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{{Short description|Former somali sultanate in eastern Somalia}}
{{Short description|Former somali sultanate in eastern Somalia}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2021}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
| native_name = ولاية ماخر الصومال
| native_name = ولاية ماخر الصومال
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| conventional_long_name = Maakhir State of Somalia
| conventional_long_name = Maakhir State of Somalia
| common_name = Maakhir
| common_name = Maakhir
| s1 = Somalia
| s1 = Puntland
| image_map = location maakhir.png
| image_map = location maakhir.png
| national_motto = Diinta, Saldanada iyo Somalinimo ayaan isu sadqaynaynaa!
| national_motto = Diinta, Saldanada iyo Somalinimo ayaan isu sadqaynaynaa!
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| area_rank =
| area_rank =
| demonym = Makhiri
| demonym = Makhiri
| government_type = Sultanate State
| title_leader = President
| title_leader = President
| leader1 = Jibril Ali Salad
| leader1 = Jibril Ali Salad
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| date_start = 26 May
| date_start = 26 May
| year_start = 2007
| year_start = 2007
| event_end = Rebirth
| year_end = 2009
⚫
| date_end = 11 January
| year_end =
| GDP_PPP = $750
| GDP_PPP_year = 14,000000
| HDI =
| HDI_year = 2020
| currency = [[Somali shilling]]
| currency = [[Somali shilling]]
| cctld = [[.so]]
| cctld = [[.so]]
| calling_code = 252
| calling_code = 252
⚫
| flag_s1 = Flag of Puntland.svg
| today = [[Somalia]]
| today = [[Somalia]]
}}
}}


'''Maakhir''' ({{lang-so|Maamul Goboleedka Maakhir}}, {{lang-ar| ماخر }} {{transl|ar|'' Mākhir''}}), officially the '''Maakhir State of Somalia''' ({{lang-so|Maamul Goboleedka Maakhir}}; {{lang-ar|ولاية ماخر الصومال}} {{transl|ar|''Wilāyah Mākhir al-Ṣūmāl''}}) and also known as the Sultanate of Maakhir, is an [[proto-state|autonomous administration]] in the [[Sanaag]] region of eastern [[Somalia]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Piskunova |first=Natalia |year=2013 |chapter=State Failure in the Contemporary International System: New Trends, New Threats |editor-last=Krishna-Hensel |editor-first=Sai Felicia |title=Order and Disorder in the International System |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |pages=115–130 |isbn=9781409489078}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Yuusuf |first1=Muuse |title=The Genesis of the Civil War in Somalia: The Impact of Foreign Military Intervention on the Conflict |date=20 May 2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-7556-2711-0 |page=125 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzwoEAAAQBAJ&dq=Maakhir+State+sanaag&pg=PA125 |language=en}}</ref>
'''Maakhir''' ({{langx|so|Maamul Goboleedka Maakhir}}, {{langx|ar| ماخر }} {{transl|ar|'' Mākhir''}}), officially the '''Maakhir State of Somalia''' ({{langx|so|Maamul Goboleedka Maakhir}}; {{langx|ar|ولاية ماخر الصومال}} {{transl|ar|''Wilāyah Mākhir al-Ṣūmāl''}}) was a short-lived [[Proto-state|quasi-state]] in the [[Sanaag]] region of eastern [[Somalia]] formed in 2007.<ref>{{cite book |last=Piskunova |first=Natalia |year=2013 |chapter=State Failure in the Contemporary International System: New Trends, New Threats |editor-last=Krishna-Hensel |editor-first=Sai Felicia |title=Order and Disorder in the International System |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |pages=115–130 |isbn=9781409489078}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Yuusuf |first1=Muuse |title=The Genesis of the Civil War in Somalia: The Impact of Foreign Military Intervention on the Conflict |date=20 May 2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-7556-2711-0 |page=125 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzwoEAAAQBAJ&dq=Maakhir+State+sanaag&pg=PA125 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishna-Hensel |first=Sai Felicia |title=Order and disorder in the international system |date=2010 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-1-4094-0505-4 |series=Global interdisciplinary studies series |location=Farnham, England Burlington, VT |pages=127}}</ref> It rejoined Puntland in 2009.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Rule and rupture: state formation through the production of property and citizenship |date=2017 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-38479-3 |editor-last=Lund |editor-first=Christian |series=Development and change book series |location=Chichester, UK ; Hoboken, NJ |pages=197 |editor-last2=Eilenberg |editor-first2=Michael}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
Maakhir is the only Somali territory to never be ruled by a foreign power. Until 1949, the northern region of Somalia (including Maakhir, which was fully [[autonomous]]) was known to the [[Western world]] as [[British Somaliland]].[https://www.hiiraan.com/op4/2008/jan/5417/statement_by_the_maakhir_diaspora_forum.aspx]
Maakhir is the only Somali territory to never be ruled by a foreign power. Until 1949, the northern region of Somalia (including Maakhir, which was fully [[autonomous]]) was known to the [[Western world]] as [[British Somaliland]].[https://www.hiiraan.com/op4/2008/jan/5417/statement_by_the_maakhir_diaspora_forum.aspx] Maakhir refers to the area historically governed by the [[Warsangali Sultanate]], which existed for centuries and played a significant role in the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://sciencespo.hal.science/hal-01044642/ |title=The Puntland State of Somalia. A Tentative Social Analysis |last=Marchal |first=Roland |date=2010 |language=en}}</ref>


===Military operations===
===Military operations===
In February 2008, Somaliland armed forces laid siege to [[Hadaftimo]], causing a state of emergency before the troops withdrew into [[Erigavo]]. Maakhir responded by increasing its military presence in Erigavo.<ref>[https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/111689/P200.pdf The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland.]</ref>
In February 2008, Somaliland armed forces [[Siege of Hadaftimo|laid siege to Hadaftimo]], causing a state of emergency before the troops withdrew into [[Erigavo]]. Maakhir responded by increasing its military presence in Erigavo.<ref>[https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/111689/P200.pdf The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland.]</ref>


On 9 July, hostilities were reignited when Somaliland troops invaded and occupied [[Laas Qoray]] port, under the pretense of rescuing German citizens who were allegedly being held hostage by [[pirates]] in the area.<ref>[http://www.laasqoray.net/view_article.php?articleid=3680 CIIDAMADA SOMALILAND OO DHAAWAC U GAYSTAY MID KA MID AH DADKA XUSUL DUUBKA UGU JIRA SII DAYNTA DADKA AFDUUBKA LOO HAYSTO.] (Somali)</ref>
On 9 July, hostilities were reignited when Somaliland troops invaded and [[Battle of Las qoray (2008)|occupied Laas Qoray port]], under the pretense of rescuing German citizens who were allegedly being held hostage by [[pirates]] in the area.<ref>[http://www.laasqoray.net/view_article.php?articleid=3680 CIIDAMADA SOMALILAND OO DHAAWAC U GAYSTAY MID KA MID AH DADKA XUSUL DUUBKA UGU JIRA SII DAYNTA DADKA AFDUUBKA LOO HAYSTO.] (Somali)</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
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[[Category:Territorial disputes of Somalia]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Somalia]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Somaliland]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Somaliland]]
[[Category:Puntland]]
[[Category:History of Puntland]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 2009]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 2009]]

Latest revision as of 17:25, 2 January 2025

Maakhir State of Somalia
ولاية ماخر الصومال
Close up of Makhir State Map
Makhir official flag
2007–2009
Motto: Diinta, Saldanada iyo Somalinimo ayaan isu sadqaynaynaa!
Anthem: Saldanada Saatir ha saraysiiyo abidkeed
Location of Maakhir
CapitalBadhan
Common languagesSomali Makhiri
Demonym(s)Makhiri
President 
History 
• Declared
26 May 2007
• Disestablished
2009
CurrencySomali shilling
Calling code252
Internet TLD.so
 Succeeded by
Puntland
Today part ofSomalia

Maakhir (Somali: Maamul Goboleedka Maakhir, Arabic: ماخر Mākhir), officially the Maakhir State of Somalia (Somali: Maamul Goboleedka Maakhir; Arabic: ولاية ماخر الصومال Wilāyah Mākhir al-Ṣūmāl) was a short-lived quasi-state in the Sanaag region of eastern Somalia formed in 2007.[1][2][3] It rejoined Puntland in 2009.[4]

History

[edit]

Maakhir is the only Somali territory to never be ruled by a foreign power. Until 1949, the northern region of Somalia (including Maakhir, which was fully autonomous) was known to the Western world as British Somaliland.[1] Maakhir refers to the area historically governed by the Warsangali Sultanate, which existed for centuries and played a significant role in the early 20th century.[5]

Military operations

[edit]

In February 2008, Somaliland armed forces laid siege to Hadaftimo, causing a state of emergency before the troops withdrew into Erigavo. Maakhir responded by increasing its military presence in Erigavo.[6]

On 9 July, hostilities were reignited when Somaliland troops invaded and occupied Laas Qoray port, under the pretense of rescuing German citizens who were allegedly being held hostage by pirates in the area.[7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Piskunova, Natalia (2013). "State Failure in the Contemporary International System: New Trends, New Threats". In Krishna-Hensel, Sai Felicia (ed.). Order and Disorder in the International System. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 115–130. ISBN 9781409489078.
  2. ^ Yuusuf, Muuse (20 May 2021). The Genesis of the Civil War in Somalia: The Impact of Foreign Military Intervention on the Conflict. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-7556-2711-0.
  3. ^ Krishna-Hensel, Sai Felicia (2010). Order and disorder in the international system. Global interdisciplinary studies series. Farnham, England Burlington, VT: Ashgate. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-4094-0505-4.
  4. ^ Lund, Christian; Eilenberg, Michael, eds. (2017). Rule and rupture: state formation through the production of property and citizenship. Development and change book series. Chichester, UK ; Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-119-38479-3.
  5. ^ Marchal, Roland (2010). The Puntland State of Somalia. A Tentative Social Analysis (Report).
  6. ^ The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland.
  7. ^ CIIDAMADA SOMALILAND OO DHAAWAC U GAYSTAY MID KA MID AH DADKA XUSUL DUUBKA UGU JIRA SII DAYNTA DADKA AFDUUBKA LOO HAYSTO. (Somali)

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