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'''Empress Xiaoyichun''' (23 October 1727 – 28 February 1775) of the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] [[Eight Banners|Bordered Yellow Banner]] Weigiya clan was a consort of the [[Qianlong Emperor]] and the mother of four surviving children: the [[Jiaqing Emperor]], [[Princess Hejing (born 1756)|Princesses Hejing]] and [[Princess Heke|Heke]], and [[Yonglin|Prince Qingxi]].
'''Empress Xiaoyichun''' (23 October 1727 – 28 February 1775) of the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] [[Eight Banners|Bordered Yellow Banner]] Weigiya clan was an [[Imperial Chinese harem system#Qing|imperial consort]] of the [[Qing dynasty]]. She was the favored concubine of the [[Qianlong Emperor]], with whom she conceived seven children.


==Life==
==Life==
Line 44: Line 44:
** Paternal grandfather: Wei Jiuling ({{lang|zh|魏九齡}})
** Paternal grandfather: Wei Jiuling ({{lang|zh|魏九齡}})
* Mother: Lady Yanggiya ({{Lang|zh|楊佳氏}})
* Mother: Lady Yanggiya ({{Lang|zh|楊佳氏}})
* One elder sister
* Two brothers

===Yongzheng era===
===Yongzheng era===
Lady Wei was born on the 9th day of the 9th [[Lunar calendar|lunar]] month in the 5th year of the reign of the [[Yongzheng Emperor]], which translates to 23 October 1727 in the [[Gregorian calendar]].
Lady Wei was born on the 9th day of the 9th [[Lunar calendar|lunar]] month in the 5th year of the reign of the [[Yongzheng Emperor]], which translates to 23 October 1727 in the [[Gregorian calendar]].


===Qianlong era===
===Qianlong era===
It is not known when Lady Wei entered the [[Forbidden City]]. In 1745, she was granted the title "Noble Lady". On 9 December 1745, she was elevated to "Concubine Ling", with "Ling" ({{Lang|zh|令}}) meaning "clever and pleasant". On 20 May 1749, she was promoted to "Consort Ling", and although at this point she still had no children with the Qianlong Emperor, he adored her and described her as "gentle and beautiful". On 10 August 1756, when she was almost 29 years old, she gave birth to his 7th daughter, [[Princess Hejing (born 1756)|Princess Hejing]]. Consort Ling later gave birth to his 14th son, Aisin-Gioro Yonglu, on 31 August 1757 (though he would die prematurely on 3 May 1760) and to his 9th daughter, [[Princess Heke]], on 17 August 1758. On 3 February 1760, she was elevated to "Noble Consort". On 13 November 1760, she gave birth to his 15th son, [[Jiaqing Emperor|Aisin-Gioro Yongyan]].
It is not known when Lady Wei entered the [[Forbidden City]]. In 1745, she was granted the title "Noble Lady". On 9 December 1745, she was elevated to "Concubine Ling", with "Ling" ({{Lang|zh|令}}) meaning "clever and pleasant". On 20 May 1749, she was promoted to "Consort Ling", and although at this point she still had no children with the Qianlong Emperor, he doted on her and described her as "gentle and beautiful". On 10 August 1756, when she was almost 29 years old, she gave birth to his 7th daughter, [[Princess Hejing (born 1756)|Princess Hejing]]. Consort Ling later gave birth to his 14th son, Aisin-Gioro Yonglu, on 31 August 1757 (though he would die prematurely on 3 May 1760) and to his 9th daughter, [[Princess Heke]], on 17 August 1758. On 3 February 1760, she was elevated to "Noble Consort". On 13 November 1760, she gave birth to his 15th son, [[Jiaqing Emperor|Aisin-Gioro Yongyan]].

⚫
On 13 January 1763, Noble Consort Ling gave birth to Qianlong's 16th son, who died prematurely on 6 May 1765. That same year, while on a tour to [[Hangzhou]], [[Empress Nara]] fell out of favor and was sent back to the Forbidden City to be confined. The real reason behind her downfall remains the subject of debate. Whatever happened, when the imperial entourage returned to the Forbidden City, Qianlong stripped Empress Nara of her power and, on 28 July, promoted Noble Consort Ling to "Imperial Noble Consort". On 17 June 1766, she gave birth to Qianlong's 17th son, [[Yonglin|Aisin-Gioro Yonglin]].


⚫
On 19 August 1766, Empress Nara died of illness, but a new empress was not designated. However, Imperial Noble Consort Ling, who held the highest rank among all of the consorts, was placed in charge of the palace and served her role well. Her duties as the [[de facto]] empress were guiding rites at the ancestral altar, evaluating the personnel, approving budgets, supervising the education of the princes, and planning all imperial marriages. She also regularly met with [[Eunuchs in China|eunuchs]], female attendants, the emperor's other consorts, imperial princesses (including her two daughters), and her husband, whom she accompanied on his excursions to [[Mount Tai]], [[Rehe Province|Jehol]] and the areas south of the [[Yangtze|Yangtze River]].
⚫
On 13 January 1763, Noble Consort Ling gave birth to Qianlong's 16th son, who died prematurely on 6 May 1765. That same year, while on an imperial tour to [[Hangzhou]], [[Empress Nara]] fell out of favor and was sent back to the Forbidden City to be confined. The real reason behind her downfall remains the subject of debate. Whatever happened, when their entourage returned to the Forbidden City, Qianlong stripped Empress Nara of her power and, on 28 July, promoted Noble Consort Ling to "Imperial Noble Consort". On 17 June 1766, she gave birth to Qianlong's 17th son, [[Yonglin|Aisin-Gioro Yonglin]].


⚫
In 1773, Qianlong decided to secretly select the crown prince. Seven of his sons were living at the time, but he decided to choose Yongyan, who was not outstanding, but was very hardworking and humble. Despite these excellent circumstances for her, Imperial Noble Consort Ling became increasingly ill as the years passed. On 9 February 1775, Princess Hejing died and the tragic news worsened Imperial Noble Consort Ling's condition.
⚫
On 19 August 1766, Empress Nara died of illness, but a new empress was not designated. However, Imperial Noble Consort Ling, who held the highest rank among all of the imperial consorts, was placed in charge of the palace and served her role well. She performed rites at the ancestral altar, evaluated a very large personnel, approved budgets with thriftiness, supervised the education of the emperor's younger children, and planned their marriages. She also regularly met with the [[Eunuchs in China|eunuch]] and female attendants, the other imperial consorts, princesses and princes (including her children), and her husband, whom she accompanied on his excursions to [[Mount Tai]], [[Rehe Province|Jehol]] and the areas south of the [[Yangtze|Yangtze River]].


=== Death and burial ===
⚫
In 1773, Qianlong decided to secretly select the crown prince. Seven of his sons were living at the time, but he decided to choose Yongyan, who was not outstanding, but was very hardworking and humble. Despite these excellent circumstances for her, Imperial Noble Consort Ling became increasingly ill as the years passed. On 9 February 1775, Princess Hejing died and the news worsened the condition of her mother, who soon succumbed to her illness at the age of 47. On 12 March, she was posthumously granted the title "Imperial Noble Consort Lingyi". On 19 November, her corpse was interred in the Yu Mausoleum of the [[Eastern Qing tombs]] after a grand funeral far more regal than that of an Imperial Noble Consort.
Imperial Noble Consort Ling died at the age of 47 on 28 February of 1775, less than a month after her eldest daughter's death. On 12 March of that same year, she was posthumously granted the title "Imperial Noble Consort Lingyi". On 19 November, her corpse was interred in the Yu Mausoleum of the [[Eastern Qing tombs]] after a grand funeral far more regal than that of an Imperial Noble Consort.


⚫
On 9 February 1796, Qianlong posthumously elevated Imperial Noble Consort Lingyi to "Empress Xiaoyi", announced Yongyan as the [[Jiaqing Emperor]], and became a [[Taishang Huang|retired emperor]]. After Qianlong's death on 7 February 1799, Jiaqing honoured his mother with the posthumous title "Empress Xiaoyichun" and had her reburied at the right side of Qianlong's burial place, while his first principal wife, [[Empress Xiaoxianchun]], was buried on his left side.
===Jiaqing era===
⚫
On 9 February 1796, Qianlong posthumously elevated Imperial Noble Consort Lingyi to "Empress Xiaoyi", announced Yongyan as the [[Jiaqing Emperor]], and became [[Taishang Huang|retired emperor]]. After Qianlong's death on 7 February 1799, Jiaqing honoured his mother with the posthumous title "Empress Xiaoyichun", who was the right side of Qianlong's burial place, while [[Empress Xiaoxianchun]], his first wife, was buried on the left side.


=== '''Republic of China''' ===
After the Yu Mausoleum's grave robbery occurred in 1928, it was revealed that Xiaoyichun's remains were well-preserved during inspection.
After the Yu Mausoleum's grave robbery occurred in 1928, it was revealed that Xiaoyichun's remains were well-preserved during inspection.


Latest revision as of 16:41, 17 December 2024

For other people with similar names, see Empress Xiao.
Empress Xiaoyichun
Empress of Qing (posthumously)
Born(1727-10-23)23 October 1727
(雍正五年 九月 九日)
Died28 February 1775(1775-02-28) (aged 47)
(乾隆四十年 正月 二十九日)
Forbidden City, Beijing
Burial
Yu Mausoleum, Eastern Qing tombs
Spouse
​
(m. 1745)​
Issue
Posthumous name
Empress Xiaoyi Gongshun Kangyu Ciren Duanke Minzhe Yitian Yusheng Chun (孝儀恭順康裕慈仁端恪敏哲翼天毓聖純皇后)
HouseWei, later Weigiya (魏佳氏; by birth)
Aisin-Gioro (by marriage)
FatherWei Qingtai
MotherLady Yanggiya
Empress Xiaoyichun
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese孝儀純皇后
Simplified Chinese孝仪纯皇后
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinXiàoyíchún Huánghòu
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᡥᡳᠶᠣᠣᡧᡠᠩᡤᠠ
ᠶᠣᠩᠰᠣᠩᡤᠣ
ᠶᠣᠩᡴᡳᠶᠠᡥᠠ
ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡥᡝᠣ
Romanizationhiyoošungga yongsonggo yongkiyaha hūwangheo

Empress Xiaoyichun (23 October 1727 – 28 February 1775) of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Weigiya clan was an imperial consort of the Qing dynasty. She was the favored concubine of the Qianlong Emperor, with whom she conceived seven children.

Life

[edit]

Family background

[edit]

Empress Xiaoyichun's personal name was not recorded in history. She was a Han Chinese Booi Aha of the Bordered Yellow Banner by birth.

  • Father: Wei Qingtai (魏清泰), who served as a fifth rank literary official (內管領) in the Imperial Household Department and held the title of a third class duke (三等公)
    • Paternal grandfather: Wei Jiuling (魏九齡)
  • Mother: Lady Yanggiya (楊佳氏)
  • One elder sister

Yongzheng era

[edit]

Lady Wei was born on the 9th day of the 9th lunar month in the 5th year of the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor, which translates to 23 October 1727 in the Gregorian calendar.

Qianlong era

[edit]

It is not known when Lady Wei entered the Forbidden City. In 1745, she was granted the title "Noble Lady". On 9 December 1745, she was elevated to "Concubine Ling", with "Ling" (令) meaning "clever and pleasant". On 20 May 1749, she was promoted to "Consort Ling", and although at this point she still had no children with the Qianlong Emperor, he doted on her and described her as "gentle and beautiful". On 10 August 1756, when she was almost 29 years old, she gave birth to his 7th daughter, Princess Hejing. Consort Ling later gave birth to his 14th son, Aisin-Gioro Yonglu, on 31 August 1757 (though he would die prematurely on 3 May 1760) and to his 9th daughter, Princess Heke, on 17 August 1758. On 3 February 1760, she was elevated to "Noble Consort". On 13 November 1760, she gave birth to his 15th son, Aisin-Gioro Yongyan.

On 13 January 1763, Noble Consort Ling gave birth to Qianlong's 16th son, who died prematurely on 6 May 1765. That same year, while on a tour to Hangzhou, Empress Nara fell out of favor and was sent back to the Forbidden City to be confined. The real reason behind her downfall remains the subject of debate. Whatever happened, when the imperial entourage returned to the Forbidden City, Qianlong stripped Empress Nara of her power and, on 28 July, promoted Noble Consort Ling to "Imperial Noble Consort". On 17 June 1766, she gave birth to Qianlong's 17th son, Aisin-Gioro Yonglin.

On 19 August 1766, Empress Nara died of illness, but a new empress was not designated. However, Imperial Noble Consort Ling, who held the highest rank among all of the consorts, was placed in charge of the palace and served her role well. Her duties as the de facto empress were guiding rites at the ancestral altar, evaluating the personnel, approving budgets, supervising the education of the princes, and planning all imperial marriages. She also regularly met with eunuchs, female attendants, the emperor's other consorts, imperial princesses (including her two daughters), and her husband, whom she accompanied on his excursions to Mount Tai, Jehol and the areas south of the Yangtze River.

In 1773, Qianlong decided to secretly select the crown prince. Seven of his sons were living at the time, but he decided to choose Yongyan, who was not outstanding, but was very hardworking and humble. Despite these excellent circumstances for her, Imperial Noble Consort Ling became increasingly ill as the years passed. On 9 February 1775, Princess Hejing died and the tragic news worsened Imperial Noble Consort Ling's condition.

Death and burial

[edit]

Imperial Noble Consort Ling died at the age of 47 on 28 February of 1775, less than a month after her eldest daughter's death. On 12 March of that same year, she was posthumously granted the title "Imperial Noble Consort Lingyi". On 19 November, her corpse was interred in the Yu Mausoleum of the Eastern Qing tombs after a grand funeral far more regal than that of an Imperial Noble Consort.

On 9 February 1796, Qianlong posthumously elevated Imperial Noble Consort Lingyi to "Empress Xiaoyi", announced Yongyan as the Jiaqing Emperor, and became a retired emperor. After Qianlong's death on 7 February 1799, Jiaqing honoured his mother with the posthumous title "Empress Xiaoyichun" and had her reburied at the right side of Qianlong's burial place, while his first principal wife, Empress Xiaoxianchun, was buried on his left side.

After the Yu Mausoleum's grave robbery occurred in 1928, it was revealed that Xiaoyichun's remains were well-preserved during inspection.

Titles

[edit]
  • During the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1722–1735):
    • Lady Wei (魏氏)
  • During the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796):
    • Noble Lady (貴人; from 1745), sixth rank imperial consort
    • Concubine Ling (令嬪; from 9 December 1745),[1] fifth rank imperial consort
    • Consort Ling (令妃; from 20 May 1749),[2] fourth rank imperial consort
    • Noble Consort Ling (令貴妃; from 3 February 1760),[3] third rank imperial consort
    • Imperial Noble Consort (皇貴妃; from 28 July 1765),[4] second rank imperial consort
    • Imperial Noble Consort Lingyi (令懿皇貴妃; from 12 March 1775)[5]
    • Empress Xiaoyi (孝儀皇后; from 1796)
  • During the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor (r. 1796–1820):
    • Empress Xiaoyichun (孝儀純皇后; from 1799)

Issue

[edit]
  • As Consort Ling:
    • Princess Hejing of the First Rank (固倫和靜公主; 10 August 1756 – 9 February 1775), the Qianlong Emperor's seventh daughter
      • Married Lhawang Dorji (拉旺多爾濟; 1754–1816), of the Mongol Khalkha Borjigin clan in August/September 1770
    • Yonglu (永璐; 31 August 1757 – 3 May 1760), the Qianlong Emperor's 14th son
    • Princess Heke of the Second Rank (和碩和恪公主; 17 August 1758 – 14 December 1780), the Qianlong Emperor's ninth daughter
      • Married Jalantai (札蘭泰; ? – 1788), of the Manchu Uya clan in August/September 1772
    • Miscarriage at eight months (13 November 1759)
  • As Noble Consort Ling:
    • Yongyan (顒琰), Emperor Renzong of Qing (清仁宗; 13 November 1760 – 2 September 1820), the Qianlong Emperor's 15th son; enthroned on 9 February 1796 as the Jiaqing Emperor (嘉慶帝)
    • Unnamed son (13 January 1763 – 6 May 1765), the Qianlong Emperor's 16th son
  • As Imperial Noble Consort:
[edit]
  • In ceremonial dress
    In ceremonial dress
  • In ceremonial dress
    In ceremonial dress
  • In court dress
    In court dress
  • In court dress
    In court dress
  • In daily dress, with the young Jiaqing Emperor. Debates about the identity of the lady are still ongoing and it has been suggested that she might be Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong, one of the Qianlong Emperor's childless concubines who raised Yongyan.
    In daily dress, with the young Jiaqing Emperor. Debates about the identity of the lady are still ongoing and it has been suggested that she might be Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong, one of the Qianlong Emperor's childless concubines who raised Yongyan.
[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ 乾隆十年 十一月 十七日
  2. ^ 乾隆十四年 四月 五日
  3. ^ 乾隆二十四年 十二月 十七日
  4. ^ 乾隆三十年 六月 十一日
  5. ^ 乾隆四十年 二月 十一日

References

[edit]
  • Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions (Reprint ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 052092679X.
  • Wan, Yi; Shuqing, Wang; Yanzhen, Lu; Scott, Rosemary E. (1988). Daily Life in the Forbidden City: The Qing Dynasty, 1644-1912 (Illustrated ed.). Viking. ISBN 0670811645.
  • Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao) (in Chinese).
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