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[[File:NE Autonomous divisions of India.svg|266x266px|right|thumb|Autonomous councils in North East India]]
[[File:NE Autonomous divisions of India.svg|266x266px|right|thumb|Autonomous councils in North East India]]
{{Politics of India}}
{{Politics of India}}
In India, there are autonomously administered territories for [[Scheduled Tribes]] which are administered by the representatives of those tribes. While some are constitutional, others are created by state legislations. The Sixth Schedule of the [[Constitution of India]] allows for the formation of '''Autonomous District Councils''' and '''Autonomous Regional Councils''' in [[States and union territories of India|four states]], which has autonomy within their territory. The Act of Parliament of India and state legislations are not applicable in their jurisdiction.<ref name=COIS6>{{cite web| url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/S6.pdf| title=Sixth Schedule of The Constitution of India| access-date=27 October 2019| archive-date=27 October 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027170935/https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/S6.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref> Currently, there are 10 Autonomous District Councils in [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], and [[Tripura]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.firstpost.com/india/union-cabinet-approves-amendment-in-sixth-schedule-to-strengthen-10-north-east-autonomous-councils-5951561.html|title = Union Cabinet approves amendment in Sixth Schedule to strengthen 10 North East autonomous councils|date = 24 January 2019|access-date = 3 November 2019|archive-date = 28 October 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201028091638/https://www.firstpost.com/india/union-cabinet-approves-amendment-in-sixth-schedule-to-strengthen-10-north-east-autonomous-councils-5951561.html|url-status = live}}</ref> There are also other autonomous councils in [[Northeast India]], [[Ladakh]], and [[West Bengal]] formed by state legislations. Unlike the constitutional councils, the Act of Parliament of India and state legislations are applicable in these councils.{{cn}}
In India, there are autonomously administered territories for [[Scheduled Tribes]], administered by representatives of those tribes. The [[Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Sixth Schedule]] of the [[Constitution of India]] allows for the formation of '''Autonomous District Councils''' and '''Autonomous Regional Councils''' in [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], and [[Tripura]], granting them autonomy within their respective territories. Currently, there are 10 Autonomous District Councils across these four states. In these areas, Acts of Parliament and state legislation do not apply.<ref name=COIS6>{{cite web| url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/S6.pdf| title=Sixth Schedule of The Constitution of India| access-date=27 October 2019| archive-date=27 October 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027170935/https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/S6.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.firstpost.com/india/union-cabinet-approves-amendment-in-sixth-schedule-to-strengthen-10-north-east-autonomous-councils-5951561.html|title = Union Cabinet approves amendment in Sixth Schedule to strengthen 10 North East autonomous councils|date = 24 January 2019|access-date = 3 November 2019|archive-date = 28 October 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201028091638/https://www.firstpost.com/india/union-cabinet-approves-amendment-in-sixth-schedule-to-strengthen-10-north-east-autonomous-councils-5951561.html|url-status = live}}</ref>
Additionally, other autonomous councils, created by individual states through state legislation, exist in [[Northeast India]], [[Ladakh]], and [[West Bengal]]. Unlike those under the Sixth Schedule, these councils are subject to parliamentary and state laws.{{cn|date=August 2024}}


==Powers and competencies==
==Powers and competencies==
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==Constitutional autonomous councils==
==Constitutional autonomous councils==
Autonomous District Councils operating under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India:
There are 10 Autonomous District Councils created by the [[Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India]]:


{{static row numbers}}
{{static row numbers}}
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|[[Pramod Boro]]
|[[Pramod Boro]]
|-
|-
|| [[North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council]]|| [[Haflong]]|| 1951
|| [[North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council]]|| [[Haflong]]|| 1952
|Debolal Gorlosa
|Debolal Gorlosa
|-
|-
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==Statutory autonomous councils==
==Statutory autonomous councils==
States has also created autonomous councils by the Act of state legislation. The two autonomous councils in the [[Union Territory]] of [[Ladakh]] was created by the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] before it was split into UTs.
Some states have created autonomous councils by an Act of their state legislatures. The two autonomous councils in the [[union territory]] of [[Ladakh]] was created by the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|state of Jammu and Kashmir]] (1952 – 2019).


{{static row numbers}}
{{static row numbers}}
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|-
|-
|| [[Mising Autonomous Council]]|| [[Dhemaji]]|| 1995
|| [[Mising Autonomous Council]]|| [[Dhemaji]]|| 1995
|Ranoj Pegu
|[[Ranoj Pegu]]
|-
|-
|| [[Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council]]|| [[Dudhnoi]]|| 1995
|| [[Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council]]|| [[Dudhnoi]]|| 1995
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| Lalthazam, MCS
| Lalthazam, MCS
|-
|-
|| [[Sadar Hills ]]|| [[Kangpokpi]] || 1971<ref name=":0k" />
|| [[Sadar Hills Autonomous District Council]]|| [[Kangpokpi]] || 1971<ref name=":0k" />
| James Doujapao Haokip, MCS
| James Doujapao Haokip, MCS
|-
|-
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[[North Sentinel Island]] is situated in the island chain of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] which is a [[union territory]] of India. It is home to the [[Sentinelese people]], who are among some of the world's last [[uncontacted peoples]]. They reject any contact with other people and are among the last people to remain virtually untouched by modern civilization. There has never been any treaty with the people of the island nor any record of a physical occupation.
[[North Sentinel Island]] is situated in the island chain of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] which is a [[union territory]] of India. It is home to the [[Sentinelese people]], who are among some of the world's last [[uncontacted peoples]]. They reject any contact with other people and are among the last people to remain virtually untouched by modern civilization. There has never been any treaty with the people of the island nor any record of a physical occupation.


The Andaman and Nicobar Administration has stated<ref>[http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm#sentineli The Sentineli] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302021552/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm#sentineli |date=2 March 2009 }}.</ref> that they have no intention of interfering with the Sentinelese's lifestyle or habitat. Although the island is likely to have suffered seriously from the effects of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|December 2004 tsunami]], the survival of the Sentinelese was confirmed when, some days after the event, an Indian government helicopter observed several of them, who shot arrows at the hovering aircraft to repel it.
The Andaman and Nicobar Administration has stated<ref>[http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm#sentineli The Sentineli] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302021552/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm#sentineli |date=2 March 2009 }}.</ref> that they have no intention of interfering with the Sentinelese's lifestyle or habitat. Although the island is likely to have suffered seriously from the effects of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|December 2004 tsunami]], the survival of the Sentinelese was confirmed when, some days after the event, an [[Indian government]] helicopter observed several of them, who shot arrows at the hovering aircraft to repel it.


Although this has not been done with any formal treaty, the official policy of minimal interference has ensured that they have ''[[de facto]]'' autonomy and sovereignty over their island under the framework of the central and local governments.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thewe.cc/contents/more/archive2005/january/jarwas_onges_shompens_sentinelese_great_andamanese.htm |title=Administration in India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands has finally decided upon a policy of minimal interference |access-date=2008-08-21 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914105121/http://www.thewe.cc/contents/more/archive2005/january/jarwas_onges_shompens_sentinelese_great_andamanese.htm |archive-date=2012-09-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Although this has not been done with any formal treaty, the official policy of minimal interference has ensured that they have ''[[de facto]]'' autonomy and sovereignty over their island under the framework of the central and local governments.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thewe.cc/contents/more/archive2005/january/jarwas_onges_shompens_sentinelese_great_andamanese.htm |title=Administration in India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands has finally decided upon a policy of minimal interference |access-date=2008-08-21 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914105121/http://www.thewe.cc/contents/more/archive2005/january/jarwas_onges_shompens_sentinelese_great_andamanese.htm |archive-date=2012-09-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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[[Category:Administrative divisions of India]]
[[Category:Administrative divisions of India]]
[[Category:Autonomous regions of India]]
[[Category:Autonomous regions of India]]
[[Category:Lands reserved for indigenous peoples]]

Latest revision as of 04:52, 9 November 2024

Autonomous councils in India
Autonomous councils in North East India
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In India, there are autonomously administered territories for Scheduled Tribes, administered by representatives of those tribes. The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India allows for the formation of Autonomous District Councils and Autonomous Regional Councils in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura, granting them autonomy within their respective territories. Currently, there are 10 Autonomous District Councils across these four states. In these areas, Acts of Parliament and state legislation do not apply.[1][2]

Additionally, other autonomous councils, created by individual states through state legislation, exist in Northeast India, Ladakh, and West Bengal. Unlike those under the Sixth Schedule, these councils are subject to parliamentary and state laws.[citation needed]

Powers and competencies

[edit]

Executive and legislative powers

[edit]

Under the provisions of the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India, autonomous district councils can make laws, rules and regulations in the following areas:[1]

  • Land management
  • Forest management
  • Water resources
  • Agriculture and cultivation
  • Formation of village councils
  • Public health
  • Sanitation
  • Village and town level policing
  • Appointment of traditional chiefs and headmen
  • Inheritance of property
  • Marriage and divorce
  • Social customs
  • Money lending and trading
  • Mining and minerals

Judicial powers

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Autonomous district councils have powers to form courts to hear cases where both parties are members of Scheduled Tribes and the maximum sentence is less than 5 years in prison.[1]

Taxation and revenue

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Autonomous district councils have powers to levy taxes, fees and tolls on: building and land, animals, vehicles, boats, entry of goods into the area, roads, ferries, bridges, employment and income and general taxes for the maintenance of schools and roads.[1]

Constitutional autonomous councils

[edit]

There are 10 Autonomous District Councils created by the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India:

State Autonomous District Council Headquarters Formation Chief Executive Member
Assam Bodoland Territorial Council Kokrajhar 2003 Pramod Boro
North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council Haflong 1952 Debolal Gorlosa
Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council Diphu 1952 Tuliram Ronghang
Meghalaya Garo Hills Autonomous District Council Tura 1973 Benedick R Marak
Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council Jowai 1973 T Shiwat
Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council Shillong 1973 Titosstarwell Chyne
Mizoram Chakma Autonomous District Council Kamalanagar 1972 Rasik Mohan Chakma
Lai Autonomous District Council Lawngtlai 1972 V. Zirsanga
Mara Autonomous District Council Siaha 1972 M Laikaw
Tripura Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council Khumulwng 1982 Purna Chandra Jamatia

Statutory autonomous councils

[edit]

Some states have created autonomous councils by an Act of their state legislatures. The two autonomous councils in the union territory of Ladakh was created by the state of Jammu and Kashmir (1952 – 2019).

State/UT Autonomous Council Headquarters Formation Chief Executive Member
Assam Tiwa Autonomous Council Morigaon 1995 Jiban Chandra Konwar
Mising Autonomous Council Dhemaji 1995 Ranoj Pegu
Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council Dudhnoi 1995 Tankeswar Rabha
Sonowal Kachari Autonomous Council Dibrugarh 2005 Dipu ranjan Markari
Thengal Kachari Autonomous Council Titabar 2005 Kumud Ch Kachari
Deori Autonomous Council Narayanpur 2005 Madhav Deori
Moran Autonomous Council Tinsukia 2020 Dipon Moran
Matak Autonomous Council Chring Gaon 2020
Bodo Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council Simen Chapori 2020 Mihiniswar Basumatary
Kamtapur Autonomous Council Abhayapuri 2020 Jibesh Roy
Manipur Chandel Autonomous District Council Chandel 1971[3] Ksh. Siddharth, MCS
Churachandpur Autonomous District Council Churachandpur 1971[3] Lalthazam, MCS
Sadar Hills Autonomous District Council Kangpokpi 1971[3] James Doujapao Haokip, MCS
Manipur North Autonomous District Council Senapati 1971[3] H L Jain, MCS
Tamenglong Autonomous District Council Tamenglong 1971[3] Ningreingam Leisan[4]
Ukhrul Autonomous District Council Ukhrul 1971[3] David Kashungnao, MCS
Ladakh Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil Kargil 2003 Mohammad Jaffer Akhone
Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh Leh 1995 Tashi Gyalson
West Bengal Gorkhaland Territorial Administration Darjeeling 2012 Anit Thapa

De facto self-governing areas

[edit]

North Sentinel Island

[edit]

North Sentinel Island is situated in the island chain of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands which is a union territory of India. It is home to the Sentinelese people, who are among some of the world's last uncontacted peoples. They reject any contact with other people and are among the last people to remain virtually untouched by modern civilization. There has never been any treaty with the people of the island nor any record of a physical occupation.

The Andaman and Nicobar Administration has stated[5] that they have no intention of interfering with the Sentinelese's lifestyle or habitat. Although the island is likely to have suffered seriously from the effects of the December 2004 tsunami, the survival of the Sentinelese was confirmed when, some days after the event, an Indian government helicopter observed several of them, who shot arrows at the hovering aircraft to repel it.

Although this has not been done with any formal treaty, the official policy of minimal interference has ensured that they have de facto autonomy and sovereignty over their island under the framework of the central and local governments.[6]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Sixth Schedule of The Constitution of India" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  2. ^ "Union Cabinet approves amendment in Sixth Schedule to strengthen 10 North East autonomous councils". 24 January 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Autonomous District Councils Manipur in brief By Haokholal Hangshing". e-pao.net. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  4. ^ "MCS, MPS officers transferred : 16th jul22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". e-pao.net. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
  5. ^ The Sentineli Archived 2 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  6. ^ "Administration in India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands has finally decided upon a policy of minimal interference". Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
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