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→Early life and career: Dukedom and Prince Elector were separate titles as referenced in main text
Undid revision 1260328330 by Okerefalls (talk) Charles Theodore was Elector Palatine at this time, Bavaria was raised to an electorate by Ferdinand II
 
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'''Charles VII''' (6 August 1697 – 20 January 1745)<!--- Don't include the places of birth and death here; it's against WP:LEAD.---> was Duke of Bavaria and Prince-Elector of Palatine from 26 February 1726 and [[Holy Roman Emperor]] from 24 January 1742 to his death. He was also [[King of Bohemia]] (as '''Charles Albert''') from 1741 to 1743. Charles was a member of the [[House of Wittelsbach]], and his reign as Holy Roman Emperor thus marked the end of three centuries of uninterrupted [[Habsburg]] imperial rule, although he was related to the Habsburgs by both blood and marriage.
'''Charles VII''' (6 August 1697 – 20 January 1745)<!--- Don't include the places of birth and death here; it's against WP:LEAD.---> was [[prince-elector|elector]] of [[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]] from 26 February 1726 and [[Holy Roman Emperor]] from 24 January 1742 to his death. He was also [[King of Bohemia]] (as '''Charles Albert''') from 1741 to 1743. Charles was a member of the [[House of Wittelsbach]], and his reign as Holy Roman Emperor thus marked the end of three centuries of uninterrupted [[Habsburg]] imperial rule, although he was related to the Habsburgs by both blood and marriage.


Charles was the eldest son of Elector [[Maximilian&nbsp;II Emanuel]] of Bavaria and the Polish princess [[Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska]]. He became [[Prince-elector|elector]] following the death of his father in 1726. In 1722, Charles married Archduchess [[Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress|Maria Amalia of Austria]], daughter of [[Holy Roman Emperor Joseph&nbsp;I]] and niece of [[Emperor Charles&nbsp;VI]]. The couple had seven children together. After Charles&nbsp;VI died in 1740, Elector Charles claimed the [[Archduchy of Austria]] and briefly gained hold of the [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemian throne]]. In 1742, he [[1742 imperial election|was elected emperor]] of the Holy Roman Empire. He ruled until his death three years later.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Karl VII. |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118560115.html#ndbcontent |last=Fritz Wagner |publisher=Deutsche Biographie |access-date=12 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="heb">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQUNNfK5524C&pg=PA250 |title=Die Herrscher Bayerns: 25 historische Portraits von Tassilo III. bis Ludwig III. |publisher=C.H.Beck |year=2006 |isbn=978-3-406-54468-2 |pages=250–}}</ref><ref name="BraunKeller2016">{{Cite book |last1=Bettina Braun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MpdVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 |title=Nur die Frau des Kaisers?: Kaiserinnen in der Frühen Neuzeit |last2=Katrin Keller |last3=Matthias Schnettger |year=2016 |publisher=Böhlau Verlag Wien |isbn=978-3-205-20085-7 |pages=194–}}</ref>
Charles was the eldest son of Elector [[Maximilian&nbsp;II Emanuel]] of Bavaria and the Polish princess [[Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska]]. He became [[Prince-elector|elector]] following the death of his father in 1726. In 1722, Charles married Archduchess [[Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress|Maria Amalia of Austria]], daughter of [[Holy Roman Emperor Joseph&nbsp;I]] and niece of [[Emperor Charles&nbsp;VI]]. The couple had seven children together. After Charles&nbsp;VI died in 1740, Elector Charles claimed the [[Archduchy of Austria]] and briefly gained hold of the [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemian throne]]. In 1742, he [[1742 imperial election|was elected emperor]] of the Holy Roman Empire. He ruled until his death three years later.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Karl VII. |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118560115.html#ndbcontent |last=Fritz Wagner |publisher=Deutsche Biographie |access-date=12 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="heb">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQUNNfK5524C&pg=PA250 |title=Die Herrscher Bayerns: 25 historische Portraits von Tassilo III. bis Ludwig III. |publisher=C.H.Beck |year=2006 |isbn=978-3-406-54468-2 |pages=250–}}</ref><ref name="BraunKeller2016">{{Cite book |last1=Bettina Braun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MpdVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 |title=Nur die Frau des Kaisers?: Kaiserinnen in der Frühen Neuzeit |last2=Katrin Keller |last3=Matthias Schnettger |year=2016 |publisher=Böhlau Verlag Wien |isbn=978-3-205-20085-7 |pages=194–}}</ref>
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Charles (Albert) ({{langx|de|Karl Albrecht}}) was born in [[Brussels]] and the son of [[Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria]], and [[Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska]], daughter of King [[John III Sobieski]] of Poland.<ref name="KG">{{Cite book |last=Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-ZqtB6DmXEC |title=Künker Auktion 108 – Bayern und das Haus Wittelsbach, Eine bedeutende Spezialsammlung – p. 59 |publisher=Numismatischer Verlag Künker |id=GGKEY:PTBHSKFT0ZC}}</ref>
Charles (Albert) ({{langx|de|Karl Albrecht}}) was born in [[Brussels]] and the son of [[Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria]], and [[Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska]], daughter of King [[John III Sobieski]] of Poland.<ref name="KG">{{Cite book |last=Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-ZqtB6DmXEC |title=Künker Auktion 108 – Bayern und das Haus Wittelsbach, Eine bedeutende Spezialsammlung – p. 59 |publisher=Numismatischer Verlag Künker |id=GGKEY:PTBHSKFT0ZC}}</ref>


His family was politically divided during the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], and he spent many years under [[house arrest]] in [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]]. The royal family had left Brussels and returned to [[Munich]] in 1701. His father, Maximilian Emanuel, fled to the [[Spanish Netherlands]] after he had been defeated at the [[Battle of Blenheim]] in August 1704, and Charles and his siblings stayed with their mother, the acting [[Regent]], in Munich. In May 1705, after a stay in [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], the Austrian authorities refused to allow the Electress to return to [[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]] and forced her into exile, which lasted ten years. Maximilian Emanuel went also into exile to [[Compiègne]] after on 29 April 1706, an [[Imperial ban]] was imposed on him, as he again had been defeated at the [[Battle of Ramillies]] a few days earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Max Emanuel. Der Blaue Kurfürst 1679–1726. Eine politische Biographie |url=https://sites.google.com/site/nocsapubul/home/max-emanue-ugitnhbl1aj7 |last=Ludwig Hüttl |publisher=Google Sites |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> Only in 1715 was the family reconciled. After attaining the majority age in August 1715, Charles undertook an educational tour to Italy from 3 December 1715 to 24 August 1716. In 1717, he served among Bavarian auxiliaries in the [[Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)|Austro-Turkish War]].<ref name="zei">{{Cite web |title=Weibliche Regentschaft in Krisenzeiten. Zur Interimsregierung der bayerischen Kurfürstin Therese Kunigunde (1704/05) |url=http://www.zeitenblicke.de/2009/2/kaegler |last=Britta Kägler |date=30 June 2009 |publisher=Zeitenblicke |access-date=12 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=heb/>
His family was politically divided during the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], and he spent many years under [[house arrest]] in [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]]. The royal family had left Brussels and returned to [[Munich]] in 1701. His father, Maximilian Emanuel, fled to the [[Spanish Netherlands]] after he had been defeated at the [[Battle of Blenheim]] in August 1704, and Charles and his siblings stayed with their mother, the acting [[Regent]], in Munich. In May 1705, after a stay in [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], the Austrian authorities refused to allow the Electress to return to [[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]] and forced her into exile, which lasted ten years. Maximilian Emanuel went also into exile to [[Compiègne]] after on 29 April 1706, an [[Imperial ban]] was imposed on him, as he again had been defeated at the [[Battle of Ramillies]] a few days earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Max Emanuel. Der Blaue Kurfürst 1679–1726. Eine politische Biographie |url=https://sites.google.com/site/nocsapubul/home/max-emanue-ugitnhbl1aj7 |last=Ludwig Hüttl |publisher=Google Sites |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> Only in 1715 was the family reconciled. After reaching his [[Age of majority|majority]] in August 1715, Charles undertook an educational tour to Italy from 3 December 1715 to 24 August 1716. In 1717, he served among Bavarian auxiliaries in the [[Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)|Austro-Turkish War]].<ref name="zei">{{Cite web |title=Weibliche Regentschaft in Krisenzeiten. Zur Interimsregierung der bayerischen Kurfürstin Therese Kunigunde (1704/05) |url=http://www.zeitenblicke.de/2009/2/kaegler |last=Britta Kägler |date=30 June 2009 |publisher=Zeitenblicke |access-date=12 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=heb/>


On 5 October 1722, Charles married [[Archduchess]] [[Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress|Maria Amalia of Austria]], whom he had met at the imperial court in Vienna. She was the youngest daughter of the late Emperor [[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph I]] and his wife, [[Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]. Bavaria had renounced all claims to the throne via the marriage, but it provided the legal basis to the inheritance of certain Austrian possessions.
On 5 October 1722, Charles married [[Archduchess]] [[Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress|Maria Amalia of Austria]], whom he had met at the imperial court in Vienna. She was the youngest daughter of the late Emperor [[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph I]] and his wife, [[Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]. Bavaria had renounced all claims to the throne via the marriage, but it provided the legal basis to the inheritance of certain Austrian possessions.
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In continuance of the policy of his father, Charles aspired to an even higher rank. As son-in-law of [[Emperor Joseph I]], Charles rejected the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713]] and claimed the German territories of the Habsburg dynasty against [[Maria Theresa]], daughter of [[Emperor Charles VI]], in 1740. By the [[Treaty of Nymphenburg]], which was concluded in July 1741, Charles became allied with [[Kingdom of France|France]] and [[History of Spain (1700-1808)|Spain]] against Austria.<ref name="Winder2014">{{Cite book |last=Simon Winder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVT1AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA537 |title=Danubia: A Personal History of Habsburg Europe |year=2014 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-71161-0 |pages=177–}}</ref>
In continuance of the policy of his father, Charles aspired to an even higher rank. As son-in-law of [[Emperor Joseph I]], Charles rejected the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713]] and claimed the German territories of the Habsburg dynasty against [[Maria Theresa]], daughter of [[Emperor Charles VI]], in 1740. By the [[Treaty of Nymphenburg]], which was concluded in July 1741, Charles became allied with [[Kingdom of France|France]] and [[History of Spain (1700-1808)|Spain]] against Austria.<ref name="Winder2014">{{Cite book |last=Simon Winder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVT1AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA537 |title=Danubia: A Personal History of Habsburg Europe |year=2014 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-71161-0 |pages=177–}}</ref>


During the [[War of the Austrian Succession]], Charles invaded [[Upper Austria]] in 1741 and planned to conquer [[Vienna]], but his allied French troops under the [[Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, duc de Belle-Isle|Duc de Belle-Isle]] were instead redirected to [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]], and [[Prague]] was conquered in November 1741. That meant that Charles was crowned [[king of Bohemia]] in Prague on 19 December 1741, when the Habsburgs had not yet been defeated. He was [[1742 imperial election|unanimously elected]] [[king of Germany]] on 24 January 1742 and became [[Holy Roman emperor]] upon his coronation on 12 February 1742. His brother [[Klemens August of Bavaria|Clement August]], the [[archbishop-elector of Cologne]], generally sided with the Habsburg-Lorraine faction in the disputes over the Habsburg succession but cast his vote for him and personally crowned him emperor at [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]]. King [[George II of Great Britain]], as the elector of [[Electorate of Hanover|Hanover]], also voted to install Charles as emperor even though both [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] and Hanover were allied with Austria in the ongoing war. Charles VII was the second [[Wittelsbach]] emperor after [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV]] and the first Wittelsbach king of Germany since the reign of [[Rupert of Germany|Rupert]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQUNNfK5524C&pg=PA244 |title=Die Herrscher Bayerns: 25 historische Portraits von Tassilo III. bis Ludwig III. |publisher=C.H.Beck |year=2006 |isbn=978-3-406-54468-2 |pages=244–}}</ref><ref name="Agnew2004">{{Cite book |last=Hugh LeCaine Agnew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Db76shTEM60C&pg=PT131 |title=The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown |publisher=Hoover Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8179-4492-6 |pages=131–}}</ref><ref name="Aretin1993">{{Cite book |last=Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6v4QdEnA20oC&pg=PA561 |title=Das Alte Reich, 1648–1806: Kaisertradition und österreichische Grossmachtpolitik (1684–1745) |publisher=Klett Cotta |year=1993 |isbn=978-3-608-91489-4 |pages=430–}}</ref>
During the [[War of the Austrian Succession]], Charles invaded [[Upper Austria]] in 1741 and planned to conquer [[Vienna]], but his allied French troops under the [[Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, duc de Belle-Isle|Duc de Belle-Isle]] were instead redirected to [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]], capturing [[Prague]] in November 1741. That meant that Charles was crowned [[king of Bohemia]] in Prague on 19 December 1741, when the Habsburgs had not yet been defeated. He was [[1742 imperial election|unanimously elected]] [[king of Germany]] on 24 January 1742 and became [[Holy Roman emperor]] upon his coronation on 12 February 1742. His brother [[Klemens August of Bavaria|Clement August]], the [[archbishop-elector of Cologne]], generally sided with the Habsburg-Lorraine faction in the disputes over the Habsburg succession but cast his vote for him and personally crowned him emperor at [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]]. King [[George II of Great Britain]], as the elector of [[Electorate of Hanover|Hanover]], also voted to install Charles as emperor even though both [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] and Hanover were allied with Austria in the ongoing war. Charles VII was the second [[Wittelsbach]] emperor after [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV]] and the first Wittelsbach king of Germany since the reign of [[Rupert of Germany|Rupert]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQUNNfK5524C&pg=PA244 |title=Die Herrscher Bayerns: 25 historische Portraits von Tassilo III. bis Ludwig III. |publisher=C.H.Beck |year=2006 |isbn=978-3-406-54468-2 |pages=244–}}</ref><ref name="Agnew2004">{{Cite book |last=Hugh LeCaine Agnew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Db76shTEM60C&pg=PT131 |title=The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown |publisher=Hoover Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8179-4492-6 |pages=131–}}</ref><ref name="Aretin1993">{{Cite book |last=Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6v4QdEnA20oC&pg=PA561 |title=Das Alte Reich, 1648–1806: Kaisertradition und österreichische Grossmachtpolitik (1684–1745) |publisher=Klett Cotta |year=1993 |isbn=978-3-608-91489-4 |pages=430–}}</ref>


Shortly after his coronation, most of Charles's territories were overrun by the Austrians, and [[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]] was occupied by the troops of Maria Theresa. The Emperor fled Munich and resided for almost three years in the ''Palais Barckhaus'' in [[Frankfurt]]. Most of Bohemia was lost in December 1742, when the Austrians allowed the French under the Duc de Belle-Isle and the [[François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie|Duc de Broglie]] an honourable capitulation. Charles was mocked as an emperor who neither controlled his own realm nor was in effective control of the empire itself, but the institution of the Holy Roman emperor had largely become symbolic in nature and powerless by then. A popular [[Latin]] saying about him was ''et caesar et nihil'', meaning "both emperor and nothing", a word play on ''aut caesar aut nihil'', meaning "either emperor or nothing". Bavarian General Ignaz Felix, Count of Törring-Jettenbach was compared to a drum, as people "heard about him only when he was beaten".<ref name="Godsey2018">{{Cite book |last=William D. Godsey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wpDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA427 |title=The Sinews of Habsburg Power |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-880939-5 |pages=189–}}</ref>
Shortly after his coronation, most of Charles's territories were overrun by the Austrians, and [[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]] was occupied by the troops of Maria Theresa. The Emperor fled Munich and resided for almost three years in the ''Palais Barckhaus'' in [[Frankfurt]]. Most of Bohemia was lost in December 1742, when the Austrians allowed the French under the Duc de Belle-Isle and the [[François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie|Duc de Broglie]] an honourable capitulation. Charles was mocked as an emperor who neither controlled his own realm nor was in effective control of the empire itself, but the institution of the Holy Roman emperor had largely become symbolic in nature and powerless by then. A popular [[Latin]] saying about him was ''et caesar et nihil'', meaning "both emperor and nothing", a word play on ''aut caesar aut nihil'', meaning "either emperor or nothing". Bavarian General Ignaz Felix, Count of Törring-Jettenbach was compared to a drum, as people "heard about him only when he was beaten".<ref name="Godsey2018">{{Cite book |last=William D. Godsey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wpDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA427 |title=The Sinews of Habsburg Power |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-880939-5 |pages=189–}}</ref>


Charles VII tried to emphasise his government in Frankfurt with numerous acts of law, such as the grant of imperial privilege to the [[University of Erlangen-Nuremberg|University of Erlangen]] in 1743 and the creation of several new imperial nobles. [[Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg]], was declared early to be of full age in 1744. [[Alexander Ferdinand, 3rd Prince of Thurn and Taxis]] served as Principal Commissioner for Charles VII at the [[Perpetual Diet of Regensburg]] and in 1744 the [[Thurn und Taxis]] dynasty were appointed the hereditary Postmasters General of the Imperial [[Kaiserliche Reichspost |Reichspost]].<ref name="Stollberg-Rilinger2018">{{Cite book |last=Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3OYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 |title=The Holy Roman Empire: A Short History |year= 2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17911-7 |pages=106–}}</ref><ref name=heb/>
Charles VII tried to boost his prestige from Frankfurt with numerous legal acts, such as granting imperial privilege to the [[University of Erlangen-Nuremberg|University of Erlangen]] in 1743 and creating several new imperial nobles. [[Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg]], was declared to be of full age in 1744, ahead of time. [[Alexander Ferdinand, 3rd Prince of Thurn and Taxis]] served as Principal Commissioner for Charles VII at the [[Perpetual Diet of Regensburg]] and in 1744 the [[Thurn und Taxis]] dynasty were appointed the hereditary Postmasters General of the Imperial [[Kaiserliche Reichspost |Reichspost]].<ref name="Stollberg-Rilinger2018">{{Cite book |last=Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3OYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 |title=The Holy Roman Empire: A Short History |year= 2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17911-7 |pages=106–}}</ref><ref name=heb/>


The new commander of the Bavarian army, [[Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff]], fought Austria in a series of battles in 1743 and 1744. In 1743, his troops and their allies took Bavaria, and Charles was able to return to Munich in April for some time. After the allied French had to retreat to the Rhine after defeats, he lost Bavaria again. The new campaign of [[Frederick II of Prussia]] during the [[Second Silesian War]] finally forced the Austrian army to leave Bavaria and to retreat into Bohemia. In October 1744, Charles regained Munich and returned. Under the mediation of former Vice-Chancellor [[Friedrich Karl von Schönborn]], the Emperor then sought a balance with Vienna but also negotiated unsuccessfully with France for new military support.<ref name="Whaley2012">{{Cite book |last=Joachim Whaley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NeqGLXvgH7YC |title=Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume II: The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich, 1648–1806 |publisher=OUP Oxford |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-969307-8}}</ref><ref name="KG" />
The new commander of the Bavarian army, [[Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff]], fought Austria in a series of battles in 1743 and 1744. In 1743, his troops and their allies took Bavaria, and Charles was able to return to Munich in April for some time before losing Bavaria again after his French allies were defeated and withdrew to the Rhine. [[Frederick II of Prussia]]'s new campaign during the [[Second Silesian War]] finally forced the Austrian army to leave Bavaria and to retreat into Bohemia. In October 1744, Charles regained Munich and returned, this time for good. With former Vice-Chancellor [[Friedrich Karl von Schönborn]] as a go-between, the Emperor then sought to reach a compromise with Vienna but failed to get more military support from France.<ref name="Whaley2012">{{Cite book |last=Joachim Whaley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NeqGLXvgH7YC |title=Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume II: The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich, 1648–1806 |publisher=OUP Oxford |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-969307-8}}</ref><ref name="KG" />


⚫
Suffering severely from [[gout]], Charles died at [[Nymphenburg Palace]] in January 1745. He is buried in the crypt of the [[Theatinerkirche (München)|Theatinerkirche]] in Munich. His heart was separately buried in the [[Shrine of Our Lady of Altötting]].<ref name="bio" /> [[Georg Philipp Telemann]] composed his requiem "I was Hoping for Light". King [[Frederick the Great]] of Prussia wrote in 1746, "This death robbed me of the emperor, who was my friend".<ref name="SchindlingZiegler1990">{{Cite book |last1=Anton Schindling |author-link1=Anton Schindling |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTg43WtvPnQC |title=Die Kaiser der Neuzeit, 1519–1918: Heiliges Römisches Reich, Österreich, Deutschland |page=230 |last2=Walter Ziegler |author2-link=Walter Ziegler |publisher=C.H. Beck |year=1990 |isbn=978-3-406-34395-7}}</ref>
⚫
Suffering severely from [[gout]], Charles died at [[Nymphenburg Palace]] in January 1745. His brother Klemens August then again leaned towards Austria, and his son and successor [[Maximilian III, Elector of Bavaria|Maximilian III Joseph]] made peace with Austria. With the [[Treaty of Füssen]], Austria recognized the legitimacy of Charles's election as Holy Roman Emperor.<ref name="KG" />


⚫
Charles' brother Klemens August was more pro-Austrian, and Charles' son and successor [[Maximilian III, Elector of Bavaria|Maximilian III Joseph]] made peace with Austria. With the [[Treaty of Füssen]], Austria recognized the legitimacy of Charles's election as Holy Roman Emperor.<ref name="KG" />
⚫
He is buried in the crypt of the [[Theatinerkirche (München)|Theatinerkirche]] in Munich. His heart was separately buried in the [[Shrine of Our Lady of Altötting]].<ref name="bio" /> [[Georg Philipp Telemann]] composed his requiem "I was Hoping for Light". King [[Frederick the Great]] of Prussia wrote in 1746, "This death robbed me of the emperor, who was my friend".<ref name="SchindlingZiegler1990">{{Cite book |last1=Anton Schindling |author-link1=Anton Schindling |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTg43WtvPnQC |title=Die Kaiser der Neuzeit, 1519–1918: Heiliges Römisches Reich, Österreich, Deutschland |page=230 |last2=Walter Ziegler |author2-link=Walter Ziegler |publisher=C.H. Beck |year=1990 |isbn=978-3-406-34395-7}}</ref>


==Cultural legacy==
==Cultural legacy==

Latest revision as of 11:52, 30 November 2024

Charles VII
Portrait by Georg Desmarées, c. 1745
Holy Roman Emperor
(more...)
Reign24 January 1742 –
20 January 1745
Coronation12 February 1742
Frankfurt Cathedral
PredecessorCharles VI
SuccessorFrancis I
King of Bohemia
Reign19 December 1741 –
12 May 1743
Coronation19 December 1741
St Vitus Cathedral
PredecessorMaria Theresa
SuccessorMaria Theresa
Elector of Bavaria
Reign26 February 1726 –
20 January 1745
PredecessorMaximilian II Emanuel
SuccessorMaximilian III Joseph
Born(1697-08-06)6 August 1697
Brussels, Duchy of Brabant Spanish Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire
Died20 January 1745(1745-01-20) (aged 47)
Munich, Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire
Burial
Theatine Church, Munich
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1722)​
Issue
Detail
Names
English: Charles Albert
German: Karl Albrecht
HouseWittelsbach
FatherMaximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria
MotherTheresa Kunegunda Sobieska
ReligionRoman Catholicism
SignatureCharles VII's signature

Charles VII (6 August 1697 – 20 January 1745) was elector of Bavaria from 26 February 1726 and Holy Roman Emperor from 24 January 1742 to his death. He was also King of Bohemia (as Charles Albert) from 1741 to 1743. Charles was a member of the House of Wittelsbach, and his reign as Holy Roman Emperor thus marked the end of three centuries of uninterrupted Habsburg imperial rule, although he was related to the Habsburgs by both blood and marriage.

Charles was the eldest son of Elector Maximilian II Emanuel of Bavaria and the Polish princess Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska. He became elector following the death of his father in 1726. In 1722, Charles married Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria, daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I and niece of Emperor Charles VI. The couple had seven children together. After Charles VI died in 1740, Elector Charles claimed the Archduchy of Austria and briefly gained hold of the Bohemian throne. In 1742, he was elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He ruled until his death three years later.[1][2][3]

Early life and career

[edit]
The young Charles Albert, 1717–1719, Joseph Vivien, Royal Castle in Warsaw

Charles (Albert) (German: Karl Albrecht) was born in Brussels and the son of Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, and Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska, daughter of King John III Sobieski of Poland.[4]

His family was politically divided during the War of the Spanish Succession, and he spent many years under house arrest in Austria. The royal family had left Brussels and returned to Munich in 1701. His father, Maximilian Emanuel, fled to the Spanish Netherlands after he had been defeated at the Battle of Blenheim in August 1704, and Charles and his siblings stayed with their mother, the acting Regent, in Munich. In May 1705, after a stay in Venice, the Austrian authorities refused to allow the Electress to return to Bavaria and forced her into exile, which lasted ten years. Maximilian Emanuel went also into exile to Compiègne after on 29 April 1706, an Imperial ban was imposed on him, as he again had been defeated at the Battle of Ramillies a few days earlier.[5] Only in 1715 was the family reconciled. After reaching his majority in August 1715, Charles undertook an educational tour to Italy from 3 December 1715 to 24 August 1716. In 1717, he served among Bavarian auxiliaries in the Austro-Turkish War.[6][2]

On 5 October 1722, Charles married Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria, whom he had met at the imperial court in Vienna. She was the youngest daughter of the late Emperor Joseph I and his wife, Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Bavaria had renounced all claims to the throne via the marriage, but it provided the legal basis to the inheritance of certain Austrian possessions.

In 1725, Charles visited Versailles during the wedding celebrations of Louis XV of France and established a personal contact with the French court.[7]

In 1726, after his father had died, Charles became Duke of Bavaria and Elector Palatine and thus one of the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire, and he also inherited a debt of 26 million guilders.[8] He maintained good relations with both his Habsburg relatives and France, continuing his father's policies.

In 1729, he instituted the knightly Order of St George and ordered the beginning of the construction of the Rothenberg Fortress.[9][1]

Holy Roman Emperor

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Allegorical depiction of Charles's coronation as Holy Roman Emperor (1742)
Thaler coin of Charles VII, dated 1743

In continuance of the policy of his father, Charles aspired to an even higher rank. As son-in-law of Emperor Joseph I, Charles rejected the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and claimed the German territories of the Habsburg dynasty against Maria Theresa, daughter of Emperor Charles VI, in 1740. By the Treaty of Nymphenburg, which was concluded in July 1741, Charles became allied with France and Spain against Austria.[10]

During the War of the Austrian Succession, Charles invaded Upper Austria in 1741 and planned to conquer Vienna, but his allied French troops under the Duc de Belle-Isle were instead redirected to Bohemia, capturing Prague in November 1741. That meant that Charles was crowned king of Bohemia in Prague on 19 December 1741, when the Habsburgs had not yet been defeated. He was unanimously elected king of Germany on 24 January 1742 and became Holy Roman emperor upon his coronation on 12 February 1742. His brother Clement August, the archbishop-elector of Cologne, generally sided with the Habsburg-Lorraine faction in the disputes over the Habsburg succession but cast his vote for him and personally crowned him emperor at Frankfurt. King George II of Great Britain, as the elector of Hanover, also voted to install Charles as emperor even though both Britain and Hanover were allied with Austria in the ongoing war. Charles VII was the second Wittelsbach emperor after Louis IV and the first Wittelsbach king of Germany since the reign of Rupert.[11][12][13]

Shortly after his coronation, most of Charles's territories were overrun by the Austrians, and Bavaria was occupied by the troops of Maria Theresa. The Emperor fled Munich and resided for almost three years in the Palais Barckhaus in Frankfurt. Most of Bohemia was lost in December 1742, when the Austrians allowed the French under the Duc de Belle-Isle and the Duc de Broglie an honourable capitulation. Charles was mocked as an emperor who neither controlled his own realm nor was in effective control of the empire itself, but the institution of the Holy Roman emperor had largely become symbolic in nature and powerless by then. A popular Latin saying about him was et caesar et nihil, meaning "both emperor and nothing", a word play on aut caesar aut nihil, meaning "either emperor or nothing". Bavarian General Ignaz Felix, Count of Törring-Jettenbach was compared to a drum, as people "heard about him only when he was beaten".[14]

Charles VII tried to boost his prestige from Frankfurt with numerous legal acts, such as granting imperial privilege to the University of Erlangen in 1743 and creating several new imperial nobles. Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg, was declared to be of full age in 1744, ahead of time. Alexander Ferdinand, 3rd Prince of Thurn and Taxis served as Principal Commissioner for Charles VII at the Perpetual Diet of Regensburg and in 1744 the Thurn und Taxis dynasty were appointed the hereditary Postmasters General of the Imperial Reichspost.[15][2]

The new commander of the Bavarian army, Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff, fought Austria in a series of battles in 1743 and 1744. In 1743, his troops and their allies took Bavaria, and Charles was able to return to Munich in April for some time before losing Bavaria again after his French allies were defeated and withdrew to the Rhine. Frederick II of Prussia's new campaign during the Second Silesian War finally forced the Austrian army to leave Bavaria and to retreat into Bohemia. In October 1744, Charles regained Munich and returned, this time for good. With former Vice-Chancellor Friedrich Karl von Schönborn as a go-between, the Emperor then sought to reach a compromise with Vienna but failed to get more military support from France.[16][4]

Suffering severely from gout, Charles died at Nymphenburg Palace in January 1745. He is buried in the crypt of the Theatinerkirche in Munich. His heart was separately buried in the Shrine of Our Lady of Altötting.[1] Georg Philipp Telemann composed his requiem "I was Hoping for Light". King Frederick the Great of Prussia wrote in 1746, "This death robbed me of the emperor, who was my friend".[17]

Charles' brother Klemens August was more pro-Austrian, and Charles' son and successor Maximilian III Joseph made peace with Austria. With the Treaty of Füssen, Austria recognized the legitimacy of Charles's election as Holy Roman Emperor.[4]

Cultural legacy

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Emperor Charles's residence Palais Barckhaus in Zeil, Frankfurt, which he used in exile
The Ancestral Gallery (Ahnengallerie, 1726–1731), Munich Residenz

Charles VII's reign represented the height of the Bavarian Rococo era. The Nymphenburg Palace was completed during his reign. The Grand Circle (Schlossrondell), which is flanked by a string of elaborate Baroque mansions was initially planned as a basic blueprint for a new city (Carlstadt), but that was not achieved. Charles VII resided in Nymphenburg, and the palace became the favorite summer residence of the future rulers of Bavaria. Charles effected the building of the Ancestral Gallery and the Ornate Rooms at the Munich Residenz. He purchased the Palais Porcia in 1731 and had the mansion restored in Rococo style in 1736 for one of his mistresses, Countess Topor-Morawitzka. The mansion was named after her husband, Prince Porcia. He also ordered François de Cuvilliés, chief architect of the court, to build the Palais Holnstein for another one of his mistresses, Sophie Caroline von Ingenheim, Countess Holnstein, between 1733 and 1737. Cuvilliés constructed the Amalienburg as well for Charles and his wife, Maria Amalia, an elaborate hunting lodge designed in the Rococo style between 1734 and 1739 in the Nymphenburg Palace Park.[4][2]

During Charles's reign, numerous accomplished Italian, French, Bavarian, and other German architects, sculptors, painters and artisans were employed in royal service, often for many years. Among them were Dominique Girard, François de Cuvilliés, Joseph Effner, Ignaz Günther, Johann Michael Fischer, Cosmas Damian Asam and Egid Quirin Asam, Johann Michael Feuchtmayer, Matthäus Günther, Johann Baptist Straub and Johann Baptist Zimmermann.[18]

Children

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Charles and his wife, Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria, were parents of seven children:

Name Portrait Birth Death Notes
Maximiliane Maria
Princess of Bavaria		 12 April 1723 Died at birth.
Maria Antonia Walpurgis
Electress of Saxony		 18 July 1724 23 April 1780 Married in 1747 Frederick Christian of Saxony, had issue.
Theresa Benedicta
Princess of Bavaria		 6 December 1725 29 March 1743 Died young and unmarried.
Maximilian III Joseph
Elector of Bavaria		 28 March 1727 30 December 1777 Married in 1747 Maria Anna Sophia of Saxony, no issue.
Joseph Ludwig Leo
Prince of Bavaria		 25 August 1728 2 December 1733 Died in early childhood.
Maria Anna Josepha
Margravine of Baden-Baden		 7 August 1734 7 May 1776 Married in 1755 Louis George, Margrave of Baden-Baden, no issue.
Maria Josepha
Holy Roman Empress		 30 March 1739 28 May 1767 Married in 1765 Joseph, King of the Romans, no issue.

Illegitimate children

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Charles Albert and his mistress Sophie Caroline von Ingenheim had a son:

Titles and Arms

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Charles VII, by the grace of God elected Holy Roman Emperor, forever August, King in Germany and of Bohemia, Duke in the Upper and Lower Bavaria as well as the Upper Palatinate, Count-Palatine of the Rhine, Archduke of Austria, Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire, Landgrave of Leuchtenberg, etc. etc.[2]

Coat of arms

Coat of arms
Coat of arms (Shield variant)
Coat of arms (Shield variant with supporters)

Ancestry

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Fritz Wagner. "Karl VII". Deutsche Biographie. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e Die Herrscher Bayerns: 25 historische Portraits von Tassilo III. bis Ludwig III. C.H.Beck. 2006. pp. 250–. ISBN 978-3-406-54468-2.
  3. ^ Bettina Braun; Katrin Keller; Matthias Schnettger (2016). Nur die Frau des Kaisers?: Kaiserinnen in der Frühen Neuzeit. Böhlau Verlag Wien. pp. 194–. ISBN 978-3-205-20085-7.
  4. ^ a b c d Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG. Künker Auktion 108 – Bayern und das Haus Wittelsbach, Eine bedeutende Spezialsammlung – p. 59. Numismatischer Verlag Künker. GGKEY:PTBHSKFT0ZC.
  5. ^ Ludwig Hüttl. "Max Emanuel. Der Blaue Kurfürst 1679–1726. Eine politische Biographie". Google Sites. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  6. ^ Britta Kägler (30 June 2009). "Weibliche Regentschaft in Krisenzeiten. Zur Interimsregierung der bayerischen Kurfürstin Therese Kunigunde (1704/05)". Zeitenblicke. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  7. ^ Andreas Kraus (1988). Das alte Bayern: Der Territorialstaat vom Ausgang des 12. Jahrhunderts bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts / in Verbindung mit Dieter Albrecht ... C.H.Beck. pp. 513–. ISBN 978-3-406-32320-1.
  8. ^ Marcus Junkelmann (2000). Kurfürst Max Emanuel von Bayern als Feldherr. Herbert Utz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89675-731-9.
  9. ^ Genoveva Rausch. "Mit uns muss man rechnen, 200 Jahre Bayerischer Oberster Rechnungshof, Die Zerrüttung der Staatsfinanzen in Bayern im 18. Jahrhundert" (PDF). Staatliche Archive Bayerns. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  10. ^ Simon Winder (2014). Danubia: A Personal History of Habsburg Europe. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 177–. ISBN 978-0-374-71161-0.
  11. ^ Die Herrscher Bayerns: 25 historische Portraits von Tassilo III. bis Ludwig III. C.H.Beck. 2006. pp. 244–. ISBN 978-3-406-54468-2.
  12. ^ Hugh LeCaine Agnew (2004). The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. Hoover Press. pp. 131–. ISBN 978-0-8179-4492-6.
  13. ^ Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin (1993). Das Alte Reich, 1648–1806: Kaisertradition und österreichische Grossmachtpolitik (1684–1745). Klett Cotta. pp. 430–. ISBN 978-3-608-91489-4.
  14. ^ William D. Godsey (2018). The Sinews of Habsburg Power. Oxford University Press. pp. 189–. ISBN 978-0-19-880939-5.
  15. ^ Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger (2018). The Holy Roman Empire: A Short History. Princeton University Press. pp. 106–. ISBN 978-0-691-17911-7.
  16. ^ Joachim Whaley (2012). Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume II: The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich, 1648–1806. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-969307-8.
  17. ^ Anton Schindling; Walter Ziegler (1990). Die Kaiser der Neuzeit, 1519–1918: Heiliges Römisches Reich, Österreich, Deutschland. C.H. Beck. p. 230. ISBN 978-3-406-34395-7.
  18. ^ "Schlosspark Nymphenburg". München de. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
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Media related to Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor at Wikimedia Commons

Regnal titles

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Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor
Born: 6 August 1697 Died: 20 January 1745
Regnal titles
Preceded by Elector of Bavaria
26 February 1726 – 20 January 1745 		Succeeded by
Preceded by King of Bohemia
19 December 1741 – 12 May 1743 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Holy Roman Emperor
King in Germany
24 January 1742 – 20 January 1745 		Succeeded by
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