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'''''Neohipparion''''' (Greek: "new" (neos), "pony" (hipparion)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://research.amnh.org/paleontology/perissodactyl/concepts/glossary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120123130/https://research.amnh.org/paleontology/perissodactyl/concepts/glossary|archive-date=20 November 2021|title=Glossary. American Museum of Natural History}}</ref>) is an [[extinction|extinct]] [[genus]] of [[equid]],<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Clementz | first1 = M. T. | title = New insight from old bones: Stable isotope analysis of fossil mammals | doi = 10.1644/11-MAMM-S-179.1 | journal = Journal of Mammalogy | volume = 93 | issue = 2 | pages = 368–380 | year = 2012 | doi-access = free }}</ref> from the [[Neogene]] ([[Miocene]] to [[Pliocene]]) of [[North America]] and [[Central America]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-31|title=Neohipparion eurystyle|url=https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/florida-vertebrate-fossils/species/neohipparion-eurystyle/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=Florida Museum|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-16|title=Neohipparion|url=https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/fossil-horses/gallery/neohipparion/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=Florida Museum|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stirton |first=R. A. |date=1955 |title=Two New Species of the Equid Genus Neohipparion from the Middle Pliocene, Chihuahua, Mexico |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1300411 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=886–902 |issn=0022-3360}}</ref> This prehistoric species of equid grew up to lengths of {{cvt|4.5|to|5|ft|m}} long.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hulbert|first=Richard C.|date=July 1987|title=Late Neogene Neohipparion (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Florida and Texas|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000029152|journal=Journal of Paleontology|volume=61|issue=4|pages=809–830|doi=10.1017/s0022336000029152|bibcode=1987JPal...61..809H |s2cid=130745896 |issn=0022-3360}}</ref> In Florida, Neohipparion lived in a wooded grassland savanna environment during the dry season but moved to a wet environment when it came time to mate. Speaking of mating, the average age of death for a newborn colt was 3.5 years, with a juvenile mortality rate of 64% during its first 2 years of existence. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulbert |first=Richard C. |date=1982 |title=Population Dynamics of the Three-Toed Horse <i>Neohipparion</i> from the Late Miocene of Florida |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300004504 |journal=Paleobiology |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=159–167 |doi=10.1017/s0094837300004504 |issn=0094-8373}}</ref> Its diet consisted of [[Poaceae|grasses]],⁣⁣ [[C3 plants|C3]] and [[C4 plants]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pérez-Crespo |first=Víctor Adrián |last2=Carranza-Castañeda |first2=Oscar |last3=Arroyo-Cabrales |first3=Joaquín |last4=Morales-Puente |first4=Pedro |last5=Cienfuegos-Alvarado |first5=Edith |last6=Otero |first6=Francisco J. |date=2017-04-01 |title=Diet and habitat of unique individuals of Dinohippus mexicanus and Neohipparion eurystyle (Equidae) from the late Hemphillian (Hh3) of Guanajuato and Jalisco, central Mexico: stable isotope studies |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2017.1.470 |journal=Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=38 |doi=10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2017.1.470 |issn=2007-2902}}</ref>
'''''Neohipparion''''' (Greek: "new" (neos), "pony" (hipparion)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://research.amnh.org/paleontology/perissodactyl/concepts/glossary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120123130/https://research.amnh.org/paleontology/perissodactyl/concepts/glossary|archive-date=20 November 2021|title=Glossary. American Museum of Natural History}}</ref>) is an [[extinction|extinct]] [[genus]] of [[equid]],<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Clementz | first1 = M. T. | title = New insight from old bones: Stable isotope analysis of fossil mammals | doi = 10.1644/11-MAMM-S-179.1 | journal = Journal of Mammalogy | volume = 93 | issue = 2 | pages = 368–380 | year = 2012 | doi-access = free }}</ref> from the [[Neogene]] ([[Miocene]] to [[Pliocene]]) of [[North America]] and [[Central America]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-31|title=Neohipparion eurystyle|url=https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/florida-vertebrate-fossils/species/neohipparion-eurystyle/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=Florida Museum|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-16|title=Neohipparion|url=https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/fossil-horses/gallery/neohipparion/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=Florida Museum|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stirton |first=R. A. |date=1955 |title=Two New Species of the Equid Genus Neohipparion from the Middle Pliocene, Chihuahua, Mexico |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1300411 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=886–902 |jstor=1300411 |issn=0022-3360}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacFadden |first=Bruce J. |date=1985 |title=Patterns of Phylogeny and Rates of Evolution in Fossil Horses: Hipparions from the Miocene and Pliocene of North America |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2400665 |journal=Paleobiology |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1017/S009483730001157X |jstor=2400665 |issn=0094-8373}}</ref> Fossils of this horse have been found in [[Texas]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quinn |first=James Harrison |date=1952 |title=Recognition of Hipparions and other horses in the middle Miocene mammalian faunas of the Texas Gulf region |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/items/fc99fb35-da37-41ec-ae55-babd5242e1f8 |journal=Bureau of Economic Geology |language=en |via=University of Texas at Austin}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hulbert |first=Richard C. |date=July 1987 |title=Late Neogene<i>Neohipparion</i>(Mammalia, Equidae) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Florida and Texas |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000029152 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=809–830 |doi=10.1017/s0022336000029152 |issn=0022-3360}}</ref> [[Florida]],<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacFadden |first=Bruce J. |date=1986 |title=Late Hemphillian Monodactyl Horses (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Bone Valley Formation of Central Florida |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1305172 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=466–475 |doi=10.1017/S0022336000021995 |jstor=1305172 |issn=0022-3360}}</ref> [[Kansas]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Darnell |first=Michelle |date=2000-12-01 |title=Systematics of the Fossil Equidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla), Minimum Quarry, Graham County, Kansas |url=https://scholars.fhsu.edu/theses/2771/ |journal=Master's Theses |doi=10.58809/HMSW1030}}</ref> [[South Dakota]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Macdonald |first=J. R. |date=1960 |title=An Early Pliocene Fauna from Mission, South Dakota |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1301023 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=961–982 |jstor=1301023 |issn=0022-3360}}</ref> [[Montana]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Storer |first=John E. |date=1969-08-01 |title=An Upper Pliocene neohipparion from the Flaxville Gravels, northern Montana |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e69-076 |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=791–794 |doi=10.1139/e69-076 |issn=0008-4077}}</ref> [[Nevada]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Macdonald |first=J. R. |date=1956 |title=A New Clarendonian Mammalian Fauna from the Truckee Formation of Western Nevada |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1300391 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=186–202 |jstor=1300391 |issn=0022-3360}}</ref> [[Alabama]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hulbert |first1=Richard C. |last2=Whitmore |first2=Frank C. |date=2006-06-01 |title=Late Miocene mammals from the Mauvilla local fauna, Alabama |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.58782/flmnh.xcpo4034 |journal=Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.58782/flmnh.xcpo4034 |issn=0071-6154}}</ref> [[Oregon]],<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/b1181b |title=Geology of the Rattlesnake quadrangle Bearpaw Mountains, Blaine County, Montana |date=1964 |publisher=US Geological Survey|doi=10.3133/b1181b }}</ref> and [[Mexico]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stirton |first=R. A. |date=1955 |title=Two New Species of the Equid Genus Neohipparion from the Middle Pliocene, Chihuahua, Mexico |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1300411 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=886–902 |jstor=1300411 |issn=0022-3360}}</ref> This prehistoric species of equid grew up to lengths of {{cvt|4.5|to|5|ft|m}} long.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hulbert|first=Richard C.|date=July 1987|title=Late Neogene Neohipparion (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Florida and Texas|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000029152|journal=Journal of Paleontology|volume=61|issue=4|pages=809–830|doi=10.1017/s0022336000029152|bibcode=1987JPal...61..809H |s2cid=130745896 |issn=0022-3360}}</ref> In Florida, Neohipparion lived in a [[Savanna|wooded grassland savanna environment]] during the dry season but moved to a wet environment when it came time to mate. Speaking of mating, the average age of death for a newborn colt was 3.5 years, with a juvenile mortality rate of 64% during its first 2 years of existence. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulbert |first=Richard C. |date=1982 |title=Population Dynamics of the Three-Toed Horse <i>Neohipparion</i> from the Late Miocene of Florida |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300004504 |journal=Paleobiology |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=159–167 |doi=10.1017/s0094837300004504 |issn=0094-8373}}</ref> Its diet consisted of [[Poaceae|grasses]],⁣⁣ [[C3 plants|C3]] and [[C4 plants]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pérez-Crespo |first1=Víctor Adrián |last2=Carranza-Castañeda |first2=Oscar |last3=Arroyo-Cabrales |first3=Joaquín |last4=Morales-Puente |first4=Pedro |last5=Cienfuegos-Alvarado |first5=Edith |last6=Otero |first6=Francisco J. |date=2017-04-01 |title=Diet and habitat of unique individuals of Dinohippus mexicanus and Neohipparion eurystyle (Equidae) from the late Hemphillian (Hh3) of Guanajuato and Jalisco, central Mexico: stable isotope studies |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2017.1.470 |journal=Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=38 |doi=10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2017.1.470 |issn=2007-2902}}</ref> [[Δ13C|δ<sup>13</sup>C]] values from ‘’N. eurystyle’’ fossils found in [[Florida]] indicate that it fed almost exclusively on C<sub>4</sub> grasses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacFadden |first=Bruce J. |last2=Solounias |first2=Nikos |last3=Cerling |first3=Thure E. |date=5 February 1999 |title=Ancient Diets, Ecology, and Extinction of 5-Million-Year-Old Horses from Florida |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.283.5403.824 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |language=en |volume=283 |issue=5403 |pages=824–827 |doi=10.1126/science.283.5403.824 |issn=0036-8075 |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref>
[[File:Neohipparion.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration of ''N. affine'']]
[[File:Neohipparion.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration of ''N. affine'']]
[[File:Ashfall Fossil Beds - Mare, foal, and baby rhino.JPG|upright|thumb|left|Mare and foal at [[Ashfall Fossil Beds]]]]
[[File:Ashfall Fossil Beds - Mare, foal, and baby rhino.JPG|upright|thumb|left|Mare and foal at [[Ashfall Fossil Beds]]]]

Latest revision as of 03:22, 3 December 2024

Neohipparion
Temporal range: Clarendonian-Hemphillian
~13.6–4.9 Ma
Skeleton of N. leptode at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla
Family: Equidae
Subfamily: Equinae
Tribe: †Hipparionini
Genus: †Neohipparion
Gidley, 1903
Type species
Neohipparion affine
(Leidy, 1869)
Species
  • N. affine (Leidy, 1869)
  • N. eurystyle (Cope, 1893)
  • N. gidleyi Merriam, 1915
  • N. leptode Merriam, 1915
  • N. trampasense Edwards, 1982
Synonyms
  • Hesperohippus Dalquest, 1981

Neohipparion (Greek: "new" (neos), "pony" (hipparion)[1]) is an extinct genus of equid,[2] from the Neogene (Miocene to Pliocene) of North America and Central America.[3][4][5][6] Fossils of this horse have been found in Texas,[7][8] Florida,[8][9] Kansas,[10] South Dakota,[11] Montana,[12] Nevada,[13] Alabama,[14] Oregon,[15] and Mexico.[16] This prehistoric species of equid grew up to lengths of 4.5 to 5 ft (1.4 to 1.5 m) long.[17] In Florida, Neohipparion lived in a wooded grassland savanna environment during the dry season but moved to a wet environment when it came time to mate. Speaking of mating, the average age of death for a newborn colt was 3.5 years, with a juvenile mortality rate of 64% during its first 2 years of existence. [18] Its diet consisted of grasses,⁣⁣ C3 and C4 plants.[19] δ13C values from ‘’N. eurystyle’’ fossils found in Florida indicate that it fed almost exclusively on C4 grasses.[20]

Restoration of N. affine
Mare and foal at Ashfall Fossil Beds

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Glossary. American Museum of Natural History". Archived from the original on 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ Clementz, M. T. (2012). "New insight from old bones: Stable isotope analysis of fossil mammals". Journal of Mammalogy. 93 (2): 368–380. doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-S-179.1.
  3. ^ "Neohipparion eurystyle". Florida Museum. 2017-03-31. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
  4. ^ "Neohipparion". Florida Museum. 2018-02-16. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
  5. ^ Stirton, R. A. (1955). "Two New Species of the Equid Genus Neohipparion from the Middle Pliocene, Chihuahua, Mexico". Journal of Paleontology. 29 (5): 886–902. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1300411.
  6. ^ MacFadden, Bruce J. (1985). "Patterns of Phylogeny and Rates of Evolution in Fossil Horses: Hipparions from the Miocene and Pliocene of North America". Paleobiology. 11 (3): 245–257. doi:10.1017/S009483730001157X. ISSN 0094-8373. JSTOR 2400665.
  7. ^ Quinn, James Harrison (1952). "Recognition of Hipparions and other horses in the middle Miocene mammalian faunas of the Texas Gulf region". Bureau of Economic Geology – via University of Texas at Austin.
  8. ^ a b Hulbert, Richard C. (July 1987). "Late NeogeneNeohipparion(Mammalia, Equidae) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Florida and Texas". Journal of Paleontology. 61 (4): 809–830. doi:10.1017/s0022336000029152. ISSN 0022-3360.
  9. ^ MacFadden, Bruce J. (1986). "Late Hemphillian Monodactyl Horses (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Bone Valley Formation of Central Florida". Journal of Paleontology. 60 (2): 466–475. doi:10.1017/S0022336000021995. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1305172.
  10. ^ Darnell, Michelle (2000-12-01). "Systematics of the Fossil Equidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla), Minimum Quarry, Graham County, Kansas". Master's Theses. doi:10.58809/HMSW1030.
  11. ^ Macdonald, J. R. (1960). "An Early Pliocene Fauna from Mission, South Dakota". Journal of Paleontology. 34 (5): 961–982. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1301023.
  12. ^ Storer, John E. (1969-08-01). "An Upper Pliocene neohipparion from the Flaxville Gravels, northern Montana". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 6 (4): 791–794. doi:10.1139/e69-076. ISSN 0008-4077.
  13. ^ Macdonald, J. R. (1956). "A New Clarendonian Mammalian Fauna from the Truckee Formation of Western Nevada". Journal of Paleontology. 30 (1): 186–202. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1300391.
  14. ^ Hulbert, Richard C.; Whitmore, Frank C. (2006-06-01). "Late Miocene mammals from the Mauvilla local fauna, Alabama". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 46 (1): 1–28. doi:10.58782/flmnh.xcpo4034. ISSN 0071-6154.
  15. ^ Geology of the Rattlesnake quadrangle Bearpaw Mountains, Blaine County, Montana (Report). US Geological Survey. 1964. doi:10.3133/b1181b.
  16. ^ Stirton, R. A. (1955). "Two New Species of the Equid Genus Neohipparion from the Middle Pliocene, Chihuahua, Mexico". Journal of Paleontology. 29 (5): 886–902. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1300411.
  17. ^ Hulbert, Richard C. (July 1987). "Late Neogene Neohipparion (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Florida and Texas". Journal of Paleontology. 61 (4): 809–830. Bibcode:1987JPal...61..809H. doi:10.1017/s0022336000029152. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 130745896.
  18. ^ Hulbert, Richard C. (1982). "Population Dynamics of the Three-Toed Horse Neohipparion from the Late Miocene of Florida". Paleobiology. 8 (2): 159–167. doi:10.1017/s0094837300004504. ISSN 0094-8373.
  19. ^ Pérez-Crespo, Víctor Adrián; Carranza-Castañeda, Oscar; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; Morales-Puente, Pedro; Cienfuegos-Alvarado, Edith; Otero, Francisco J. (2017-04-01). "Diet and habitat of unique individuals of Dinohippus mexicanus and Neohipparion eurystyle (Equidae) from the late Hemphillian (Hh3) of Guanajuato and Jalisco, central Mexico: stable isotope studies". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas. 34 (1): 38. doi:10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2017.1.470. ISSN 2007-2902.
  20. ^ MacFadden, Bruce J.; Solounias, Nikos; Cerling, Thure E. (5 February 1999). "Ancient Diets, Ecology, and Extinction of 5-Million-Year-Old Horses from Florida". Science. 283 (5403): 824–827. doi:10.1126/science.283.5403.824. ISSN 0036-8075. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
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