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{{short description|Former French colony in Central Africa}}
'''French Congo''' was the original [[France|French]] [[colony]] established in the present-day area of the [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Gabon]], and the [[Central African Republic]]. It began in [[1880]] as a [[protectorate]], and its borders with [[Cabinda (province)|Cabinda]], [[Cameroons]], and the [[Congo Free State]] were established by treaties over the next decade. The plan to develop the colony was to grant massive concessions to some thirty French companies. These were granted huge swaths of land on the promise they would be developed. This development was limited and amounted mostly to the extraction of [[ivory]], [[rubber]], and [[timber]]. These operations often involved great brutality and the near enslavement of the locals. See also [[List of concessionnaires of the French Congo]] for a list of these companies.
{{Distinguish|Belgian Congo|Cabinda Province{{!}}Portuguese Congo}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = {{native name|fr|Congo français}}
| conventional_long_name = French Congo
| common_name = French Congo
| status = Colony
| empire = France
| life_span = 1882–1960
| year_start = 1882<ref name="Histmil">''Histoire militaire des colonies, pays de protectorat et pays sous mandat.'' 7. "[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5658822n/f2 Histoire militaire de l'Afrique Équatoriale française]". 1931. Accessed 9 October 2011. {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
| p1 = Kingdom of Kongo
| flag_p1 = Flag of the Kingdom of Kongo according to Giovanni Cavazzi da Montecuccolo.svg
| p2 = Kingdom of Loango
| flag_p2 = Flag of the Kingdom of Loango.svg
| p3 = Teke Kingdom
| s1 = French Equatorial Africa
| flag_s1 = Flag of France.svg
| date_event1 = 1903
| event1 = Renamed Middle Congo
| year_end = 1910
| event_end = Reestablished as [[French Equatorial Africa]]
| image_flag = Flag of France.svg
| flag_type_article = French colonial flags
| image_map = LocationRCongo.svg
| religion = [[Christianity]], [[Bwiti]], [[Islam]], traditional religions
| capital = [[Brazzaville]]
| common_languages = [[French language|French]] (official)<br />[[Fang language|Fang]], [[Myene language|Myene]], [[Kongo language|Kongo]], [[Lingala]]
| currency = [[French franc]]
| today = [[Republic of the Congo]]
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
}}


The '''French Congo''' ({{langx|fr|Congo français}}), also known as '''Middle Congo''' ({{langx|fr|Moyen-Congo}}), was a [[French Third Republic|French]] [[list of French possessions and colonies|colony]] which at one time comprised the present-day area of the [[Republic of the Congo]] and parts of [[Gabon]], and the [[Central African Republic]]. In 1910, it was made part of the larger [[French Equatorial Africa]].
Even with these measures most of the companies lost money. Only about ten earned profits. Many of the companies vast holdings existed only on paper with virtually no presence on the ground in [[Africa]].


The modern [[Republic of the Congo]] is considered French Congo's [[Succession of states|successor state]], having virtually identical borders, and having inherited rights to sovereignty and independence from [[French Fourth Republic|France]] through the dissolution of French Equatorial Africa in the late 1950s.
French Congo was temporarily divided between [[Gabon]] and [[Middle Congo]] in [[1906]], before being reunited as [[French Equatorial Africa]] in [[1910]] in an attempt to copy the relative success of [[French West Africa]].


==History==
== Postage stamps ==
[[File:French-Congo.PNG|thumb|French Congo once comprised the area of Congo, Gabon and [[Ubangi-Shari]] (present-day Central African Republic)]]
The French Congo began at [[Brazzaville]] on 10 September 1880 as a [[protectorate]] over the [[Bateke]] people along the north bank of the [[Congo River]].<ref name="Histmil"/> The treaty was signed between King Iloo I and [[Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza]]; Iloo I died the same year it was signed, but the terms of the treaty were upheld by his queen [[Ngalifourou]].<ref>{{Citation|last=jeremy|first=rich|editor1-first=Emmanuel K|editor1-last=Akyeampong|editor2-first=Henry Louis|editor2-last=Gates|title=Ngalifourou|date=2012|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1533|work=Dictionary of African Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|access-date=2021-01-16}}</ref> It was formally established as the French Congo on 30 November 1882,<ref name="Histmil"/> and was confirmed at the [[Berlin Conference]] of 1884–85. Its borders with [[Cabinda (province)|Cabinda]], [[Cameroons]], and the [[Congo Free State]] were established by treaties over the next decade. The plan to develop the colony was to grant massive concessions to some [[list of concessionnaires of the French Congo|thirty French companies]]. These were granted huge swaths of land on the promise they would be developed. This development was limited and amounted mostly to the extraction of [[ivory]], rubber, and timber. These operations often involved great brutality and the near-enslavement of the locals.


Even with these measures most of the companies lost money. Only about ten earned profits. Many of the companies' vast holdings existed only on paper with virtually no presence on the ground in Africa.
The first [[postage stamp]]s for the colony were [[overprint]]s issued in [[1891]] on the generic issue for the [[French colonies]]. They read "'''Congo francais'''" followed by the value, either 5c, 10c, or 15c. In [[1892]] the omnibus [[Navigation and Commerce]] issue included stamps inscribed "'''CONGO FRANCAIS'''". A pictorial series followed, in [[1900]]; its images included a [[leopard]], [[Bakalois]] woman, and a [[coconut]] grove, printed in pairs of colors, some rather garish. A couple of provisional [[surcharge]]s on the Navigation and Commerce stamps proved necessary in [[1900]], and two more gays were needed on the pictorials, in [[1903]].


The French Congo was sometimes known as '''Gabon-Congo'''.<ref>Payeur-Didelot: "[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84410044/f1 Gabon – Colonie française du Gabon-Congo, 1/3,700,000]", 1894. {{in lang|fr}}</ref> It formally added [[French Gabon|Gabon]] on in 1891,<ref name="Histmil"/> was officially renamed '''Middle Congo''' ({{langx|fr|link=no|Moyen-Congo}}) in 1903, was temporarily divorced from Gabon in 1906, and was then reunited as [[French Equatorial Africa]] in 1910 in an attempt to emulate the relative success of [[French West Africa]].
The [[watermark]]s of the pictorials of 1900 are unlike any other watermarks used in the French area; they are plant branches, with [[thistle]] for the low values (up to 15c), [[rose]] for middle values (up to 75c), and an [[olive]] branch for the three franc values.

In 1911 the [[Morocco-Congo Treaty]] gave part of the territory to [[Germany]] for an outlet on the Congo River. This land, known as [[Neukamerun]], was officially regained by France after the [[First World War]].

A 1906 study {{langx|fr|label=none|L'Expansion coloniale au Congo français|translation=The colonial expansion of French Congo}}, was published in conjunction with the French [[Colonial exhibition|Colonial Exposition]] in Marseille.<ref>{{Cite book
| publisher = Émile Larose – via World Digital Library
| last = Rouget
| first = Ferdinand
| title = The Colonial Expansion of French Congo
| access-date = 2014-06-19
| date = 1906
| language = fr
| url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2543/#regions=africa&page=5
}}</ref> In 1925 [[African-Americans|African-American]] historian, sociologist, and [[Pan-Africanism|Pan-Africanist]] [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] wrote "[[Batouala (novel)|'Batouala']] voices it. In the depths of the French Congo one finds the same exploitation of black folk as in the [[Belgian Congo]] or [[British West Africa]]."<ref name="ForeignAffairsDuBois">{{cite magazine|last=Du Bois|first=W. E. Burghardt|author-link=W. E. B. Du Bois|date=1925-04-01|title=Worlds of Color|volume=3|number=3|magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]]|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/africa/1925-04-01/worlds-color|issn=0015-7120|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="TheNewNegroDuBois">{{cite book|last=DuBois|first=W. E. B.|author-link=W. E. B. Du Bois|editor-last1=Locke|editor-first1=Alain LeRoy|editor-link1=Alain LeRoy Locke|year=1925|edition=1927|title=The New Negro: An Interpretation|chapter=The Negro Mind Reaches Out|page=385|publisher=Albert and Charles Boni|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/newnegrointerpre00unse/page/413/mode/1up|lccn=25025228|oclc=639696145}}</ref>

==List of governors==
[[Image:1911French Congo.png|thumb|Le Congo français in 1911]]
*Chief administrators
**12 Mar 1889 - 27 Apr 1895 Fortuné Charles de Chavannes (s.a.)
** 27 Apr 1895 - 22 Jan 1899 Louis Henri Albert Dolisie (b. 1856 - d. 1899)
** 1 May 1899 - 11 Jul 1902 Jean-Baptiste Philema Lemaire (b. 1856 - d. 1932)
**11 Jul 1902 - 5 Apr 1906 Émile Gentil (b. 1866 - d. 1914)
** 5 Apr 1906 - 12 Mar 1909 Adolphe Louis Cureau (b. 1864 - d. 1913)
**17 Jan 1908 - 17 Nov 1908 Édouard Marie Bertrand Eugène Dubosc-Taret (acting for Cureau) (b. 1857 - d. 19..)
*Lieutenant governors
**12 Mar 1909 - 27 Jun 1910 Adolphe Louis Cureau (s.a.)
**27 Jun 1910 - 28 Jul 1911 Édouard Dubosc-Taret (acting) (s.a.)
**28 Jul 1911 - 16 Apr 1916 Lucien Louis Fourneau (b. 1867 - d. 1930), acting to 17 Oct 1912)
**16 Apr 1916 - 17 Jul 1917 Jules Gaston Henri Carde (b. 1874 - d. 1949), (acting to 12 Oct 1916)
**17 Jul 1917 - 2 Apr 1919 Jules Guy Le Prince (acting) (b. 1868 - d. 19..)
**2 Apr 1919 - 16 May 1919 Édmond Émilien Cadier (b. 1868 - d. 1951)
**16 May 1919 - 21 Aug 1919 Jean Henri Marchand (1st time, acting)) (b. 1864 - d. 19..)
**21 Aug 1919 - 16 Aug 1922 Mattéo Mathieu Maurice Alfassa (b. 1876 - d. 1942)
**16 Aug 1922 - 20 Apr 1923 Georges Thomann (acting) (b. 1872 - d. 1943)
**24 Apr 1923 - 21 Jul 1925 Jean Henri Marchand (acting, 2nd time) (s.a.)
** 21 Jul 1925 - 1 Dec 1929 Administration by AEF Governor-general
**1 Dec 1929 - 4 Dec 1930 Marcel Alix Jean Marchessou (acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1964)
** 4 Dec 1930 - May 1931 Pierre Simon Antonin Bonnefont (acting) (b. 1877 - d. 1950)
**May 1931 - 1932 Max de Masson de Saint-Félix (b. 1882 - d. 1958)
**1932 - 21 Nov 1932 Émile Buhot-Launay (acting) (b. 1881 - d. 1970)
**21 Nov 1932 - 10 Feb 1941 Administration by AEF Governor-general
**10 Feb 1941 - 20 Aug 1945 Gabriel Émile Fortune (b. 1897 - d. 1971)
**21 Feb 1942 - 19 Jul 1942 Jean Charles André Capagorry (acting for Fortune) (b. 1894 - d. 1981)
**20 Aug 1945 - 30 Apr 1946 Administration by AEF Governor-general
**30 Apr 1946 - 16 May 1946 Christian Robert Roger Laigret (acting) (b. 1903 - d. 1977)
** 16 May 1946 - 6 Nov 1946 Administration by AEF Governor-general
** 6 Nov 1946 - 31 Dec 1947 Numa François Henri Sadoul (b. 1906 - d. 1990)
**31 Dec 1947 - 1 Mar 1950 Jacques Georges Fourneau (b. 1901 - d. 1956)
**1 Mar 1950 - 25 Apr 1952 Paul Jules Marie Le Layec (b. 1901 - d. 1965)
**25 Apr 1952 - 15 Jul 1953 Jean Georges Chambon (b. 1896 - d. 1965)
**15 Jul 1953 - 2 Nov 1956 Ernest Eugène Rouys (acting to 19 Feb 1954) (b. 1901 - d. ....)
**2 Nov 1956 - 29 Jan 1958 Jean-Michel Marie René Soupault (b. 1918 - d. 1993)
**29 Jan 1958 - 7 Jan 1959 Charles Paul Dériaud (acting) (b. 1911 - d. 1964)
*High Commissioner
** 7 Jan 1959 - 15 Aug 1960 Guy Noël Georgy (b. 1918 - d. 2003)

==See also==
*[[Belgian Congo]]
*[[Raphaël Etifier]]
*[[French colonial empire]]
*[[French Equatorial Africa]]
*[[List of French possessions and colonies]]
*[[Ngalifourou]]
*[[Syndicat professionnel des commerçants et transporteurs africains du Congo]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}


==Further reading==
* Maria Petringa, ''Brazza, A Life for Africa'' (2006)
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= French Congo | volume= 11 |last= Cana |first= Frank Richardson |author-link= | pages = 99&ndash;102 |short= 1}}
* Petringa, Maria. ''Brazza, A Life for Africa''. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-4259-1198-0}}. Describes Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza's extensive explorations of what became French Congo, and later, French Equatorial Africa.


== External links ==
[[Category:Former colonies of France|Congo, French]]
* {{commons category-inline}}
[[Category:History of the Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:History of Gabon]]
[[Category:History of the Central African Republic]]


{{Former French colonies}}
[[fr:Congo français]]
{{French Resistance}}
[[hu:Francia Kongó]]
{{Authority control}}
[[sv:Franska Kongo]]
{{Coord|1|S|16|E|display=title}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}

[[Category:French Congo| ]]
[[Category:French Equatorial Africa]]
[[Category:Former colonies in Africa]]
[[Category:Former French colonies|Congo]]
[[Category:French colonisation in Africa|Congo]]
[[Category:History of Gabon]]
[[Category:Ubangi-Shari]]
[[Category:History of the Republic of the Congo by period]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1882]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1910]]
[[Category:1882 establishments in French Congo]]
[[Category:1882 establishments in Africa]]
[[Category:1960 disestablishments in Africa]]
[[Category:1882 establishments in the French colonial empire]]
[[Category:1960 disestablishments in the French colonial empire]]
[[Category:France–Republic of the Congo relations]]

Latest revision as of 01:20, 4 November 2024

Not to be confused with Belgian Congo or Portuguese Congo.
French Congo
Congo français (French)
1882–1960
Flag of French Congo
Location of French Congo
StatusFrench colony
CapitalBrazzaville
Common languagesFrench (official)
Fang, Myene, Kongo, Lingala
Religion
Christianity, Bwiti, Islam, traditional religions
History 
• Established
1882[1]
• Renamed Middle Congo
1903
• Reestablished as French Equatorial Africa
1910
CurrencyFrench franc
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Kingdom of Kongo
Kingdom of Loango
Teke Kingdom
French Equatorial Africa
Today part ofRepublic of the Congo

The French Congo (French: Congo français), also known as Middle Congo (French: Moyen-Congo), was a French colony which at one time comprised the present-day area of the Republic of the Congo and parts of Gabon, and the Central African Republic. In 1910, it was made part of the larger French Equatorial Africa.

The modern Republic of the Congo is considered French Congo's successor state, having virtually identical borders, and having inherited rights to sovereignty and independence from France through the dissolution of French Equatorial Africa in the late 1950s.

History

[edit]
French Congo once comprised the area of Congo, Gabon and Ubangi-Shari (present-day Central African Republic)

The French Congo began at Brazzaville on 10 September 1880 as a protectorate over the Bateke people along the north bank of the Congo River.[1] The treaty was signed between King Iloo I and Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza; Iloo I died the same year it was signed, but the terms of the treaty were upheld by his queen Ngalifourou.[2] It was formally established as the French Congo on 30 November 1882,[1] and was confirmed at the Berlin Conference of 1884–85. Its borders with Cabinda, Cameroons, and the Congo Free State were established by treaties over the next decade. The plan to develop the colony was to grant massive concessions to some thirty French companies. These were granted huge swaths of land on the promise they would be developed. This development was limited and amounted mostly to the extraction of ivory, rubber, and timber. These operations often involved great brutality and the near-enslavement of the locals.

Even with these measures most of the companies lost money. Only about ten earned profits. Many of the companies' vast holdings existed only on paper with virtually no presence on the ground in Africa.

The French Congo was sometimes known as Gabon-Congo.[3] It formally added Gabon on in 1891,[1] was officially renamed Middle Congo (French: Moyen-Congo) in 1903, was temporarily divorced from Gabon in 1906, and was then reunited as French Equatorial Africa in 1910 in an attempt to emulate the relative success of French West Africa.

In 1911 the Morocco-Congo Treaty gave part of the territory to Germany for an outlet on the Congo River. This land, known as Neukamerun, was officially regained by France after the First World War.

A 1906 study L'Expansion coloniale au Congo français, 'The colonial expansion of French Congo', was published in conjunction with the French Colonial Exposition in Marseille.[4] In 1925 African-American historian, sociologist, and Pan-Africanist W. E. B. Du Bois wrote "'Batouala' voices it. In the depths of the French Congo one finds the same exploitation of black folk as in the Belgian Congo or British West Africa."[5][6]

List of governors

[edit]
Le Congo français in 1911
  • Chief administrators
    • 12 Mar 1889 - 27 Apr 1895 Fortuné Charles de Chavannes (s.a.)
    • 27 Apr 1895 - 22 Jan 1899 Louis Henri Albert Dolisie (b. 1856 - d. 1899)
    • 1 May 1899 - 11 Jul 1902 Jean-Baptiste Philema Lemaire (b. 1856 - d. 1932)
    • 11 Jul 1902 - 5 Apr 1906 Émile Gentil (b. 1866 - d. 1914)
    • 5 Apr 1906 - 12 Mar 1909 Adolphe Louis Cureau (b. 1864 - d. 1913)
    • 17 Jan 1908 - 17 Nov 1908 Édouard Marie Bertrand Eugène Dubosc-Taret (acting for Cureau) (b. 1857 - d. 19..)
  • Lieutenant governors
    • 12 Mar 1909 - 27 Jun 1910 Adolphe Louis Cureau (s.a.)
    • 27 Jun 1910 - 28 Jul 1911 Édouard Dubosc-Taret (acting) (s.a.)
    • 28 Jul 1911 - 16 Apr 1916 Lucien Louis Fourneau (b. 1867 - d. 1930), acting to 17 Oct 1912)
    • 16 Apr 1916 - 17 Jul 1917 Jules Gaston Henri Carde (b. 1874 - d. 1949), (acting to 12 Oct 1916)
    • 17 Jul 1917 - 2 Apr 1919 Jules Guy Le Prince (acting) (b. 1868 - d. 19..)
    • 2 Apr 1919 - 16 May 1919 Édmond Émilien Cadier (b. 1868 - d. 1951)
    • 16 May 1919 - 21 Aug 1919 Jean Henri Marchand (1st time, acting)) (b. 1864 - d. 19..)
    • 21 Aug 1919 - 16 Aug 1922 Mattéo Mathieu Maurice Alfassa (b. 1876 - d. 1942)
    • 16 Aug 1922 - 20 Apr 1923 Georges Thomann (acting) (b. 1872 - d. 1943)
    • 24 Apr 1923 - 21 Jul 1925 Jean Henri Marchand (acting, 2nd time) (s.a.)
    • 21 Jul 1925 - 1 Dec 1929 Administration by AEF Governor-general
    • 1 Dec 1929 - 4 Dec 1930 Marcel Alix Jean Marchessou (acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1964)
    • 4 Dec 1930 - May 1931 Pierre Simon Antonin Bonnefont (acting) (b. 1877 - d. 1950)
    • May 1931 - 1932 Max de Masson de Saint-Félix (b. 1882 - d. 1958)
    • 1932 - 21 Nov 1932 Émile Buhot-Launay (acting) (b. 1881 - d. 1970)
    • 21 Nov 1932 - 10 Feb 1941 Administration by AEF Governor-general
    • 10 Feb 1941 - 20 Aug 1945 Gabriel Émile Fortune (b. 1897 - d. 1971)
    • 21 Feb 1942 - 19 Jul 1942 Jean Charles André Capagorry (acting for Fortune) (b. 1894 - d. 1981)
    • 20 Aug 1945 - 30 Apr 1946 Administration by AEF Governor-general
    • 30 Apr 1946 - 16 May 1946 Christian Robert Roger Laigret (acting) (b. 1903 - d. 1977)
    • 16 May 1946 - 6 Nov 1946 Administration by AEF Governor-general
    • 6 Nov 1946 - 31 Dec 1947 Numa François Henri Sadoul (b. 1906 - d. 1990)
    • 31 Dec 1947 - 1 Mar 1950 Jacques Georges Fourneau (b. 1901 - d. 1956)
    • 1 Mar 1950 - 25 Apr 1952 Paul Jules Marie Le Layec (b. 1901 - d. 1965)
    • 25 Apr 1952 - 15 Jul 1953 Jean Georges Chambon (b. 1896 - d. 1965)
    • 15 Jul 1953 - 2 Nov 1956 Ernest Eugène Rouys (acting to 19 Feb 1954) (b. 1901 - d. ....)
    • 2 Nov 1956 - 29 Jan 1958 Jean-Michel Marie René Soupault (b. 1918 - d. 1993)
    • 29 Jan 1958 - 7 Jan 1959 Charles Paul Dériaud (acting) (b. 1911 - d. 1964)
  • High Commissioner
    • 7 Jan 1959 - 15 Aug 1960 Guy Noël Georgy (b. 1918 - d. 2003)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Histoire militaire des colonies, pays de protectorat et pays sous mandat. 7. "Histoire militaire de l'Afrique Équatoriale française". 1931. Accessed 9 October 2011. (in French)
  2. ^ jeremy, rich (2012), Akyeampong, Emmanuel K; Gates, Henry Louis (eds.), "Ngalifourou", Dictionary of African Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5, retrieved 16 January 2021
  3. ^ Payeur-Didelot: "Gabon – Colonie française du Gabon-Congo, 1/3,700,000", 1894. (in French)
  4. ^ Rouget, Ferdinand (1906). The Colonial Expansion of French Congo (in French). Émile Larose – via World Digital Library. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  5. ^ Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt (1 April 1925). "Worlds of Color". Foreign Affairs. Vol. 3, no. 3. ISSN 0015-7120.
  6. ^ DuBois, W. E. B. (1925). "The Negro Mind Reaches Out". In Locke, Alain LeRoy (ed.). The New Negro: An Interpretation (1927 ed.). Albert and Charles Boni. p. 385. LCCN 25025228. OCLC 639696145.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "French Congo" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). pp. 99–102.
  • Petringa, Maria. Brazza, A Life for Africa. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2006. ISBN 978-1-4259-1198-0. Describes Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza's extensive explorations of what became French Congo, and later, French Equatorial Africa.
[edit]

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