RMS Ivernia (1899): Difference between revisions

	Cunard Liner Ivernia
History
United Kingdom
Name	RMS Ivernia
Namesake	Iverni
Owner	Cunard Line
Operator	Cunard Line
Port of registry	Liverpool, United Kingdom
Route	1900–1911; Liverpool–Boston; Liverpool–New York City; 1911–1914; Liverpool–Boston; Liverpool–New York City; Trieste/Fiume–New York City; 1914–1917; Government war service;
Builder	C. S. Swan & Hunter, Tyne and Wear
Yard number	247
Laid down	6 December 1898
Launched	21 September 1899
Christened	by Emma, Countess of Ravensworth
Maiden voyage	14 April 1900, Liverpool to New York
Refit	July-October 1911; following major flooding from a collision;
Identification	UK Official Number 110643; Code letters "RNJD"; ; Marconi Radio Call Letters "MIA";
Fate	Torpedoed and sunk, 1 January 1917
Notes	Completed deep-sea trials 27 March 1900, off Liverpool
General characteristics
Type	Ocean liner
Tonnage	Designed; 13,900 GRT; Before refit; 14,058 GRT; 9,052 NRT ; After refit; 14,278 GRT; 9,165 NRT;
Displacement	24,400 long tons
Length	600 ft (180 m) total; 582 ft (177 m) between perpendiculars;
Beam	64.5 ft (19.7 m)
Height	140 ft (43 m) from keel to top of funnel
Draught	37.8 ft (11.5 m)
Depth	41.5 ft (12.6 m) (depth moulded to Upper Deck)
Decks	6 passenger decks; 8 decks overall;
Installed power	9 single-ended scotch boilers; Steam pressure of 210psi; 12,000 indicated horsepower;
Propulsion	Steam quadruple-expansion engines geared to twin propellers
Speed	16.8 knots (31.1 km/h; 19.3 mph) (achieved on trials); 16.25 knots (30.10 km/h; 18.70 mph) (contract stipulation);
Capacity	1,964 passengers; (164 First Class, 200 Second Class, 1,600 Third Class);
Notes	sister ship to RMS Saxonia; half-sister to RMS Carpathia;

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RMS Ivernia was a British ocean liner owned by the Cunard Line, built by the company C. S. Swan & Hunter of Newcastle upon Tyne, England, and launched in 1899. The Ivernia was one of Cunard's intermediate ships, that catered to the vast immigrant trade between Europe and the United States of America in the early 20th century. She saw military service during World War I and was sunk by a torpedo from a German U-boat on New Year's Day 1917.

Ivernia was the first of three related liners. Saxonia was her larger sister ship, and was launched three months after her at John Brown & Company of Clydebank, leaving Ivernia the largest Cunard steamer during those months. Carpathia was a smaller half-sister of Ivernia and Saxonia, built at the same yard as Ivernia and launched in 1902, to a modified design based on her older half-sisters. Carpathia was made famous for her role in the aftermath of the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912.

Design and construction

Conception to launch

In 1898, the Cunard Line commissioned C. S. Swan & Hunter, based on the North bank of the River Tyne in Wallsend, to construct one of two new intermediate-sized liners intended to work the Liverpool-Boston route across the North Atlantic. Unlike the leading Cunard liners at the time, RMS Campania and RMS Lucania, the new Ivernia class would focus on cargo and economy. Space otherwise taken by larger engine and boiler machinery would instead be freed for cargo at the cost of some speed. She would target 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) compared to Lucania's 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph).^[11]

Cunard produced a plan on 3 August 1898 at their Derby Road works in Liverpool to accompany a contract specification for Swan & Hunter, and this was reviewed by William Denton, director of the yard, three days later with some adjustments that led to the appearance of Ivernia diverging from that of her sister Saxonia. The design was of a 580 ft (180 m) vessel with passenger and cargo capacity over 8 decks.^[13]

On 6 December 1898, the keel of Ivernia was laid in the west slipway of a large shed in the shipbuilder's East Yard. Alongside her were two other ships already under construction, the 500 ft (150 m) SS Ultonia and the smaller 460 ft (140 m) SS Idaho on the slipways to Ivernia's east. All three slipways were eqipped with electric overhead cranes, which were a new innovation in the shipbuilding industry.^[2]

Construction was rapid and nine months later, on 21 September 1899, Ivernia was christened by Emma, Countess of Ravensworth and released into the Tyne.^[2] The fitting out quay was by the slipways, and work continued into early 1900 to complete the superstructure and fit Ivernia's machinery, including her engines and boilers.

Deck plan

A longitudinal section plan of the Ivernia at launch in 1899, showing deck and bulkhead layout

From top to bottom:

Promenade Deck, containing first class saloons and access to lifeboats.
Bridge Deck, 280 ft (85 m) long and consisting of a main house accommodating first-class cabins, a separate rear house for second-class cabins, and a small forward house for the officers' mess.
Shelter Deck, spanning the full length of the ship and mainly housed the second class passengers, along with the first and second class dining saloons within a central house under the Bridge Deck.
Upper Deck, fully enclosed and housed crew, some cargo, and the third class promenade.
Main Deck, which housed third class cabins forward, and third class dormitory accommodation aft.
Lower Deck, housing cargo and refrigerated goods.
Orlop Deck, forward of the boiler room only, housing further cargo and refrigerated goods.
Boiler room and engine room sat back-to-back in the middle of the ship on top of the double bottom, and between deep cargo and ballast holds forward and aft.

The lower portion of the ship had 10 watertight bulkheads extending up to the Upper Deck, and dividing Ivernia in 11 watertight compartments. The ship was designed to stay afloat with any two of her compartments flooded.^[13]

Rigging

Four staysails and two jibs were included in the rigging plan for Ivernia. Sails were unlikely to see use on twin-propeller steamships of this era, and would not have been able to propel the large steel ship.^[13]^[11]

Once installed, the antenna for the Marconi wireless radio system was strung between the masts of Ivernia.^[14] The halyard that would have orginally been between these masts, allowing signal flags to be hoisted from the bridge, would have been moved lower on the second mast.^[13]

Lifeboats

A plan of the lifeboats on RMS Ivernia. Boats 5 and 6 were often left swung out over the water when the ship was underway to enable a quick deployment in an emergency.

At launch, Ivernia was equipped with 18 lifeboats, with 8 on the Promenade Deck, two just forward of the bridge on the Bridge Deck, four atop the second class accommodation on the Bridge Deck (paired and served by only two, not four, davits), and four at the aft of the Shelter Deck.

As was common at the time, and is now part of the regulations,^[15] lifeboats were given even numbers on the port side and odd numbers on the starboard side. They were numbered from 1 & 2 aft to 17 & 18 forward.^[16]

Each boat was about 28 ft (8.5 m) long^[13] with a capacity of around 55-60 people.^[17]^[18] This meant Ivernia had space for about 1,050 people in her boats, less than half her maximum passenger capacity.

Lifeboats 5 & 6 above the second class cabins at the rear of the bridge deck were used as emergency cutters. They were often left swung out during voyages to allow quick action in case of an incident like a man overboard.

Power and propulsion

The engines were designed and built by Wallsend Slipway & Engineering Company, neighbours of C. S. Swan & Hunter on Tyneside, and were quadruple-expansion engines. The designer was Andrew Laing, who also designed the triple-expansion engines that powered the RMS Lucania to capture the Blue Riband accolade for fastest average speed crossing the Atlantic in 1894. The quadruple-expansion design could output 12,000 indicated horsepower, with cylinders of 28, 41, 58.5, and 84 inches in diameter, from high to low pressure, and a common stroke of 54 inches. These were fed by nine single-ended scotch boilers 15.5 ft (4.7 m) in diameter and 11.5 ft (3.5 m) deep and equipped with the Howden forced draught system with air drawn into the furnaces with use of a fan. The two engines were connected by Armstrong Whitworth shafts to twin three-bladed manganese bronze propellers on a pair of steel bosses.^[12]

Starting and reversing of the direction of the propeller shaft was conducted by a separate, small engine. An additional larger donkey boiler was situated behind the funnel across the Main and Upper decks to provide steam for deck machinery and other uses.^[12]

These engines allowed Ivernia to achieve a speed of 16.8 knots when completing her deep-sea trials in late March 1900, after fitting-out was complete. This exceeded the design contract stipulation of a 16.25 knots top speed, and made Ivernia the fastest of the three sisters.^[7]

Electric lighting throughout the ship was fed from a dynamo generator providing direct current from a dynamo room just behind the funnel on the Upper Deck.^[13]

Sister ship design differences

Saxonia

At the same time Ivernia was ordered from C S Swan & Hunter, Cunard also ordered an identical sister from John Brown & Company of Clydebank, Glasgow.^[19] The sister, named Saxonia, was launched on 16 December 1899, 87 days after the launch of Ivernia.^[20]

By the time she launched, Saxonia was visually similar to Ivernia, but was no longer identical. She was also 580 ft (180 m) in length although three inches narrower at 64.25 ft (19.58 m) in breadth. The most visible difference between the sisters was Saxonia's raised navigating bridge, spanning her full width, rising one deck level above the bridge of Ivernia, and featuring more curves.^[20] This more prominent bridge was part of the original design specification from Cunard, which C S Swan & Hunter chose to modify on Ivernia but was left unchanged on Saxonia.^[13]

Other key differences include the greater size of the Bridge Deck forward deck house on Saxonia, and raised platforms for lifeboats not on the Promenade Deck.^[13]

Carpathia

Following the success of Ivernia and Saxonia, Cunard commissioned another intermediate liner of the same type from Ivernia's builders. She was launched on 6 August 1902 and was named Carpathia.^[21]

Carpathia differed from both her sisters significantly, making her a half-sister. She was only 540 ft (160 m) in length between perpendiculars and 64.25 ft (19.58 m) in breadth, making her the smallest of the three. Her Bridge Deck was 10 ft (3.0 m) longer than the 280 ft (85 m) central superstructure of her older sisters at 290 ft (88 m). She also had a shorter uppermost Boat Deck with no passenger facilities, where her sisters had Promenade Decks hosting first class passenger amenities, effectively making Carpathia one deck shorter and lowering the base of her funnel by about 8 ft (2.4 m)^[21]

The navigating bridge of Carpathia resembled that of her yard-sister Ivernia, being straighter in shape and shorter than that of Saxonia. She had raised lifeboat platforms on her aft Shelter Deck, like Saxonia.^[13]

She also had less powerful engines than her sisters with only seven to her sisters' nine boilers, smaller engine cylinders, and a lower top speed.^[21]

Operational history

Early history

Ivernia arrived on the River Mersey on 27 March 1900, after a five-day journey from the Tyne, and her passengers complimented her stability in rough weather during her delivery voyage.^[22]^[23]

Ivernia undertook her maiden transatlantic voyage on 14 April 1900^[3] from Liverpool to New York City, as the liners that were intended to work that route were conducting troop transport duties for the Second Boer War.^[7] On board for this maiden voyage was Charles Sheriton Swan, son of Charles Sheridan Swan, co-founder of the builder's yard.^[3] Two months later, on 12 June, the Ivernia began working on Cunard's service from Liverpool to Boston, together with her sister ship RMS Saxonia.

Wireless

In 1901, Cunard began outfitting its ships with a Marconi wireless system, beginning with RMS Lucania on 21 May, followed by RMS Campania, RMS Umbria and RMS Etruria.^[14]

With a longer-than-usual stopover in Liverpool of 14 days between February 4th & 18th 1902, construction of a hut for a wireless operator would have been possible in preparation for Ivernia's Marconi equipment.^[24] Two months later, Ivernia arrived from Boston on April 10th, when the Cunard engineers at Liverpool had the opportunity to complete the fitting of the wireless apparatus.^[25] Ivernia sailed with a Marconi system installed and operational for the first time on 15 April 1902, with her first broadcast from 30 miles off shore reporting "All well" back to Liverpool.^[26]

In 1909, sending a message to the United States from Ivernia would cost a passenger 8s. 4d. for a ten-word message, or 6s for 12 words to the UK.

Daunt Rock incident

Ivernia departed Boston on a routine voyage on 16 May 1911, under the command of Captain Thomas Potter, and was approaching Queenstown harbour on 24 May.^[27] Heavy fog closed in around noon, and she struck Daunt Rock only 9 mi (14.48 km) from the port. The forward hull of the ship was badly damaged in multiple places, but Ivernia successfully made it into the inner harbour while taking on water. All passengers were disembarked to Queenstown while Ivernia was at anchor in the Kinloch Channel, but as dusk approached and the forward holds continued to take on water, Captain Potter made the decision to have the ship towed to the mud banks near Corkbeg Island on the eastern side of the harbour. Divers assessed the damage, and powerful pumps brought aboard, but the water continued to slowly rise.^[28] The Admiralty tug Hellespont, as well as the tugs Flying Fox and Flying Sportsman of the Clyde Shipping Company, assisted with the tow. The Clyde company later secured £1,000 for the work, through the courts, from Cunard, who also made a voluntary award of £500 to the captain and crew of Hellespont.^[29]^[30]

728 passengers were on board at the time of the accident, and the crew were able to remain on board throughout the salvage process. An unnamed first-class passenger reported they had felt the impact from the smoking room, and emerged onto the deck to see the Captain and officers calmly discussing the matter at the bridge. So calm was the atmosphere that lunch was still served, with an orchestra playing for entertainment. Nevertheless it was apparent to the passenger that the ship was slowly sinking by the head.^[31]

Lloyd's Register surveyor Herbert W Dove inspected the ship on 1 June, and reported flooding as high as the Main Deck and even the Shelter Deck at high water. The vessel was to be moved to Haulbowline for temporary repair and then returned to Liverpool for full repair and refurbishment, should she be refloated.^[32]

Nearly a month after she struck the reef, Ivernia was successfully refloated on 23 June 1911, the pumps finally able to keep pace with incoming water enough to enable temporary repair.^[33]

A Board of Trade Inquiry found that Captain Potter was responsible for the accident, finding him guilty of "navigating the vessel at too great a rate of speed in increasingly thick weather". They were satisfied that the course set for the vessel was appropriate, but that the compass was at fault for leading the ship towards Daunt Rock. The court decided Captain Potter's master's certificate did not need to be revoked, allowing him to continue captaining vessels, but he was "censured" and made to pay £50 (equivalent to £6,432 in 2023) towards the costs of the inquiry.^[34]^[35] However, on 8 July an address was read out, signed by prominent figures from Cork and Queenstown, praising Captain Potter's success in handling the incident and his skill in sailing the stricken vessel to port, avoiding both loss of life and loss of the vessel herself.^[36]

The still-damaged liner departed Queenstown for Liverpool under her own steam on 6 July, accompanied by tugs and salvage vessels from the Liverpool Salvage Association that had assisted in refloating her.^[37] Ivernia was placed in Brocklebank Graving Dock in Liverpool, and Cunard staff began refitting and furnishing the ship. The ship repairers, H & C Grayson Ltd, were assigned the task of repairing the structural damage.^[38]

Ivernia returned to service on 17 October 1911, with much of her interior refitted,^[4] with William R D Irvine in command, and carrying 872 passengers out of Liverpool towards Queenstown and Boston. After a single voyage, Captain Irvine handed command to Horace Mills Benison, who would become the longest serving master of Ivernia and oversee her Mediterranean service.^[39]

Mediterranean service

From late 1911, Ivernia served on the route the Cunard Line had established from Fiume and Trieste to New York, carrying migrants from across the Mediterranean.^[40] During the winter months, she returned to the Liverpool to Boston service.^[41]

In total, 14 voyages were made from New York to Trieste, with a trial run in 1911 followed by five summer voyages each in 1912 and 1913. Three more voyages took place in 1914, including one extended voyage that also visited Alexandria in Egypt in March 1914.^[41]

World War I

Outbreak of war

On 28 July 1914, Ivernia was in Trieste, then in Austria-Hungary. While she was in port, her hosts declared war on Serbia, beginning World War I. She immediately left port, and did not stop in Fiume as she normally would have, instead continuing to Patras in Greece.^[42] The voyage towards New York City reached Gibraltar, a British port, on 5 August, by which point Britain had entered the war. Ivernia and 23 other steamers were held in Gibraltar while Cunard, the British Government, and other ship managers decided how to act.^[43]

The situation in Gibraltar was tense, and Ivernia departed for the United States a few days later. The atmosphere on board prompted Captain H M Benison to post a notice to passengers on 14 August.^[44]

"For the benefit of the irresponsible parties who were very busy at Gibraltar in getting up petitions against the captain which were not signed, passing remarks about what the captain should do and what he should not do, and since leaving Gibraltar have laughed at the ship being in darkness at night, allow me to tell them, although I knew it when I left Gibraltar, that I received reliable information last night that there are at present five German cruisers in the Atlantic seeking British merchant steam-ships. Some people may be able to run a motor boat on a small river, but please allow an experienced captain to run a liner."
— Captain Horace Mills Benison, "Notice", Quote in 'Trip of the Ivernia', Cambrian News (5 August 1914)

The British authorities in Gibraltar had prevented Ivernia from taking on coal for fuel, instead reserving this for their naval vessels. This forced the Cunard liner to redirect from New York to Boston, a shorter voyage, to avoid running out of fuel. Ivernia then preceded around Cape Cod to New York City. ^[45]

The tall funnel of Ivernia was painted a 'naval gray' while at sea crossing the Atlantic, as well as her railings, in an attempt to resemble a German merchant vessel. ^[45]

This ship camouflage was put into use between Boston and New York when Captain Benison sighted a three-funneled cruiser off Long Island, New York. Ivernia's radio operators soon determined it was a false alarm and identified the cruiser as British.^[46]

Canadian troopship

On 4 August 1914, following her arrival in North America, the Ivernia was hired by the British government. Initially she brought Canadian Soldiers to Europe.^[47] On her way to Canada on 15 September 1914 she again ran aground, this time in the St Lawrence River off Pointe-au-Père, Quebec, the site of the disasterous sinking of the RMS Empress of Ireland only a few months earlier. Ivernia was in convoy with her sister Saxonia at the time, which rendered assistance alongside a government steamer. Ivernia was refloated the same day and was reported undamaged.^[48]

Prison ship

In March 1915 she was in use as a prison ship moored off Southend-on-Sea and holding around 1,500 German prisoners of war.^[49]

British troopship

Now known as HMT Ivernia, the liner began operating as a troopship in support of the Gallipoli campaign once she had offloaded her prisoners. The ship departed Devonport on 12 May 1915, carrying the Collingwood Battalion of the 63rd Royal Naval Division. She called at Gibraltar in 16 May, and Malta on 19 May, arriving at Lemnos on 22 May. Due to submarines in the Mediterranean Sea, Ivernia ran with no lights at night.^[50] The soldiers on this voyage would go on to fight in the Third Battle of Krithia.

In autumn of 1916, William Thomas Turner (made famous for being the captain of RMS Lusitania at the time of her sinking) had taken command of Ivernia from Arthur Rostron (made famous himself for being the captain of the RMS Carpathia during the rescue of the survivors of the Titanic).^[51]^[52]

Sinking

On 1 January 1917, the Ivernia was carrying some 2,400 British troops from Marseille to Alexandria, when at 10:12 am she was torpedoed by the German submarine UB-47 58 miles south-east of Cape Matapan in Greece, in the Kythira Strait. The ship went down fairly quickly with a loss of 36 crew members and 84 troops. Captain Turner, who had been criticised for not going down with the Lusitania (even though he had believed he was the last person on board), remained on the bridge until all aboard had departed in lifeboats and rafts "before striking out to swim as the vessel went down under his feet."^[52]

HMS Rifleman rescued a number of survivors and armed trawlers towed the bulk, who had taken to lifeboats, to Suda Bay in Crete.

Commanders

Over her lifetime, thirteen people acted as captain of RMS Ivernia, with several commanding her over two separate periods. Her longest serving captains were W T Turner and H M Benison, both serving extensive time as her commanding officer before World War I, and both also serving on her during the war.^[41]

Commanding Officers of RMS *Ivernia*^[41]
Order	Name^[a]	Dates	RNR ^[b]	Notes
01	Thomas Stephens	March 1900		Delivery voyage from Wallsend to Liverpool
02	Alexander McKay	April 1900 – July-1900		First permanent captain
03	James Birnie Watt	July 1900 – December 1900
04	Robert Chilcott Warr	January 1901 – May 1901
05	(J B Watt)	May 1901 – December 1901
06	John Pritchard	December 1901 – November 1902
07	(T Stephens)	November 1902 – December 1903
08	George Frederick Jeffries	December 1903 – April 1905
09	William Thomas Turner	April 1905 – August 1907
10	Arthur George Dunning	September 1907 – January 1908
11	Horace Mills Benison	February 1908 – August 1909	Lieut.
12	Thomas Potter	August 1909 – September 1910
13	William Prothero	September 1910 – October 1910		Commanded a single return voyage to Boston
14	(T Potter)	October 1910 – July 1911
15	William Robert Duncan Irvine	October 1911 – November 1911	Comm.	Commanded a single return voyage to Boston
16	(H M Benison)	November 1911 – April 1916	Lieut.	Longest serving master
17	Arthur Henry Rostron	April 1916 – December 1916	Comm.	War Service in the Mediterranean
18	(W T Turner)	December 1916 – January 1917		Final voyage

^ Names in brackets are captains commanding Ivernia for a second time
^ denotes Royal Naval Reserve officers permitted to fly the Blue Ensign while captain of Ivernia according to the Navy List at that time

Timeline of command

The length of service for commanders of Ivernia varied from just 24 days for William Prothero to over five years for H M Benison.^[41]

Legacy

Ivernia made a fictional appearance near the end of the Arthur Conan Doyle novel The Lost World, published in 1912. In the story, the explorers sail on Ivernia for their return to England.^[53]

Cunard later resurrected the Ivernia name, launching a second RMS Ivernia in 1955. She followed a sister, a second RMS Saxonia, launched in 1954, echoing the two sisters from 1899. The 1955 Ivernia was renamed Franconia in 1963, prior to the third Ivernia, built for Cunard's North Atlantic cargo service in 1964.^[54]

Ivernia Road in Walton in Liverpool still bears the name of the vessel. Neighbouring streets include Saxonia Road, Lusitania Road, and Mauretania Road, after the Cunard fleetmates of Ivernia.

The wreck of Ivernia lies off the coast of the Greek island of Antikythera.

References

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^ ^a ^b ^c "BT27/318/17 - Ivernia, Liverpool to New York", UK and Ireland, Outward Passenger Lists, The National Archives, Kew, 14 April 1900
^ ^a ^b "The Ivernia Departs For Boston". Cork Examiner. No. 18, 149. 18 October 1911. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Ivernia (110643)", Lloyd's Register of Steamers, Lloyd's Register, 1901
^ Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy & Telephony. Marconi Publishing Corporation. 1914. p. 480.
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^ "Ivernia (110643)", Lloyd's Register of Steamers, Lloyd's Register, 1900
^ "Ivernia (110643)", Lloyd's Register of Steamers, Lloyd's Register, 1913
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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Denton, W, "Rough outline of Proposed Twin-Screw Steamer", Tyne and Wear Archives Catalogue, Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums
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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "BT27 - Ivernia", UK and Ireland, Outward Passenger Lists, The National Archives, Kew, 1900–1917
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^ The Wireless Age. Open Court Publishing Co. October 1914. Retrieved 18 November 2024.
^ "Two Leicester Men Saved". Leicester Daily Mercury. 10 May 1914. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
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^ "A Burtonian In Gallipoli". Burton Observer and Chronicle. No. 922. 13 January 1916. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
^ "Acting Purser of the Invernia". Liverpool Journal of Commerce. No. 28, 161. 13 January 1917. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
^ ^a ^b Gould, James E. (7 May 2015). "Why Should Captains Go Down With Their Ships?". The Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
^ Doyle, Arthur Conan (1912). The Lost World. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 239. ISBN 9798638435332. Retrieved 18 November 2024.
^ Haws, Duncan (1979). Merchant Fleets in Profile, Vol. 2: Cunard Line [and others]. Cambridge: Patrick Stephens. pp. 68–69. ISBN 0-85059-324-7.

External links

Ivernia history Archived 9 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Wrecksite

35°42′N 23°19′E / 35.700°N 23.317°E / 35.700; 23.317

[53] Names in brackets are captains commanding Ivernia for a second time

[54] tes Royal Naval Reserve officers permitted to fly the Blue Ensign while captain of Ivernia according to the Navy List at that time

[1] "Record Yard no. 247, Ivernia". Tyne and Wear Archives Catalogue. Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums. Retrieved 30 September 2024.

[launch-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Maw, W H; Dredge, J (22 September 1899). "The Cunard Liner "Ivernia"". Engineering: An Illustrated Weekly Journal. 68: 368.

[maiden_voyage-3] "BT27/318/17 - Ivernia, Liverpool to New York", UK and Ireland, Outward Passenger Lists, The National Archives, Kew, 14 April 1900

[refit-4] "The Ivernia Departs For Boston". Cork Examiner. No. 18, 149. 18 October 1911. Retrieved 4 October 2024.

[lr1901-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Ivernia (110643)", Lloyd's Register of Steamers, Lloyd's Register, 1901

[6] Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy & Telephony. Marconi Publishing Corporation. 1914. p. 480.

[trials-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Maw, W H; Dredge, J (6 April 1900). "Launches and Trial Trips". Engineering: An Illustrated Weekly Journal. 69: 463.

[lr1900-8] "Ivernia (110643)", Lloyd's Register of Steamers, Lloyd's Register, 1900

[lr1913-9] "Ivernia (110643)", Lloyd's Register of Steamers, Lloyd's Register, 1913

[10] Maw, W H; Dredge, J (8 November 1907). "Tyne Built Cunard Liners". Engineering: An Illustrated Weekly Journal. 84: 611.

[design-11] Maw, W H; Dredge, J (21 September 1900). "The Cunard Liner "Ivernia"". Engineering: An Illustrated Weekly Journal. 70: 368–369.

[engines-12] Maw, W H; Dredge, J (5 October 1900). "The Quadruple Expansion Engines of the Cunard Liner "Ivernia"". Engineering: An Illustrated Weekly Journal. 70: 436.

[plan-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Denton, W, "Rough outline of Proposed Twin-Screw Steamer", Tyne and Wear Archives Catalogue, Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums

[Hancock-14] Hancock, H.E. (1950). Wireless at Sea. Chelmsford: Marconi International Marine Communication Company. p. 44.

[15] "Survey of life saving appliances: volume 1 (MSIS 14) Chapter 4, paragraph 4.1.5.5". GOV.UK. UK Government. Retrieved 17 October 2024.

[16] "Ivernia at Boston Harbor". DigitalCommonwealth.org. 1900–1914. Retrieved 17 October 2024.

[17] "Life Saving Apparatus Ships (Passenger): Return - Ships holding Passenger Certificate". National Archives (UK). Retrieved 17 October 2024.

[18] Merchant Shipping: Safety of Life at Sea : Draft Life-saving Appliances Rules, with Memorandum on Safety of Life at Sea. H.M. Stationery Office. 1912. Retrieved 17 October 2024.

[19] Maw, W H; Dredge, J (15 April 1898). "Clyde Shipbuilding Activity". Engineering: An Illustrated Weekly Journal. 85: 358.

[sax_launch-20] Maw, W H; Dredge, J (22 December 1899). "New Cunard Steamer Saxonia". Engineering: An Illustrated Weekly Journal. 88: 621.

[carp_launch-21] Maw, W H; Dredge, J (8 August 1902). "A Floating Dock and a New Cunarder". Engineering: An Illustrated Weekly Journal. 94: 136.

[22] "The Ivernia Arrives At Liverpool". Shields Daily Gazette. No. 13, 649. 29 March 1900. Retrieved 4 October 2024.

[23] "Departure of the Ivernia". Shields Daily Gazette. No. 13, 645. 24 March 1900. Retrieved 4 October 2024.

[24] "Arrival of the Ivernia". Liverpool Daily Post. No. 14555. 5 February 1902. Retrieved 4 October 2024.

[25] "BT26/193/26 - Ivernia, Boston to Liverpool", UK and Ireland, Incoming Passenger Lists, The National Archives, Kew, 10 April 1902

[26] "Cunard Boston Steamer Fitted". Liverpool Mercury. No. 16945. 17 April 1902. Retrieved 4 October 2024.

[daunt_voyage-27] "BT26/482/9-16 - Ivernia, Boston to Queenstown", UK and Ireland, Incoming Passenger Lists, Kew: The National Archives, 24 May 1911

[28] "Crippled Ivernia". Liverpool Echo. No. 9818. 26 May 1911. p. 5. Retrieved 4 October 2024.

[29] "Salvage Award". Cork Examiner. No. 18284. 26 March 1912. p. 7. Retrieved 8 October 2024.

[30] "The Ivernia - Presentation at Queenstown". Cork Weekly News. No. 1907. 6 April 1912. p. 3. Retrieved 9 October 2024.

[31] "Accident to Liner damaged on Gaunt's Rock - Experience on the Ivernia". Western Daily Press. No. 16528. 31 May 1911. p. 12. Retrieved 4 October 2024.

[daunt_repair-32] Dove, Herbert W., "Regarding the bulkheads of the steamer "Ivernia"", Correspondence, London: Lloyd's Register of British & Foreign Shipping, Heritage and Education Centre

[33] "Ivernia Refloated - To Be Towed To Liverpool". Liverpool Daily Post. No. 17492. 24 June 1911. p. 9. Retrieved 4 October 2024.

[reprimand-34] "Shipping". The Mercury. Vol. XCVI, no. 12962. Hobart, Tasmania. 10 October 1911. p. 4. Retrieved 2 October 2024 – via National Library of Australia.

[35] No.7476 - "Ivernia" (S.S.) (PDF). London: Board of Trade. 22 August 1911. Retrieved 9 October 2024 – via Southampton City Council.

[36] "Complimenting Captain Potter". Cork Weekly Examiner. No. 3173. 8 July 1911. p. 2. Retrieved 4 October 2024.

[37] "Damaged Ivernia". Liverpool Echo. No. 9853. 6 July 1911. p. 8. Retrieved 4 October 2024.

[38] "Repair Of The Cunard Liner Ivernia". Liverpool Journal of Commerce. No. 26, 460. 2 August 1911. p. 7. Retrieved 4 October 2024.

[39] "BT27/717/3/3/24 - Ivernia, Liverpool to Boston", UK and Ireland, Outward Passenger Lists, The National Archives, Kew, 17 October 1911

[40] Neil McCart, Atlantic Liners of the Cunard Line (1990), pp. 35-36.

[passenger_lists-41] "BT27 - Ivernia", UK and Ireland, Outward Passenger Lists, The National Archives, Kew, 1900–1917

[42] "Cunard - Ivernia". London Evening Standard. 29 July 1914. p. 16. Retrieved 15 October 2024.

[43] "Air Flight Off". Hamilton Daily Times. 5 August 1914. p. 9. Retrieved 15 October 2024.

[44] "Trip of the Ivernia". Cambrian News. 18 September 1914. p. 5. Retrieved 15 October 2024.

[war_boston-45] "Steamship Ivernia, Bound for New York, Calls Here". The Christian Science Monitor. Vol. 6, no. 226. Christian Science Publishing Society. 20 August 1914. Retrieved 18 November 2024.

[46] The Wireless Age. Open Court Publishing Co. October 1914. Retrieved 18 November 2024.

[47] "Two Leicester Men Saved". Leicester Daily Mercury. 10 May 1914. Retrieved 4 October 2024.

[48] "Mishap To British Steamer". Derby Daily Telegraph. 15 September 1914. p. 4. Retrieved 13 November 2024.

[49] "Prison Ships". Liverpool Daily Post. No. 18, 656. 17 March 1915. Retrieved 4 October 2024.

[50] "A Burtonian In Gallipoli". Burton Observer and Chronicle. No. 922. 13 January 1916. Retrieved 4 October 2024.

[51] "Acting Purser of the Invernia". Liverpool Journal of Commerce. No. 28, 161. 13 January 1917. Retrieved 4 October 2024.

[Gould-52] Gould, James E. (7 May 2015). "Why Should Captains Go Down With Their Ships?". The Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved 8 May 2015.

[55] Doyle, Arthur Conan (1912). The Lost World. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 239. ISBN 9798638435332. Retrieved 18 November 2024.

[56] Haws, Duncan (1979). Merchant Fleets in Profile, Vol. 2: Cunard Line [and others]. Cambridge: Patrick Stephens. pp. 68–69. ISBN 0-85059-324-7.

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v t e Ships of the Cunard Line
Current fleet	2004 RMS Queen Mary 2 2007 MS Queen Victoria 2010 MS Queen Elizabeth 2024 MS Queen Anne
Former ships 1840–1994	1840 RMS Unicorn 1840 RMS Britannia 1848 SS Satellite 1853 SS Arabia 1856 RMS Persia 1862 RMS Scotia 1863 RMS Hecla 1865 SS Java 1867 SS Russia 1870 SS Abyssinia 1870 SS Parthia 1874 SS Bothnia 1878 SS Aleppo 1879 SS Gallia 1881 SS Servia 1881 SS Catalonia 1882 RMS Aurania 1884 SS Oregon 1884 RMS Umbria 1885 RMS Etruria 1892 RMS Campania 1893 RMS Lucania 1898 SS Ultonia 1899 RMS Ivernia 1899 RMS Saxonia 1903 RMS Carpathia 1903 RMS Pannonia 1904 RMS Slavonia 1905 RMS Carmania 1905 RMS Caronia 1907 RMS Lusitania 1907 RMS Mauretania 1909 SS Thracia 1910 RMS Franconia 1911 RMS Albania 1912 RMS Laconia 1913 RMS Andania 1913 RMS Alaunia 1914 RMS Aquitania 1914 SS Orduña 1916 SS Royal George 1917 RMS Aurania 1920 SS Albania 1921 RMS Berengaria 1921 RMS Scythia 1922 RMS Samaria 1922 RMS Laconia 1922 RMS Andania 1922 RMS Antonia 1922 RMS Lancastria 1921 RMS Ausonia 1922 RMS Franconia 1924 RMS Aurania 1925 SS Letitia 1925 RMS Ascania 1925 RMS Alaunia 1925 RMS Carinthia 1934 RMS Majestic 1934 RMS Olympic 1934 MV Georgic 1934 MV Britannic 1934 SS Laurentic 1936 RMS Queen Mary 1939 RMS Mauretania 1940 RMS Queen Elizabeth 1945 SS Valacia (Empire Camp) 1947 RMS Media 1947 RMS Parthia 1949 RMS Caronia 1954 RMS Saxonia 1955 RMS Ivernia 1956 RMS Carinthia 1957 RMS Sylvania 1969 MS Queen Elizabeth 2 1970 SS Atlantic Causeway 1970 SS Atlantic Conveyor 1971 MV Cunard Adventurer 1972 MV Cunard Ambassador 1975 MS Cunard Countess 1976 MS Cunard Princess 1983 MS Sagafjord 1983 MS Caronia 1986 MS Sea Goddess I 1986 MS Sea Goddess II 1993 MS Cunard Crown Jewel 1993 MS Cunard Crown Dynasty 1994 MS Royal Viking Sun
For MoWT	1940 SS Pasteur 1941 SS Empire Barracuda 1940 MV Empire Audacity 1943 SS Empire Battleaxe 1943 SS Empire Broadsword 1945 MV Empire Ettrick
Years indicate year of entry into Cunard service.

v t e Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in January 1917
Shipwrecks	1 Jan: Ivernia 4 Jan: Peresvet 5 Jan: Lesbian 9 Jan: HMS Cornwallis, Fernebo 11 Jan: HMS Ben-my-Chree 13 Jan: USS Milwaukee 14 Jan: Tsukuba, SM UB-37 19 Jan: HMS E36 22 Jan: SM U-76 25 Jan: HMS Laurentic 28 Jan: Amiral Magon 29 Jan: HMS K13
Other incidents	18 Jan: HMS Ferret 19 Jan: HMS E43
1916 1917 1918 December 1916 February 1917

v t e Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1911
Shipwrecks	25 Jan: Rosario di Giorgio 23 Mar: Yongala 24 Mar: Sechelt 10 Apr: Iroquois 23 Apr: Asia 12 May: Merida 6 Jun: Bayard 1 July: USS Samar 27 July: RMS Empress of China 11 Aug: Gunilda 12 Sep: Madeleine 14 Sep: Pontiere 25 Sep: Liberté 27 Sep: Three Brothers 30 Sep: Alpagot, Swarland 1 Oct: Ixion 12 Oct: Freccia 3 Nov: Fairhaven 4 Dec: Maryland 13 Dec: Delhi Unknown date: HMS A1, Kings County
Other incidents	March (unknown date): HMS Empress of India 24 May: RMS Ivernia 6 Sep: Poignard, Saint Louis 20 Sep: RMS Olympic, HMS Hawke 25 Sep: République 16 Oct: HMS Nymphe 22 Nov: Prinz Joachim 24 Nov: Noordam 15 Dec: Abessinia
1910 1912