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Coordinates: 45°2′N 3°6′E / 45.033°N 3.100°E / 45.033; 3.100
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{{short description|Department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France}}
{{Cleanup|date=May 2007}}
{{about|a department of France|the cheese|Cantal cheese}}
{{unsourced|date=May 2007}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}

{{Infobox settlement
{{otheruses4|a department of France|the cheese|Cantal (cheese)}}
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
{{Infobox_Department_of_France|
| name = Cantal
department=Cantal|number=15|
| native_name =
region=[[Auvergne (region)|Auvergne]]|
| native_name_lang = fr<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead -->
prefecture=[[Aurillac]]|
| type = [[Departments of France|Department of France]]
subprefectures=[[Mauriac, Cantal|Mauriac]]<br>[[Saint-Flour, Cantal|Saint-Flour]] ||
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage|position=center
population=150,778|pop_date=1999|pop_rank=92nd|density=26|
| photo1a = Chateau de Reghaud 13.jpg
area=5726|area_scale=9|
| photo3a = Fond-de-la-vallée-de-Cheylade-dpt-Cantal-DSC 2480.jpg
arrond=3|cantons=27|communes=260|
| photo2a = Rhue D679 pont Faux Monnayeurs aval.JPG
president=[[Vincent Descoeur]]|pres_party=|
| photo2b = Truyère Grandval.jpg
img_coa=blason15.PNG|
| size = 270
| spacing = 2
| color = #FFFFFF
| border = 0
| foot_montage = From top down, left to right: Château de Réghaud in [[Sénezergues]], [[Rhue (river)|Rhue River]], [[Truyère|Truyère River]], [[Cheylade]] }}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag = Drapeau fr département Cantal.svg
| flag_alt =
| image_shield = Blason département fr Cantal.svg
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Cantal-Position.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Cantal in France
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|45|2|N|3|6|E|region:FR_type:adm2nd|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = France
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of France|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Prefectures in France|Prefecture]]
| seat = [[Aurillac]]
| parts_type = [[Subprefectures in France|Subprefectures]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[Mauriac, Cantal|Mauriac]]<br>[[Saint-Flour, Cantal|Saint-Flour]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party = [[The Republicans (France)|LR]]
| leader_title = [[List of presidents of departmental councils (France)|President of the Departmental Council]]
| leader_name = Bruno Faure<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/601ef073-d986-4582-8e1a-ed14dc857fba|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=4 May 2022|language=fr}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes = {{ref|area|1}}
| area_total_km2 = 5726
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
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| elevation_max_m =
| population_total = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
| population_as_of = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes2}}
| population_rank = [[List of French departments by population|98th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Departments of France|Department number]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 15
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Arrondissements of France|Arrondissements]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Arrondissements of the Cantal department|3]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Cantons in France|Cantons]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Cantons of the Cantal department|15]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Communes in France|Communes]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Communes of the Cantal department|246]]
| timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1 = +1
| timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
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| footnotes = {{note|area|1}} French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries and lakes, ponds and glaciers larger than 1&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
}}
}}


'''Cantal''' ({{IPA|fr|kɑ̃tal|-|Fr-Paris--Cantal.ogg}}; {{langx|oc|Cantal}} or {{lang|oc|Cantau}}) is a rural [[Departments of France|department]] in the [[Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]] [[Regions of France|region]] of France, with its [[Prefectures in France|prefecture]] in [[Aurillac]]. Its other principal towns are [[Saint-Flour, Cantal|Saint-Flour]] (the [[episcopal see]]) and [[Mauriac, Cantal|Mauriac]]; its residents are known as Cantalians ({{langx|fr|link=no|Cantaliens / Cantaliennes}} or ''{{lang|fr|Cantalous / Cantaloues}}''). Cantal borders the departments of [[Puy-de-Dôme]], [[Haute-Loire]], [[Aveyron]], [[Lot (department)|Lot]], [[Lozère]] and [[Corrèze]], in the [[Massif Central]] natural region.
'''Cantal''' ([[Occitan]]: ''Cantal, Cantau, Chantal, Chantau'') is a [[departments of France|department]] in south-central [[France]].
[[Image:Lavigerie overview.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Lavigerie]]


Along with neighbouring Lozère and [[Creuse]], Cantal is among the most sparsely populated and geographically isolated departments of France and Aurillac is the departmental capital farthest removed from a major motorway. It had a population of 144,692 in 2019,<ref name=pop2019>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011060/dep15.pdf Populations légales 2019: 15 Cantal], INSEE</ref> making it the country's 98th most populated department. Of the 96 metropolitan departments, it is the fifth least populated.
== History ==
Cantal is one of the original 83 departments created during the [[French Revolution]] on [[March 4]], [[1790]]. It was created from part of the [[provinces of France|former province]] of [[Auvergne (province)|Auvergne]].


== Culture ==
== Etymology ==
The department is named for the [[Plomb du Cantal]], the central peak of the bare and rugged [[mounts of Cantal]] (French: ''Monts du Cantal'') mountain chain which traverses the area.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}}


== Geography ==
{{hatnote|See also: [[Arrondissements of the Cantal department|Arrondissements of Cantal]], [[Cantons of the Cantal department|Cantons of Cantal]] and [[Communes of the Cantal department|Communes of Cantal]]}}
[[File:Dordogne-pres-du-pont-de-Chambon-DSC 0403.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Dordogne (river)|Dordogne]] river in Cantal]]
[[File:Fonds de vallée de l'Impradine brèche de Roland et Puy Mary dpt Cantal DSC2-621.JPG|left|thumb|[[Pas de Peyrol]]]]
Cantal lies in the middle of France's central plateau.{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}} The Cantal range is a group of extinct and eroded volcanic peaks. Its highest point is the [[Plomb du Cantal]], which reaches an elevation of {{convert|1858|m|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Auvergne {{!}} History, Culture, Geography, & Map |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Auvergne#ref886302 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica }}</ref> Its neighbors are [[Puy Mary]] (elev. {{convert|1787|m|disp=or|sp=us}}) and [[Puy Chavaroche]] (elev. {{convert|5722|ft|disp=or|sp=us}}). To their north lie the ''{{lang|fr|Cézallier}}'' and [[Monts Dore|Dore]] ranges and the arid Artense Plateau. Immediately to their east is the fertile Planèze Plateau, bound on its east by the ''{{lang|fr|Monts de la Margeride}}''.{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}}


The principal rivers are the [[Alagnon]], which is a tributary to the [[Allier (river)|Allier]]; the [[Celle (river)|Celle]] and [[Truyère]], tributary to the [[Lot (river)|Lot]]; and the [[Cère]] and [[Rhue (river)|Rhue]], tributary to the [[Dordogne (river)|Dordogne]].{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} At an elevation of {{convert|250|m|sp=us|0}} above sea level, the low point of the province lies in the [[Lot (river)|Lot valley]].{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} The Truyère valley skirts the Planèze on the south and divides it from the ''{{lang|fr|Monts d'Aubrac}}'', whose foothills include the thermal springs of [[Chaudes-Aigues]]. The western area of the department consists of grassy plateaus and river valleys.{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}}
===Patrimony===


At first, Cantal was divided into four [[Arrondissements of Cantal|arrondissement]]s—[[Arrondissement of Aurillac|Aurillac]], [[Arrondissement of Mauriac|Mauriac]], [[Arrondissement of Saint-Flour|Saint-Flour]] and Murat (later merged with Saint-Flour).{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}}{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}}
The department counts several remarkable buildings. Among them, the romans religious buildings like the churches of Cheylade (century Xi), Dieno or Massiac. Some churches have a gothic style like the cathedral of San Pedro de Saint-Flour (century XV).


=== Climate ===
The climate of the department varies considerably.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} Prevailing winds and mountain ranges divide Cantal into four climatic zones:
* The west is subject to oceanic winds which bring rains.
* The Cantal and the Cézallier mountains create a rain shadow: it rains and snows quite often.
* The Planèze of Saint-Flour and the region of Massiac receive less precipitation, owing to winds coming from the north and south.
* The plateaus of the Margeride and the Aubrac have harsh winters and pleasant summers.


[[File:PuyGriou.JPG|thumb|left|[[Puy Griou]] in the winter season]]
* Castle of Val in [[Lanobre]] (36 500visitors/year)
Generally, the weather is mild and dry in the [[alluvial plain]] between [[Murat, Cantal|Murat]] and Saint-Flour and around Aurillac, while summer storms and winters can be long and severe in the northern and central areas.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} The west—nearer precipitation coming in from the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]]—is well watered.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} There is abundant snowfall which can remain up to six months on the mountaintops. Winter temperatures can fall to below {{convert|-15|°C|0|abbr=on}}, whereas in summer {{convert|25|°C|0|abbr=on}} is often reached. The southern part of the department, on its borders with [[Aveyron]] and [[Lot (department)|Lot]], is the hottest region. Aurillac averaged 2080 hours of sunlight per year over the period from 1991 to 2000. Fog is rare and disappears quickly. Wind is usually not very strong, but the lightning flashes in this department are among the most spectacular in France.
* Castle of Anjony in [[Tournemire]] (20 000 visiors/year)
* Castle of Pesteils in [[Polminhac]] (11 700 visitors/year)
* Castle of the Grapevine in Ally (6 000 visitors/year)


Televised French weather forecasts often note Aurillac as the coldest city in France in the mornings. This status should be understood in light of their derivation from temperature readings by {{lang|fr|[[Météo-France]]}}. Of the 30 cities included on its maps, Aurillac is by far the one with the highest altitude, at {{convert|640|m|sp=us|abbr=on|0}} above sea level.


===Festivals===
===Principal towns===


The most populous commune is [[Aurillac]], the prefecture. As of 2019, there are 5 communes with more than 3,000 inhabitants:<ref name=pop2019/>


{| class=wikitable
! Commune
! Population (2019)
|-
| [[Aurillac]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 25,593
|-
| [[Saint-Flour]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 6,458
|-
| [[Arpajon-sur-Cère]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 6,279
|-
| [[Ytrac]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 4,335
|-
| [[Mauriac, Cantal|Mauriac]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 3,498
|}


== History ==
* International festival of street theater of [[Aurillac]].
The area of Cantal was historically part of the [[Haute-Auvergne]] (''{{lang|fr|Haute-Auvergne}}'').{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}}{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}}
* Festival of the music of the world in Murat
* 36 hours : Various little scene with dances


Cantal is one of the original 83 departments created during the [[French Revolution]] on 4 March 1790.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} Prior to the [[First World War]], it comprised parts of the XIII. Army Corps military region and the [[Clermont-Ferrand]] educational division (''{{lang|fr|académie}}'').{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}}
===Museums===


=== Diocese of Cantal ===
After the 1790 [[Constitution Civile du Clergé]], the [[Diocese of Saint-Flour]] in Cantal (whose bishop refused to swear the oath required by the [[Civil Constitution of the Clergy]], constituting a [[schism from Rome]]) was among the almost half of the French sees being abolished to realign the new bishoprics to coincide with the new departments, such as Cantal, where outsider parish priest Anne-Alexandre-Marie Thibault was elected Bishop. It was formally abolished in turn after the Napoleonic [[Concordat of 1801]] (Thibault refusing to resign), in favor of the reinstated bishopric of Saint Poul, but actually retained the departemental borders.


== Economy ==
[[File:Aubrac Cows on the Plomb du Cantal.jpg|thumb|[[Aubrac cattle]] on the [[Plomb du Cantal]]]]
The climate being generally too cool and damp for grain, much of Cantal is given over to [[pasture]] for [[Aubrac cattle|Aubrac]] and [[Salers (cattle)|Salers]] cattle, sheep, and, formerly, horses. This in turn supports a dairy industry responsible for butter and Roquefort cheese{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} and the [[Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée|appellation-controlled]] cheeses [[Cantal cheese|Cantal]], [[Salers cheese|Salers]], and [[Bleu d'Auvergne]]. Cantal is the French department with the greatest number of appellation-controlled cheeses,<ref>{{citation |contribution-url=http://www.cantaltourisme.fr/cantal-specialites/specialites-cantal.html |contribution=Specialities |title=Cantal Tourisme |language=fr |access-date=17 July 2011 |archive-date=21 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121130457/http://www.cantaltourisme.fr/cantal-specialites/specialites-cantal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> although proper Roquefort is now restricted to cheese produced in the [[Aveyron]] department. The region's mineral products include coal, copper, lead, iron, [[antimony]], [[granite]], [[slate]]{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} and [[lime (material)|lime]],{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}} but the department's isolation and poor infrastructure long precluded their exploitation.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} Before the [[First World War]], the primary exports were livestock, cheese, butter, and coal and the main imports were coal, wine, grain, flour, and pottery. By then, it had been connected to both the [[Orleans Railway|Orleans]] and [[Southern Railway (France)|Midi]] [[history of rail transport in France|railways]].{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}}


Traditionally, many Cantalians roamed France during the year plying humble trades{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}}{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}} but now the area's relative lack of industry and development permits tourism. An area has been set aside as the Auvergne Volcanos Regional Park (''{{lang|fr|Parc Regional des Volcans d’Auvergne}}'').


== Demographics ==
The [[Occitan language]] was historically spoken in Cantal.


The official population count for 2019 was 144,692.<ref name=pop2019/> It peaked at 262,117 in 1836, and has been below 200,000 since the First World War. Like many of the country's rural departments, Cantal experienced a marked decrease in population throughout the twentieth century as agricultural wages failed to keep pace with those available in the industrialising regions. The department falls within the band of low-density population known as the [[empty diagonal]].
* Museum of Art and Arqueologia of [[Aurillac]] (34,100 visitors/year)
* The House of the fauna in [[Murat]] (23 500/yaer)
* Museum of the Géothermia in Calores-Agudo (20 600/year)
* Museum of the Volcanos in [[Aurillac]] (20 100/year)
* Museum of the ray in [[Marcenat]] (11 500/year)
* Museum of the "Haute Auvergne" in [[Saint-Flour]] (11 100/year)
* The House of the Chestnut in [ [ Mourjou ] ] (5 200/year)
* Museum of Georges Pompidou in Montboudif (3 500/year)
* Museum of the Accordion in [[Siran]]
* Museum of the Agriculture in Auvernia in [[Coltines]]


Population development since 1791:{{historical populations|11=1791|12=239,972|13=1801|14=220,304|15=1806|16=251,436|17=1821|18=252,100|19=1831|20=258,594|21=1841|22=257,423|23=1851|24=253,329|25=1861|26=240,523|27=1872|28=231,867|29=1881|30=236,190|31=1891|32=239,601|33=1901|34=230,511|35=1911|36=223,361|37=1921|38=199,402|39=1931|40=193,505|41=1936|42=190,888|43=1946|44=186,843|45=1954|46=177,065|47=1962|48=172,977|49=1968|50=169,330|51=1975|52=166,549|53=1982|54=162,838|55=1990|56=158,723|57=1999|58=150,778|59=2010|60=148,162|61=2016|62=145,969|63=2019|64=144,692|align=middle|percentages=pagr|cols=2|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://splaf.free.fr/15his.html|title=Historique du Cantal|website=Le SPLAF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4176909?geo=DEP-15|title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2016|publisher=INSEE}}</ref>|graph-pos=bottom}}
=== Gastronomy ===


== Tourism ==


===Architecture===
Dishes of Cantal are made of basic recipes. At the origin, there was designed to satisfied for the all day the farmers on the mountains. They had very physical work: To look after the cows, the elaboration of the cheese, etc.
[[File:Aurillac-préfecture-du-Cantal-DSC3-324.jpg|thumb|''Hôtel de préfecture du Cantal'']]
The department counts several remarkable buildings. Among them, the Romanesque religious buildings like the churches of [[Saint-Léger de Cheylade Church|Cheylade]] (eleventh century), Dieno or Massiac.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} The area's [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] cathedral—dependent on the [[archdiocese of Bourges]]—is the 15th-century St Pierre de St-Flour,{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}} erected in the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic style]].


* Castle of Val in [[Lanobre]] ({{formatnum:36500}} visitors/year)
Thus, ham, cheese, vegetables are at the basis of the dishes in this department, such as:
* Castle of Anjony in [[Tournemire, Cantal|Tournemire]] ({{formatnum:20000}} visitors/year)
* Castle of Pesteils in [[Polminhac]] ({{formatnum:11700}} visitors/year)
* Castle de la Vigne in Ally ({{formatnum:6000}} visitors/year)
* [[Château de Clavières|Castle of Clavières]] in [[Ayrens]]
* [[Castle of Carbonat]] in [[Arpajon-sur-Cère]]
* Chateau de Conros, near Aurillac


===Festivals===


* International Festival of Street Theatre, [[Aurillac]].
* The Aligot (also in [[Aveyron]]): Cheese (Fresh Tome) with mashed potatoes
* World Music Festival, Murat
* The Truffade: Crushed potatoes with cheese (Fresh Tome) garlic and plugs.
* 36 hours : Various little scenes with dances
* The Pounti: A light dish made with herbs and a kind of bread.
* Festival International de Boogie Woogie, Laroquebrou
* The typical cheese ''Cantal'', which can be chosen young, old or "entre-deux".


===Art===
The characteristic folk dance in Cantal is ''La Bourrée''. In the countryside it would be danced in folk costumes with accompaniment by accordion. The dance form was long ago adapted for use in courtly music and features prominently in the [[Baroque]] [[Suite de danses|dance suite]]s of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.


Prominent museums in Cantal include:
* Museum of Art and Arqueologia, [[Aurillac]] ({{formatnum:34100}} visitors/year)
* The House of Fauna, [[Murat, Cantal|Murat]] ({{formatnum:23500}} visitors/year)
* Museum of the Géothermia, [[Chaudes-Aigues]] ({{formatnum:20600}} visitors/year)
* Museum of the Volcanos, [[Aurillac]] ({{formatnum:20100}} visitors/year)
* Museum of the ray, [[Marcenat, Cantal|Marcenat]] ({{formatnum:11500}} visitors/year)
* Museum of the "Haute Auvergne", [[Saint-Flour, Cantal|Saint-Flour]] ({{formatnum:11100}} visitors/year)
* The House of the Chestnut [[Mourjou]] ({{formatnum:5200}} visitors/year)
* Museum of Georges Pompidou, Montboudif ({{formatnum:3500}} visitors/year)
* Museum of the Accordion in [[Siran, Cantal|Siran]]
* Museum of Agriculture in Auvernia, [[Coltines]]


=== Cuisine ===
=== Music & dance - Nature and Sport influences ===
{{main|French cuisine}}
The traditional articles of Cantalian cuisine were rye, buckwheat, and chestnuts,{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} as well as ham, cheese, and vegetables. The area's simple recipes were designed to satisfy hill farmers and herders. Notable dishes include:{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}


* [[Aligot]] (also in [[Aveyron]]): Creamed potatoes, cheese (fresh [[tomme]]), butter, fresh cream and a little garlic.
* [[Truffade]]: Potatoes in slices with cheese (fresh tomme) and a little garlic.
* [[Pounti]]: A cake made with dough of wheat black flour, herbs, lard, prunes and Swiss chard.
* The typical cheese ''[[Cantal cheese|Cantal]]'', which can be chosen young, old or "entre-deux".


===Outdoor activities===
The typical dance in Cantal is called ''La Bourée''. People dance with the sound of accordion, in typical costumes.
In the 19th century, the hills and valleys abounded with game and the streams with fish, the countryside producing a "vast variety" of aromatic and medicinal plants.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}}


At present, the most visited places are [[Puy Mary]], the Plomb du Cantal, the village of [[Salers]], and the gorges of the Truyère (with the [[Garabit viaduct]], the castle of [[Alleuze]], and the towns of [[Boisset, Cantal|Boisset]], [[Pierrefort]]). The ''Parc Naturel des Volcans d’Auvergne'' features several inactive volcanoes. Cantal also has numerous castles. Puy Mary can be accessed by car easily. and is accessible to hikers. It is also possible to hike to the nearby [[Puy de Peyre-Arse]] (1806&nbsp;m). [[Le Lioran]] or Super-Lioran are the best places to start the hike. [[Le Lioran]] is accessible by rail or bus and Super-Lioran is just a kilometre away from [[Le Lioran]]. From Super-Lioran it is also possible to hike to Plomb du Cantal. There is also an option of taking the cable car to Plomb du Cantal from Super-Lioran. Super-Lioran tourist office has various hike routes in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lelioran.com/|title=Accueil ETE, Le Lioran station chaine des volcans d'Auvergne, été hiver, randonnées séjours en Auvergne|website=www.lelioran.com}}</ref> There are also various adventure courses, dirt bikes, summer luges etc. that run in Super-Lioran.
Sport has a very important influence in the culture of the department, especially those in contact with nature. Inhabitants enjoy cycling, excursions, hang gilder, aquatic activities ...


Among the various activities offered in this department, the "Massif Cantalien" can be discovered through walking, horseback riding or mountain biking excursions (tracks are especially designed for this). Aquatic sports are also common, due to numerous lakes. The department also offers activities such as mountaineering, canoeing and fishing. The landscape also allows the practice of free flight: [[base jump]]ers frequent the sector around the Puy Mary and the Brezon valley.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}
Cantaliens have naturally adapted their behaviour and activities to their environment, made of great spaces, a bit savage.


Thanks to its terrain, Cantal can count on a good snow level, which allows winter sports. The station of [[Le Lioran]], largest ski-resort of the Massif Central offers alpine skiing (with specific adaptations for snowboard) and ice-skating. Excursions in snow shoes are also possible. The department has several hundred kilometres of cross-country skiing tracks.
== Geography ==
The department is part of the current [[regions of France|region]] of [[Auvergne (region)|Auvergne]] and is surrounded by the department of [[Puy-de-Dôme]], [[Haute-Loire]], [[Aveyron]], [[Lot (department)|Lot]], [[Lozère]], and [[Corrèze]].


<gallery>
The principal towns are [[Aurillac]], [[Saint-Flour, Cantal|Saint-Flour]], and [[Mauriac, Cantal|Mauriac]].
File:Chateau de val.jpg|[[Bort-les-Orgues|Château de Val]]
The topography of Cantal is hilly, the highest point is ''Le Plomb du Cantal'', 1858 metres.
File:Chateau de Pesteil.jpg|[[Polminhac|Château de Pesteils]]
File:Truyère Château d'Alleuze.jpg|[[Truyère]] river and [[Château d'Alleuze]]
File:Lavigerie overview.jpg|[[Lavigerie, Cantal|Lavigerie]]
File:Garabit.jpg|Railway bridge designed by Gustav Eiffel ([[Garabit viaduct]])
File:CantalMounts.jpg|Cantal hills
</gallery>


=== Climate ===
==Politics==
This staunchly [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] department is an old stronghold of the French Right and was the electoral base of the late [[Georges Pompidou]]. Only the area around [[Aurillac]], historically [[anti-clerical]] and [[Radical Party (France)|Radical]], has some left-wing support.
The department of the Cantal has different types of climates according to the geographical position.


The current president of the [[Cantal General Council|departmental council]] is Bruno Faure ([[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]).
The west is well watered, thanks to abundant precipitations coming from the Atlantic. The temperatures are smooth generally, whereas the East is much drier and cooler.


[[Paul Doumer]], French president from May 1931 to May 1932, was born in [[Aurillac]] in this department.
As a matter of fact, the precipitations fall in abundance on the central relief. To this fact, it is necessary to add the effect of the altitude: the climate is quite cold in winter (It snows almost every winter) but it can be very hot during the summer (especially in the southern part of the department which has borders with Aveyron and Lot)


{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
In the central part of the [[department]], that it is to say the highest grounds, the altitude surpass 1000m easily: The cold can be strong, The snow falls in abundance and can remains up to six months on the tops. The temperatures can fall, in the heart of the winter, until -15 °C, whereas at the top of summer 25 °C is reached easily.
!colspan=2| Party || seats
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Union for a Popular Movement}}" |<span style="color:#fff; font-size:140%;">•</span>
|[[Union for a Popular Movement]] ||align="right"| 13
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (France)}}" |
|[[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] ||align="right"| 5
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Miscellaneous Right}}" |<span style="color:#fff; font-size:140%;">•</span>
|[[Miscellaneous Right]] ||align="right"| 5
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Miscellaneous Left}}" |
|[[Miscellaneous Left]] ||align="right"| 3
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Democratic Movement (France)}}" |<span style="color:#fff; font-size:140%;">•</span>
|[[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]] ||align="right"| 1
|}


===Current National Assembly Representatives===
The weather forecast of the television networks often indicates Aurillac as the coldest city of France in the morning. It is not necessary to put in doubt the temperatures observed by ''Meteo France'', but it is necessary to give precisions.
The explanation is simple:
* The scientific weather station of Aurillac is at an altitude of 640 metres.
* The temperature diminishes of 1 °C each 150 m.
* ''Meteo France'' only puts an index of 30 cities on the map and Aurillac is the only city at this altitude.


{| class="wikitable"
These low temperatures on the morning can let suppose an inhospitable place with a grey and low sky. The reality is totally different: In [[Aurillac]] the fog is rare and disappears quickly. There is a generous sun all the year long and the wind is quite weak. Cantal is already the South (same latitude as [[Bordeaux]]) and the anual isolation shows it: We just have to compare the annual number of isolation's hours (average from 1991 to 2000):
|-
!colspan="2"|Constituency!!Member<ref>[https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/vos-deputes Vos deputes (search 'Cantal')] ''www.assemblee-nationale.fr'' Accessed 22 January 2022</ref>!!Party
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |
| [[Cantal's 1st constituency]]
| [[Vincent Descœur]]
| [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |
| [[Cantal's 2nd constituency]]
| [[Jean-Yves Bony]]
| [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
|}


==Notes==
Nimes: 2590 h - Millau : 2120 h - '''Aurillac: 2080 h''' - Toulouse: 2010 h - Bordeaux: 1990 h - Lyon: 1930 h - Limoges: 1870 h - Tours: 1800 h - Nantes: 1690 h - Paris: 1630 h.
{{Reflist|30em}}


==See also==
The Cantal is a department of average mountain whose altitude varies between 250 ms in the valley of the [[Lot River]] and 1855 ms in the top of Plomb du Cantal. The temperature variations can be very high from one place to another. It is not colder in the Cantal than in other regions of average mountain like the Vosges or Jura. The prevailing winds and the relief divide the Cantal into 4 climatic zones:
*[[Communes of the Cantal department]]


==References==
* The West is subject to oceanic winds which bring rains.
* {{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Cantal |volume=5 |ref={{harvid|''EB''|1878}} |pages=27–28 }}
* The mounts of the Cantal and the Cézallier, which constitute an obstacle, have a specific climate: it rains and snows quite often.
* The Planèze of Saint-Flour and the region of Massiac are less watered, owing to winds coming from the North and the South.
* The plateaus of the Margeride and the Aubrac have harsh winters and pleasant summers.


'''Attribution:'''
== Economy ==
* {{EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Cantal |volume=5 |ref={{harvid|''EB''|1911}} |page=208 }}
[[Image:Aubrac Cows on the Plomb du Cantal.jpg|thumb|left|250px|]]
[[Image:Turland.jpg|thumb|left|250px|]]


== External links ==
* Agriculture and breeding (Aubrac and Salers cows)
* Craft industry still very present: Joinery, restoration of dwellings, services of creation and maintenance of parks...
* Family, estival and winter Toursime.


{{Commons}}
== Demography ==
The inhabitants of the department are called ''Cantaliens'' or ''Cantalous''.

Cantal is still one of the most isolated and unpopulated French departments (with [[Lozère]] and [[Creuse]]).

== Tourism ==
[[Image:Garabit.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bridge designed by Gustav Eiffel]]

Located in the Parc Regional des Volcans d’Auvergne, the Cantal is a department of little urbanization. There is mainly a tourism of middle mountain, especially a green tourism, in contact with nature.

The most visited places are the Puy Mary (1787 ms) considered as one of the prettiest panoramas in Europe, the Plomb du Cantal (1855 ms), the village of Salers, the Gorges of the Truyère (with the viaduct of Garabit, the castle of Alleuze), the town of Boisset, Pierrefort...). The Parc naturel des Volcans d’Auvergne features several inactive volcanoes. Cantal also has numerous castles.

==== In spring and summer ====

Among the various activities offered in this department, there is the discovery of the “Massif Cantalien" through the peatonal, horsing or [[mountain biking]] excursions (tracks are especially designed for this). Aquatic sports are also enjoyable, thanks to numerous lakes.




The department also proposes "more classical" activities like mountaineering, [[canoeing]] or [[fishing]]. The relief also allows to practice free flight : [[Base jump]] fans frequent the sector around the Puy Mary or the Valley of Brezon.

==== In winter ====
[[Image:Ski in Cantal.jpg|thumb|right|250px|]]

Thanks to its relief, the Cantal can count on a good snow level, which enables to practice winter sports.
The station of the Lioran (greatest ski-resort of the Massif Central) enables alpine ski (with specific adaptations for snowboard) or ice-skating. Excursions in raquetttes are also possible. All through the department, several hundreds kilometers of cross-country skiing tracks are counted.

== See also ==
* [[Cantons of the Cantal department]]
* [[Communes of the Cantal department]]
* [[Arrondissements of the Cantal department]]

== External links ==
{{Commons|Cantal}}
* [http://www.france-voyage.com/travel-guide/cantal.htm Cantal Tourism Guide]
* {{fr icon}} [http://www.cantal.pref.gouv.fr/ Prefecture website]
* {{fr icon}} [http://www.cg15.fr/General Council website]
* {{fr icon}} [http://www.cantal.com/ Cantal, from the Chamber of Commerce]
* {{fr icon}} [http://www.cdt-cantal.fr/ Tourism site provided by the General Council]


*{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.cantal.gouv.fr/ Prefecture website]
*{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.cantal.fr/ Departmental Council website]
*{{in lang|en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110916195637/http://www.cantaltourisme.fr/ang/default.html Cantal Tourism website]


{{Departments of France}}
{{Departments of France}}


{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Cantal|*]]


[[an:Cantal (departamento)]]
[[Category:Cantal| ]]
[[Category:Massif Central]]
[[frp:Cantal (dèpartement)]]
[[Category:1790 establishments in France]]
[[ca:Cantal (departament)]]
[[Category:Departments of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]]
[[cv:Канталь]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1790]]
[[da:Cantal]]
[[de:Cantal (Département)]]
[[es:Cantal]]
[[eo:Cantal]]
[[eu:Cantal]]
[[fr:Cantal]]
[[id:Cantal]]
[[it:Cantal]]
[[lad:Cantal]]
[[lt:Kantalis (departamentas)]]
[[nl:Cantal]]
[[ja:カンタル県]]
[[no:Cantal]]
[[nn:Cantal]]
[[oc:Cantal (departament)]]
[[nds:Cantal]]
[[pl:Cantal (departament)]]
[[pt:Cantal]]
[[ro:Cantal]]
[[ru:Канталь]]
[[sk:Cantal]]
[[sl:Cantal]]
[[sr:Кантал]]
[[sv:Cantal]]
[[vi:Cantal]]
[[zh:康塔尔省]]

Latest revision as of 13:58, 18 December 2024

Cantal
From top down, left to right: Château de Réghaud in Sénezergues, Rhue River, Truyère River, Cheylade
Flag of Cantal
Coat of arms of Cantal
Location of Cantal in France
Location of Cantal in France
Coordinates: 45°2′N 3°6′E / 45.033°N 3.100°E / 45.033; 3.100
CountryFrance
RegionAuvergne-Rhône-Alpes
PrefectureAurillac
SubprefecturesMauriac
Saint-Flour
Government
 • President of the Departmental CouncilBruno Faure[1] (LR)
Area
 • Total
5,726 km2 (2,211 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[2]
 • Total
144,226
 • Rank98th
 • Density25/km2 (65/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Department number15
Arrondissements3
Cantons15
Communes246
^1 French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries and lakes, ponds and glaciers larger than 1 km2

Cantal (French pronunciation: [kɑ̃tal] ; Occitan: Cantal or Cantau) is a rural department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of France, with its prefecture in Aurillac. Its other principal towns are Saint-Flour (the episcopal see) and Mauriac; its residents are known as Cantalians (French: Cantaliens / Cantaliennes or Cantalous / Cantaloues). Cantal borders the departments of Puy-de-Dôme, Haute-Loire, Aveyron, Lot, Lozère and Corrèze, in the Massif Central natural region.

Along with neighbouring Lozère and Creuse, Cantal is among the most sparsely populated and geographically isolated departments of France and Aurillac is the departmental capital farthest removed from a major motorway. It had a population of 144,692 in 2019,[3] making it the country's 98th most populated department. Of the 96 metropolitan departments, it is the fifth least populated.

Etymology

[edit]

The department is named for the Plomb du Cantal, the central peak of the bare and rugged mounts of Cantal (French: Monts du Cantal) mountain chain which traverses the area.[4]

Geography

[edit]
The Dordogne river in Cantal
Pas de Peyrol

Cantal lies in the middle of France's central plateau.[5] The Cantal range is a group of extinct and eroded volcanic peaks. Its highest point is the Plomb du Cantal, which reaches an elevation of 1,858 meters (6,096 ft).[6] Its neighbors are Puy Mary (elev. 1,787 meters or 5,863 feet) and Puy Chavaroche (elev. 5,722 feet or 1,744 meters). To their north lie the Cézallier and Dore ranges and the arid Artense Plateau. Immediately to their east is the fertile Planèze Plateau, bound on its east by the Monts de la Margeride.[5]

The principal rivers are the Alagnon, which is a tributary to the Allier; the Celle and Truyère, tributary to the Lot; and the Cère and Rhue, tributary to the Dordogne.[4] At an elevation of 250 meters (820 ft) above sea level, the low point of the province lies in the Lot valley.[citation needed] The Truyère valley skirts the Planèze on the south and divides it from the Monts d'Aubrac, whose foothills include the thermal springs of Chaudes-Aigues. The western area of the department consists of grassy plateaus and river valleys.[5]

At first, Cantal was divided into four arrondissementsAurillac, Mauriac, Saint-Flour and Murat (later merged with Saint-Flour).[4][5]

Climate

[edit]

The climate of the department varies considerably.[4] Prevailing winds and mountain ranges divide Cantal into four climatic zones:

  • The west is subject to oceanic winds which bring rains.
  • The Cantal and the Cézallier mountains create a rain shadow: it rains and snows quite often.
  • The Planèze of Saint-Flour and the region of Massiac receive less precipitation, owing to winds coming from the north and south.
  • The plateaus of the Margeride and the Aubrac have harsh winters and pleasant summers.
Puy Griou in the winter season

Generally, the weather is mild and dry in the alluvial plain between Murat and Saint-Flour and around Aurillac, while summer storms and winters can be long and severe in the northern and central areas.[4] The west—nearer precipitation coming in from the Atlantic—is well watered.[citation needed] There is abundant snowfall which can remain up to six months on the mountaintops. Winter temperatures can fall to below −15 °C (5 °F), whereas in summer 25 °C (77 °F) is often reached. The southern part of the department, on its borders with Aveyron and Lot, is the hottest region. Aurillac averaged 2080 hours of sunlight per year over the period from 1991 to 2000. Fog is rare and disappears quickly. Wind is usually not very strong, but the lightning flashes in this department are among the most spectacular in France.

Televised French weather forecasts often note Aurillac as the coldest city in France in the mornings. This status should be understood in light of their derivation from temperature readings by Météo-France. Of the 30 cities included on its maps, Aurillac is by far the one with the highest altitude, at 640 m (2,100 ft) above sea level.

Principal towns

[edit]

The most populous commune is Aurillac, the prefecture. As of 2019, there are 5 communes with more than 3,000 inhabitants:[3]

Commune Population (2019)
Aurillac 25,593
Saint-Flour 6,458
Arpajon-sur-Cère 6,279
Ytrac 4,335
Mauriac 3,498

History

[edit]

The area of Cantal was historically part of the Haute-Auvergne (Haute-Auvergne).[4][5]

Cantal is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790.[citation needed] Prior to the First World War, it comprised parts of the XIII. Army Corps military region and the Clermont-Ferrand educational division (académie).[5]

Diocese of Cantal

[edit]

After the 1790 Constitution Civile du Clergé, the Diocese of Saint-Flour in Cantal (whose bishop refused to swear the oath required by the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, constituting a schism from Rome) was among the almost half of the French sees being abolished to realign the new bishoprics to coincide with the new departments, such as Cantal, where outsider parish priest Anne-Alexandre-Marie Thibault was elected Bishop. It was formally abolished in turn after the Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 (Thibault refusing to resign), in favor of the reinstated bishopric of Saint Poul, but actually retained the departemental borders.

Economy

[edit]
Aubrac cattle on the Plomb du Cantal

The climate being generally too cool and damp for grain, much of Cantal is given over to pasture for Aubrac and Salers cattle, sheep, and, formerly, horses. This in turn supports a dairy industry responsible for butter and Roquefort cheese[4] and the appellation-controlled cheeses Cantal, Salers, and Bleu d'Auvergne. Cantal is the French department with the greatest number of appellation-controlled cheeses,[7] although proper Roquefort is now restricted to cheese produced in the Aveyron department. The region's mineral products include coal, copper, lead, iron, antimony, granite, slate[4] and lime,[5] but the department's isolation and poor infrastructure long precluded their exploitation.[4] Before the First World War, the primary exports were livestock, cheese, butter, and coal and the main imports were coal, wine, grain, flour, and pottery. By then, it had been connected to both the Orleans and Midi railways.[5]

Traditionally, many Cantalians roamed France during the year plying humble trades[4][5] but now the area's relative lack of industry and development permits tourism. An area has been set aside as the Auvergne Volcanos Regional Park (Parc Regional des Volcans d’Auvergne).

Demographics

[edit]

The Occitan language was historically spoken in Cantal.

The official population count for 2019 was 144,692.[3] It peaked at 262,117 in 1836, and has been below 200,000 since the First World War. Like many of the country's rural departments, Cantal experienced a marked decrease in population throughout the twentieth century as agricultural wages failed to keep pace with those available in the industrialising regions. The department falls within the band of low-density population known as the empty diagonal.

Population development since 1791:

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1791239,972—    
1801220,304−0.85%
1806251,436+2.68%
1821252,100+0.02%
1831258,594+0.25%
1841257,423−0.05%
1851253,329−0.16%
1861240,523−0.52%
1872231,867−0.33%
1881236,190+0.21%
1891239,601+0.14%
1901230,511−0.39%
1911223,361−0.31%
1921199,402−1.13%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1931193,505−0.30%
1936190,888−0.27%
1946186,843−0.21%
1954177,065−0.67%
1962172,977−0.29%
1968169,330−0.35%
1975166,549−0.24%
1982162,838−0.32%
1990158,723−0.32%
1999150,778−0.57%
2010148,162−0.16%
2016145,969−0.25%
2019144,692−0.29%
source:[8][9]

Tourism

[edit]

Architecture

[edit]
Hôtel de préfecture du Cantal

The department counts several remarkable buildings. Among them, the Romanesque religious buildings like the churches of Cheylade (eleventh century), Dieno or Massiac.[citation needed] The area's Catholic cathedral—dependent on the archdiocese of Bourges—is the 15th-century St Pierre de St-Flour,[5] erected in the Gothic style.

Festivals

[edit]
  • International Festival of Street Theatre, Aurillac.
  • World Music Festival, Murat
  • 36 hours : Various little scenes with dances
  • Festival International de Boogie Woogie, Laroquebrou

Art

[edit]

The characteristic folk dance in Cantal is La Bourrée. In the countryside it would be danced in folk costumes with accompaniment by accordion. The dance form was long ago adapted for use in courtly music and features prominently in the Baroque dance suites of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Prominent museums in Cantal include:

  • Museum of Art and Arqueologia, Aurillac (34,100 visitors/year)
  • The House of Fauna, Murat (23,500 visitors/year)
  • Museum of the Géothermia, Chaudes-Aigues (20,600 visitors/year)
  • Museum of the Volcanos, Aurillac (20,100 visitors/year)
  • Museum of the ray, Marcenat (11,500 visitors/year)
  • Museum of the "Haute Auvergne", Saint-Flour (11,100 visitors/year)
  • The House of the Chestnut Mourjou (5,200 visitors/year)
  • Museum of Georges Pompidou, Montboudif (3,500 visitors/year)
  • Museum of the Accordion in Siran
  • Museum of Agriculture in Auvernia, Coltines

Cuisine

[edit]

The traditional articles of Cantalian cuisine were rye, buckwheat, and chestnuts,[4] as well as ham, cheese, and vegetables. The area's simple recipes were designed to satisfy hill farmers and herders. Notable dishes include:[citation needed]

  • Aligot (also in Aveyron): Creamed potatoes, cheese (fresh tomme), butter, fresh cream and a little garlic.
  • Truffade: Potatoes in slices with cheese (fresh tomme) and a little garlic.
  • Pounti: A cake made with dough of wheat black flour, herbs, lard, prunes and Swiss chard.
  • The typical cheese Cantal, which can be chosen young, old or "entre-deux".

Outdoor activities

[edit]

In the 19th century, the hills and valleys abounded with game and the streams with fish, the countryside producing a "vast variety" of aromatic and medicinal plants.[4]

At present, the most visited places are Puy Mary, the Plomb du Cantal, the village of Salers, and the gorges of the Truyère (with the Garabit viaduct, the castle of Alleuze, and the towns of Boisset, Pierrefort). The Parc Naturel des Volcans d’Auvergne features several inactive volcanoes. Cantal also has numerous castles. Puy Mary can be accessed by car easily. and is accessible to hikers. It is also possible to hike to the nearby Puy de Peyre-Arse (1806 m). Le Lioran or Super-Lioran are the best places to start the hike. Le Lioran is accessible by rail or bus and Super-Lioran is just a kilometre away from Le Lioran. From Super-Lioran it is also possible to hike to Plomb du Cantal. There is also an option of taking the cable car to Plomb du Cantal from Super-Lioran. Super-Lioran tourist office has various hike routes in the region.[10] There are also various adventure courses, dirt bikes, summer luges etc. that run in Super-Lioran.

Among the various activities offered in this department, the "Massif Cantalien" can be discovered through walking, horseback riding or mountain biking excursions (tracks are especially designed for this). Aquatic sports are also common, due to numerous lakes. The department also offers activities such as mountaineering, canoeing and fishing. The landscape also allows the practice of free flight: base jumpers frequent the sector around the Puy Mary and the Brezon valley.[citation needed]

Thanks to its terrain, Cantal can count on a good snow level, which allows winter sports. The station of Le Lioran, largest ski-resort of the Massif Central offers alpine skiing (with specific adaptations for snowboard) and ice-skating. Excursions in snow shoes are also possible. The department has several hundred kilometres of cross-country skiing tracks.

Politics

[edit]

This staunchly Catholic department is an old stronghold of the French Right and was the electoral base of the late Georges Pompidou. Only the area around Aurillac, historically anti-clerical and Radical, has some left-wing support.

The current president of the departmental council is Bruno Faure (The Republicans).

Paul Doumer, French president from May 1931 to May 1932, was born in Aurillac in this department.

Party seats
Union for a Popular Movement 13
Socialist Party 5
Miscellaneous Right 5
Miscellaneous Left 3
MoDem 1

Current National Assembly Representatives

[edit]
Constituency Member[11] Party
Cantal's 1st constituency Vincent Descœur The Republicans
Cantal's 2nd constituency Jean-Yves Bony The Republicans

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 4 May 2022.
  2. ^ "Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
  3. ^ a b c Populations légales 2019: 15 Cantal, INSEE
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l EB (1878).
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j EB (1911).
  6. ^ "Auvergne | History, Culture, Geography, & Map". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  7. ^ "Specialities", Cantal Tourisme (in French), archived from the original on 21 January 2014, retrieved 17 July 2011
  8. ^ "Historique du Cantal". Le SPLAF.
  9. ^ "Évolution et structure de la population en 2016". INSEE.
  10. ^ "Accueil ETE, Le Lioran station chaine des volcans d'Auvergne, été hiver, randonnées séjours en Auvergne". www.lelioran.com.
  11. ^ Vos deputes (search 'Cantal') www.assemblee-nationale.fr Accessed 22 January 2022

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Attribution:

[edit]