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{{Short description|Dog breed}}
<!-- Begin Infobox Dogbreed. The text of the article should go AFTER this section. See:
{{about|the dog breed}}
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Dog_breeds#Infobox_Dogbreed_template
{{Redirect|Caniche|the archaeological site in Peru|Kanichi, Peru}}
for full explanation of the syntax used in this template. -->
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Infobox Dogbreed
{{Pp-move}}
| akcgroup = '''Standard and Miniature:''' Nonsporting; '''Toy:''' Toy
{{Use British English|date=March 2021}}
| akcstd = http://www.akc.org/breeds/poodle/index.cfm
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
| ankcgroup = Group 7 (Non-Sporting)
{{Infobox dog breed
| ankcstd = http://www.ankc.aust.com/poodstan.html Standard], [http://www.ankc.aust.com/poodmin.html Miniature], [http://www.ankc.aust.com/poodtoy.html Toy
| name = Poodle
| altname = Pudle ([[Old English]])<BR>
| image = Full attention (8067543690).jpg
Caniche ([[French Language|French]]; [[Spanish Language|Spanish]]; [[Portuguese Language|Portuguese]])<BR>
| image_alt = A black poodle with curly hair and a raised tail looks at the camera

| image_caption =
Barbet ([[Old French]])<BR>
| image2 =
Barbone ([[Italian Language|Italian]])<BR>
| image_alt2 =
Pudel ([[German Language|German]]; [[Danish Language|Danish]]; [[Swedish Language|Swedish]])<BR>
| image_caption2 =
Pudelhund ([[German Language|German]])<BR>
| altname = {{unbulleted list|{{langx|de|Pudel}}|{{langx|fr|Caniche}}}}
Budel ([[Old German]])<BR>
| nickname =
Puddel ([[Norwegian Language|Norwegian]]; [[Danish Language|Danish]]; [[Old German]])<BR>
| stock =
Pudell ([[Old Swedish]])<BR>
| country = [[Germany]] or [[France]] <small>(see [[Poodle#History|history]])</small>
Poedel ([[Dutch Language|Dutch]])<BR>
<!-----Traits----->
Пудел / Pudel ([[Russian Language|Russian]])<BR>
| height = {{unbulleted list|Standard: {{cvt|45|–|62|cm|in}}|Medium: {{cvt|35|–|45|cm|in}}|Miniature: {{cvt|28|–|35|cm|in}}|Toy: {{cvt|24|–|28|cm|in}}}}
Pudli ([[Hungarian Language|Hungarian]])<BR>
| maleheight =
Villakoira ([[Finnish Language|Finnish]])
| femaleheight =
| ckcgroup = '''Standard and Miniature:''' Group 6 - Non-Sporting Dogs; '''Toy:''' Group 5 - Toys
| weight = {{unbulleted list|Standard: {{cvt|20|–|32|kg|lb}}|Medium: {{cvt|9|–|13|kg|lb}}|Miniature: {{cvt|4.5|–|7|kg|lb}}|Toy: {{cvt|2|–|3|kg|lb}}}}
| ckcstd = http://www.canadasguidetodogs.com/poodle/poodlestandard.htm
| maleweight =
| country = [[France]] and [[Germany]]
| fcigroup = 9
| femaleweight =
| fcinum = 172
| coat = Curly
| colour = White, fawn, brown, grey, black, brindle, black&fawn, brown&fawn, bicolor and tricolor
| fcisection = 2
| litter_size =
| fcistd = http://www.dogdomain.com/fcistandards/fci-172.htm
| image = Bo WC .jpg
| life_span =
<!-----Kennel club standards----->
| image_caption = Black Standard Poodle, working cut.
| kc_name = [[Société Centrale Canine]]
| kcukgroup = Utility
| kc_std = https://www.centrale-canine.fr/le-chien-de-race/caniche
| kcukstd = http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/item/169 Standard], [http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/item/168 Miniature], [http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/item/170 Toy
| kc2_name = [[The Royal Kennel Club]]
| name = Poodle
| kc2_std = https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/breed-standards/utility/poodle-standard/
| nzkcgroup = Non-sporting
| fcistd = http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/172g09-en.pdf
| nzkcstd = http://www.nzkc.org.nz/br756.html Standard], [http://www.nzkc.org.nz/br760.html Miniature], [http://www.nzkc.org.nz/br764.html Toy
<!-----Notes----->
| ukcgroup = '''Standard:''' Gun Dogs; '''Minitaure and Toy:''' Companion Dogs
| note =
| ukcstd = http://mail.ukcdogs.com/UKCweb.nsf/80de88211ee3f2dc8525703f004ccb1e/77cc12b9230c0541852570490044c05a?OpenDocument Standard], [http://mail.ukcdogs.com/UKCweb.nsf/80de88211ee3f2dc8525703f004ccb1e/f0189c3fb7686a9185257044005159dd?OpenDocumentMiniature and Toy
}}
}}
<!-- End Infobox Dogbreed info. Article Begins Here -->


The '''Poodle''', called the {{lang|de|Pudel}} in German ({{IPA|de|ˈpuːdl̩|lang|De-Pudel.ogg}}) and the {{lang|fr|Caniche}} in French, is a [[Dog breed|breed]] of [[water dog]]. The breed is divided into four varieties based on size, the '''Standard Poodle''', '''Medium Poodle''', '''Miniature Poodle''' and '''Toy Poodle''', although the Medium Poodle is not universally recognised. They have a distinctive thick, curly coat that comes in many colors and patterns, with only solid colors recognized by breed registries. Poodles are active and intelligent, and are particularly able to learn from humans. Poodles tend to live 10–18 years, with smaller varieties tending to live longer than larger ones.
The '''Poodle''' is a [[dog breed|breed]] of [[dog]]. Poodles are highly intelligent, active dogs and come in varieties distinguished by size, color, and coat. Toy, miniature, and standard poodles are distinquished by adult shoulder height. Poodles come in many colors including black, white, red apricot and brown. They also appear in parti-color, or multi-colors. While the multi-color poodles can not be shown in the AKC, CKC or any FCI conformation ring, they can be shown in the UKC show ring and in all performance rings.


The Poodle likely originated in [[Germany]], although the [[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]] (FCI, International Canine Federation) and a minority of [[cynology|cynologists]] believe it originated in [[France]]. Similar dogs date back to at least the 17th century. Larger Poodles were originally used by [[wildfowl]] hunters to retrieve game from water, while smaller varieties were once commonly used as circus performers. Poodles were recognized by both the [[Kennel Club of the United Kingdom]] and the [[American Kennel Club]] (AKC) soon after the clubs' founding. Since the mid-20th century, Poodles have enjoyed enormous popularity as pets and [[dog show|show dogs]] – Poodles were the AKC's most registered breed from 1960 to 1982, and are now the FCI's third most registered breed. Poodles are also common at dog shows, where they often sport the popularly recognized Continental clip, with face and rear clipped close, and tufts of hair on the hocks and tail tip.
Poodles are an ancient breed whose origin is unknown. Most texts suggest an origin in what is now Germany, however they are most associated with France and they have been popular all through Europe for several hundred years. Poodles were originally hunting dogs and still can be seen in that role. They also are skilled at most other dog events including herding, agility, obedience and tracking.


== History ==
They are elegant in the show ring, having taken top honors in many shows. The poodle coat is dense and generally does not shed. As a result the coats require extensive care and grooming. The traditional cuts are offshoots of the requirements hunters had for poodles who were in and out of water.
[[File:Wenceslas Hollar - A poodle, after Matham.jpg|thumb|right|A 17th-century engraving of a Poodle]]
Most cynologists believe the Poodle originated in Germany in the [[Middle Ages]], from a dog similar to today's Standard Poodle. The Poodle was Germany's [[water dog]], just as England had the [[English Water Spaniel]], France the [[Barbet (dog)|Barbet]], Ireland the [[Irish Water Spaniel]] and the Netherlands the [[Wetterhoun]].{{r|Alderton-87|Alderton-08|Fogle|Hancock|Morris}} Among the evidence used to support this theory is the Germanic name for the breed, Poodle or "Pudel" in German, which is derived from the [[Low German]] word "puddeln", meaning "to splash". Numerous works by various German artists from as early as the 17th century depict dogs of recognisably Poodle type.{{r|Alderton-87|Alderton-08|Fogle|Morris}} Some cynologists believe the Poodle originated in [[France]], where it is known as the "Caniche" and that the breed descends from the Barbet. This view is shared by the [[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]] (FCI, International Canine Federation).{{r|FCI|Fiorone}} Others argue that the breed originated in [[Russia]], [[Piedmont]] or [[Northwest Africa]].{{r|Hancock|Fiorone}}


Whatever the Poodle's country of origin, both their German and French breed names indicate the modern Poodle's ancestors were widely used by waterfowlers both to retrieve shot game and to recover lost [[arrow]]s and [[Crossbow bolt|bolts]] that had missed their mark.{{r|Fogle|Hancock}}
Potential owners should be aware that there is no designation of a "royal standard" or a "tiny teacup" poodle, and that no particular rarity or premium should be assumed for dogs so labeled.


=== Size variants {{anchor|Size varieties}} ===
==Appearance==
Due to their intelligence, obedient nature, athleticism and looks poodles were frequently employed in circuses, particularly in France.{{r|Alderton-08|Fogle|Morris|Fiorone}} In French circuses poodles were selectively bred down in size to create what is now known as the miniature poodle, which was known as the toy poodle until 1907, as a smaller sized dog is easier to handle and transport in a travelling circus.{{r|Morris}} As circus performers the variety was frequently seen performing all manner of tricks including walking tightropes, acting out comedies and even performing magic and card tricks.{{r|Alderton-08|Fogle|Morris}}
===General appearance===
The Poodle should be of moderate build, neither heavy or insubstantial. It should have an elegant, balanced appearance, and should carry itself in a "proud" or "dignified" manner.


The Toy Poodle was created at the beginning of the 20th century when breeders again bred Miniature Poodles down in size to create a popular companion dog.{{r|Alderton-08|Fogle|Morris}} Initially, these efforts resulted in disfigured or misshapen pups, as well as pups with behavioural problems, as a result of irresponsible breeding for dwarfed size only. As new breeding practices were adopted, the variety became set as a toy-sized replica of the original.{{r|Alderton-08|Fogle|Morris}} Later attempts to create an even smaller variety, the Teacup Poodle, were unable to overcome serious genetic abnormalities and were abandoned.{{r|Morris}}
===Coat===
{{Mergefrom|Poodle wool|Talk:Poodle wool|date=March 2007}}
[[Image:Poodel-Standard.jpg|thumb|left|A Standard Poodle in a continenetal clip]]
The Poodle's coat is long, curly, harsh and very thick. It does not shed. For show purposes, Poodle's coats are typically shaped into several different clips, the most common of which are the "continental", "English saddle" clips. Dogs under 12 months old may be shown with a "puppy clip". Although used mostly for show today, these clips originated from the French hunting dogs. As the hair is so thick on a full coated poodle, they are apt to drown under the weight of a full coat. To aid in swimming "unnecessary" hair was shaved away, and the remaining hair was left to keep the poodle's joints and vital organs warm while retrieving fowl from icy waters.


The last of the Poodle varieties to be recognised was the Medium Poodle, which in size is mid way in between the Standard and the Miniature Poodle. Not universally recognised by the world's [[kennel club]]s, the Medium Poodle is recognised by the FCI and most Continental European kennel clubs.{{r|Fogle|Morris|FCI}} One of the reasons for creating this fourth size variety may have been a desire to reduce the number of entries of Poodles by variety at [[conformation show]]s.{{r|Morris}}
The puppy clip (or kennel clip for older dogs) is the simplest of the three. The face, throat, base of the tail and feet are shaved. The coat may be shaped with scissors for neatness.


=== Recent history ===
In the continental clip the face, throat, feet and part of the tail are shaved. The upper half of the front legs is shaved, leaving "pompoms" around the ankles. The hindquarters are shaved except for pompoms on the lower leg (from the [[hock (zoology)]] to the base of the foot) and optional round areas (sometimes called "rosettes") over the hips.
The Poodle was recognised by the Kennel Club of the United Kingdom in 1874, and by the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1886, soon after the founding of both clubs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Pedersen |first1=N. C. |last2=Liu |first2=H. |last3=McLaughlin |first3=B. |last4=Sacks |first4=B. N. |date=2012-04-18 |title=Genetic characterization of healthy and sebaceous adenitis affected Standard Poodles from the United States and the United Kingdom |journal=Tissue Antigens |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=46–57 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-0039.2012.01876.x |pmid=22512808 |issn=0001-2815|doi-access=free }}</ref> In the United States, poodles were unpopular until 1935, when the Poodle Nunsoe Duc de la Terrace won best in show at [[Westminster]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/news/hayes-blake-hoyt-poodle-breeder-handler-and-icon/ |accessdate=31 January 2023 |title=Madame Poodle: Hayes Blake Hoyt Helped Create the Modern Sculpted Show Dog |publisher=American Kennel Club |first=Denise |last=Flaim |date=15 October 2019}}</ref> Afterwards, they rapidly gained prominence, becoming the AKC's most registered breed from 1960 to 1982.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.akc.org/press_center/facts_stats.cfm?page=popular_pooches |title = AKC Registration Statistics Fact Sheet |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110413210331/http://www.akc.org/press_center/facts_stats.cfm?page=popular_pooches |archive-date = April 13, 2011}}</ref> Since 1935, Poodles have won best in show at Westminster 10 times, the second-most of any breed.<ref name="Flaim">{{Cite web |first=Denise |last=Flaim |title=The Poodle Paradox: History Behind a Haircut |url=https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/dog-breeds/the-poodle-paradox-historical-haircut/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=American Kennel Club |language=en}}</ref> As of 2012, the Poodle was the third-most popular FCI registered breed worldwide, after the [[Labrador Retriever]] and [[German Shepherd]], with 118,653 new dogs registered per year from the 25 countries surveyed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Registration figures worldwide – from top thirty to endangered breeds|url=https://dogwellnet.com/content/population-statistics/general-breeds-specific-disease-inform/information-on-breeding-animals/registries-health-information/registration-figures-worldwide-%E2%80%93-from-top-thirty-to-endangered-breeds-r292/|access-date=2022-02-20|website=DogWellNet|date=14 April 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Description==
The English saddle clip is similar to the continental, except for the hindquarters. The hindquarters are not shaved except a small curved area on each flank (just behind the body), the feet, and bands just below the stifle (knee) and above the hock, leaving three pompoms.
===Appearance===
[[File:Pudel Grossschwarz.jpg|thumb|Black Standard Poodle|193x193px]]
The Poodle is an active, athletic breed with the varieties differing mostly by size.{{r|Alderton-87|Alderton-08|Fogle}} The FCI's [[breed standard]] states the Standard Poodle stands between {{convert|45|and|62|cm|in}}, the Medium Poodle between {{convert|35|and|45|cm|in}}, the Miniature Poodle between {{convert|28|and|35|cm|in}} and the Toy Poodle {{convert|24|and|28|cm|in}}.{{r|FCI}}


The kennel clubs which do not recognise the Medium Poodle variety typically have the Standard Poodle between {{convert|38|and|60|cm|in}} and Miniature Poodle between {{convert|28|and|38|cm|in}}, with the toy variety remaining unchanged.{{r|Fogle|Morris}}
== Temperament ==
Poodles are intelligent, alert, and active. Arguably one of the most intelligent breeds, [http://petrix.com/dogint/1-10.html], their aptitude has made them ideal for performing in circuses across the globe for centuries. Because they are so intelligent, they can become bored easily and can get quite creative about finding mischief.
Poodles are extremely people-oriented dogs and, therefore, are eager to please. They are excellent [[watchdog]]s, but unlike some working breeds, don't usually become "one-person" dogs when they are part of a family. Standard Poodles in particular tend to be good with children. When they are from good bloodlines, all three varieties are fairly mellow dogs. Poodles are adaptable and easy to train. Being agile and athletic, they appreciate lots of exercise.


A healthy adult Standard Poodle typically weighs between {{convert|20|and|32|kg|lb}}, a Medium Poodle between {{convert|15|and|19|kg|lb}}, a Miniature Poodle between {{convert|12|and|14|kg|lb}} and a Toy Poodle between {{convert|6.5|and|7.5|kg|lb}}.{{r|Fogle}}
==Health concerns==


==== Coat ====
[[Image:Blond Older Poodle Enjoying Water.JPG|thumb|left|With proper care and nutrition, many enjoy life well into their teens. This Toy Poodle just turned 16, and with [[arthritis]] medication still has a very active life.]]
Poodles have thick, curly coats with harsh fur. A pet owner can anticipate grooming a Poodle every four to eight weeks.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Guidry |first=Virginia Parker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ug0JzeJ0zK8C&dq=poodle+temperament&pg=PT20 |title=Your Poodle's Life: Your Complete Guide to Raising Your Pet from Puppy to Companion |date=2010-05-05 |publisher=Crown |isbn=978-0-307-54998-3 |language=en}}</ref>
As with any purebred dog, there are many health concerns for the Poodle owner to be aware of. Though the Poodle is usually a healthy, long-lived canine (it's not unheard of to see a 15-year-old Toy or Miniature Poodle or a 12-year-old Standard Poodle), owners should be aware of the health problems that this breed is predisposed to.


Poodles are often cited as a [[hypoallergenic dog breed]]. Their individual hair follicles have an active growth period that is longer than that of many other breeds; combined with the tightly curled coat, which slows the loss of [[dander]] and dead hair by trapping it in the curls, an individual Poodle may release less dander and hair into the environment. However, researchers have generally not found a difference in allergens across breeds.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nicholas|first1=Charlotte E.|last2=Wegienka|first2=Ganesa R.|last3=Havstad|first3=Suzanne L.|last4=Zoratti|first4=Edward M.|last5=Ownby|first5=Dennis R.|last6=Johnson|first6=Christine Cole|date=2011|title=Dog allergen levels in homes with hypoallergenic compared with nonhypoallergenic dogs|journal=American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy|volume=25|issue=4|pages=252–256|doi=10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3606|issn=1945-8924|pmc=3680143|pmid=21819763}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Grady|first=Denise|date=5 February 1997|title=Nonallergenic Dog? Not Really|work=The New York Times|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07E0D61E3DF936A35751C0A961958260&n=Top/News/Science/Topics/Animals|url-status=live|access-date=21 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130075706/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07E0D61E3DF936A35751C0A961958260&n=Top%2FNews%2FScience%2FTopics%2FAnimals|archive-date=30 January 2009|df=dmy-all}} How hypoallergenic the dog is may vary with the individual dog and the individual person.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bakalar|first=Nicholas|date=2011-07-11|title=The Myth of the Allergy-Free Dog|url=https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/the-myth-of-the-allergy-free-dog/|access-date=2022-02-20|website=[[New York Times]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
Always consult with a [[veterinarian]] that you feel comfortable with before diagnosing or treating any disease on your own.


====Clips and grooming ====
The health concerns that people owning Toy Poodles must be aware of include:
[[File:CH Renaissance Hopeful Impulse.jpg|thumb|150px|Miniature Poodle with a Continental clip]]
[[cataracts]], [[entropion]], [[Epilepsy in animals|epilepsy]], intervertebral disc degeneration[http://www.westlakeanimalhospital.com/Encyclopedia/Acral_Lick/Addison_s_Disease/Adrenal_Gland_Disease__Ferrets/Anal_Sac_Disease__Canine/degenerative_disk_disease__can.html], [[lacrimal duct]] atresia (deformed or absent tear ducts that cause tears to run down the face), [[Legg-Calvé-Perthes syndrome|Legg-Perthes]], [[luxating patella|patellar luxation]], [[Progressive retinal atrophy|PRA (progressive retinal atrophy)]][http://www.netpets.com/dogs/healthspa/pra.html] [http://www.sheepdog.com/diseases/pra/pramenu.html], [[trichiasis]], and [[bladder stone (animal)|urolithiasis]].
The FCI and AKC allows Poodles to be shown in the Puppy, Continental (Lion in the FCI standard), English Saddle, or Sporting (Modern) clip. The FCI additionally recognizes the Scandinavian clip.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="FCI_Standard" /> The most popular in the show ring is the Continental clip, where the face and rear end of the body are clipped, leaving tufts on the hocks and tip of the tail and rosettes on the hips.<ref name="AKC">{{cite web |title=Poodle |url=http://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/poodle/ |access-date=7 February 2021 |publisher=American Kennel Club}}</ref><ref name=":4"/> A similar clip was historically used to prevent the poodle from getting weighted down by their fur when swimming to retrieve a bird, while still leaving their joints and vital organs covered.<ref name="Flaim" /> Pet poodles are most often clipped similarly to the Sporting clip —evenly over their entire body, with the face and paws cut shorter.<ref name="AKC" />


In most cases, whether a Poodle is in a pet or show clip, the hair is completely brushed out. Poodle hair can also be "corded" with rope-like mats similar to those of a [[Komondor]] or human [[dreadlocks]]. Though once as common as the curly Poodle, corded Poodles are now rare. [[Cording (dog grooming)|Corded coats]] are difficult to keep clean and take a long time to dry after washing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zsolt |date=2015-07-09 |title=How to Cord a Poodle Coat |url=https://www.doggroomingtutorial.com/how-to-cord-a-poodle-coat/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Dog Grooming Tutorial |language=en-US}}</ref> Corded Poodles may be shown in all major kennel club shows.<ref name="FCI"/><ref name="UKC">{{cite web|url=http://mail.ukcdogs.com/UKCweb.nsf/80de88211ee3f2dc8525703f004ccb1e/77cc12b9230c0541852570490044c05a?OpenDocument|title=United Kennel Club: Standard Poodle Breed Standard. Retrieved May 12, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111073111/http://mail.ukcdogs.com/UKCweb.nsf/80de88211ee3f2dc8525703f004ccb1e/77cc12b9230c0541852570490044c05a?OpenDocument|archive-date=11 November 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
For the Miniature Poodle, owners must watch for:
[[cataracts]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[distichiasis]], [[entropion]], [[epilepsy in animals|epilepsy]], [[glaucoma]], intervertebral disc degeneration, lacrimal duct atresia, [[Legg-Calvé-Perthes syndrome|Legg-Perthes]], [[Progressive retinal atrophy|PRA (progressive retinal atrophy)]], [[luxating patella|patellar luxation]], [[trichiasis]], and [[bladder stone (animal)|urolithiasis]].


==== Colours ====
For the Standard Poodle, owners must watch for:
The Poodle has a wide variety of colouring, including white, black, brown, blue, gray, silver, [[Café au Lait|café au lait]], silver beige, cream, apricot, and red, and patterns such as parti-, abstract, [[Sable (dog)|sable]], [[brindle]] and phantom.<ref name="AKCInfo">{{Cite web|title=Poodle Dog Breed Information|url=https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/poodle-standard/|access-date=2022-02-20|website=American Kennel Club|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Breed Standards : Multi-Colored Standard Poodle {{!}} United Kennel Club (UKC) |url=https://www.ukcdogs.com/multi-colored-standard-poodle |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=www.ukcdogs.com}}</ref> Recognized FCI colourations are black, white, brown, gray, fawn, brindle, black&fawn, brown&fawn, bicolor and tricolor.<ref name="FCI_Standard">{{Cite web|orig-date=January 23, 2015|title=FCI-Standard N° 172 - Poodle (Caniche)|url=http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/172g09-en.pdf|website=[[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]]}}</ref> Recognition of multi-colored Poodles varies by registry. They were common historically, but became less popular in the early 1900s, and are excluded from many registries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-29 |title=Multi-Colored Poodle History |url=https://unitedpoodleassociation.org/poodle-info/multi-colored-poodle-history/ |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=United Poodle Association |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[American Kennel Club]] (AKC) recognizes Poodles in either solid-coloured and multi-colored coats; however, only solid-colored poodles may compete in [[Conformation show|conformation]].<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://poodlehq.com/parti-poodle/| title=Parti Poodles: Full Breed Guide | date= 2021-01-04| accessdate=2023-11-07 }}</ref>
[[Addison's Disease]], [[cataracts]], CHD ([[hip dysplasia|Canine Hip Dysplasia]]), [[distichiasis]], [[entropion]], [[epilepsy in animals|epilepsy]], [[gastric torsion]], PDA ([[patent ductus arteriosus]]), sebaceous adenitis[http://www.offa.org/sainfo.html], vWD ([[Von Willebrand's disease]]) and chronic active hepatitis.


A parti-Poodle has patches of any other solid colour over a primarily white coat.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ewing |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEf_kvw53fgC&dq=phantom+poodle&pg=PA28 |title=Poodles For Dummies |date=2011-05-04 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-06812-0 |language=en}}</ref> When a parti-coloured Poodle has black-and-white markings that resemble those of a [[tuxedo]], it is called a "tuxedo" Poodle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-05 |title=Poodle Coat Colors |url=https://unitedpoodleassociation.org/poodle-info/poodle-coat-colors/ |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=United Poodle Association |language=en-US}}</ref> An abstract Poodle is primarily solid-coloured, with patches of white.<ref name=":1" /> Phantom Poodles have a solid main color with a lighter colour appearing on their "eyebrows", muzzle and throat, legs and feet and below their tail. Phantom Poodles may also have a full face of the secondary color.<ref name=":1" />
All three breeds are predisposed towards certain types of [[mammary tumor]]s, so if the Poodle owner doesn't plan on breeding their female, then they should consider [[spaying]] her before her first [[estrus cycle|heat cycle]]. This dramatically cuts down the Poodle's chances of developing quite a few different types of [[mammary tumor]]s later in life.


<gallery widths="160" heights="160">
==Hybrids==
File:Pudel kleinweiss.jpg|White Poodles
{{main|Poodle hybrid}}
File:Pudel Klein apricotred.jpg|Apricot and red Poodles
[[Image:Samanthabiancamartin.JPG|thumb|Standard Poodle]]
File:Freddie (8467901543).jpg|Black Poodle
[[Image:Toy 'parti' poodle puppies - 1.JPG|thumb|Toy Poodles make great companions; they are very attentive, intelligent, and always full of energy.]]
File:Maisiepuppydog.jpg|Brown Standard Poodle at five weeks
Many [[hybrid]]s have been created by crossing a Poodle with another breed, such as [[Labradoodle]]s and [[Cockapoo]]s. These "hybrids" or "designer dogs" are not, however, recognized breeds by the American Kennel Club (AKC). Many breeders promote Poodle hybrids as actual breeds and charge more for them than is usually charged for a [[mixed-breed dog]].
File:Pudel Zwerg SilberShow.jpg|Mature silver Poodle
File:Pudel Zwerg Blackandtan.jpg|Phantom Poodles
File:Pudel ZwergHarlekin.jpg|Miniature parti-Poodle
File:Poodle Champion Dog Show.jpg|[[Dog show]] champion
File:Cafe-au-lait standard poodle.jpg|Café au Lait Standard Poodle
</gallery>


==Famous poodles==
=== Temperament ===
Poodles are a highly intelligent, energetic, and sociable breed. A [[The Intelligence of Dogs|1994 book]] by Stanley Corey ranked them second out of 130 breeds in "working and obedience intelligence", a measure of their ability to learn from humans.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Coren|first=Stanley|url=https://archive.org/details/intelligenceofdo00core|title=The intelligence of dogs : a guide to the thoughts, emotions, and inner lives or our canine companions|date=1994|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-0-7432-8087-7|edition=|location=New York|oclc=61461866}}</ref> Shyness or sharpness is considered a serious fault in the breed.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=AKC Breed Standard|url=https://poodleclubofamerica.org/akc-breed-standard/|access-date=2022-02-20|website=The Poodle Club of America|language=en-US}}</ref>
*Stephanie Schneider's Argyle Blanket.
*Algonquin from [[Elvira, Mistress of the Dark]]Basket, Basket II, and Basket III, successive pets of [[Gertrude Stein]] and [[Alice B. Toklas]]
*Boy, pet of Prince Rupert of the Rhine (1619-1682)and killed at the battle of Marston Moor.
*Charley, pet of Nobel Prize author [[John Steinbeck]], a black (referred to as "blue" in the novel) Standard Poodle played Charley in the TV miniseries "Travels with Charley: In Search of America", based on Steinbeck's 1961 book.
*Cleo, from ''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog]]''
*Daphne, from the third ''[[Look Who's Talking]]'' movie
*Fifi, on circus ''[[Blinky Bill's Extraordinary Excursion]]''
*Fifi, pet of the Finsters on ''[[Rugrats]]''
*Fifi, pet of WWE Superstar [[Rene Dupree]]''
*[[Foo-Foo]], [[Miss Piggy]]'s pet on ''[[The Muppet Show]]''
*Georgette from ''[[Oliver and Company]]''
*Josephine, prized pet of author Jacqueline Susann; inspiration for her 1963 novel, "Every Night, Josephine".
*Misiu & Cricket, pets of [[The artist Buza]] source: [http://www.jbuza.com/mishuandcricket/]
*Mocha, pet of [[Taiwanese American]] business woman Nikki Hsu
*Rhapsody in White, or 'Butch', of the movie ''[[Best in Show]]''
*[[Roly]], the poodle owned by [[Sharon Watts]] in the [[BBC]] soap opera ''[[EastEnders]]''
*Rufus, pet of [[Winston Churchill]] source: [http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=414] retrieved July 31, 2005
*Rufus Lucas, a Brindle turned Silver, renowned for high intelligence.
*Teddy, famous dog of radio talk show host [[Michael Savage (commentator)]][http://www.savage-productions.com/teddyscorner.html Pictures of Teddy]
*[[Yankee Poodle]] from ''[[Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew]]''
*[[Presley]]
*[[Lerue]]
See [http://www.poodlehistory.org/PARMY.HTM]


==External links==
== Health ==
The life expectancy of the Poodle varies based on size, as smaller dogs live longer than larger dogs.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Nam | first1=Yunbi | last2=White | first2=Michelle | last3=Karlsson | first3=Elinor K. | last4=Creevy | first4=Kate E. | last5=Promislow | first5=Daniel E. L. | last6=McClelland | first6=Robyn L. | title=Dog size and patterns of disease history across the canine age spectrum: Results from the Dog Aging Project | journal=PLOS ONE | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=19 | issue=1 | date=2024-01-17 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0295840 | doi-access=free | page=e0295840| pmid=38232117 | pmc=10793924 | bibcode=2024PLoSO..1995840N }}</ref> A study in Japan found the Toy Poodle to have a life expectancy of 12.7 years.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=INOUE | first1=Mai | last2=KWAN | first2=Nigel C. L. | last3=SUGIURA | first3=Katsuaki | title=Estimating the life expectancy of companion dogs in Japan using pet cemetery data | journal=Journal of Veterinary Medical Science | publisher=Japanese Society of Veterinary Science | volume=80 | issue=7 | year=2018 | issn=0916-7250 | doi=10.1292/jvms.17-0384 | pages=1153–1158| pmid=29798968 | pmc=6068313 }}</ref> A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 14 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for [[Mongrel|crossbreeds]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=McMillan | first=Kirsten M. | last2=Bielby | first2=Jon | last3=Williams | first3=Carys L. | last4=Upjohn | first4=Melissa M. | last5=Casey | first5=Rachel A. | last6=Christley | first6=Robert M. | title=Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death | journal=Scientific Reports | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=14 | issue=1 | date=2024-02-01 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w | page=| pmc=10834484 }}</ref> A 2005 Swedish study found 25% of miniature and toy Poodles died by the age of 10, less than the overall rate of 35% of dogs dying by the age of 10.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Egenvall | first=A | last2=Bonnett | first2=Bn | last3=Hedhammar | first3=å | last4=Olson | first4=P | title=Mortality in over 350,000 Insured Swedish Dogs from 1995–2000: II. Breed-Specific Age and Survival Patterns and Relative Risk for Causes of Death | journal=Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica | volume=46 | issue=3 | date=2005-09-30 | issn=1751-0147 | pmid=16261925 | pmc=1624818 | doi=10.1186/1751-0147-46-121 | doi-access=free | page=}}</ref>
{{commons|Caniche}}
* [http://www.poodleclubofamerica.org/ Poodle Club of America]
* [http://www.poodleclubcanada.com/ Poodle Club of Canada]
* [http://www.poodlehistory.org/ Poodle History.org]
* [http://www.poodlehealthregistry.org/ Poodle Health Registry]
* [http://www.akc.org/breeds/poodle/index.cfm Offical AKC Specifications]
* [http://www.antiquebooks.net/readpage.html#dogs Poodle description from 1910 Go To Web Page 46] See the historical distinction between wavy and curly poodles. The book also gives important additional advise in the proper rearing of a poodle and many other breeds.
* [http://www.poodlesociety.com/ Poodle Society]
* [http://www.mypetfinder.com/dog_breeds/poodle/ Poodles at My Pet Finder]
* [http://www.standardpoodlesusa.com/ Standard Poodles USA]
* [http://www.care2.com/c2c/groups/disc.html?gpp=3600&pst=216440&archival= Poodle Clipping & Grooming] Names, descriptions and illustrations of poodle clip styles.


Poodles suffer from a number of hereditary diseases. The Poodle Health Registry lists over 50 major health disorders of Standard Poodles.<ref name=":0" /> Some of the worst common hereditary poodle diseases are the skin disease [[sebaceous adenitis]] (estimated prevalence 2.7%) and [[Addison's disease in canines|Addison’s disease]], an endocrine system disorder. Both diseases became more prevalent in poodles after the 1960s burst in poodle popularity led to rapid breeding aimed at producing good show dogs. The breeding focused on a small number of popular bloodlines, creating a genetic bottleneck.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Pedersen |first1=Niels C. |last2=Brucker |first2=Lynn |last3=Tessier |first3=Natalie Green |last4=Liu |first4=Hongwei |last5=Penedo |first5=Maria Cecilia T. |last6=Hughes |first6=Shayne |last7=Oberbauer |first7=Anita |last8=Sacks |first8=Ben |date=2015-08-27 |title=The effect of genetic bottlenecks and inbreeding on the incidence of two major autoimmune diseases in standard poodles, sebaceous adenitis and Addison's disease |journal=Canine Genetics and Epidemiology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=14 |doi=10.1186/s40575-015-0026-5 |issn=2052-6687 |pmc=4579369 |pmid=26401342 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> One study estimated that two average Standard Poodles are about as closely related as the offspring of two full sibling [[village dog]]s.<ref name=":3" />
==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Samanthabiancamartin.JPG|Standard Poodle
Image:SamanthaMartinStandardPoodle.JPG|Standard Poodle
Image:Toy 'parti' poodle puppies - 1.JPG|Toy Poodle
Image:Blond Older Poodle Enjoying Water.JPG|Toy Poodle
Image:Large apricot toy poodle.jpg|Large apricot Toy Poodle
Image:facetieux.jpeg|A white poodle
Image:heidipuppy.jpg|Cream Standard Poodle puppy
Image:heidishow.jpg|Cream Standard Poodle
</gallery>


The Poodle is predisposed to the following dermatological conditions: [[allergic skin disease]], [[alopecia X]] or follicular arrest, injection site alopecia, [[otitis externa]], [[melanoma]], and [[sebaceous adenitis]].<ref name="dermatology">{{cite book | last1=Hnilica | first1=Keith A. | last2=Patterson | first2=Adam P. | title=Small Animal Dermatology | publisher=Saunders | publication-place=St. Louis (Miss.) | date=2016-09-19 | isbn=978-0-323-37651-8 | page=}}</ref>
</gallery>


The Poodle is predisposed to [[Hypothyroidism in dogs|hypothyroidism]] and<ref>{{cite book | last1=Rhodes | first1=Karen Helton | last2=Werner | first2=Alexander H. | title=Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | publication-place=Ames, Iowa | date=2011-01-25 | isbn=978-0-8138-1596-1 | page=148}}</ref><ref name="dermatology"/> [[Cushing's syndrome (veterinary)|Cushing's syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Carotenuto | first1=Gaia | last2=Malerba | first2=Eleonora | last3=Dolfini | first3=Costanza | last4=Brugnoli | first4=Francesca | last5=Giannuzzi | first5=Pasquale | last6=Semprini | first6=Giovanni | last7=Tosolini | first7=Paolo | last8=Fracassi | first8=Federico | title=Cushing's syndrome—an epidemiological study based on a canine population of 21,281 dogs | journal=Open Veterinary Journal | volume=9 | issue=1 | date=2019-02-19 | pages=27–32 | issn=2218-6050 | pmid=31086762 | pmc=6500859 | doi=10.4314/ovj.v9i1.5 }}</ref>

The Poodle is one of the more commonly affected breeds for [[progressive rod-cone degeneration]]. An [[autosomal recessive]] mutation in the [[PRCD]] gene is responsible for the condition in the breed.<ref>{{cite book |author1-first=James A.C. |author1-last=Oliver |author2-first=Cathryn S. |author2-last=Mellersh | editor1-first=Barbara | editor1-last=Cooper | editor2-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Mullineaux |editor3-first=Lynn | editor3-last=Turner |title=BSAVA Textbook of Veterinary Nursing |date=2020 |publisher=British Small Animal Veterinary Association |isbn=978-1-910-44339-2 |edition=Sixth|chapter=Genetics| page=131}}</ref>

==Work and sport==
[[File:Bo the poodle retrieving a duck.jpg|thumb|Poodle retrieving a duck]]Poodles were originally bred for [[waterfowl hunting]].<ref name="FCI_Standard" /> Despite this history, they are currently classified as companion dogs by the FCI.<ref name="FCI_Standard" /> Since the late 1980s, some breeders in the United States and Canada have been selecting for dogs with drive for birds in order to revive the breed for hunting, with some success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_8307818|title=Poodles ready to hunt|publisher=Denverpost.com|access-date=11 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211040726/http://www.denverpost.com/sports/ci_8307818|archive-date=11 December 2014|df=dmy-all|date=19 February 2008}}</ref> Poodles are highly trainable dogs that typically excel in obedience training.<ref name="AKCInfo" /> Historically, they were a popular circus dog. In addition to hunt tests, they do well in [[Dog agility|agility]] and rally.<ref name="Flaim" /> They are among the most popular service dog breeds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 15, 2021 |first=Jean |last=Bauhaus |title=Most Popular Service Dog Breeds |url=https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/lifestyle/most-popular-service-dog-breeds/ |access-date=2022-02-20 |website=American Kennel Club |language=en}}</ref>

Poodles have been used as working dogs in the military since at least the 17th century, most likely because of their highly intelligent, trainable nature. Their background as a hunting dog makes them suitable to battlefields, and they can be trained to ignore gunfire. During the [[English Civil War]], [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine]] had a famous [[Boy (dog)|hunting Poodle]] who would ride into battle with his master on horseback. [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] wrote in his memoirs about the faithfulness of a grenadier's pet Poodle who stayed with the body of his master at the [[Battle of Marengo]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxEHZ_fPVEEC&q=bonaparte+poodle+battle+of+marengo&pg=PA17|title=Canine Commandos: The Heroism, Devotion, and Sacrifice of Dogs in War|last=Cawthorne|first=Nigel|date=2012|publisher=Ulysses Press|isbn=978-1-61243-055-3}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Animals|Dogs|France|Germany}}
* [[List of dog breeds]]
* [[Labradoodle]]
* [[Cockapoo]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=Alderton-87>{{cite book |last=Alderton |first=David |author-link=David Alderton |date=1987 |title=The dog: the most complete, illustrated, practical guide to dogs and their world |url= |location=London |publisher=New Burlington Books |pages=87–88 |isbn=978-0-948872-13-6}}</ref>

<ref name=Alderton-08>{{cite book |last=Alderton |first=David |author-link=David Alderton |date=2008 |title=The encyclopedia of dogs |location=Bath |publisher=Parragon Books Ltd |pages=131 & 354 |isbn=978-1-4454-0853-8}}</ref>

<ref name=FCI>{{cite web |url=http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/172g09-en.pdf |title=FCI-Standard N° 172: Poodle |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=23 January 2015 |website=[[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]] |access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref>

<ref name=Fiorone>{{cite book |last=Fiorone |first=Fiorenzo |date=1973|title=The encyclopedia of dogs: the canine breeds |location=New York |publisher=Thomas Y. Cromwell Company |pages=377–381 |isbn=978-0-690-00056-6 }}</ref>

<ref name=Fogle>{{cite book |last=Fogle |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Fogle|date=2009 |title=The encyclopedia of the dog |location=New York |publisher=DK Publishing |pages=68–69, 190 & 282 |isbn=978-0-7566-6004-8 }}</ref>

<ref name=Hancock>{{cite book |last=Hancock |first=David |date=2013 |title=Gundogs: their past, their performance and their prospects |location=Ramsbury, Marlborough |publisher=The Crowood Press Ltd |pages=33 & 37–38 |isbn=978-1-84797-492-1 }}</ref>

<ref name=Morris>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Desmond |author-link=Desmond Morris |date=2001 |title=Dogs: the ultimate dictionary of over 1,000 dog breeds |location=North Pomfret, VT|publisher=Trafalgar Square Publishing |pages=295–297 & 526–529|isbn=978-1-57076-219-2}}</ref>

}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons-inline|Poodle}}

{{French dogs}}
{{German dogs}}
{{Gundogs}}
{{Toy dogs}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Companion dogs]]
[[Category:Dog breeds originating in France]]
[[Category:Dog breeds originating in France]]
[[Category:Dog breeds|Poodle, Corded]]
[[Category:European dogs]]
[[Category:Dog breeds originating in Germany]]
[[Category:Dog breeds originating in Germany]]
[[Category:Companion dogs|Poodle, Toy]]
[[Category:FCI breeds]]
[[Category:Gundogs]]

[[da:Puddelhund]]
[[Category:Water dogs]]
[[de:Pudel]]
[[es:Caniche]]
[[eo:Pudelo]]
[[fr:Caniche]]
[[ko:푸들]]
[[he:פודל]]
[[hu:Uszkár]]
[[nl:Franse poedel]]
[[ja:プードル]]
[[no:Puddel]]
[[pl:Pudel duży]]
[[pt:Poodle]]
[[simple:Poodle]]
[[sr:Пудла]]
[[fi:Villakoira]]
[[sv:Pudel]]

Latest revision as of 15:02, 28 December 2024

Poodle
A black poodle with curly hair and a raised tail looks at the camera
Other names
OriginGermany or France (see history)
Traits
Height
  • Standard: 45–62 cm (18–24 in)
  • Medium: 35–45 cm (14–18 in)
  • Miniature: 28–35 cm (11–14 in)
  • Toy: 24–28 cm (9.4–11.0 in)
Weight
  • Standard: 20–32 kg (44–71 lb)
  • Medium: 9–13 kg (20–29 lb)
  • Miniature: 4.5–7 kg (9.9–15.4 lb)
  • Toy: 2–3 kg (4.4–6.6 lb)
Coat Curly
Colour White, fawn, brown, grey, black, brindle, black&fawn, brown&fawn, bicolor and tricolor
Kennel club standards
Société Centrale Canine standard
The Royal Kennel Club standard
Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard
Dog (domestic dog)

The Poodle, called the Pudel in German (German: [ˈpuːdl̩] ) and the Caniche in French, is a breed of water dog. The breed is divided into four varieties based on size, the Standard Poodle, Medium Poodle, Miniature Poodle and Toy Poodle, although the Medium Poodle is not universally recognised. They have a distinctive thick, curly coat that comes in many colors and patterns, with only solid colors recognized by breed registries. Poodles are active and intelligent, and are particularly able to learn from humans. Poodles tend to live 10–18 years, with smaller varieties tending to live longer than larger ones.

The Poodle likely originated in Germany, although the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI, International Canine Federation) and a minority of cynologists believe it originated in France. Similar dogs date back to at least the 17th century. Larger Poodles were originally used by wildfowl hunters to retrieve game from water, while smaller varieties were once commonly used as circus performers. Poodles were recognized by both the Kennel Club of the United Kingdom and the American Kennel Club (AKC) soon after the clubs' founding. Since the mid-20th century, Poodles have enjoyed enormous popularity as pets and show dogs – Poodles were the AKC's most registered breed from 1960 to 1982, and are now the FCI's third most registered breed. Poodles are also common at dog shows, where they often sport the popularly recognized Continental clip, with face and rear clipped close, and tufts of hair on the hocks and tail tip.

History

A 17th-century engraving of a Poodle

Most cynologists believe the Poodle originated in Germany in the Middle Ages, from a dog similar to today's Standard Poodle. The Poodle was Germany's water dog, just as England had the English Water Spaniel, France the Barbet, Ireland the Irish Water Spaniel and the Netherlands the Wetterhoun.[1][2][3][4][5] Among the evidence used to support this theory is the Germanic name for the breed, Poodle or "Pudel" in German, which is derived from the Low German word "puddeln", meaning "to splash". Numerous works by various German artists from as early as the 17th century depict dogs of recognisably Poodle type.[1][2][3][5] Some cynologists believe the Poodle originated in France, where it is known as the "Caniche" and that the breed descends from the Barbet. This view is shared by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI, International Canine Federation).[6][7] Others argue that the breed originated in Russia, Piedmont or Northwest Africa.[4][7]

Whatever the Poodle's country of origin, both their German and French breed names indicate the modern Poodle's ancestors were widely used by waterfowlers both to retrieve shot game and to recover lost arrows and bolts that had missed their mark.[3][4]

Size variants

Due to their intelligence, obedient nature, athleticism and looks poodles were frequently employed in circuses, particularly in France.[2][3][5][7] In French circuses poodles were selectively bred down in size to create what is now known as the miniature poodle, which was known as the toy poodle until 1907, as a smaller sized dog is easier to handle and transport in a travelling circus.[5] As circus performers the variety was frequently seen performing all manner of tricks including walking tightropes, acting out comedies and even performing magic and card tricks.[2][3][5]

The Toy Poodle was created at the beginning of the 20th century when breeders again bred Miniature Poodles down in size to create a popular companion dog.[2][3][5] Initially, these efforts resulted in disfigured or misshapen pups, as well as pups with behavioural problems, as a result of irresponsible breeding for dwarfed size only. As new breeding practices were adopted, the variety became set as a toy-sized replica of the original.[2][3][5] Later attempts to create an even smaller variety, the Teacup Poodle, were unable to overcome serious genetic abnormalities and were abandoned.[5]

The last of the Poodle varieties to be recognised was the Medium Poodle, which in size is mid way in between the Standard and the Miniature Poodle. Not universally recognised by the world's kennel clubs, the Medium Poodle is recognised by the FCI and most Continental European kennel clubs.[3][5][6] One of the reasons for creating this fourth size variety may have been a desire to reduce the number of entries of Poodles by variety at conformation shows.[5]

Recent history

The Poodle was recognised by the Kennel Club of the United Kingdom in 1874, and by the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1886, soon after the founding of both clubs.[8] In the United States, poodles were unpopular until 1935, when the Poodle Nunsoe Duc de la Terrace won best in show at Westminster.[9] Afterwards, they rapidly gained prominence, becoming the AKC's most registered breed from 1960 to 1982.[10] Since 1935, Poodles have won best in show at Westminster 10 times, the second-most of any breed.[11] As of 2012, the Poodle was the third-most popular FCI registered breed worldwide, after the Labrador Retriever and German Shepherd, with 118,653 new dogs registered per year from the 25 countries surveyed.[12]

Description

Appearance

Black Standard Poodle

The Poodle is an active, athletic breed with the varieties differing mostly by size.[1][2][3] The FCI's breed standard states the Standard Poodle stands between 45 and 62 centimetres (18 and 24 in), the Medium Poodle between 35 and 45 centimetres (14 and 18 in), the Miniature Poodle between 28 and 35 centimetres (11 and 14 in) and the Toy Poodle 24 and 28 centimetres (9.4 and 11.0 in).[6]

The kennel clubs which do not recognise the Medium Poodle variety typically have the Standard Poodle between 38 and 60 centimetres (15 and 24 in) and Miniature Poodle between 28 and 38 centimetres (11 and 15 in), with the toy variety remaining unchanged.[3][5]

A healthy adult Standard Poodle typically weighs between 20 and 32 kilograms (44 and 71 lb), a Medium Poodle between 15 and 19 kilograms (33 and 42 lb), a Miniature Poodle between 12 and 14 kilograms (26 and 31 lb) and a Toy Poodle between 6.5 and 7.5 kilograms (14 and 17 lb).[3]

Coat

Poodles have thick, curly coats with harsh fur. A pet owner can anticipate grooming a Poodle every four to eight weeks.[13]

Poodles are often cited as a hypoallergenic dog breed. Their individual hair follicles have an active growth period that is longer than that of many other breeds; combined with the tightly curled coat, which slows the loss of dander and dead hair by trapping it in the curls, an individual Poodle may release less dander and hair into the environment. However, researchers have generally not found a difference in allergens across breeds.[14][15][16]

Clips and grooming

Miniature Poodle with a Continental clip

The FCI and AKC allows Poodles to be shown in the Puppy, Continental (Lion in the FCI standard), English Saddle, or Sporting (Modern) clip. The FCI additionally recognizes the Scandinavian clip.[17][18] The most popular in the show ring is the Continental clip, where the face and rear end of the body are clipped, leaving tufts on the hocks and tip of the tail and rosettes on the hips.[19][17] A similar clip was historically used to prevent the poodle from getting weighted down by their fur when swimming to retrieve a bird, while still leaving their joints and vital organs covered.[11] Pet poodles are most often clipped similarly to the Sporting clip —evenly over their entire body, with the face and paws cut shorter.[19]

In most cases, whether a Poodle is in a pet or show clip, the hair is completely brushed out. Poodle hair can also be "corded" with rope-like mats similar to those of a Komondor or human dreadlocks. Though once as common as the curly Poodle, corded Poodles are now rare. Corded coats are difficult to keep clean and take a long time to dry after washing.[20] Corded Poodles may be shown in all major kennel club shows.[6][21]

Colours

The Poodle has a wide variety of colouring, including white, black, brown, blue, gray, silver, café au lait, silver beige, cream, apricot, and red, and patterns such as parti-, abstract, sable, brindle and phantom.[22][23] Recognized FCI colourations are black, white, brown, gray, fawn, brindle, black&fawn, brown&fawn, bicolor and tricolor.[18] Recognition of multi-colored Poodles varies by registry. They were common historically, but became less popular in the early 1900s, and are excluded from many registries.[24] The American Kennel Club (AKC) recognizes Poodles in either solid-coloured and multi-colored coats; however, only solid-colored poodles may compete in conformation.[17][25]

A parti-Poodle has patches of any other solid colour over a primarily white coat.[26] When a parti-coloured Poodle has black-and-white markings that resemble those of a tuxedo, it is called a "tuxedo" Poodle.[27] An abstract Poodle is primarily solid-coloured, with patches of white.[26] Phantom Poodles have a solid main color with a lighter colour appearing on their "eyebrows", muzzle and throat, legs and feet and below their tail. Phantom Poodles may also have a full face of the secondary color.[26]

Temperament

Poodles are a highly intelligent, energetic, and sociable breed. A 1994 book by Stanley Corey ranked them second out of 130 breeds in "working and obedience intelligence", a measure of their ability to learn from humans.[28] Shyness or sharpness is considered a serious fault in the breed.[17]

Health

The life expectancy of the Poodle varies based on size, as smaller dogs live longer than larger dogs.[29] A study in Japan found the Toy Poodle to have a life expectancy of 12.7 years.[30] A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 14 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.[31] A 2005 Swedish study found 25% of miniature and toy Poodles died by the age of 10, less than the overall rate of 35% of dogs dying by the age of 10.[32]

Poodles suffer from a number of hereditary diseases. The Poodle Health Registry lists over 50 major health disorders of Standard Poodles.[8] Some of the worst common hereditary poodle diseases are the skin disease sebaceous adenitis (estimated prevalence 2.7%) and Addison’s disease, an endocrine system disorder. Both diseases became more prevalent in poodles after the 1960s burst in poodle popularity led to rapid breeding aimed at producing good show dogs. The breeding focused on a small number of popular bloodlines, creating a genetic bottleneck.[33][8] One study estimated that two average Standard Poodles are about as closely related as the offspring of two full sibling village dogs.[33]

The Poodle is predisposed to the following dermatological conditions: allergic skin disease, alopecia X or follicular arrest, injection site alopecia, otitis externa, melanoma, and sebaceous adenitis.[34]

The Poodle is predisposed to hypothyroidism and[35][34] Cushing's syndrome.[36]

The Poodle is one of the more commonly affected breeds for progressive rod-cone degeneration. An autosomal recessive mutation in the PRCD gene is responsible for the condition in the breed.[37]

Work and sport

Poodle retrieving a duck

Poodles were originally bred for waterfowl hunting.[18] Despite this history, they are currently classified as companion dogs by the FCI.[18] Since the late 1980s, some breeders in the United States and Canada have been selecting for dogs with drive for birds in order to revive the breed for hunting, with some success.[38] Poodles are highly trainable dogs that typically excel in obedience training.[22] Historically, they were a popular circus dog. In addition to hunt tests, they do well in agility and rally.[11] They are among the most popular service dog breeds.[39]

Poodles have been used as working dogs in the military since at least the 17th century, most likely because of their highly intelligent, trainable nature. Their background as a hunting dog makes them suitable to battlefields, and they can be trained to ignore gunfire. During the English Civil War, Prince Rupert of the Rhine had a famous hunting Poodle who would ride into battle with his master on horseback. Napoleon Bonaparte wrote in his memoirs about the faithfulness of a grenadier's pet Poodle who stayed with the body of his master at the Battle of Marengo.[40]

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b c d e f g Alderton, David (2008). The encyclopedia of dogs. Bath: Parragon Books Ltd. pp. 131 & 354. ISBN 978-1-4454-0853-8.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fogle, Bruce (2009). The encyclopedia of the dog. New York: DK Publishing. pp. 68–69, 190 & 282. ISBN 978-0-7566-6004-8.
  4. ^ a b c Hancock, David (2013). Gundogs: their past, their performance and their prospects. Ramsbury, Marlborough: The Crowood Press Ltd. pp. 33 & 37–38. ISBN 978-1-84797-492-1.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Morris, Desmond (2001). Dogs: the ultimate dictionary of over 1,000 dog breeds. North Pomfret, VT: Trafalgar Square Publishing. pp. 295–297 & 526–529. ISBN 978-1-57076-219-2.
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  7. ^ a b c Fiorone, Fiorenzo (1973). The encyclopedia of dogs: the canine breeds. New York: Thomas Y. Cromwell Company. pp. 377–381. ISBN 978-0-690-00056-6.
  8. ^ a b c Pedersen, N. C.; Liu, H.; McLaughlin, B.; Sacks, B. N. (18 April 2012). "Genetic characterization of healthy and sebaceous adenitis affected Standard Poodles from the United States and the United Kingdom". Tissue Antigens. 80 (1): 46–57. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2012.01876.x. ISSN 0001-2815. PMID 22512808.
  9. ^ Flaim, Denise (15 October 2019). "Madame Poodle: Hayes Blake Hoyt Helped Create the Modern Sculpted Show Dog". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
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