019 |access-date=July 26, 2019 |website=www.nycgovparks.org}}</ref>
+Brooklyn's Department of City Works also wanted to build a {{convert|500|ft|adj=on}} long connection from the parkway's original terminus, at Ralph Avenue, to East New York Avenue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 12, 1896 |title=Parkway Scheme Hung Up |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-parkway-scheme/150143502/ |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=5 |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627020905/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-parkway-scheme/150143502/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The Cody Brothers was hired to construct the connecting street,<ref>{{cite news |date=September 10, 1896 |title=Stirring Up the Contractors: Cody Brothers Exasperatingly Slow With the Work of Extending Eastern Parkway to East New-York-Ave |work=New-York Tribune |page=12 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|574223784}}}}</ref> which measured {{convert|80|ft}} wide,<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 22, 1896 |title=News of the Wheelman |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-news-of-the-whe/150143566/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627020900/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-news-of-the-whe/150143566/ |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=10}}</ref> After the consolidation of the [[City of Greater New York]], there were proposals to extend Eastern Parkway further through [[Cypress Hills Cemetery]] and [[Ridgewood Reservoir]], connecting to [[Forest Park (Queens)|Forest Park]] in [[Queens]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 17, 1901 |title=Bicycle Roads Being Improved |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-bicycle-roads-being/151480205/ |access-date=July 17, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |pages=5 |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717022108/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-bicycle-roads-being/151480205/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The proposed extension to Forest Park ultimately became the [[Jackie Robinson Parkway|Interboro (now Jackie Robinson) Parkway]].<ref>{{cite news |date=December 28, 2001 |title=Back When The Jackie Robinson Parkway Was Just A Dirt Road |url=http://www.timesnewsweekly.com/sites/www.timesnewsweekly.com/files/archives/Archives2001/122801/NewFiles/OURNEIGH.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412092132/http://www.timesnewsweekly.com/sites/www.timesnewsweekly.com/files/archives/Archives2001/122801/NewFiles/OURNEIGH.html |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=July 29, 2016 |newspaper=[[Times Newsweekly]]}}</ref> There were also unsuccessful proposals to extend Eastern Parkway southeast to [[Rockaway Parkway]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 15, 1907 |title=Opposition to Opening of Rockaway Parkway |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-opposition-to-opening/150249503/ |access-date=June 28, 2024 |work=The Standard Union |pages=17 |archive-date=June 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630000702/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-opposition-to-opening/150249503/ |url-status=live}}</ref> east to the [[Queens]] county border,<ref>{{cite news |date=January 10, 1909 |title=Brooklyn News: Gossip of the Borough Brooklyn League Will Demand the Extension of Eastern Parkway |work=New-York Tribune |page=C6 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|572237775}}}}</ref> and east to the [[Long Island]] suburbs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 19, 1913 |title=Long Island Boulevard. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1913/01/19/archives/long-island-boulevard.html |access-date=June 28, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630000703/https://www.nytimes.com/1913/01/19/archives/long-island-boulevard.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
-==== Subway construction and effects ====
+=== 1900s and 1910s ===
+By the early 1900s, the area around Eastern Parkway was being developed, and the majority of structures did not follow Olmsted's original zoning regulations.{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=4}} Apartment buildings and two-family residences were built along the parkway.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 20, 1910 |title=Great Bedford Section Rapidly Becoming a New Center of Brooklyn |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-great-bedford-s/151559222/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=37 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718143649/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-great-bedford-s/151559222/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Workers renovated Eastern Parkway during 1900,<ref>{{cite news |date=July 13, 1900 |title=Cycling: Some Brooklyn Streets That Have Been Improved and Others That Should Be – News Notes |work=New-York Tribune |page=6 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|570877279}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 1, 1900 |title=Good Roads Workers Dine |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-good-roads-workers-dine/151479944/ |access-date=July 17, 2024 |work=Times Union |pages=8 |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717022137/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-good-roads-workers-dine/151479944/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and New York City park commissioners decreed the same year that heavy wagons use the service roads instead of the main roadway.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 19, 1900 |title=Cycling: to Preserve Eastern Parkway—Century Runs |work=New-York Tribune |page=5 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|570920156}}}}</ref> There were also proposals for a {{convert|48|in|cm|-wide|adj=mid}} [[water main]] under Eastern Parkway, transporting water from [[Ridgewood Reservoir]] to [[Mount Prospect Park]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 28, 1903 |title=Monster Water Main |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-monster-water-main/151540460/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=Times Union |pages=16 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718020336/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-monster-water-main/151540460/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the New York City government hired John J. Cashman in July 1903 to construct the water main.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 16, 1903 |title=Water Main Contracts Made |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-water-main-contract/151540617/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |pages=2 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718020345/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-water-main-contract/151540617/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 16, 1903 |title=To Lay a Great Water Main |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-to-lay-a-great/151540649/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=18 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718020339/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-to-lay-a-great/151540649/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The water main's installation was temporarily delayed when the [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] (NYC Parks) refused to allow Cashman to excavate the parkway.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 19, 1904 |title=Oakley is Insisting on Eastern Parkway Main |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-oakley-is-insis/151540822/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=2 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718020334/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-oakley-is-insis/151540822/ |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Eastern_Pkwy_Bedford_Av_td_(2019-09-20)_02_-_Eastern_Parkway_Malls.jpg|thumb|The northern median of Eastern Parkway at Bedford Avenue. An [[equestrian statue of Henry Warner Slocum]] was installed at this intersection in 1905.|alt=The northern median of Eastern Parkway at Bedford Avenue]]
-The early 20th century brought proposals for [[New York City Subway]] lines to Brooklyn, and builders anticipated that development would increase along corridors with subway lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/9278728/ |title=Great Bedford Section Rapidly Becoming a New Center of Brooklyn |date=February 20, 1910 |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |access-date=July 26, 2019 |page=37 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828141340/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/9278728/eastern-parkway-trees-10/ |url-status=live}}</ref> There were proposals for a subway line on Eastern Parkway as early as the 1900s, after the completion of the [[Early history of the IRT subway|city's first subway line]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1904-12-30 |title=Parsons Plans Subway to Girdle the City; Manhattan Belt Line Proposed at Cost of $40,000,000 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1904/12/30/archives/parsons-plans-subway-to-girdle-the-city-manhattan-belt-line.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> As part of the [[Dual Contracts]], in 1914 the [[Interborough Rapid Transit Company]] (IRT) agreed to extend its [[IRT Eastern Parkway Line|Brooklyn Line]] under [[Flatbush Avenue]] and Eastern Parkway.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 24, 1914 |title=Subway Festival Held in Brooklyn; McCall Turns the First Sod for Interborough Extension from Atlantic Ave. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1914/05/24/archives/subway-festival-held-in-brooklyn-mccall-turns-the-first-sod-for.html |url-status=live |access-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103081536/https://www.nytimes.com/1914/05/24/archives/subway-festival-held-in-brooklyn-mccall-turns-the-first-sod-for.html |archive-date=November 3, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The line would have had up to three branches, namely the [[IRT Nostrand Avenue Line|Nostrand Avenue]], Utica Avenue, and [[IRT New Lots Line|New Lots Avenue]] lines,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1912-01-04 |title=Eastern Parkway in Ideal Subway Section |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-eastern-parkway-in-ideal-subway/151563625/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Chat |pages=8}}</ref> though the Utica Avenue Line was never built.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fitzsimmons |first=Emma G. |date=2015-04-23 |title=Mayor de Blasio Revives Plan for a Utica Avenue Subway Line |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/23/nyregion/mayor-de-blasio-revives-plan-for-a-utica-avenue-subway-line.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
-Due to concerns that the subway would damage 500 to 800 old elm trees on Eastern Parkway,<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 14, 1914 |title=Subway Endangers 800 Fine Elm Trees; Eastern Parkway Line Designed to Come Within Four Feet of the Surface. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1914/07/14/archives/subway-endangers-800-fine-elm-trees-eastern-parkway-line-designed.html |access-date=July 1, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717022109/https://www.nytimes.com/1914/07/14/archives/subway-endangers-800-fine-elm-trees-eastern-parkway-line-designed.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1914-06-03 |title=Tube Will Ruin 500 Fine Trees |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-tube-will-ruin-500-fine-tree/151563436/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=Times Union |pages=14}}</ref> Brooklyn park commissioner [[Raymond Ingersoll]] recommended that the plans be modified to avoid damaging the trees.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 18, 1914 |title=Now Sure That the Trees on Parkway Can Be Saved |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-now-sure-that-the-trees-on-park/127732857/ |access-date=July 6, 2023 |work=The Chat |pages=19 |archive-date=July 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707211641/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-now-sure-that-the-trees-on-park/127732857/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 18, 1914 |title=Urges City to Save Fine Parkway Elms |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-urges-city-to-save-fi/127732417/ |access-date=July 6, 2023 |work=The Standard Union |pages=2 |archive-date=July 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162937/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-urges-city-to-save-fi/127732417/ |url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, plans for the line were changed in October 1914.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 1, 1914 |title=Finds Way to Save Big Parkway Trees |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-finds-way-to-sa/127732939/ |access-date=July 6, 2023 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=1 |archive-date=July 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707204556/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-finds-way-to-sa/127732939/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The four-track tunnel under Eastern Parkway was built as a double-decked structure, except at the [[Franklin Avenue station (IRT Eastern Parkway Line)|Franklin Avenue station]], where all tracks were on the same level.<ref name="The Standard Union 1915">{{Cite news |date=March 19, 1915 |title=Eastern Parkway Bids to Be Opened April 20 |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-eastern-parkway-bids/127731631/ |access-date=July 6, 2023 |work=The Standard Union |pages=9 |archive-date=July 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707230421/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-eastern-parkway-bids/127731631/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The tunnel between Grand Army Plaza and Nostrand Avenue was built using the [[cut-and-cover]] method, with two steam shovels excavating an estimated {{Convert|600000|yd3}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 3, 1915 |title=Build Eastern Parkway Tube by Open-cut Method |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-build-eastern-parkway-tube-by-o/127733333/ |access-date=July 6, 2023 |work=The Chat |pages=36 |archive-date=July 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708012157/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-build-eastern-parkway-tube-by-o/127733333/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Dirt from the excavation of the tunnel was used to infill the old [[Brighton Beach Race Course]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 30, 1915 |title=City Duped in Plan to Get Subway Dirt; Flaw in Contracts |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-duped-in-p/127733207/ |access-date=July 6, 2023 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-subway-dirt/127733271/ 2] |archive-date=July 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707224917/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-duped-in-p/127733207/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The center roadway was torn up in 1915 to allow workers to dig the subway tunnels,<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1921">{{Cite news |date=1921-10-16 |title=Eastern Parkway Closed 5 Years by Row in B. of E. |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-eastern-parkway/151565262/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=6}}</ref><ref name="Times Union 1915" /> and traffic was diverted to the service roads.<ref name="Times Union 1915">{{Cite news |date=1915-07-31 |title=Hold Big Contract |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-hold-big-contract/151562383/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=Times Union |pages=9}}</ref> During the subway's construction, the ''Brooklyn Times Union'' wrote in 1916 that the parkway was often crowded during the evenings and on Sundays.<ref name="Times Union 1916" /> The line ultimately opened in 1920.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1920">{{Cite news |date=August 24, 1920 |title=New Brooklyn Subways Open |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-tribune-new-brooklyn-subways-op/125079917/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521185914/https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-tribune-new-brooklyn-subways-op/125079917/ |archive-date=May 21, 2023 |access-date=May 21, 2023 |work=New-York Tribune |pages=8 |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |date=August 23, 1920 |title=More Interborough Service for Brooklyn 2 New Lines |url=http://pudl.princeton.edu/sheetreader.php?obj=f304cf40-5610-4c05-9ee0-e56cf06d5599 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924060454/http://pudl.princeton.edu/sheetreader.php?obj=f304cf40-5610-4c05-9ee0-e56cf06d5599 |archive-date=September 24, 2016 |access-date=September 19, 2016 |website=pudl.princeton.edu |publisher=Interborough Rapid Transit Company}}</ref>
+An [[equestrian statue of Henry Warner Slocum]] was installed in the middle of the main roadway, at the intersection with Bedford Avenue, in 1905.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 31, 1905 |title=Slocum Statue Unveiled |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-york-times-slocum-statue-unveile/150248678/ |access-date=June 28, 2024 |work=The New York Times |pages=4 |archive-date=June 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628201517/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-york-times-slocum-statue-unveile/150248678/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 30, 1905 |title=President Roosevelt Reviews Brooklyn's Memorial Parade |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-president-roosevelt-r/150248729/ |access-date=June 28, 2024 |work=The Standard Union |pages=1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-president-roosevelt-r/150248759/ 2] |archive-date=June 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630000704/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-president-roosevelt-r/150248729/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The Bedford Avenue intersection was also widened, since the statue would have otherwise posed a navigational hazard.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 3, 1904 |title=Statue an Eyesore: General Slocum Still Wrapped in Burlap—danger to Vehicles |work=New-York Tribune |page=A6 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|571575822}}}}</ref> The service roads were regraded and widened in the late 1900s,{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=3}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=1906-06-23|title=Two Big Appropriations|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-eagle-two-big-appropriations/159008198/|access-date=2024-11-14|website=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|page=15|via=newspapers.com|language=en-US}}</ref> and dead trees along the parkway were replaced in the same decade.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 29, 1909 |title=Coler Was Not There |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-coler-was-not-there/150248289/ |access-date=June 28, 2024 |work=The Chat |pages=1 |archive-date=June 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628201522/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-coler-was-not-there/150248289/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The main road was also paved in macadam, and the service roads were paved in asphalt, allowing automobiles to more easily traverse Eastern Parkway.<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1911" /> The western stretch of the parkway became known as "Doctor's Row"<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 1, 2000 |title=Crown Heights has long, rich past |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-crown-heights-has-long-rich/151752954/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=New York Daily News |pages=1085 |issn=2692-1251 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722153342/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-crown-heights-has-long-rich/151752954/ |url-status=live }}</ref> due to the high concentration of professionals that moved to the area by the 20th century.<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2016 |title=What's your favorite house on Doctor's Row? |url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2016/06/22/whats-your-favorite-house-on-doctors-row/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727032850/https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2016/06/22/whats-your-favorite-house-on-doctors-row/ |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |access-date=July 27, 2019 |website=Brooklyn Eagle |language=en-US}}</ref> Eastern Parkway divided the Crow Hill section of [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]] to the south and the African American village of [[Weeksville, Brooklyn|Weeksville]] to the north.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern Parkway Highlights : NYC Parks |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/B029/history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726212345/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/B029/history |archive-date=July 26, 2019 |access-date=July 26, 2019 |website=www.nycgovparks.org}}</ref>
+The early 20th century brought proposals for [[New York City Subway]] lines to Brooklyn, and builders anticipated that development would increase along corridors with subway lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/9278728/ |title=Great Bedford Section Rapidly Becoming a New Center of Brooklyn |date=February 20, 1910 |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |access-date=July 26, 2019 |page=37 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828141340/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/9278728/eastern-parkway-trees-10/ |url-status=live}}</ref> There were proposals for a subway line on Eastern Parkway as early as the 1900s, after the completion of the [[Early history of the IRT subway|city's first subway line]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 30, 1904 |title=Parsons Plans Subway to Girdle the City; Manhattan Belt Line Proposed at Cost of $40,000,000 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1904/12/30/archives/parsons-plans-subway-to-girdle-the-city-manhattan-belt-line.html |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718143649/https://www.nytimes.com/1904/12/30/archives/parsons-plans-subway-to-girdle-the-city-manhattan-belt-line.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As part of the [[Dual Contracts]], in 1914 the [[Interborough Rapid Transit Company]] (IRT) agreed to extend its [[IRT Eastern Parkway Line|Brooklyn Line]] under [[Flatbush Avenue]] and Eastern Parkway.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 24, 1914 |title=Subway Festival Held in Brooklyn; McCall Turns the First Sod for Interborough Extension from Atlantic Ave. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1914/05/24/archives/subway-festival-held-in-brooklyn-mccall-turns-the-first-sod-for.html |url-status=live |access-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103081536/https://www.nytimes.com/1914/05/24/archives/subway-festival-held-in-brooklyn-mccall-turns-the-first-sod-for.html |archive-date=November 3, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The line would have had up to three branches, namely the [[IRT Nostrand Avenue Line|Nostrand Avenue]], Utica Avenue, and [[IRT New Lots Line|New Lots Avenue]] lines,<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 4, 1912 |title=Eastern Parkway in Ideal Subway Section |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-eastern-parkway-in-ideal-subway/151563625/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Chat |pages=8 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718160711/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-eastern-parkway-in-ideal-subway/151563625/ |url-status=live }}</ref> though the Utica Avenue Line was never built.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fitzsimmons |first=Emma G. |date=April 23, 2015 |title=Mayor de Blasio Revives Plan for a Utica Avenue Subway Line |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/23/nyregion/mayor-de-blasio-revives-plan-for-a-utica-avenue-subway-line.html |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223212946/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/23/nyregion/mayor-de-blasio-revives-plan-for-a-utica-avenue-subway-line.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The city government was supposed to restore Eastern Parkway's main roadway after the subway was completed. The project was delayed through 1921 due to disputes over who would pay for the work.<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1921" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=1921-10-15 |title=Parkway Work Held Up; Restoration of Brooklyn Driveway Delayed by Dispute Over Payment. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1921/10/15/archives/parkway-work-held-up-restoration-of-brooklyn-driveway-delayed-by.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In addition, numerous residential buildings were developed along the parkway, especially near stations served by express trains.<ref name="Times Union 1916" /> After the subway opened, large numbers of Jews and African-Americans moved into high-rise buildings along Eastern Parkway, such as Copley Plaza and Turner Towers.<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" /> Brick houses and religious buildings were also built,<ref name="Times Union 1916" /><ref name="Colford 1987" /> including what would become the Lubavitch world headquarters at [[770 Eastern Parkway]].<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Sarah Harrison |date=May 18, 2013 |title=Brooklyn's Champs-Élysées |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/nyregion/eastern-parkway-a-triumph-of-olmsted-and-vaux.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727163033/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/nyregion/eastern-parkway-a-triumph-of-olmsted-and-vaux.html |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |access-date=July 27, 2019 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Rents for storefronts on the parkway increased by more than 100% after the subway opened, from $1,000–1,200 before World War I to $2,500–3,000 afterward.<ref name="Colford 1987">{{cite news |last=Colford |first=Paul D. |date=May 25, 1987 |title=Eastern Parkway on the Road to a Revival |work=Newsday |page=2 |id={{ProQuest|277779198}}}}</ref> By the 1920s, the area around the parkway was an upscale residential neighborhood, where people would visit just to see wealthy residents drive by.<ref name="Newsday 1986">{{Cite news |date=January 24, 1986 |title=Working to Bring Back Eastern Parkway |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-working-to-bring-back-eastern-pa/127389502/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701011053/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-working-to-bring-back-eastern-pa/127389502/ |archive-date=July 1, 2023 |access-date=July 1, 2023 |work=Newsday |pages=23}}</ref>
-There were proposals in 1923 to move about 2,300 trees from Bedford Avenue to Eastern Parkway; these trees contained plaques with the names of Brooklyn residents who had died in World War I.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1923-12-30 |title=Memorial Avenue Plan for Brooklyn; Park Commissioner Considering Removal of Saplings From Bedford to Eastern Parkway. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/12/30/archives/memorial-avenue-plan-for-brooklyn-park-commissioner-considering.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1924-01-05 |title=May Transplant Trees to Soldier Dead on Parkway |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-may-transplant-trees-to-soldier/151564235/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Chat |pages=70}}</ref> The next year, NYC Parks officials proposed relocating only the plaques, affixing them to trees on Eastern Parkway.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1924-03-30 |title=Dying Trees Doom Bedford Avenue as Memorial Boulevard; Eastern Parkway Now Favored as 'Avenue of the Dead' |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-dying-trees-doom-be/151564392/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |pages=13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1924-03-30 |title=Vote Will Decide New Location for Memorial Trees |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-vote-will-decide-new-locatio/151564542/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=Times Union |pages=22}}</ref> The Slocum statue at the intersection with Bedford Avenue, which posed a danger to the increasing automobile traffic on the parkway,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1923-01-21 |title=Gen. Slocum Statue Will Not Be Moved |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-gen-slocum-statue-wi/151563894/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Standard Union |pages=32}}</ref><ref name="The Standard Union 1924">{{Cite news |date=1924-01-12 |title=Brooklyn Traffic Towers Ready for Foundations |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-brooklyn-traffic-towe/151567321/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Standard Union |pages=12}}</ref> was relocated to Prospect Park in 1924.{{sfn|Morrone|2001|p=407}} A traffic light was erected in place of the Slocum statue at Bedford Avenue.<ref name="The Standard Union 1924" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=1925-11-14 |title=Automatic Traffic Controls Don't Synchronize, Jam Cars at Bedford Ave.-Eastern P'kway |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-automatic-traff/151566321/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=24}}</ref> Following requests from local politicians,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1927-01-22 |title=Mc Laughlin Makes Request for New Traffic Lights |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-mc-laughlin-makes-request-for-n/151567152/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Chat |pages=82}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1927-01-18 |title=More Traffic Lights |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-more-traffic-lights/151567200/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |pages=4}}</ref> the city government agreed to install additional traffic lights on the western section of the parkway in 1927.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1927-03-29 |title=1,143 Traffic Lights Are Voted for City; $494,000 Is Appropriated by Estimate Board to Extend System in Four Boroughs. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1927/03/29/archives/1143-traffic-lights-are-voted-for-city-494000-is-appropriated-by.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1927-04-09 |title=New Traffic Signal Lights for Brooklyn |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-new-traffic-signal-lights-for-b/151567726/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Chat |pages=25}}</ref> Another traffic signal was added at Bushwick Avenue the next year,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1928-10-13 |title=Temporary Traffic Signal for Bushwick and Eastern Parkways |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-temporary-traffic-signal-for-bu/151567824/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Chat |pages=1}}</ref> along with a synchronized traffic-signal system from Grand Army Plaza all the way east to Ralph Avenue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1928-06-30 |title=Flatbush Benefits from Progressive Tests of Traffic Lights |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-flatbush-benefits-from-progress/151569551/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Chat |pages=37, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-flatbush-benefits-from-progress/151569645/ 38]}}</ref> Further signals were added on the Eastern Parkway Extension from Ralph Avenue to Fulton Street in 1929.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1929-01-05 |title=Traffic Highways to Get Additional Lights |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-traffic-highways-to-get-additio/151569717/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Chat |pages=41}}</ref>
+Due to concerns that the subway would damage 500 to 800 old elm trees on Eastern Parkway,<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 14, 1914 |title=Subway Endangers 800 Fine Elm Trees; Eastern Parkway Line Designed to Come Within Four Feet of the Surface. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1914/07/14/archives/subway-endangers-800-fine-elm-trees-eastern-parkway-line-designed.html |access-date=July 1, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717022109/https://www.nytimes.com/1914/07/14/archives/subway-endangers-800-fine-elm-trees-eastern-parkway-line-designed.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 3, 1914 |title=Tube Will Ruin 500 Fine Trees |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-tube-will-ruin-500-fine-tree/151563436/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=Times Union |pages=14 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718160714/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-tube-will-ruin-500-fine-tree/151563436/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Brooklyn park commissioner [[Raymond Ingersoll]] recommended that the plans be modified to avoid damaging the trees.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 18, 1914 |title=Now Sure That the Trees on Parkway Can Be Saved |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-now-sure-that-the-trees-on-park/127732857/ |access-date=July 6, 2023 |work=The Chat |pages=19 |archive-date=July 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707211641/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-now-sure-that-the-trees-on-park/127732857/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 18, 1914 |title=Urges City to Save Fine Parkway Elms |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-urges-city-to-save-fi/127732417/ |access-date=July 6, 2023 |work=The Standard Union |pages=2 |archive-date=July 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162937/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-urges-city-to-save-fi/127732417/ |url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, plans for the line were changed in October 1914.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 1, 1914 |title=Finds Way to Save Big Parkway Trees |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-finds-way-to-sa/127732939/ |access-date=July 6, 2023 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=1 |archive-date=July 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707204556/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-finds-way-to-sa/127732939/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The four-track tunnel under Eastern Parkway was built as a double-decked structure, except at the [[Franklin Avenue station (IRT Eastern Parkway Line)|Franklin Avenue station]], where all tracks were on the same level.<ref name="The Standard Union 1915">{{Cite news |date=March 19, 1915 |title=Eastern Parkway Bids to Be Opened April 20 |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-eastern-parkway-bids/127731631/ |access-date=July 6, 2023 |work=The Standard Union |pages=9 |archive-date=July 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707230421/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-eastern-parkway-bids/127731631/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The tunnel between Grand Army Plaza and Nostrand Avenue was built using the [[cut-and-cover]] method, with two steam shovels excavating an estimated {{Convert|600000|yd3}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 3, 1915 |title=Build Eastern Parkway Tube by Open-cut Method |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-build-eastern-parkway-tube-by-o/127733333/ |access-date=July 6, 2023 |work=The Chat |pages=36 |archive-date=July 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708012157/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-build-eastern-parkway-tube-by-o/127733333/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Dirt from the excavation of the tunnel was used to infill the old [[Brighton Beach Race Course]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 30, 1915 |title=City Duped in Plan to Get Subway Dirt; Flaw in Contracts |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-duped-in-p/127733207/ |access-date=July 6, 2023 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-subway-dirt/127733271/ 2] |archive-date=July 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707224917/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-duped-in-p/127733207/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The center roadway was torn up in 1915 to allow workers to dig the subway tunnels,<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1921">{{Cite news |date=October 16, 1921 |title=Eastern Parkway Closed 5 Years by Row in B. of E. |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-eastern-parkway/151565262/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=6 |archive-date=July 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720220929/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-eastern-parkway/151565262/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Times Union 1915" /> and traffic was diverted to the service roads.<ref name="Times Union 1915">{{Cite news |date=July 31, 1915 |title=Hold Big Contract |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-hold-big-contract/151562383/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=Times Union |pages=9 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718160719/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-hold-big-contract/151562383/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the subway's construction, the ''Brooklyn Times Union'' wrote in 1916 that the parkway was often crowded during the evenings and on Sundays.<ref name="Times Union 1916" />
-=== Mid-20th century ===
+=== 1920s to 1940s ===
-By the 1930s, the Eastern Parkway Extension's median had become hazardous; the median's plantings hindered visibility, and its stone pavement damaged drivers' cars.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Webster |first=Richardson |date=1930-03-07 |title=Useless Strips in Centre Crowd Parkway Motorists |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-useless-strips-in-centre-cro/151568378/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=Times Union |pages=20}}</ref> Concrete benches were installed along the parkway's bike path in the early 1930s,<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 5, 1931 |title=Browne Takes Pride in Park Improvements |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-browne-takes-pride-in/150393500/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |work=The Standard Union |pages=19 |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717022206/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-browne-takes-pride-in/150393500/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and cement crosswalks for cyclists were added to several intersections.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1930-06-22 |title=Commissioner Planning Many New Projects |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-commissioner-planni/151568725/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1930-06-14 |title=Borough Projects Spurred With Approval of City Dole |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-borough-projects-spur/151568863/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Standard Union |pages=[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-borough-projects-spur/151568831/ 1], 2}}</ref> In 1939, the fences around the parkway's trees were removed, and the memorial plaques on some of the fences were reinstalled on granite stones at the bases of each tree.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 5, 1939 |title=Plaques on Trees in Parks Removed; Thousands of Such Memorials to War Dead Are Found Menace to Growth |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1939/06/05/archives/plaques-on-trees-in-parks-removed-thousands-of-such-memorials-to.html |access-date=July 1, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717022110/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/06/05/archives/plaques-on-trees-in-parks-removed-thousands-of-such-memorials-to.html |url-status=live}}</ref> To direct motorists to the [[1939 New York World's Fair]] in Queens, the city government installed amber-colored street lamps on the parkway east of Howard Avenue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1939-02-07 |title=Amber Road Lights Will Lead to Fair; 3,500 Special Globes Will Be Set Up Along Ninety Miles of Arterial Highways |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1939/02/07/archives/amber-road-lights-will-lead-to-fair-3500-special-globes-will-be-set.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A [[Works Progress Administration]] guidebook from the same year stated that Eastern Parkway "recalls the [[Champs-Élysées]]".{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=5}}{{Sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1939|page=478}} The parkway's condition gradually declined during the mid-20th century due to a lack of maintenance.<ref name="Newsday 1986" /> NYC Parks added [[road surface marking]]s to Eastern Parkway in 1946 after the parkway was repaved.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1946-06-17 |title=New Plastic Traffic Markers May Replace Painted Ones |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-new-plastic-traffic-markers-m/151570476/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=287}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 1946 |title=White Plastic Markers To Be Safety Guide |work=New York Amsterdam News |page=15 |id={{proQuest|225964430}}}}</ref> The same year, the [[New York City Council]] contemplated renaming the thoroughfare to Memorial Parkway,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1946-05-05 |title=30,000 to March Along Parkway Memorial Day |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-30000-to-march/151570754/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=9}}</ref> though this did not happen.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harris |first=Harold H. |date=1947-03-10 |title=City Hall Slants |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-hall-slant/151570911/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=3}}</ref>
+The Eastern Parkway Line opened in 1920.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1920">{{Cite news |date=August 24, 1920 |title=New Brooklyn Subways Open |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-tribune-new-brooklyn-subways-op/125079917/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521185914/https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-tribune-new-brooklyn-subways-op/125079917/ |archive-date=May 21, 2023 |access-date=May 21, 2023 |work=New-York Tribune |pages=8 |via=newspapers.com |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |date=August 23, 1920 |title=More Interborough Service for Brooklyn 2 New Lines |url=http://pudl.princeton.edu/sheetreader.php?obj=f304cf40-5610-4c05-9ee0-e56cf06d5599 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924060454/http://pudl.princeton.edu/sheetreader.php?obj=f304cf40-5610-4c05-9ee0-e56cf06d5599 |archive-date=September 24, 2016 |access-date=September 19, 2016 |website=pudl.princeton.edu |publisher=Interborough Rapid Transit Company}}</ref> The city government was supposed to restore Eastern Parkway's main roadway after the subway was completed. The project was delayed through 1921 due to disputes over who would pay for the work.<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1921" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 15, 1921 |title=Parkway Work Held Up; Restoration of Brooklyn Driveway Delayed by Dispute Over Payment. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1921/10/15/archives/parkway-work-held-up-restoration-of-brooklyn-driveway-delayed-by.html |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718160703/https://www.nytimes.com/1921/10/15/archives/parkway-work-held-up-restoration-of-brooklyn-driveway-delayed-by.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, numerous residential buildings were developed along the parkway, especially near stations served by express trains.<ref name="Times Union 1916" /> After the subway opened, large numbers of Jews and African-Americans moved into high-rise buildings along Eastern Parkway, such as Copley Plaza and Turner Towers.<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" /> Brick houses and religious buildings were also built,<ref name="Times Union 1916" /><ref name="Colford 1987" /> including what would become the Lubavitch world headquarters at [[770 Eastern Parkway]].<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Sarah Harrison |date=May 18, 2013 |title=Brooklyn's Champs-Élysées |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/nyregion/eastern-parkway-a-triumph-of-olmsted-and-vaux.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727163033/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/nyregion/eastern-parkway-a-triumph-of-olmsted-and-vaux.html |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |access-date=July 27, 2019 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Rents for storefronts on the parkway increased by more than 100% after the subway opened, from $1,000–1,200 before World War I to $2,500–3,000 afterward.<ref name="Colford 1987">{{cite news |last=Colford |first=Paul D. |date=May 25, 1987 |title=Eastern Parkway on the Road to a Revival |work=Newsday |page=2 |id={{ProQuest|277779198}}}}</ref> By the 1920s, the area around the parkway was an upscale residential neighborhood, where people would visit just to see wealthy residents drive by.<ref name="Newsday 1986">{{Cite news |date=January 24, 1986 |title=Working to Bring Back Eastern Parkway |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-working-to-bring-back-eastern-pa/127389502/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701011053/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-working-to-bring-back-eastern-pa/127389502/ |archive-date=July 1, 2023 |access-date=July 1, 2023 |work=Newsday |pages=23}}</ref>
+There were proposals in 1923 to move about 2,300 trees from Bedford Avenue to Eastern Parkway; these trees contained plaques with the names of Brooklyn residents who had died in World War I.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 30, 1923 |title=Memorial Avenue Plan for Brooklyn; Park Commissioner Considering Removal of Saplings From Bedford to Eastern Parkway. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/12/30/archives/memorial-avenue-plan-for-brooklyn-park-commissioner-considering.html |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718160703/https://www.nytimes.com/1923/12/30/archives/memorial-avenue-plan-for-brooklyn-park-commissioner-considering.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=January 5, 1924 |title=May Transplant Trees to Soldier Dead on Parkway |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-may-transplant-trees-to-soldier/151564235/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Chat |pages=70 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718160709/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-may-transplant-trees-to-soldier/151564235/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The next year, NYC Parks officials proposed relocating only the plaques, affixing them to trees on Eastern Parkway.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 30, 1924 |title=Dying Trees Doom Bedford Avenue as Memorial Boulevard; Eastern Parkway Now Favored as 'Avenue of the Dead' |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-dying-trees-doom-be/151564392/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |pages=13 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718160707/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-dying-trees-doom-be/151564392/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 30, 1924 |title=Vote Will Decide New Location for Memorial Trees |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-vote-will-decide-new-locatio/151564542/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=Times Union |pages=22 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718160729/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-vote-will-decide-new-locatio/151564542/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Slocum statue at the intersection with Bedford Avenue, which posed a danger to the increasing automobile traffic on the parkway,<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 21, 1923 |title=Gen. Slocum Statue Will Not Be Moved |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-gen-slocum-statue-wi/151563894/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Standard Union |pages=32 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718160708/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-gen-slocum-statue-wi/151563894/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Standard Union 1924">{{Cite news |date=January 12, 1924 |title=Brooklyn Traffic Towers Ready for Foundations |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-brooklyn-traffic-towe/151567321/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Standard Union |pages=12 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718173009/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-brooklyn-traffic-towe/151567321/ |url-status=live }}</ref> was relocated to Prospect Park in 1924.{{sfn|Morrone|2001|p=407}} A traffic light was erected in place of the Slocum statue at Bedford Avenue.<ref name="The Standard Union 1924" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 14, 1925 |title=Automatic Traffic Controls Don't Synchronize, Jam Cars at Bedford Ave.-Eastern P'kway |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-automatic-traff/151566321/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=24 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718172953/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-automatic-traff/151566321/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following requests from local politicians,<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 22, 1927 |title=Mc Laughlin Makes Request for New Traffic Lights |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-mc-laughlin-makes-request-for-n/151567152/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Chat |pages=82 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718173014/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-mc-laughlin-makes-request-for-n/151567152/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 1927 |title=More Traffic Lights |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-more-traffic-lights/151567200/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |pages=4 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718172956/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-more-traffic-lights/151567200/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the city government agreed to install additional traffic lights on the western section of the parkway in 1927.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 29, 1927 |title=1,143 Traffic Lights Are Voted for City; $494,000 Is Appropriated by Estimate Board to Extend System in Four Boroughs. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1927/03/29/archives/1143-traffic-lights-are-voted-for-city-494000-is-appropriated-by.html |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720221437/https://www.nytimes.com/1927/03/29/archives/1143-traffic-lights-are-voted-for-city-494000-is-appropriated-by.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 9, 1927 |title=New Traffic Signal Lights for Brooklyn |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-new-traffic-signal-lights-for-b/151567726/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Chat |pages=25 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718172949/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-new-traffic-signal-lights-for-b/151567726/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Another traffic signal was added at Bushwick Avenue the next year,<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 13, 1928 |title=Temporary Traffic Signal for Bushwick and Eastern Parkways |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-temporary-traffic-signal-for-bu/151567824/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Chat |pages=1 |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723010248/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-temporary-traffic-signal-for-bu/151567824/ |url-status=live }}</ref> along with a synchronized traffic-signal system from Grand Army Plaza all the way east to Ralph Avenue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 30, 1928 |title=Flatbush Benefits from Progressive Tests of Traffic Lights |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-flatbush-benefits-from-progress/151569551/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Chat |pages=37, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-flatbush-benefits-from-progress/151569645/ 38] |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718172950/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-flatbush-benefits-from-progress/151569551/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Further signals were added on the Eastern Parkway Extension from Ralph Avenue to Fulton Street in 1929.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 5, 1929 |title=Traffic Highways to Get Additional Lights |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-traffic-highways-to-get-additio/151569717/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Chat |pages=41 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718173001/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-traffic-highways-to-get-additio/151569717/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Additional traffic markings were painted onto the roadway in 1950,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1950-08-14 |title=City Painting More Traffic Lines To Add Capacity, Cut Accidents |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1950/08/14/archives/city-painting-more-traffic-lines-to-add-capacity-cut-accidents.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the city adjusted the parkway's traffic signals two years later.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1952-04-22 |title=New Signal System Set for 30 Streets |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1952/04/22/archives/new-signal-system-set-for-30-streets.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The existing traffic lights, in the middle of the roadway, were involved in one-third of the vehicular crashes on Eastern Parkway by the mid-1950s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1957-08-18 |title=Rap 'Invisible' Traffic Lights |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-rap-invisible-traffic-light/151571957/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=198}}</ref> Accordingly, the [[New York City Department of Transportation]] (NYCDOT) announced in 1958 that it would add [[yield sign]]s and traffic lights to Eastern Parkway's service roads at several intersections.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1958-02-24 |title=New Traffic Safety System to Be Set Up On Parkway in Brooklyn Starting Today |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/02/24/archives/new-traffic-safety-system-to-be-set-up-on-parkway-in-brooklyn.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Ryder 1958">{{Cite news |last=Ryder |first=Grover |date=1958-02-24 |title=Work Starting Today on New Light System for Eastern Parkway |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-work-starting-today-on-new-li/151571725/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=285}}</ref><ref name="Kings County Chronicle 1958">{{Cite news |date=1958-02-25 |title=Parkway to Get Overhead 3-way Lights |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/kings-county-chronicle-parkway-to-get-ov/151572116/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=Kings County Chronicle |pages=1}}</ref> At the time, only the main road had traffic lights, and drivers on the service roads had to yield to traffic turning from the main road, even though the wide medians hindered visibility.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Bernard|last=Rabin|date=1958-07-20|title=Survey Set on Signs Invisible to Motorists|via=newspapers.com |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-survey-set-on-signs-invisible/150456519/|access-date=2024-07-01|work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251|pages=140|archive-date=July 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717022110/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-survey-set-on-signs-invisible/150456519/|url-status=live}}</ref> The existing traffic lights at 17 intersections were replaced with signals suspended from mast arms, and pedestrian signals were added at seven intersections.<ref name="Ryder 1958" /><ref name="Kings County Chronicle 1958" />
-Several north–south cross-streets in Crown Heights were converted to one-way streets in 1963, and the traffic signals on Eastern Parkway were adjusted to facilitate traffic flow on these streets.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McKeown |first=Frank |date=1963-06-12 |title=Ten Arteries Going One Way |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-ten-arteries-going-one-way/151572884/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1963-06-14 |title=Barnes New Traffic Plan Starts July 14 |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/coney-island-times-barnes-new-traffic-pl/151573321/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=Coney Island Times |pages=7}}</ref> In advance of the [[1964 New York World's Fair]], workers also planted new trees along Ocean Parkway.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Crowell |first=Paul |date=June 22, 1962 |title=Trees to Adorn Streets for Fair; City Board Votes $675,000 for 5,000 in Each Borough |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/06/22/archives/trees-to-adorn-streets-for-fair-city-board-votes-675000-for-5000-in.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713231013/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/06/22/archives/trees-to-adorn-streets-for-fair-city-board-votes-675000-for-5000-in.html |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |access-date=July 13, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Traffic commissioner [[Henry Barnes (traffic engineer)|Henry Barnes]] also added parking spaces to the service roads, and he removed parking spaces near intersections to improve visibility.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 11, 1964 |title=Alter Parking Rules for 2 Service Roads |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-alter-parking-rules-for-2-ser/151286467/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714000024/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-alter-parking-rules-for-2-ser/151286467/ |archive-date=July 14, 2024 |access-date=July 13, 2024 |work=New York Daily News |pages=716 |issn=2692-1251}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=June 12, 1964 |title=New Rules Double Parking Available on Service Roads |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/coney-island-times-new-rules-double-park/151286299/ |access-date=July 13, 2024 |work=Coney Island Times |pages=2}}</ref> Two years later, the NYCDOT announced that it would install a computer-controlled traffic light system to synchronize the traffic signals on Eastern Parkway.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1966-09-02 |title=Contracts Signed for Electronic Traffic Controls |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/09/02/archives/contracts-signed-for-electronic-traffic-controls.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The [[New York City Board of Estimate]] did not approve the computerized system until 1970,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wetherington |first=Roger |date=1970-03-02 |title=Computer Traffic Lights ZGo-Go |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news/35098217/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=316}}</ref> and the system was activated in 1973.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 25, 1973 |title=Computerized Signals Installed in Brooklyn |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/25/archives/computerized-signals-installed-in-brooklyn.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627152845/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/25/archives/computerized-signals-installed-in-brooklyn.html |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Lieberman 1973" />
+By the 1930s, the Eastern Parkway Extension's median had become hazardous; the median's plantings hindered visibility, and its stone pavement damaged drivers' cars.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Webster |first=Richardson |date=March 7, 1930 |title=Useless Strips in Centre Crowd Parkway Motorists |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-useless-strips-in-centre-cro/151568378/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=Times Union |pages=20 |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723010246/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-useless-strips-in-centre-cro/151568378/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Concrete benches were installed along the parkway's bike path in the early 1930s,<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 5, 1931 |title=Browne Takes Pride in Park Improvements |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-browne-takes-pride-in/150393500/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |work=The Standard Union |pages=19 |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717022206/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-browne-takes-pride-in/150393500/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and cement crosswalks for cyclists were added to several intersections.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 22, 1930 |title=Commissioner Planning Many New Projects |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-commissioner-planni/151568725/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |pages=4 |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723010240/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-commissioner-planni/151568725/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 14, 1930 |title=Borough Projects Spurred With Approval of City Dole |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-borough-projects-spur/151568863/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Standard Union |pages=[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-borough-projects-spur/151568831/ 1], 2 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718173007/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-borough-projects-spur/151568863/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1939, the fences around the parkway's trees were removed, and the memorial plaques on some of the fences were reinstalled on granite stones at the bases of each tree.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 5, 1939 |title=Plaques on Trees in Parks Removed; Thousands of Such Memorials to War Dead Are Found Menace to Growth |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1939/06/05/archives/plaques-on-trees-in-parks-removed-thousands-of-such-memorials-to.html |access-date=July 1, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717022110/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/06/05/archives/plaques-on-trees-in-parks-removed-thousands-of-such-memorials-to.html |url-status=live}}</ref> To direct motorists to the [[1939 New York World's Fair]] in Queens, the city government installed amber-colored street lamps on the parkway east of Howard Avenue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 7, 1939 |title=Amber Road Lights Will Lead to Fair; 3,500 Special Globes Will Be Set Up Along Ninety Miles of Arterial Highways |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1939/02/07/archives/amber-road-lights-will-lead-to-fair-3500-special-globes-will-be-set.html |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025225557/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/02/07/archives/amber-road-lights-will-lead-to-fair-3500-special-globes-will-be-set.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[Works Progress Administration]] guidebook from the same year stated that Eastern Parkway "recalls the [[Champs-Élysées]]".{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=5}}{{Sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1939|page=478}} The parkway's condition gradually declined during the mid-20th century due to a lack of maintenance.<ref name="Newsday 1986" /> NYC Parks added [[road surface marking]]s to Eastern Parkway in 1946 after the parkway was repaved.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 17, 1946 |title=New Plastic Traffic Markers May Replace Painted Ones |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-new-plastic-traffic-markers-m/151570476/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=287 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718181809/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-new-plastic-traffic-markers-m/151570476/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 22, 1946 |title=White Plastic Markers To Be Safety Guide |work=New York Amsterdam News |page=15 |id={{proQuest|225964430}}}}</ref> The same year, the [[New York City Council]] contemplated renaming the thoroughfare to Memorial Parkway,<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 5, 1946 |title=30,000 to March Along Parkway Memorial Day |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-30000-to-march/151570754/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=9 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718181803/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-30000-to-march/151570754/ |url-status=live }}</ref> though this did not happen.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harris |first=Harold H. |date=March 10, 1947 |title=City Hall Slants |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-hall-slant/151570911/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=3 |archive-date=July 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720222446/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-hall-slant/151570911/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-=== Late 20th century ===
+=== 1950s to 1970s ===
+Additional traffic markings were painted onto the roadway in 1950,<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 14, 1950 |title=City Painting More Traffic Lines To Add Capacity, Cut Accidents |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1950/08/14/archives/city-painting-more-traffic-lines-to-add-capacity-cut-accidents.html |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713220814/https://www.nytimes.com/1950/08/14/archives/city-painting-more-traffic-lines-to-add-capacity-cut-accidents.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the city adjusted the parkway's traffic signals two years later.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 22, 1952 |title=New Signal System Set for 30 Streets |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1952/04/22/archives/new-signal-system-set-for-30-streets.html |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723010247/https://www.nytimes.com/1952/04/22/archives/new-signal-system-set-for-30-streets.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The existing traffic lights, in the middle of the roadway, were involved in one-third of the vehicular crashes on Eastern Parkway by the mid-1950s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 18, 1957 |title=Rap 'Invisible' Traffic Lights |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-rap-invisible-traffic-light/151571957/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=198 |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723010800/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-rap-invisible-traffic-light/151571957/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Accordingly, the [[New York City Department of Transportation]] (NYCDOT) announced in 1958 that it would add [[yield sign]]s and traffic lights to Eastern Parkway's service roads at several intersections.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 24, 1958 |title=New Traffic Safety System to Be Set Up On Parkway in Brooklyn Starting Today |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/02/24/archives/new-traffic-safety-system-to-be-set-up-on-parkway-in-brooklyn.html |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720222452/https://www.nytimes.com/1958/02/24/archives/new-traffic-safety-system-to-be-set-up-on-parkway-in-brooklyn.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ryder 1958">{{Cite news |last=Ryder |first=Grover |date=February 24, 1958 |title=Work Starting Today on New Light System for Eastern Parkway |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-work-starting-today-on-new-li/151571725/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=285 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718181756/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-work-starting-today-on-new-li/151571725/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kings County Chronicle 1958">{{Cite news |date=February 25, 1958 |title=Parkway to Get Overhead 3-way Lights |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/kings-county-chronicle-parkway-to-get-ov/151572116/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=Kings County Chronicle |pages=1 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718181758/https://www.newspapers.com/article/kings-county-chronicle-parkway-to-get-ov/151572116/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At the time, only the main road had traffic lights, and drivers on the service roads had to yield to traffic turning from the main road, even though the wide medians hindered visibility.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Bernard|last=Rabin|date=July 20, 1958|title=Survey Set on Signs Invisible to Motorists|via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-survey-set-on-signs-invisible/150456519/|access-date=July 1, 2024|work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251|pages=140|archive-date=July 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717022110/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-survey-set-on-signs-invisible/150456519/|url-status=live}}</ref> The existing traffic lights at 17 intersections were replaced with signals suspended from mast arms, and pedestrian signals were added at seven intersections.<ref name="Ryder 1958" /><ref name="Kings County Chronicle 1958" />
-[[File:Crown Heights, Brooklyn, NY, USA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The intersection with Nostrand Avenue]]
-Brooklyn officials requested funding in 1973 to renovate the parkway from Ralph to Bushwick Avenue,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1973-01-18 |title=Hearing on Nursing Homes Will Be Held January 23 |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/canarsie-courier-hearing-on-nursing-home/151706157/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |work=Canarsie Courier |pages=5}}</ref> and the Board of Estimate allocated $965,000 that March for a renovation of the parkway.<ref name="Lieberman 1973">{{Cite news |last=Lieberman |first=Mark |date=March 23, 1973 |title=City Funnels Funds Into Eastern Parkway |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-city-funnels-funds-into-easte/150166215/ |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=292 |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627152845/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-city-funnels-funds-into-easte/150166215/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Schumach 1973">{{Cite news |last=Schumach |first=Murray |date=March 25, 1973 |title=Brooklyn Parkway Decision In Dispute |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/25/archives/brooklyn-parkway-decision-in-dispute-patchwork-job-charged.html |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627152846/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/25/archives/brooklyn-parkway-decision-in-dispute-patchwork-job-charged.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The work was to include new trees, restoration of the medians, and repairs to the service roads. By then, the parkway saw relatively few visitors at night due to fears of crime.<ref name="Schumach 1973" /> Prostitution on the parkway was commonplace, and several stabbings took place there as well.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gottlieb |first=Martin |date=1979-07-30 |title=They're making waves and turning the tide in city's sea of litter |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-theyre-making-waves-and-turn/151718028/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=5}}</ref> In 1976, Borough President [[Sebastian Leone]] asked the [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] (LPC) to designate Eastern Parkway a [[New York City scenic landmark]], following a similar designation for Ocean Parkway.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/06/20/archives/a-landmark-designation-asked-for-eastern-parkway.html |title=A Landmark Designation Asked for Eastern Parkway |date=June 20, 1976 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 26, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726222415/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/06/20/archives/a-landmark-designation-asked-for-eastern-parkway.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="New York Daily News 1976">{{Cite news |date=1976-06-20 |title=Leone's Drive: Eastern Pkwy. as landmark |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-leones-drive-eastern-pkwy/151708187/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=224}}</ref> New York City Council president [[Carol Bellamy]] endorsed the landmark designation,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1978-05-18 |title=Bellamy Favors Pkway for Landmark Status |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/canarsie-courier-bellamy-favors-pkway-fo/151718306/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=Canarsie Courier |pages=10}}</ref> and the parkway was declared a scenic landmark on August 22, 1978.{{sfn|Diamonstein-Spielvogel|2011|page=232}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/11/18/archives/felicity-on-eastern-parkway.html |title=Felicity on Eastern Parkway |date=November 18, 1978 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 26, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726220910/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/11/18/archives/felicity-on-eastern-parkway.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The parkway was also listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] on September 26, 1983.<ref name="nris" />
+Several north–south cross-streets in Crown Heights were converted to one-way streets in 1963, and the traffic signals on Eastern Parkway were adjusted to facilitate traffic flow on these streets.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McKeown |first=Frank |date=June 12, 1963 |title=Ten Arteries Going One Way |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-ten-arteries-going-one-way/151572884/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=85 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718181801/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-ten-arteries-going-one-way/151572884/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 14, 1963 |title=Barnes New Traffic Plan Starts July 14 |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/coney-island-times-barnes-new-traffic-pl/151573321/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=Coney Island Times |pages=7 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718181802/https://www.newspapers.com/article/coney-island-times-barnes-new-traffic-pl/151573321/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In advance of the [[1964 New York World's Fair]], workers also planted new trees along Ocean Parkway.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Crowell |first=Paul |date=June 22, 1962 |title=Trees to Adorn Streets for Fair; City Board Votes $675,000 for 5,000 in Each Borough |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/06/22/archives/trees-to-adorn-streets-for-fair-city-board-votes-675000-for-5000-in.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713231013/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/06/22/archives/trees-to-adorn-streets-for-fair-city-board-votes-675000-for-5000-in.html |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |access-date=July 13, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Traffic commissioner [[Henry Barnes (traffic engineer)|Henry Barnes]] also added parking spaces to the service roads, and he removed parking spaces near intersections to improve visibility.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 11, 1964 |title=Alter Parking Rules for 2 Service Roads |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-alter-parking-rules-for-2-ser/151286467/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714000024/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-alter-parking-rules-for-2-ser/151286467/ |archive-date=July 14, 2024 |access-date=July 13, 2024 |work=New York Daily News |pages=716 |issn=2692-1251}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=June 12, 1964 |title=New Rules Double Parking Available on Service Roads |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/coney-island-times-new-rules-double-park/151286299/ |access-date=July 13, 2024 |work=Coney Island Times |pages=2}}</ref> Two years later, the NYCDOT announced that it would install a computer-controlled traffic light system to synchronize the traffic signals on Eastern Parkway.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 2, 1966 |title=Contracts Signed for Electronic Traffic Controls |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/09/02/archives/contracts-signed-for-electronic-traffic-controls.html |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718181756/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/09/02/archives/contracts-signed-for-electronic-traffic-controls.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[New York City Board of Estimate]] did not approve the computerized system until 1970,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wetherington |first=Roger |date=March 2, 1970 |title=Computer Traffic Lights ZGo-Go |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news/35098217/ |access-date=July 20, 2024 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=316 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722154032/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news/35098217/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the system was activated in 1973.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 25, 1973 |title=Computerized Signals Installed in Brooklyn |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/25/archives/computerized-signals-installed-in-brooklyn.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627152845/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/25/archives/computerized-signals-installed-in-brooklyn.html |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Lieberman 1973" />
-==== Restoration ====
-After the 1970s [[New York City fiscal crisis]], the city government had comparatively little money on hand to repair Eastern Parkway in the 1970s and early 1980s.<ref name="Colford 1987" /> According to Leone, the city-landmark designation would allow the city government to more easily apply for state and federal funding to rebuild Eastern Parkway.<ref name="New York Daily News 1976" /> There were also plans to integrate the parkway into the [[Brooklyn–Queens Greenway]], a bike and walking path across Brooklyn and Queens.<ref>{{cite news |last=English |first=Merle |date=November 15, 1988 |title=Brooklyn Neighborhoods Brooklyn Closeup Brooklyn-Queens Greenway Passes a Major Milestone |work=Newsday |page=31 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|278026346}}}}</ref> By the mid-1980s, many of the elm trees on the parkway had died because of [[Dutch elm disease]], and there were holes in the pavement, broken benches, and missing pieces of curb.<ref name="Newsday 1986" /> NYCDOT officials asked the LPC in 1983 for a certificate of appropriateness, which would allow the NYCDOT to renovate the parkway. The plans called for rebuilt roadways and a new bikeway on the southern median, as well as new benches, lamps, traffic signals, and curbs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McCallister |first=Jared |date=1983-08-22 |title=Landmark changes in hands of panel |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-landmark-changes-in-hands-of/151745662/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=78}}</ref> The state government announced plans the same year to sell $56 million in bonds to fund the parkway's reconstruction.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Santangelo |first=Mike |date=1983-10-20 |title=DelBello to Push 2.5B bond issue |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news/129136688/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=287}}</ref>
+Brooklyn officials requested funding in 1973 to renovate the parkway from Ralph to Bushwick Avenue,<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 1973 |title=Hearing on Nursing Homes Will Be Held January 23 |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/canarsie-courier-hearing-on-nursing-home/151706157/ |access-date=July 20, 2024 |work=Canarsie Courier |pages=5 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722154039/https://www.newspapers.com/article/canarsie-courier-hearing-on-nursing-home/151706157/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Board of Estimate allocated $965,000 that March for a renovation of the parkway.<ref name="Lieberman 1973">{{Cite news |last=Lieberman |first=Mark |date=March 23, 1973 |title=City Funnels Funds Into Eastern Parkway |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-city-funnels-funds-into-easte/150166215/ |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=292 |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627152845/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-city-funnels-funds-into-easte/150166215/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Schumach 1973">{{Cite news |last=Schumach |first=Murray |date=March 25, 1973 |title=Brooklyn Parkway Decision In Dispute |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/25/archives/brooklyn-parkway-decision-in-dispute-patchwork-job-charged.html |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627152846/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/25/archives/brooklyn-parkway-decision-in-dispute-patchwork-job-charged.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The work was to include new trees, restoration of the medians, and repairs to the service roads. By then, the parkway saw relatively few visitors at night due to fears of crime.<ref name="Schumach 1973" /> Prostitution on the parkway was commonplace, and several stabbings took place there as well.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gottlieb |first=Martin |date=July 30, 1979 |title=They're making waves and turning the tide in city's sea of litter |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-theyre-making-waves-and-turn/151718028/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=5 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722154609/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-theyre-making-waves-and-turn/151718028/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1976, Borough President [[Sebastian Leone]] asked the [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] (LPC) to designate Eastern Parkway a [[New York City scenic landmark]], following a similar designation for Ocean Parkway.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/06/20/archives/a-landmark-designation-asked-for-eastern-parkway.html |title=A Landmark Designation Asked for Eastern Parkway |date=June 20, 1976 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 26, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726222415/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/06/20/archives/a-landmark-designation-asked-for-eastern-parkway.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="New York Daily News 1976">{{Cite news |date=June 20, 1976 |title=Leone's Drive: Eastern Pkwy. as landmark |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-leones-drive-eastern-pkwy/151708187/ |access-date=July 20, 2024 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=224 |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723010752/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-leones-drive-eastern-pkwy/151708187/ |url-status=live }}</ref> New York City Council president [[Carol Bellamy]] endorsed the landmark designation,<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 18, 1978 |title=Bellamy Favors Pkway for Landmark Status |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/canarsie-courier-bellamy-favors-pkway-fo/151718306/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=Canarsie Courier |pages=10 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722160206/https://www.newspapers.com/article/canarsie-courier-bellamy-favors-pkway-fo/151718306/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the parkway was declared a scenic landmark on August 22, 1978.{{sfn|Diamonstein-Spielvogel|2011|page=232}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/11/18/archives/felicity-on-eastern-parkway.html |title=Felicity on Eastern Parkway |date=November 18, 1978 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 26, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726220910/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/11/18/archives/felicity-on-eastern-parkway.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
+=== 1980s and 1990s ===
+[[File:Eastern Parkway bike path.jpg|thumb|upright|Bike path on Eastern Parkway, reconstructed during the 1980s]]After the [[New York City fiscal crisis]], the city government had comparatively little money on hand to repair Eastern Parkway in the 1970s and early 1980s.<ref name="Colford 1987" /> According to Leone, the city-landmark designation would allow the city government to more easily apply for state and federal funding to rebuild Eastern Parkway.<ref name="New York Daily News 1976" /> There were also plans to integrate the parkway into the [[Brooklyn–Queens Greenway]], a bike and walking path across Brooklyn and Queens.<ref>{{cite news |last=English |first=Merle |date=November 15, 1988 |title=Brooklyn Neighborhoods Brooklyn Closeup Brooklyn-Queens Greenway Passes a Major Milestone |work=Newsday |page=31 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|278026346}}}}</ref> By the mid-1980s, many of the elm trees on the parkway had died because of [[Dutch elm disease]], and there were holes in the pavement, broken benches, and missing pieces of curb.<ref name="Newsday 1986" /> The parkway was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1983.<ref name="nris" /> That year, NYCDOT officials asked the LPC for a certificate of appropriateness, which would allow the NYCDOT to renovate the parkway. The plans called for rebuilt roadways and a new bikeway on the southern median, as well as new benches, lamps, traffic signals, and curbs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McCallister |first=Jared |date=August 22, 1983 |title=Landmark changes in hands of panel |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-landmark-changes-in-hands-of/151745662/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=78 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722160404/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-landmark-changes-in-hands-of/151745662/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The state government announced plans in October 1983 to sell $56 million in bonds to fund the parkway's reconstruction.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Santangelo |first=Mike |date=October 20, 1983 |title=DelBello to Push 2.5B bond issue |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news/129136688/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |pages=287 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722160216/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news/129136688/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 The city announced in 1986 that it would spend $40 million to redesign Eastern Parkway, starting with the section between Washington and Pitkin avenues.<ref name="Newsday 1986" /> The NYCDOT began requesting bids for the reconstruction of Eastern Parkway west of Pitkin Avenue that November.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Seaton |first=Charles |date=November 3, 1986 |title=$63M parkway reconstruction |pages=83 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-63m-parkway-reconstruction/127389683/ |access-date=July 1, 2023 |archive-date=July 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701011051/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-63m-parkway-reconstruction/127389683/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Work officially commenced on Eastern Parkway's renovation in August 1987.<ref name="French 1987" /><ref name="Seaton 1987">{{Cite news |last=Seaton |first=Charles |date=August 5, 1987 |title=Back on road to beauty |pages=144 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-back-on-road-to-beauty/127389426/ |access-date=July 1, 2023 |archive-date=July 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701010959/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-back-on-road-to-beauty/127389426/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Liff 1987">{{cite news |last=Liff |first=Bob |date=August 5, 1987 |title=Eastern Parkway Overhaul On the Road in Brooklyn |work=Newsday |page=38 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|277816661}}}}</ref> A $59 million, three-year contract was awarded to Naclerio Contracting Company.<ref name="The New York Times 1992" /><ref name="English 1991">{{Cite news |last=English |first=Merle |date=January 9, 1991 |title=What Price Eastern Parkway's Glory? |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-what-price-eastern-parkways-glo/127390189/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701010959/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-what-price-eastern-parkways-glo/127390189/ |archive-date=July 1, 2023 |access-date=July 1, 2023 |work=Newsday |pages=28}}</ref> even though several of the company's previous projects had been delayed significantly.<ref name="Liff 1987" /> About $27.8 million of the funding came from the federal government, which had originally earmarked the funds for the unbuilt [[Westway (Manhattan)|Westway]] project in Manhattan, while the city government paid the rest of the cost.<ref name="French 1987" /><ref name="Liff 1987" /> The reconstruction of Eastern Parkway was initially slated to take three years.<ref name="Seaton 1987" /> The project entailed installing water and sewage pipes, as well as rebuilding the roadways, sidewalks, and medians.<ref name="English 1991" /><ref name="Holloway 1993">{{Cite news |last=Holloway |first=Lynette |date=October 24, 1993 |title=Neighborhood Report: Crown Heights; Parkway Work Nears Finish |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/24/nyregion/neighborhood-report-crown-heights-parkway-work-nears-finish.html |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630000704/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/24/nyregion/neighborhood-report-crown-heights-parkway-work-nears-finish.html |url-status=live}}</ref> One of the inner roadway's six travel lanes was removed.<ref name="Holloway 1993" /> Granite curbs were installed; benches, street lights, and traffic signs were replaced; and a [[bike lane]] with hexagonal asphalt blocks was added. The medians were replanted, and 1,000 trees were added.<ref name="French 1987" /><ref name="English 1991" /> Nearly 2,500 parking spaces were temporarily removed, so people frequently double-parked in travel lanes.<ref name="English 1991" />
-The [[West Indian Day Parade]], which performed on Eastern Parkway every year, was not displaced by the project.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yarrow |first=Andrew L. |date=1991-08-30 |title=Brooklyn Prepares, And Braces, For a Parade |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/30/nyregion/brooklyn-prepares-and-braces-for-a-parade.html |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=English |first=Merle |date=August 5, 1988 |title=West Indian Carnival Set Despite Road Construction |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-west-indian-carnival-set-despite/127389847/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701014059/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-west-indian-carnival-set-despite/127389847/ |archive-date=July 1, 2023 |access-date=July 1, 2023 |work=Newsday |pages=32}}</ref> Due to a dispute with the New York City government, Naclerio temporarily halted work on the reconstruction of Eastern Parkway from 1988 to September 1989.<ref name="English 1991" /> Naclerio stopped working on the project again after it filed for [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11]] bankruptcy protection in 1990.<ref name="The New York Times 1992">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/07/nyregion/update-eastern-parkway-repairs-are-close-to-completion.html |title=Update; Eastern Parkway Repairs Are Close to Completion |date=June 7, 1992 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 27, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727024953/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/07/nyregion/update-eastern-parkway-repairs-are-close-to-completion.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Green 1992">{{Cite news |last=Green |first=Noah |date=1992-01-19 |title=Slowdown on Fastest Route |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-slowdown-on-fastest-route/151748789/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=Newsday |pages=259, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-slowdown-on-fastest-route/151748849/ 260]}}</ref> The city government refused to fire Naclerio,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/01/nyregion/eastern-parkway-mired-as-rules-protect-slow-contractor.html |title=Eastern Parkway Mired as Rules Protect Slow Contractor |last=Yarrow |first=Andrew L. |date=April 1, 1991 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 27, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727024956/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/01/nyregion/eastern-parkway-mired-as-rules-protect-slow-contractor.html |url-status=live}}</ref> though it did file a lawsuit to force the renovation's completion.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/06/nyregion/lawsuit-presses-faster-fix-up-of-a-parkway.html |title=Lawsuit Presses Faster Fix-Up of a Parkway |last=Yarrow |first=Andrew L. |date=April 6, 1991 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 27, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727024953/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/06/nyregion/lawsuit-presses-faster-fix-up-of-a-parkway.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Further complications arose after city officials found that the mobster [[John A. Gotti]] was involved with the parkway's renovation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Flynn |first=Kevin |last2=Guttenplan |first2=D. D. |date=31 Jan 1990 |title=DOT Looking at Son's Firm |work=Newsday |page= |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|278226564}}}}</ref> Work resumed in mid-1991 after more than a year of delays.<ref name="Green 1992" /> A representative of [[Brooklyn Community Board 9]] said that residents had "been victimized long enough" by the prolonged renovation,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yarrow |first=Andrew L. |date=July 25, 1991 |title=Brooklyn Journal; Road Job: No Detour For Parade |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/25/nyregion/brooklyn-journal-road-job-no-detour-for-parade.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627032759/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/25/nyregion/brooklyn-journal-road-job-no-detour-for-parade.html |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> while the chairman of [[Brooklyn Community Board 8]] said, "I went away to war and came back and nothing was changed."<ref>{{Cite news |last=McFarland |first=Steve |date=January 16, 1992 |title=Promises for the 'Parkway of Horrors' |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-promises-for-the-parkway-of/127389931/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701014101/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-promises-for-the-parkway-of/127389931/ |archive-date=July 1, 2023 |access-date=July 1, 2023 |work=New York Daily News |pages=40 |issn=2692-1251}}</ref> After the Tully Construction Company resumed construction in 1993, the cost of the renovation increased to $62.4 million. The renovation was completed that year.<ref name="Holloway 1993" /> Part of the parkway was again excavated in 1995 while workers repaired the subway tunnel underneath.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fenner |first=Austin Evans |date=1995-11-03 |title=Crown Hts. torn up over roadwork |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-crown-hts-torn-up-over-roadw/151752067/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=New York Daily News |pages=128 |issn=2692-1251}}</ref>
+The [[West Indian Day Parade]], which performed on Eastern Parkway every year, was not displaced by the project.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yarrow |first=Andrew L. |date=August 30, 1991 |title=Brooklyn Prepares, And Braces, For a Parade |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/30/nyregion/brooklyn-prepares-and-braces-for-a-parade.html |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525232607/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/30/nyregion/brooklyn-prepares-and-braces-for-a-parade.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=English |first=Merle |date=August 5, 1988 |title=West Indian Carnival Set Despite Road Construction |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-west-indian-carnival-set-despite/127389847/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701014059/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-west-indian-carnival-set-despite/127389847/ |archive-date=July 1, 2023 |access-date=July 1, 2023 |work=Newsday |pages=32}}</ref> Due to a dispute with the New York City government, Naclerio temporarily halted work on the reconstruction of Eastern Parkway from 1988 to September 1989.<ref name="English 1991" /> Naclerio stopped working on the project again after it filed for [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11]] bankruptcy protection in 1990.<ref name="The New York Times 1992">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/07/nyregion/update-eastern-parkway-repairs-are-close-to-completion.html |title=Update; Eastern Parkway Repairs Are Close to Completion |date=June 7, 1992 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 27, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727024953/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/07/nyregion/update-eastern-parkway-repairs-are-close-to-completion.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Green 1992">{{Cite news |last=Green |first=Noah |date=January 19, 1992 |title=Slowdown on Fastest Route |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-slowdown-on-fastest-route/151748789/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=Newsday |pages=259, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-slowdown-on-fastest-route/151748849/ 260] |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722160347/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-slowdown-on-fastest-route/151748789/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city government refused to fire Naclerio,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/01/nyregion/eastern-parkway-mired-as-rules-protect-slow-contractor.html |title=Eastern Parkway Mired as Rules Protect Slow Contractor |last=Yarrow |first=Andrew L. |date=April 1, 1991 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 27, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727024956/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/01/nyregion/eastern-parkway-mired-as-rules-protect-slow-contractor.html |url-status=live}}</ref> though it did file a lawsuit to force the renovation's completion.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/06/nyregion/lawsuit-presses-faster-fix-up-of-a-parkway.html |title=Lawsuit Presses Faster Fix-Up of a Parkway |last=Yarrow |first=Andrew L. |date=April 6, 1991 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 27, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727024953/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/06/nyregion/lawsuit-presses-faster-fix-up-of-a-parkway.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Further complications arose after city officials found that the mobster [[John A. Gotti]] was involved with the parkway's renovation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Flynn |first1=Kevin |last2=Guttenplan |first2=D. D. |date=January 31, 1990 |title=DOT Looking at Son's Firm |work=Newsday |page= |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|278226564}}}}</ref> Work resumed in mid-1991 after more than a year of delays.<ref name="Green 1992" /> A representative of [[Brooklyn Community Board 9]] said that residents had "been victimized long enough" by the prolonged renovation,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yarrow |first=Andrew L. |date=July 25, 1991 |title=Brooklyn Journal; Road Job: No Detour For Parade |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/25/nyregion/brooklyn-journal-road-job-no-detour-for-parade.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627032759/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/25/nyregion/brooklyn-journal-road-job-no-detour-for-parade.html |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> while the chairman of [[Brooklyn Community Board 8]] said, "I went away to war and came back and nothing was changed."<ref>{{Cite news |last=McFarland |first=Steve |date=January 16, 1992 |title=Promises for the 'Parkway of Horrors' |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-promises-for-the-parkway-of/127389931/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701014101/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-promises-for-the-parkway-of/127389931/ |archive-date=July 1, 2023 |access-date=July 1, 2023 |work=New York Daily News |pages=40 |issn=2692-1251}}</ref> After the Tully Construction Company resumed construction in 1993, the cost of the renovation increased to $62.4 million. The renovation was completed that year.<ref name="Holloway 1993" /> Part of the parkway was again excavated in 1995 while workers repaired the subway tunnel underneath.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fenner |first=Austin Evans |date=November 3, 1995 |title=Crown Hts. torn up over roadwork |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-crown-hts-torn-up-over-roadw/151752067/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=New York Daily News |pages=128 |issn=2692-1251 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722161232/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-crown-hts-torn-up-over-roadw/151752067/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-=== 21st century ===
+=== 2000s to present ===
+[[File:Crown Heights, Brooklyn, NY, USA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|An oversized street sign at the intersection with Nostrand Avenue. Similar street signs were installed in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shelby |first=Joyce |date=September 10, 2003 |title=Big Sign Change on Eastern Pkwy. |work=New York Daily News |page=2 |issn=2692-1251 |id={{ProQuest|305831685}}}}</ref>|alt=An oversized street sign at the intersection with Nostrand Avenue]]
-[[File:Eastern Pkwy Utica Av td (2021-12-11) 03.jpg|thumb|A bus at the intersection with Utica Avenue]]
-To improve navigation, the NYCDOT added oversized street signs to several intersections along Eastern Parkway in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shelby |first=Joyce |date=10 Sep 2003 |title=Big Sign Change on Eastern Pkwy. |work=New York Daily News |page=2 |issn=2692-1251 |id={{ProQuest|305831685}}}}</ref> The agency also retimed traffic lights at several intersections, allowing pedestrians to start crossing the street before vehicles could proceed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Steinhauer |first=Jennifer |date=2002-10-01 |title=Turns From Midtown Streets Will Be Banned on Weekdays |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/01/nyregion/turns-from-midtown-streets-will-be-banned-on-weekdays.html |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Robin |first=Joshua |date=22 Oct 2004 |title=Traffic Patterns, No Turning Back, Officials to Stick With Program That Prohibits Cars From Turning on Some Midtown Streets; 12 Intersections Added |work=Newsday |page=A16 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|279895455}}}}</ref> The four-block section of Eastern Parkway between Grand Army Plaza and Washington Avenue was the only part of the original parkway that had not been rebuilt. Although the New York City government had spent $362,000 to redesign that section of the parkway, funding for construction was delayed after the city councilman for the area, [[James E. Davis (New York politician)|James Davis]], was assassinated in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |last=Alkon |first=Rachel |last2=Grace |first2=Melissa |date=June 12, 2005 |title=A Stumbling Block. Eastern Pkwy. Strip May Get $4.7m Fix – Finally |page=1 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |id={{ProQuest|305969391}}}}</ref> Work on a $5.9 million reconstruction of that section began in October 2005.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grace |first=Melissa |last2=Colangelo |first2=Lisa L. |date=October 18, 2005 |title=She Paves Way for Road Work |page=3 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |id={{ProQuest|305984108}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 20, 2005 |title=Bloomberg, Cong. Owens unveil plans to rehab Eastern Parkway |work=New York Beacon |page=4 |id={{Pq|367974846}}}}</ref> The reconstruction was completed in the early 2010s. The work included a westbound bike lane in the northern median and a traffic light at the intersection with Washington Avenue.<ref name="Gottesdiener 2011" />
+To improve wayfinding, the NYCDOT added oversized street signs to several intersections along Eastern Parkway in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shelby |first=Joyce |date=September 10, 2003 |title=Big Sign Change on Eastern Pkwy. |work=New York Daily News |page=2 |issn=2692-1251 |id={{ProQuest|305831685}}}}</ref> The agency also retimed traffic lights at several intersections, allowing pedestrians to start crossing the street before vehicles could proceed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Steinhauer |first=Jennifer |date=October 1, 2002 |title=Turns From Midtown Streets Will Be Banned on Weekdays |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/01/nyregion/turns-from-midtown-streets-will-be-banned-on-weekdays.html |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214125125/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/01/nyregion/turns-from-midtown-streets-will-be-banned-on-weekdays.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Robin |first=Joshua |date=October 22, 2004 |title=Traffic Patterns, No Turning Back, Officials to Stick With Program That Prohibits Cars From Turning on Some Midtown Streets; 12 Intersections Added |work=Newsday |page=A16 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|279895455}}}}</ref> The four-block section of Eastern Parkway between Grand Army Plaza and Washington Avenue was the only part of the original parkway that had not been rebuilt. Although the New York City government had spent $362,000 to redesign that section of the parkway, funding for construction was delayed after the city councilman for the area, [[James E. Davis (New York politician)|James Davis]], was assassinated in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alkon |first1=Rachel |last2=Grace |first2=Melissa |date=June 12, 2005 |title=A Stumbling Block. Eastern Pkwy. Strip May Get $4.7m Fix – Finally |page=1 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |id={{ProQuest|305969391}}}}</ref> Work on a $5.9 million reconstruction of that section began in October 2005.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grace |first1=Melissa |last2=Colangelo |first2=Lisa L. |date=October 18, 2005 |title=She Paves Way for Road Work |page=3 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |id={{ProQuest|305984108}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 20, 2005 |title=Bloomberg, Cong. Owens unveil plans to rehab Eastern Parkway |work=New York Beacon |page=4 |id={{ProQuest|367974846}}}}</ref> The reconstruction was completed in the early 2010s. The work included a westbound bike lane in the northern median and a traffic light at the intersection with Washington Avenue.<ref name="Gottesdiener 2011" />
-As part of a pilot program, the NYCDOT also replaced the parkway's street lamps with LED lights in the early 2010s, a move that saved $70,000 annually.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mann |first=Ted |date=25 Oct 2013 |title=City News: Extinguishing Yellow-Hued Street Lamps |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=A.19 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|1444825836}}}}</ref> Following the success of the pilot program, the NYCDOT later installed LED lights across the city.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gregory|first=Kia|date=2013-10-25|title=City to Fit All Streetlights With Energy-Saving LED Bulbs|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/25/nyregion/city-to-fit-all-streetlights-with-energy-saving-led-bulbs.html|access-date=2024-07-07|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=June 22, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622195518/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/25/nyregion/city-to-fit-all-streetlights-with-energy-saving-led-bulbs.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Bright Lights, Big City: NYC Swapping All 250,000 Street Lights To LED | website=CBS New York | date=October 24, 2013 | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/bright-lights-big-city-nyc-swapping-all-250000-street-lights-to-led/ | access-date=July 7, 2024 | archive-date=July 17, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717022150/https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/bright-lights-big-city-nyc-swapping-all-250000-street-lights-to-led/ | url-status=live}}</ref> The agency also added concrete pedestrian medians at two intersections in 2015 but removed them after local officials said the islands would obstruct the West Indian Day Parade;<ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Rachel Holliday |date=August 31, 2016 |title=City Forgot About Parade When it Added Eastern Pkwy Safety Islands: Mayor |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20160831/crown-heights/city-forgot-about-parade-when-it-added-eastern-pkwy-safety-islands-mayor |access-date=May 20, 2023 |website=DNAinfo New York |archive-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520001150/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20160831/crown-heights/city-forgot-about-parade-when-it-added-eastern-pkwy-safety-islands-mayor/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> these medians were replaced with removable rubber medians.<ref name="Budds 2022" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Meyer |first=David |date=November 2, 2016 |title=Eyes on the Street: Eastern Parkway Gets Removable Rubber Ped Islands |url=https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2016/11/02/eyes-on-the-street-eastern-parkway-gets-removable-rubber-ped-islands/ |access-date=May 20, 2023 |website=Streetsblog New York City |archive-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520001146/https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2016/11/02/eyes-on-the-street-eastern-parkway-gets-removable-rubber-ped-islands/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, as part of the [[Vision Zero (New York City)|Vision Zero]] traffic-safety plan, NYCDOT also proposed installing traffic signals on all of the service roads.<ref name="brooklyn.news12.com" /> The segment between Lincoln Place and Pacific Street was upgraded in 2020, providing additional space for cyclists and pedestrians. The intersection of Eastern Parkway and Buffalo Avenue was upgraded in 2022, and the NYCDOT proposed further upgrades to the section between Rogers and Troy avenues in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rahhal |first=Emily |title=Safety Improvements Planned For Eastern Parkway In Crown Heights |website=Prospect Heights-Crown Heights, NY Patch |date=April 19, 2023 |url=https://patch.com/new-york/prospectheights/safety-improvements-planned-eastern-parkway-crown-heights |access-date=June 28, 2024 |archive-date=June 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628031650/https://patch.com/new-york/prospectheights/safety-improvements-planned-eastern-parkway-crown-heights |url-status=live}}</ref>
+As part of a pilot program, the NYCDOT also replaced the parkway's street lamps with LED lights in the early 2010s, a move that saved $70,000 annually.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mann |first=Ted |date=October 25, 2013 |title=City News: Extinguishing Yellow-Hued Street Lamps |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=A.19 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|1444825836}}}}</ref> Following the success of the pilot program, the NYCDOT later installed LED lights across the city.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gregory|first=Kia|date=October 25, 2013|title=City to Fit All Streetlights With Energy-Saving LED Bulbs|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/25/nyregion/city-to-fit-all-streetlights-with-energy-saving-led-bulbs.html|access-date=July 7, 2024|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=June 22, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622195518/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/25/nyregion/city-to-fit-all-streetlights-with-energy-saving-led-bulbs.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Bright Lights, Big City: NYC Swapping All 250,000 Street Lights To LED | website=CBS New York | date=October 24, 2013 | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/bright-lights-big-city-nyc-swapping-all-250000-street-lights-to-led/ | access-date=July 7, 2024 | archive-date=July 17, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717022150/https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/bright-lights-big-city-nyc-swapping-all-250000-street-lights-to-led/ | url-status=live}}</ref> The agency also added concrete pedestrian medians at two intersections in 2015 but removed them after local officials said the islands would obstruct the West Indian Day Parade;<ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Rachel Holliday |date=August 31, 2016 |title=City Forgot About Parade When it Added Eastern Pkwy Safety Islands: Mayor |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20160831/crown-heights/city-forgot-about-parade-when-it-added-eastern-pkwy-safety-islands-mayor |access-date=May 20, 2023 |website=DNAinfo New York |archive-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520001150/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20160831/crown-heights/city-forgot-about-parade-when-it-added-eastern-pkwy-safety-islands-mayor/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> these medians were replaced with removable rubber medians.<ref name="Budds 2022" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Meyer |first=David |date=November 2, 2016 |title=Eyes on the Street: Eastern Parkway Gets Removable Rubber Ped Islands |url=https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2016/11/02/eyes-on-the-street-eastern-parkway-gets-removable-rubber-ped-islands/ |access-date=May 20, 2023 |website=Streetsblog New York City |archive-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520001146/https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2016/11/02/eyes-on-the-street-eastern-parkway-gets-removable-rubber-ped-islands/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, as part of the [[Vision Zero (New York City)|Vision Zero]] traffic-safety plan, NYCDOT also proposed installing traffic signals on all of the service roads.<ref name="brooklyn.news12.com" /> The segment between Lincoln Place and Pacific Street was upgraded in 2020, providing additional space for cyclists and pedestrians. The intersection of Eastern Parkway and Buffalo Avenue was upgraded in 2022, and the NYCDOT proposed further upgrades to the section between Rogers and Troy avenues in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rahhal |first=Emily |title=Safety Improvements Planned For Eastern Parkway In Crown Heights |website=Prospect Heights-Crown Heights, NY Patch |date=April 19, 2023 |url=https://patch.com/new-york/prospectheights/safety-improvements-planned-eastern-parkway-crown-heights |access-date=June 28, 2024 |archive-date=June 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628031650/https://patch.com/new-york/prospectheights/safety-improvements-planned-eastern-parkway-crown-heights |url-status=live}}</ref>
 == Structures ==
-The design of the original parkway was supposed to spur the construction of prestigious residential structures between Douglas Street to the north and President Street to the south. On the service roads, Olmsted proposed erecting only "first class" residences with buildings set back {{convert|20|ft|m}} from the sidewalk. The service roads themselves would be relegated to {{convert|35|ft|m|adj=mid|-wide}} driveways filled only with greenhouses, carriage houses, and stables. Olmsted believed he could narrow the paved portion of the main road to {{convert|40|ft|m|adj=mid|-wide}} and widen the medians to {{convert|50|ft|m}}. In accordance with this, Douglass and President streets, which ran parallel to the parkway two blocks away, were widened.{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=3}}<ref name="MIT Press 1973" /> On the streets directly to the south and north (respectively, Union and Degraw streets), all new construction was banned except for horse stables.<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1897" /><ref name="The Standard Union 1907" /> These stables were to be attached to hoses along Eastern Parkway.<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1911" /> Because of these restrictions, and the fact that the eastern end of the parkway led nowhere, these sites remained under-developed into the end of the 19th century.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1892a" /><ref name="The Standard Union 1907">{{Cite news |date=February 3, 1907 |title=Joint Meeting To-morrow |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-joint-meeting-to-morr/150249329/ |access-date=June 28, 2024 |work=The Standard Union |pages=17 |archive-date=June 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628201510/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-joint-meeting-to-morr/150249329/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The housing restriction was repealed in 1903.{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=3}}<ref name="MIT Press 1973">{{Cite book |title=Forty years of landscape architecture: Central Park [by] Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr |date=1973 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0262150095 |editor1-last=Olmsted |editor1-first=Frederick Law |location=Cambridge, Mass. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fortyyearsofland00fred/page/185 185] |oclc=763563 |editor2-last=Hubbard |editor2-first=Theodora Kimball |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/fortyyearsofland00fred/page/185}}</ref> Other restrictions were put in place, including a requirement that all proposed plantings be approved first.<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" />[[File:Eastern Parkway apts.JPG|thumb|Apartment building on Eastern Parkway across from the [[Brooklyn Museum]]|alt=]]In the 21st century, Eastern Parkway contains a variety of [[zoning]] uses. While the parkway is mostly zoned for mid-to-high-rise residential structures, there are also small areas of commercial zoning, as well as industrial zoning at the extreme eastern end, where there is a high concentration of transit-related infrastructure in the area around [[Broadway Junction (Brooklyn)|Broadway Junction]]. In addition, high-rise zoning is allowed at the western end.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/ |title=NYC Planning ZoLa |website=ZoLa |access-date=July 26, 2019 |archive-date=July 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726143431/https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006a|p=17}} Eastern Parkway is lined with one-and-two-family rowhouses, apartment complexes, semi-detached residences, and freestanding mansions.{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=5}}<ref name="Goldberger 1986" /> There are many [[Pre-war architecture|pre-war]] apartment buildings on the parkway, some of which have become [[housing cooperative]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Klockenbrink |first=Myra |date=January 20, 1985 |title=If You're Thinking of Living in: Crown Heights |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/20/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-of-living-in-crown-heights.html |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124010808/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/20/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-of-living-in-crown-heights.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Some of these apartment buildings, such as Turner Towers and Copley Plaza, are similar to developments on [[Park Avenue]] in Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Sarah Harrison |date=May 18, 2013 |title=Brooklyn's Champs-Élysées |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/nyregion/eastern-parkway-a-triumph-of-olmsted-and-vaux.html |access-date=July 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727163033/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/nyregion/eastern-parkway-a-triumph-of-olmsted-and-vaux.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="New York Daily News 1999">{{cite news |date=15 Apr 1999 |title=Real Estate Scene a Fresh Prospect Heights Caribbean Influx Brings New Flavor |work=New York Daily News |page=15 |issn=2692-1251 |id={{ProQuest|313654607}}}}</ref> Commercial uses are more common at Franklin, Nostrand, Kingston, Schenectady, and Utica Avenues, where there are subway entrances.{{Sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006b|p=2}} Generally, the Eastern Parkway Extension has fewer institutions or commercial structures, and there are many more residential or industrial buildings.{{sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006a|p=17}} The city's zoning prevents office buildings from being built on the parkway.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jacobs |first=Karrie |date=2003-06-05 |title=Remodeling, Answering to a Higher Authority |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/05/garden/remodeling-answering-to-a-higher-authority.html |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
+=== Original zoning ===
-Some of the larger structures on the parkway include the [[Brooklyn Museum]]<ref name="Goldberger 1986" /><ref name="New York Daily News 1999" /> and the [[Central Library (Brooklyn Public Library)|Brooklyn Central Library]].<ref name="New York Daily News 1999" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gray |first=Christopher |date=October 11, 1987 |title=Streetscapes: Brooklyn Museum; A Touch of Imperial Rome Gracing Eastern Parkway |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/11/realestate/streetscapes-brooklyn-museum-a-touch-of-imperial-rome-gracing-eastern-parkway.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727163034/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/11/realestate/streetscapes-brooklyn-museum-a-touch-of-imperial-rome-gracing-eastern-parkway.html |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |access-date=July 27, 2019 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Other attractions and notable buildings along Eastern Parkway include the [[Brooklyn Botanic Garden]], the [[Chabad|Lubavitch]] world headquarters at [[770 Eastern Parkway]], and the [[Jewish Children's Museum]].{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=5}}{{Sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1939|pages=485–488}}{{sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006a|p=20}} The [[East New York Savings Bank Building]], a designated city landmark, is at 1117 Eastern Parkway on the northwest corner with Utica Avenue.<ref>{{cite web |last=Croghan |first=Lore |date=March 8, 2016 |title=Crown Heights North gets a new landmark |url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2016/03/08/crown-heights-north-gets-a-new-landmark/ |access-date=July 20, 2024 |website=Brooklyn Eagle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Rachel Holliday |last2=Bautista |first2=Camille |date=March 8, 2016 |title=1920s-Era Eastern Parkway Bank With 'Special Character' Landmarked by City |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20160308/crown-heights/1920s-era-eastern-parkway-bank-with-special-character-landmarked-by-city/ |access-date=July 20, 2024 |website=DNAinfo New York}}</ref> There are also numerous parks along Eastern Parkway's route. In addition to Prospect and Highland parks, Eastern Parkway passes by [[Mount Prospect Park]] at its west end, as well as Callahan and Kelly Playground at its eastern end. There are also numerous schools and educational institutions around the parkway, such as PS 155, PS 157, PS 167, Prospect High School, [[Clara Barton High School]], and [[Medgar Evers College]].{{sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006a|p=20}}
+The design of the original parkway was supposed to spur the construction of prestigious residential structures between Douglas Street to the north and President Street to the south.  Olmsted believed he could narrow the paved portion of the main road to {{convert|40|ft|m}} and widen the medians to {{convert|50|ft|m}}. The service roads themselves would be relegated to {{convert|35|ft|m|adj=mid|-wide}} driveways.{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=3}}<ref name="MIT Press 1973" /> On the service roads, Olmsted proposed erecting only "first class" residences,{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=3}}<ref name="MIT Press 1973" />   with buildings set back {{convert|30|ft|m}} from the sidewalk.<ref name="n151800299">{{Cite news |date=1875-02-06 |title=Town Survey Commission of Kings County |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/kings-county-rural-gazette-town-survey-c/151800299/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=Kings County Rural Gazette |pages=7 |via=newspapers.com |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722161237/https://www.newspapers.com/article/kings-county-rural-gazette-town-survey-c/151800299/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="n151799657" /> These buildings would have been detached homes with courtyards, and the Brooklyn park commissioners were charged with ensuring that all new development conformed to that building style.<ref name="n151800035">{{Cite news |date=1888-11-21 |title=Building on Eastern Parkway |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-building-on-eas/151800035/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=1 |via=newspapers.com |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723010756/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-building-on-eas/151800035/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Douglass and President streets, which run two blocks away from Eastern Parkway, were widened when the parkway was built.{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=3}}<ref name="MIT Press 1973" /> The streets directly to the south and north of the parkway (respectively, Union and Degraw streets) were narrowed to 35 feet.<ref name="n151799657" /> All new construction on Union and Degraw streets was banned except for private horse stables,<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1897" /><ref name="The Standard Union 1907" /> which were to be attached to houses along Eastern Parkway.<ref name="The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1911" /> Because of these restrictions, and because the eastern end of the parkway led nowhere, these sites remained under-developed into the end of the 19th century.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1892a" /><ref name="The Standard Union 1907">{{Cite news |date=February 3, 1907 |title=Joint Meeting To-morrow |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-joint-meeting-to-morr/150249329/ |access-date=June 28, 2024 |work=The Standard Union |pages=17 |archive-date=June 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628201510/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-joint-meeting-to-morr/150249329/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The housing restriction was repealed in 1903.{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=3}}<ref name="MIT Press 1973">{{Cite book |title=Forty years of landscape architecture: Central Park [by] Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr |date=1973 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0262150095 |editor1-last=Olmsted |editor1-first=Frederick Law |location=Cambridge, Mass. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fortyyearsofland00fred/page/185 185] |oclc=763563 |editor2-last=Hubbard |editor2-first=Theodora Kimball |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/fortyyearsofland00fred/page/185}}</ref> Other restrictions were put in place, including a requirement that all proposed plantings be approved first.<ref name="www.nycgovparks.org" />
+=== Current structures ===
+[[File:Eastern Parkway apts.JPG|thumb|Apartment building on Eastern Parkway across from the [[Brooklyn Museum]]|alt=]]In the 21st century, Eastern Parkway contains a variety of [[zoning]] uses. While the parkway is mostly zoned for mid-to-high-rise residential structures, there are also small areas of commercial zoning, as well as industrial zoning at the extreme eastern end, where there is a high concentration of transit-related infrastructure in the area around [[Broadway Junction (Brooklyn)|Broadway Junction]]. In addition, high-rise zoning is allowed at the western end.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/ |title=NYC Planning ZoLa |website=ZoLa |access-date=July 26, 2019 |archive-date=July 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726143431/https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006a|p=17}} Eastern Parkway is lined with one-and-two-family rowhouses, apartment complexes, semi-detached residences, and freestanding mansions.{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=5}}<ref name="Goldberger 1986" /> There are many [[Pre-war architecture|pre-war]] apartment buildings on the parkway, some of which have become [[housing cooperative]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Klockenbrink |first=Myra |date=January 20, 1985 |title=If You're Thinking of Living in: Crown Heights |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/20/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-of-living-in-crown-heights.html |access-date=June 27, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124010808/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/20/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-of-living-in-crown-heights.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Some of these apartment buildings, such as Turner Towers and Copley Plaza, are similar to developments on [[Park Avenue]] in Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Sarah Harrison |date=May 18, 2013 |title=Brooklyn's Champs-Élysées |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/nyregion/eastern-parkway-a-triumph-of-olmsted-and-vaux.html |access-date=July 6, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727163033/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/nyregion/eastern-parkway-a-triumph-of-olmsted-and-vaux.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="New York Daily News 1999">{{cite news |date=April 15, 1999 |title=Real Estate Scene a Fresh Prospect Heights Caribbean Influx Brings New Flavor |work=New York Daily News |page=15 |issn=2692-1251 |id={{ProQuest|313654607}}}}</ref> Commercial uses are more common at Franklin, Nostrand, Kingston, Schenectady, and Utica Avenues, where there are subway entrances.{{Sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006b|p=2}} Generally, the Eastern Parkway Extension has fewer institutions or commercial structures, and there are many more residential or industrial buildings.{{sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006a|p=17}} The city's zoning prevents office buildings from being built on the parkway.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jacobs |first=Karrie |date=June 5, 2003 |title=Remodeling, Answering to a Higher Authority |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/05/garden/remodeling-answering-to-a-higher-authority.html |access-date=July 21, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430152118/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/05/garden/remodeling-answering-to-a-higher-authority.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Some of the larger structures on the parkway include the [[Brooklyn Museum]]<ref name="Goldberger 1986" /><ref name="New York Daily News 1999" /> and the [[Central Library (Brooklyn Public Library)|Brooklyn Central Library]].<ref name="New York Daily News 1999" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gray |first=Christopher |date=October 11, 1987 |title=Streetscapes: Brooklyn Museum; A Touch of Imperial Rome Gracing Eastern Parkway |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/11/realestate/streetscapes-brooklyn-museum-a-touch-of-imperial-rome-gracing-eastern-parkway.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727163034/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/11/realestate/streetscapes-brooklyn-museum-a-touch-of-imperial-rome-gracing-eastern-parkway.html |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |access-date=July 27, 2019 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Other attractions and notable buildings along Eastern Parkway include the [[Brooklyn Botanic Garden]], the [[Chabad|Lubavitch]] world headquarters at [[770 Eastern Parkway]], and the [[Jewish Children's Museum]].{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=5}}{{Sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1939|pages=485–488}}{{sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006a|p=20}} The [[East New York Savings Bank Building]], a designated city landmark, is at 1117 Eastern Parkway on the northwest corner with Utica Avenue.<ref>{{cite web |last=Croghan |first=Lore |date=March 8, 2016 |title=Crown Heights North gets a new landmark |url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2016/03/08/crown-heights-north-gets-a-new-landmark/ |access-date=July 20, 2024 |website=Brooklyn Eagle |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722162406/https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2016/03/08/crown-heights-north-gets-a-new-landmark/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Rachel Holliday |last2=Bautista |first2=Camille |date=March 8, 2016 |title=1920s-Era Eastern Parkway Bank With 'Special Character' Landmarked by City |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20160308/crown-heights/1920s-era-eastern-parkway-bank-with-special-character-landmarked-by-city/ |access-date=July 20, 2024 |website=DNAinfo New York |archive-date=November 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112130220/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20160308/crown-heights/1920s-era-eastern-parkway-bank-with-special-character-landmarked-by-city |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are also numerous parks along Eastern Parkway's route. In addition to Prospect and Highland parks, Eastern Parkway passes by [[Mount Prospect Park]] at its west end, as well as Callahan and Kelly Playground at its eastern end. There are also numerous schools and educational institutions around the parkway, such as PS 155, PS 157, PS 167, Prospect High School, [[Clara Barton High School]], and [[Medgar Evers College]].{{sfn|New York City Department of Transportation|2006a|p=20}}
 == Events ==
-Eastern Parkway is the route of the [[West Indian Day Parade]], a festive annual celebration taking place during [[J'ouvert]], around [[Labor Day (United States)|Labor Day]].{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=5}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/west-indian-american-day-carnival-new-york |title=West Indian Day Parade 2019 guide |website=Time Out New York |language=en |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727174811/https://www.timeout.com/newyork/west-indian-american-day-carnival-new-york |url-status=live}}</ref> The parade, which has been held on Eastern Parkway since {{Circa|1968}},<ref>{{Cite news |date=1973-09-04 |title=Metropolitan Briefs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/09/04/archives/metropolitan-briefs-brooklyn-views-west-indian-march-despite-a.html |access-date=2024-07-20 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> attracts between one and three million participants each year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/ourbrooklyn/carnival/ |title=Our Brooklyn – West Indian Carnival History |website=www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-date=November 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103111057/http://www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/ourbrooklyn/carnival/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.6sqft.com/the-history-of-brooklyns-caribbean-carnival-the-most-colorful-event-in-new-york-city/ |title=The history of Brooklyn's Caribbean Carnival, the most colorful event in New York City |website=6sqft |language=en-US |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727174813/https://www.6sqft.com/the-history-of-brooklyns-caribbean-carnival-the-most-colorful-event-in-new-york-city/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The event often attracts West Indians from all over the Americas.<ref name="Samuel 1994" /> Street vendors and other businesses on Eastern Parkway prepare large amounts of food for the parade.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vidal |first=David |date=31 Aug 1975 |title=West Indians Celebrating THE Carnival in Brooklyn |work=The New York Times |page=74 |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|120639361}}}}</ref> In the 21st century, the West Indian Day Parade has received media attention for shootings and stabbings on the route, both during and following the parade.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/09/nyregion/violence-casts-a-shadow-over-jouvert-celebration-in-brooklyn.html |title=Violence Casts a Shadow Over J'ouvert Celebration in Brooklyn |last=Goodman |first=J. David |date=September 8, 2015 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 27, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727174808/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/09/nyregion/violence-casts-a-shadow-over-jouvert-celebration-in-brooklyn.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
+Eastern Parkway is the route of the [[West Indian Day Parade]], a festive annual celebration taking place during [[J'ouvert]], around [[Labor Day (United States)|Labor Day]].{{sfn|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978|p=5}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/west-indian-american-day-carnival-new-york |title=West Indian Day Parade 2019 guide |website=Time Out New York |language=en |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727174811/https://www.timeout.com/newyork/west-indian-american-day-carnival-new-york |url-status=live}}</ref> The parade, which has been held on Eastern Parkway since {{Circa|1968}},<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 4, 1973 |title=Metropolitan Briefs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/09/04/archives/metropolitan-briefs-brooklyn-views-west-indian-march-despite-a.html |access-date=July 20, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722162408/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/09/04/archives/metropolitan-briefs-brooklyn-views-west-indian-march-despite-a.html |url-status=live }}</ref> attracts between one and three million participants each year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/ourbrooklyn/carnival/ |title=Our Brooklyn – West Indian Carnival History |website=www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-date=November 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103111057/http://www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/ourbrooklyn/carnival/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.6sqft.com/the-history-of-brooklyns-caribbean-carnival-the-most-colorful-event-in-new-york-city/ |title=The history of Brooklyn's Caribbean Carnival, the most colorful event in New York City |website=6sqft |language=en-US |access-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727174813/https://www.6sqft.com/the-history-of-brooklyns-caribbean-carnival-the-most-colorful-event-in-new-york-city/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The event often attracts West Indians from all over the Americas.<ref name="Samuel 1994" /> Street vendors and other businesses on Eastern Parkway prepare large amounts of food for the parade.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vidal |first=David |date=August 31, 1975 |title=West Indians Celebrating THE Carnival in Brooklyn |work=The New York Times |page=74 |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|120639361}}}}</ref> In the 21st century, the West Indian Day Parade has received media attention for shootings and stabbings on the route, both during and following the parade.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/09/nyregion/violence-casts-a-shadow-over-jouvert-celebration-in-brooklyn.html |title=Violence Casts a Shadow Over J'ouvert Celebration in Brooklyn |last=Goodman |first=J. David |date=September 8, 2015 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 27, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727174808/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/09/nyregion/violence-casts-a-shadow-over-jouvert-celebration-in-brooklyn.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
-{{As of|2023}}, as part of New York City's annual [[Summer Streets]] event, the street is closed to traffic for pedestrians and cyclists for one Saturday in August.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abc7ny.com/summer-streets-nyc-car-free-open/13372856/ |title=Summer Streets expands to 20 miles of car-free open space and will include Harlem for 1st time |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=June 12, 2023 |website= |publisher=[[WABC-TV]] |access-date=December 17, 2023 |quote= |archive-date=December 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217151856/https://abc7ny.com/summer-streets-nyc-car-free-open/13372856/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Eastern Parkway has also been used as the route of the [[Brooklyn Half Marathon]].<ref>See, for example: {{cite web |last=Adcroft |first=Patrick |title=Street closures, subway changes set for Brooklyn Half Marathon |website=Spectrum News NY1 |date=May 16, 2024 |url=https://ny1.com/nyc/brooklyn/news/2024/05/16/brooklyn-half-marathon-2024-street-closures-subway-changes- |access-date=June 24, 2024 |postscript=none |archive-date=June 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624152925/https://ny1.com/nyc/brooklyn/news/2024/05/16/brooklyn-half-marathon-2024-street-closures-subway-changes- |url-status=live}}; {{cite web |last=Luck |first=Brad |title=Brooklyn Half Marathon: route, road closures, what to know |website=NBC New York |date=April 26, 2024 |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/brooklyn-half-marathon-route-road-closures-what-to-know/5358434/ |access-date=June 24, 2024 |archive-date=June 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624152928/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/brooklyn-half-marathon-route-road-closures-what-to-know/5358434/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The parkway hosted large [[Memorial Day]] parades every year for much of the 20th century; by the 2000s, these parades had been moved to [[Bay Ridge, Brooklyn]], due to declining attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correal |first=Annie |last2=Newman |first2=Andy |date=May 23, 2014 |title=New York Today: Memorial Day, Writ Small |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/23/new-york-today-memorial-day-writ-small/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=City Room |language=en |archive-date=June 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630011114/https://archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/23/new-york-today-memorial-day-writ-small/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, thousands of rabbis congregate annually on Eastern Parkway to take group photos near the Lubavitch headquarters.<ref>{{cite web |last=Keith |first=Stephanie |date=November 13, 2023 |title=Scenes from the Chabad Lubavitch annual group portrait |url=https://www.bkmag.com/2023/11/13/scenes-from-the-chabad-lubavitch-annual-group-portrait/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |website=Brooklyn Magazine}}</ref>
+{{As of|2023}}, as part of New York City's annual [[Summer Streets]] event, the street is closed to traffic for pedestrians and cyclists for one Saturday in August.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abc7ny.com/summer-streets-nyc-car-free-open/13372856/ |title=Summer Streets expands to 20 miles of car-free open space and will include Harlem for 1st time |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=June 12, 2023 |website= |publisher=[[WABC-TV]] |access-date=December 17, 2023 |quote= |archive-date=December 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217151856/https://abc7ny.com/summer-streets-nyc-car-free-open/13372856/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Eastern Parkway has also been used as the route of the [[Brooklyn Half Marathon]].<ref>See, for example: {{cite web |last=Adcroft |first=Patrick |title=Street closures, subway changes set for Brooklyn Half Marathon |website=Spectrum News NY1 |date=May 16, 2024 |url=https://ny1.com/nyc/brooklyn/news/2024/05/16/brooklyn-half-marathon-2024-street-closures-subway-changes- |access-date=June 24, 2024 |postscript=none |archive-date=June 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624152925/https://ny1.com/nyc/brooklyn/news/2024/05/16/brooklyn-half-marathon-2024-street-closures-subway-changes- |url-status=live}}; {{cite web |last=Luck |first=Brad |title=Brooklyn Half Marathon: route, road closures, what to know |website=NBC New York |date=April 26, 2024 |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/brooklyn-half-marathon-route-road-closures-what-to-know/5358434/ |access-date=June 24, 2024 |archive-date=June 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624152928/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/brooklyn-half-marathon-route-road-closures-what-to-know/5358434/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The parkway hosted large [[Memorial Day]] parades every year for much of the 20th century; by the 2000s, these parades had been moved to [[Bay Ridge, Brooklyn]], due to declining attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Correal |first1=Annie |last2=Newman |first2=Andy |date=May 23, 2014 |title=New York Today: Memorial Day, Writ Small |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/23/new-york-today-memorial-day-writ-small/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=City Room |language=en |archive-date=June 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630011114/https://archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/23/new-york-today-memorial-day-writ-small/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, thousands of rabbis congregate annually on Eastern Parkway to take group photos near the Lubavitch headquarters.<ref>{{cite web |last=Keith |first=Stephanie |date=November 13, 2023 |title=Scenes from the Chabad Lubavitch annual group portrait |url=https://www.bkmag.com/2023/11/13/scenes-from-the-chabad-lubavitch-annual-group-portrait/ |access-date=July 21, 2024 |website=Brooklyn Magazine |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723010750/https://www.bkmag.com/2023/11/13/scenes-from-the-chabad-lubavitch-annual-group-portrait/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==Transportation==
+[[File:Eastern Pkwy Utica Av td (2021-12-11) 03.jpg|thumb|A bus at the intersection with Utica Avenue]]
-The [[New York City Subway]]'s [[IRT Eastern Parkway Line]] runs under the parkway.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1920" /> There are stations at {{stn|Eastern Parkway–Brooklyn Museum}} (served by the {{NYCS trains|Eastern west local header}}), {{stn|Franklin Avenue||IRT Eastern Parkway Line}} (served by the {{NYCS trains|Franklin-Botanic}}), {{stn|Nostrand Avenue||IRT Eastern Parkway Line}} and {{stn|Kingston Avenue}} (both served by the {{NYCS trains|Eastern center local header}}), and {{stn|Crown Heights–Utica Avenue}} (served by the {{NYCS trains|Eastern east header}}).<ref name="submap" /><ref>{{cite NYC neighborhood map|Crown Heights}}</ref> The line underneath Eastern Parkway is mostly a double-deck tunnel, with two tracks on each level.<ref name="The Standard Union 1915" /> At the Franklin Avenue station, all four tracks of the Eastern Parkway Line are on the same level,<ref name="The Standard Union 1915" /><ref name="Times Union 1915" /> and the {{NYCS trains|Franklin|time=nolink}} crosses over the Eastern Parkway Line.<ref name="Times Union 1915" />
+The [[New York City Subway]]'s [[IRT Eastern Parkway Line]] runs under the parkway.<ref name="New-York Tribune 1920" /> There are stations at {{stn|Eastern Parkway–Brooklyn Museum}} (served by the {{NYCS trains|Eastern west local header}}), {{stn|Franklin Avenue||IRT Eastern Parkway Line}} (served by the {{NYCS trains|Franklin-Botanic}}), {{stn|Nostrand Avenue||IRT Eastern Parkway Line}} and {{stn|Kingston Avenue}} (both served by the {{NYCS trains|Eastern center local header}}), and {{stn|Crown Heights–Utica Avenue}} (served by the {{NYCS trains|Eastern east header}}).<ref name="submap" /><ref>{{cite NYC neighborhood map|Crown Heights}}</ref> The line underneath Eastern Parkway is mostly a double-deck tunnel, with two tracks on each level.<ref name="The Standard Union 1915" /> At the Franklin Avenue station, all four tracks of the Eastern Parkway Line are on the same level,<ref name="The Standard Union 1915" /><ref name="Times Union 1915" /> and the {{NYCS trains|Franklin|time=nolink}} crosses over the Eastern Parkway Line.<ref name="Times Union 1915" /> The [[Broadway Junction station]] on the {{NYCS trains|Broadway Junction}} is located at the extreme eastern end of the Eastern Parkway Extension.<ref name="submap">{{NYCS const|map}}</ref><ref>{{Cite NYC neighborhood map|Ocean Hill}}</ref>
-The [[Broadway Junction station]] on the {{NYCS trains|Broadway Junction}} is located at the extreme eastern end of the Eastern Parkway Extension.<ref name="submap">{{NYCS const|map}}</ref><ref>{{Cite NYC neighborhood map|Ocean Hill}}</ref> The [[B14 (New York City bus)|B14]] and westbound [[B17 (New York City bus)|B17]] buses of [[MTA Regional Bus Operations]] travel on the parkway for short stretches.<ref>{{cite NYC bus map|B}}</ref>
+Several bus routes also serve Eastern Parkway. The [[B14 (New York City bus)|B14]] bus runs on Eastern Parkway eastbound from Utica Avenue to Ralph Avenue, and the westbound B14 runs on the parkway from Howard Avenue to Schenectady Avenue, terminating at Utica Avenue. The Crown Heights–bound [[B17 (New York City bus)|B17]] bus runs from Troy Avenue to Utica Avenue, where it terminates. The [[Ridgewood, Queens|Ridgewood]]–bound {{NYC bus link|B20}} and [[Bushwick, Brooklyn|Bushwick]]–bound {{NYC bus link|Q24}} buses run on the parkway from Fulton Street to Broadway.<ref>{{cite NYC bus map|B}}</ref>
 ==See also==
 * [[Parkways in New York#List of parkways|List of parkways in New York]]
 * [[List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Brooklyn]]
+* [[List of New York City scenic landmarks]]
 * [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Brooklyn]]
@@ Line 175: / Line 188: @@
 ===Sources===
 * {{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/annualreportsofb1873broo |title=Annual reports of the Brooklyn Park Commissioners, 1861–1873 |date=1861 |publisher=[Brooklyn] : The Commissioners |ref={{harvid|Brooklyn Park Commissioners|1861}}}}
-* {{Cite journal |last=Bosselmann |first=Peter |last2=Macdonald |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Kronemeyer |first3=Thomas |date=June 30, 1999 |title=Livable Streets Revisited |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01944369908976045 |journal=Journal of the American Planning Association |language=en |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=168–180 |doi=10.1080/01944369908976045 |issn=0194-4363}}
+* {{Cite journal |last1=Bosselmann |first1=Peter |last2=Macdonald |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Kronemeyer |first3=Thomas |date=June 30, 1999 |title=Livable Streets Revisited |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01944369908976045 |journal=Journal of the American Planning Association |language=en |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=168–180 |doi=10.1080/01944369908976045 |issn=0194-4363}}
 * {{cite landmarks}}
 * {{cite report |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0998.pdf |title=Eastern Parkway |date=August 22, 1978 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=July 26, 2019 |archive-date=May 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516210221/https://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0998.pdf |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1978}}}}
@@ Line 189: / Line 202: @@
 {{attached KML|display=inline,title}}
 * {{Commons category-inline|Eastern Parkway (Brooklyn)}}
+{{Portal bar|New York City|NRHP|U.S. roads}}{{Brooklyn Streets}}
-{{Brooklyn Streets}}
 {{Protected areas of New York City}}
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 208: / Line 220: @@
 [[Category:Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)]]
 [[Category:Streets in Brooklyn]]
-[[Category:Protected areas established in 1874‎]]
+[[Category:Protected areas established in 1874]]

v t e Streets of Brooklyn
North–south roads	3rd Av 4th Av 8th Av 13th Av Abolitionist Pl/Duffield St Bay Pkwy Bedford Av Cadman Plz Conduit Blvd Coney Island Av Flatbush Av Fort Hamilton Pkwy Fountain Av Kings Hwy Manhattan Av McDonald Av McGuinness Blvd Nostrand Av Ocean Av Ocean Pkwy Pennsylvania Av Rockaway Pkwy Stillwell Av Utica Av Vanderbilt Av
East–west roads	Atlantic Av Broadway Cropsey Av DeKalb Av Eastern Pkwy Flatlands Av Flushing Av Fulton St Grand St Greenpoint Av Jamaica Av Liberty Av Linden Blvd Metropolitan Av Myrtle Av Prospect Av Avenue U
Eponymous streets in New York City Numbered streets Numbered avenues Lettered avenues Other thoroughfares