Penis: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Primary sexual organ of male animals}} |
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The '''penis''' (plural ''penises'' or ''penes'') or '''phallus''' is the external [[male]] [[sexual intercourse|copulatory]] [[organ (anatomy)|organ]], and, in [[mammal]]s, the external male organ of [[urination]]. It is [[homologous]] to the female [[clitoris]], as it develops from the same embryonic structure. The penis is capable of [[erection]] for use in [[copulation]]. |
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{{Merge from|Human penis|date=November 2024|discuss=Talk:Human penis#Penis}} |
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{{Other uses}} |
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{{About|penises in general|the human organ|Human penis}} |
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{{Redirect2|Penile|Penes|the community|Penile, Louisville|other uses|Penes (disambiguation)}} |
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<!--To avoid edit wars, please see relevant discussions on this article's talk page before unilaterally changing the lead picture.--> |
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{{Infobox anatomy |
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| Name = Penis |
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| Latin = penis |
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| Greek = |
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| Image = Penis asiatischer Elefant.JPG |
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| Caption = Penis of an [[Asian elephant]] |
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| Width = 300px |
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| Image2 = |
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| Caption2 = |
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| Precursor = [[Genital tubercle]] ([[amniote]]s) |
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| System = [[Reproductive system]], sometimes with the [[genitourinary system]] |
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| Artery = |
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| Vein = |
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| Nerve = |
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| Lymph = |
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}} |
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A '''penis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|iː|n|ɪ|s}}; {{plural form}}: '''penises''' or '''penes''') is a male [[sex organ]] that is used to [[inseminate]] female or [[hermaphrodite]] animals during [[Copulation (zoology)|copulation]].<ref name="SciencesMexico2010">{{cite book|author1=Janet Leonard|author2=Alex Cordoba-Aguilar R|title=The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgtXj5R6OfMC|access-date=20 July 2013|date=18 June 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-971703-3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011093915/http://books.google.com/books?id=PgtXj5R6OfMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=penis&f=false|archive-date=11 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Mating behaviour in the sea slug Elysia timida (Opisthobranchia, Sacoglossa): hypodermic injection, sperm transfer and balanced reciprocity|year=2007|pmc=1934903|last1=Schmitt|first1=V.|last2=Anthes|first2=N.|last3=Michiels|first3=N. K.|journal=Frontiers in Zoology|volume=4|page=17|doi=10.1186/1742-9994-4-17|pmid=17610714 |doi-access=free |issn = 1742-9994 }}</ref> Such organs occur in both [[vertebrate]]s and [[invertebrate]]s, including humans, but not in all male animals. |
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The term ''penis'' applies to many [[intromittent organ]]s, but not to all. As an example, the [[intromittent organ]] of most [[Cephalopod]]a is the [[hectocotylus]], a specialized arm, and male spiders use their [[pedipalp]]s. Even within the [[Vertebrata]], there are morphological variants with specific terminology, such as [[Hemipenis|hemipenes]]. |
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==The human penis== |
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The human penis differs from some other mammalian penises by lacking a [[baculum]], or '''erectile bone''', instead relying entirely on engorgement with blood to reach its erect state. It also lacks the ability to be withdrawn into the groin, and is larger-than-average in proportion to body mass. |
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{{TOC limit|5}} |
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===Structure=== |
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[[image:male anatomy.png|thumb|350px|Illustration of the human male anatomy.]] |
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The human penis is made up of three columns of erectile [[biological tissue|tissue]]: |
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* the two [[corpora cavernosa]] and |
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* one [[corpus spongiosum]] |
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==Etymology== |
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The corpus spongiosum lies on the underside (known also as the [[anatomical position|ventral side]]) of the penis; the two corpora cavernosa lie next to each other on the upper side ([[anatomical position|dorsal side]]). |
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The word "penis" is taken from the [[Latin]] word for "[[Latin profanity#Synonyms and metaphors|tail]]". Some derive that from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]] ''*pesnis'', and the Greek word πέος = "penis" from Indo-European ''*pesos''. Prior to the adoption of the Latin word in English, the penis was referred to as a "yard". The [[Oxford English Dictionary]] cites an example of the word ''yard'' used in this sense from 1379,<ref name="oed-yard">{{cite book |last1=Basu |first1=S. C. |title=Male Reproductive Dysfunction |date=2011 |publisher=JP Medical Ltd |isbn=9789350252208 |page=101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BoL2I7yg67cC&q=Simpson,+John;+Weiner,+Edmund,+eds.+(1989).+%22yard,+n.2%22.+Oxford+English+Dictionary&pg=PA101 |language=en}}</ref> and notes that in his ''Physical Dictionary'' of 1684, [[Steven Blankaart]] defined the word ''penis'' as "the Yard, made up of two nervous Bodies, the Channel, Nut, Skin, and Fore-skin, etc."<ref name="oed-penis">{{Cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|contribution=penis, ''n''.|contribution-url=http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50174565|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|editor-last=Simpson|editor-first=John|editor-link=John Simpson (lexicographer)|isbn=978-0-19-861186-8<!--|edition=Draft revision September 2005|year=2005-->|year=1989|edition=second|title-link=Oxford English Dictionary}}{{Dead link|date=June 2013}}</ref> According to [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C8%9Derde#Middle_English-bar Wiktionary], this term meant (among other senses) "rod" or "bar". |
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As with nearly any aspect of the body involved in sexual or [[excretory]] functions, the penis is the subject of many [[slang]] words and [[euphemism]]s for it, a particularly common and enduring one being "cock". See [[Wiktionary:WikiSaurus:penis|WikiSaurus:penis]] for a list of alternative words for penis. |
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The end of the corpus spongiosum is enlarged and cone-shaped and forms the [[glans penis]]. The glans supports the [[foreskin]] or prepuce, a loose fold of skin that in adults can retract to expose the glans. The area on the underside of the penis, where the foreskin is attached, is called the [[frenum]] (or frenulum). |
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The Latin word ''"[[phallus]]"'' (from [[Greek language|Greek]] φαλλος) is sometimes used to describe the penis, although "phallus" originally was used to describe ''representations'', pictorial or carved, of the penis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=penis&searchmode=none |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=2011-05-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606085622/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=penis&searchmode=none |archive-date=2011-06-06 }}</ref> |
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The [[urethra]], which is the last part of the [[urinary tract]], traverses the corpus spongiosum and its opening, known as the [[meatus]], lies on the tip of the glans penis. It is both a passage for [[urine]] and for the [[ejaculation]] of [[semen]]. Sperm is produced in the [[testes]] and stored in the attached [[epididymis]]. During ejaculation, sperm are propelled up the [[vas deferens]], two ducts that pass over and behind the bladder. Fluids are added by the [[seminal vesicle]]s and the vas deferens turns into the [[ejaculatory duct]]s which join the urethra inside the [[prostate gland]]. The prostate as well as the [[bulbourethral gland]]s add further secretions, and the semen is expelled through the penis. |
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==Evolution and function== |
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The [[raphe]] is the visible ridge between the [[lateral]] halves of the penis, found on the [[ventral]] or under side of the penis, running from the meatus (opening of the urethra) across the scrotum to the [[perineum]] (area between scrotum and anus). |
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{{CSS image crop|Image=Tiger_Tadoba_NP.jpg|bSize=880|cWidth=280|cHeight=110|oTop=230|oLeft=560|Description=A [[tiger penis|tiger's penis]] is aimed backward during urination. Tigers [[scent marking|scent-mark]] their territories with [[pheromone]]s in urine.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watson |first=Lyall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_KPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT36 |title=Jacobson's Organ: And the Remarkable Nature of Smell |date=2000-04-17 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-24493-9 |language=en}}</ref>}} |
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The external genital organs appeared in the [[Devonian]], about 410 million years ago, when [[tetrapod]]s began to abandon the aquatic environment.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dunlop|first1=Jason A.|last2=Penney|first2=David|title=Fossil Arachnids|date=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16Zed-dC1OYC&pg=PA44|page=44|publisher=Siri Scientific Press|isbn=978-0-95677-954-0}}</ref> In fact, the necessity to overcome the absence of a liquid phase in which to release the gametes was achieved through the transition to [[internal fertilization]]. |
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Among amniotes, the development of an erectile penis occurred independently for [[mammal]]s, [[Squamata|squamates]] ([[lizard]]s and [[snakes]]), [[Turtle|testudines]] (turtles), and [[archosaur]]s ([[crocodiles]] and [[birds]]). |
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=== Relation to female genitals === |
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The glans of the penis is [[homologous]] to the [[clitoris|clitoral glans]], the corpora cavernosa are homologous to the body of the [[clitoris]], the corpus spongiosum is homologous to the [[vestibular bulb]]s beneath the labia minora, and the scrotum is homologous to the [[labia minora]], [[labia majora]] and [[clitoral hood]]. The raphe does not exist in females, because there the two halves are not connected. |
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Over time, birds have lost this organ, with the exception of [[Paleognathae]] and [[Anseriformes]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cordoba-Aguilar|first1=Alex|last2=Leonard|first2=Janet|title=The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals|year=2010|pages=216–221|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgtXj5R6OfMC|isbn=978-0-19971-703-3}}</ref> |
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=== Erection === |
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''Main article: [[Erection]]'' |
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[[Image:Flaccid and erect human penis.jpg|thumb|right|200px| An uncircumcised penis in both flaccid and fully erect states, respectively.]] |
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The penis is an [[intromittent organ]] used to transfer [[sperm]] into the female [[Reproductive system|genital tract]] (i.e., [[vagina]] or [[cloaca]]) for potential [[fertilization]] and, in the case of [[Placentalia|placentals]], also for the excretion of [[urine]].<ref name="Wake1992">{{cite book|author=Marvalee H. Wake|title=Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKlWjdOkiMwC&pg=PA583|access-date=23 July 2013|date=15 September 1992|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-87013-7|page=583|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231143932/http://books.google.com/books?id=VKlWjdOkiMwC&pg=PA583#v=onepage&q=penis&f=false|archive-date=31 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Feldhamer |first=George A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udCnKce9hfoC&pg=PA194 |title=Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology |date=2007-09-07 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-8695-9 |language=en}}</ref> The penises of different animal groups are not [[Homology (biology)|homologous]] with each other, but were created several times independently of each other in the course of evolution. |
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[[Erection]] is the stiffening and rising of the penis which occurs in the [[sexual arousal|sexually aroused]] male, though it can also happen during non-sexual, and at times awkward situations. The primary physiological mechanism that brings about erection is the autonomic dilation of arteries supplying blood to the penis, which allows more blood to fill the three spongy erectile tissue chambers in the penis, causing it to lengthen and stiffen. The now engorged erectile tissue presses against and constricts the veins that carry blood away from the penis. More blood enters the penis than leaves until an equilibrium is reached (equal volume of blood flowing into the dilated arteries and out of the constricted veins). A constant erectile size is achieved at equilibrium. |
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An [[erection]] is the stiffening and rising of the penis, which occurs during [[Animal sexual behaviour|sexual arousal]], though it can also happen in non-sexual situations. |
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The vasodilating effects of the drug ''[[sildenafil]] citrate'' (marketed as [[Viagra]]®) have been found to be efficacious in treating certain forms of [[impotence]] and [[erectile dysfunction]]. |
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During [[ejaculation]], a series of muscular contractions delivers semen, containing male [[gametes]] known as sperm cells or [[spermatozoa]], from the penis. Ejaculation is usually accompanied by [[orgasm]]. |
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The last common ancestor of all living [[amniote]]s (mammals, birds and reptiles) likely possessed a penis.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sanger TJ, Gredler ML, Cohn MJ |date=October 2015 |title=Resurrecting embryos of the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, to resolve vertebrate phallus evolution |journal=[[Biology Letters]] |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=20150694 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2015.0694 |pmc=4650183 |pmid=26510679}}</ref> |
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Erection enables, although is not essential for, [[sexual intercourse]] and some other [[sexual activities]]. Although the average erect penis points approximately horizontally, it is common and normal for an erect penis to have any of a wide range of vertical angles, from nearly vertically upward to nearly vertically downward, depending on the tension of the suspensory ligament which holds it in position when erect. |
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==Vertebrates== |
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===Birds=== |
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''See main article [[penis size]]'' |
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{{anchor|Birds}} |
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{{multiple image |
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| total_width = 300px |
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| image1 = Bird sex - Two copulating ducks showing a corkscrew penis inserted in a cloaca in Don Det Laos.jpg|thumb|Copulating ducks showing a corkscrew [[penis]] inserted in a [[cloaca]]. |
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| image2 = Duck Reproduction.svg|thumb |
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| footer = Male [[duck]]s have a corkscrew-shaped penis to match the females' corkscrew vaginas. This favors fertilization by fitter mates over unwanted aggressors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brennan |first1=Patricia L. R. |last2=Clark |first2=Christopher J. |last3=Prum |first3=Richard O. |date=2010-05-07 |title=Explosive eversion and functional morphology of the duck penis supports sexual conflict in waterfowl genitalia |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=277 |issue=1686 |pages=1309–1314 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.2139 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=2871948 |pmid=20031991}}</ref>}} |
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Most male birds (e.g., [[rooster]]s and [[turkey (bird)|turkey]]s) have a [[cloaca]] (also present on the female), but not a penis. Among bird species with a penis are [[paleognaths]] ([[tinamou]]s and [[ratites]])<ref name="Lombardi1998">{{cite book|author=Julian Lombardi|title=Comparative Vertebrate Reproduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqQX9RMPAegC&q=penis|access-date=5 December 2012|year=1998|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-7923-8336-9|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326171659/http://books.google.com/books?id=cqQX9RMPAegC&q=penis&f=false|archive-date=26 March 2014}}</ref> and [[Anatidae]] (ducks, geese and swans).<ref name="MobileReference2009">{{cite book|author=MobileReference|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of European Birds: An Essential Guide to Birds of Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgPTUkhiSmkC&q=penis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326174050/http://books.google.com/books?id=RgPTUkhiSmkC&q=penis&f=false|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 March 2014|access-date=5 December 2012|date=15 December 2009|publisher=MobileReference|isbn=978-1-60501-557-6}}</ref> The [[magpie goose]] in the family [[Anseranatidae]] also has a penis. A bird penis is different in structure from mammal penises, being an erectile expansion of the cloacal wall (in ducks) and being erected by [[lymph]], not blood.<ref name="Gill2006">{{cite book|author=Frank B. Gill|title=Ornithology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zM0tG5ApO0UC&q=penis&pg=PA414|access-date=5 December 2012|date=6 October 2006|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-7167-4983-7|pages=414–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107223055/http://books.google.com/books?id=zM0tG5ApO0UC&pg=PA414&q=penis&f=false|archive-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> It is usually partially feathered and in some species features spines and brush-like filaments, and in a flaccid state, curls up inside the cloaca. |
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=== Mammals === |
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In comparison to body size, the human male penis is among the largest of the [[primate]]s. One study has found that the average human penis is 2-5 [[inch]]es (13 [[cm]]) in length when fully engorged with blood during arousal, though this varies quite a bit. The size of a flaccid human penis has an even greater variation in both length and width that often does not correspond to the size when fully aroused. When a man with a relatively large flaccid penis has a normal or below average length penis when fully aroused, or when a man with a relatively small flaccid penis has a normal or above average length penis when fully aroused, they are sometimes known by the slang terms "showers" and "growers" respectively. |
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{{anchor|Mammals}} |
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{{multiple image |
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===Normal variations=== |
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| perrow = 2/1/2 |
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Depending on temperature, a flaccid (not erect) penis of normal size can withdraw almost completely within the body. Such a penis will be of normal size when erect - not unusually small. |
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| total_width = 300px |
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| image1 = Papio_hamadryas-adult_penis-Lisbon_07.JPG |
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| caption1 = Penis of a [[hamadryas baboon]] |
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| image2 = Caloocan Annual Tilbury Race 45.jpg |
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| caption2 = Penis of a [[horse]] |
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| image3 = Penis-cat.jpg |
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| caption3 = Penis of a [[cat]] |
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| image4 = Great Dane penis.jpg |
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| caption4 = Penis of a [[dog]] ([[Great Dane]]) |
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| image5 = Retreat (5543779030).jpg |
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| caption5 = Penis of a [[giraffe]] |
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}} |
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As with any other bodily attribute, the length and girth of the penis can be highly variable between [[mammal]]s of different [[species]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Tim Birkhead|title=Promiscuity: An Evolutionary History of Sperm Competition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3i4Q8SvohfEC&pg=PA102|access-date=23 July 2013|year=2000|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-00666-9|page=102|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326175533/http://books.google.com/books?id=3i4Q8SvohfEC&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q=penis&f=false|archive-date=26 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="HayssenTienhoven1993">{{cite book|author1=Virginia Douglass Hayssen|author2=Ari Van Tienhoven|title=Asdell's Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction: A Compendium of Species-Specific Data|url=https://archive.org/details/asdellspatternso00hays|url-access=registration|access-date=23 July 2013|year=1993|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-1753-5}}</ref> In many mammals, the penis is retracted into a [[Penile sheath|prepuce]] when not erect. Mammals have either ''musculocavernous'' penises, which expand while erect, or ''fibroelastic'' penises, which become erect by straightening without expanding.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chenoweth |first1=Peter J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3JtcEAAAQBAJ&dq=musculocavernous+fibroelastic+penis&pg=PA16 |title=Manual of Animal Andrology |last2=Lorton |first2=Steven P. |date=2022-02-03 |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-78924-350-5 |language=en}}</ref> [[Preputial gland]]s are present in some prepuces. The penis bears the [[distal]] part of the [[urethra]] in [[Placentalia|placentals]].<ref name="Wake1992" /> The [[perineum]] of [[Testicondy|testicond]] mammals (mammals without a [[scrotum]]) separates the [[anus]] and the penis. |
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Other variations: |
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* ''Pearly penile papules'' are raised bumps of somewhat paler color around the base of the glans and are normal. [http://www.studenthealth.co.uk/leaflets/NormalVariantsInAnogenitalSkin.htm (Picture of them on a human penis)] |
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* [[Fordyce's spots]] are small, raised, yellowish-white spots 1-2mm in diameter that may appear on the penis, as well as the inner surface and [[vermilion border]] of the lips of the face, and are normal. See ''Pearly penile papules'' for a picture. |
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* ''Sebaceous prominences'' are similar raised bumps on the shaft of the penis, located at the [[sebaceous gland]]s and are normal. |
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* [[Phimosis]], an inability to retract the foreskin fully, is harmless in infants and pre-pubescent males, occurring in about 8 percent of boys at age 10. See [[Phimosis]] for a more complete discussion. |
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A bone called the [[baculum]] is present in most placentals but absent in humans, cattle and horses. |
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===Disorders affecting the penis=== |
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[[Oedema]] (swelling) of the foreskin can result from sexual activity, including [[masturbation]]. It appears worrying but so long as the foreskin is in its normal position and blood flow is present it's harmless. See ''paraphimosis'' for situations where the foreskin can't be moved to its normal position or the swelling persists. If the condition recurrs regularly, medical advice should be obtained, since it can be a symptom of conditions such as chronic heart disease. (''[http://www.links.net/vita/corp/catdick/ description of a case resulting from sexual activity, with pictures]'') |
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In mammals, the penis is divided into three parts:<ref name="Reece">{{cite book|title=Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=naSWWxJLcd0C&q=penis%20OR%20glans|date=2009-03-04|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780813814513|author=William O. Reece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320145847/https://books.google.com/books?id=naSWWxJLcd0C&q=penis%20OR%20glans&f=false|archive-date=2018-03-20}}</ref> |
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''Pathological Phimosis''--where a non-retracting foreskin is accompanied by pain or physiological distress, or affects physical hygiene, requires treatment which can be surgical or non-surgical according to the severity of the condition. See [[Phimosis]] for more details. |
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* Roots ([[Crus of penis|crura]]): these begin at the [[Caudal (anatomical term)|caudal]] border of the [[Pubic arch|pelvic ischial arch]]. |
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[[Paraphimosis]] is an inability to move the foreskin forward over the glans. It can result from fluid trapped in a foreskin which is left retracted, perhaps following a medical procedure, or accumulation of fluid in the foreskin because of friction during vigorous sexual activity. Applying pressure to compress the glans, then moving the foreskin to its normal position is the initial procedure to follow, perhaps with the assistance of a lubricant. Placing the penis in normal granulated sugar can reduce the swelling via osmosis. If the condition persists for more than several hours or there's a sign of lack of blood flow, a hard glans with no erection or an inability to urinate, it should be treated as a medical emergency. |
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* [[Body of penis|Body]]: the part of the penis extending from the roots. |
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* [[Glans penis|Glans]]: the free end of the penis. The penile glans is absent in [[chimpanzee]]s and [[bonobo]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dixson|first=Alan F.|title= Sexual Selection and the Origins of Human Mating Systems|page=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRTniKE2liYC&pg=PA68|year=2009|publisher=John OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19156-973-9}}</ref> |
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The internal structures of the penis consist mainly of cavernous, [[erectile tissue]], which is a collection of [[Sinusoid (blood vessel)|blood sinusoids]] separated by sheets of [[connective tissue]] (trabeculae). |
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In [[Peyronie's disease]], anomalous scar tissue grows in the soft tissue of the penis, causing curvature. Severe cases can benefit from surgical correction. |
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[[Canine penis]]es have a structure at the base called the [[bulbus glandis]].<ref name="Long2006">{{cite book|author=Susan Long|title=Veterinary Genetics and Reproductive Physiology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gre0VUZuhGYC|year=2006|publisher=Churchill Livingstone Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7506-8877-2|access-date=2013-11-08|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326180538/http://books.google.com/books?id=Gre0VUZuhGYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=bulbus%20glandis&f=false|archive-date=2014-03-26}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite book|author=R. F. Ewer|title=The Carnivores|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IETMd3-lSlkC&pg=PA116|access-date=23 July 2013|year=1998|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8493-3|page=116|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326181627/http://books.google.com/books?id=IETMd3-lSlkC&pg=PA116#v=onepage&q=penis&f=false|archive-date=26 March 2014}}</ref> During copulation, the [[spotted hyena]] inserts his penis through [[Clitoris#Spotted hyenas|the female's pseudo-penis]] instead of directly through the [[vagina]], which is blocked by the false scrotum. The [[pseudo-penis]] and pseudo-scrotum, which are actually a [[virilization|masculinized]] [[vulva]], closely resemble the male hyena's genitalia, but can be distinguished from the male by the female's greater thickness and more rounded [[glans]].<ref name="differentiation">{{cite journal | last1 = Glickman | first1 = SE | last2 = Cunha | first2 = GR | last3 = Drea | first3 = CM | last4 = Conley | first4 = AJ | last5 = Place | first5 = NJ | year = 2006 | title = Mammalian sexual differentiation: lessons from the spotted hyena | url = http://courses.washington.edu/pbio509/Glickman_etal.pdf | journal = Trends Endocrinol Metab | volume = 17 | issue = 9| pages = 349–356 | doi = 10.1016/j.tem.2006.09.005 | pmid = 17010637 | s2cid = 18227659 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130222022824/http://courses.washington.edu/pbio509/Glickman_etal.pdf | archive-date = 2013-02-22 }}</ref> {{anchor|Felidae}}[[Domestic cats]] have barbed penises, with about 120–150 one millimetre long [[penile spines|backwards-pointing spines]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aronson |first1=L. R. |last2=Cooper |first2=M. L. |title=Penile spines of the domestic cat: their endocrine-behavior relations |journal=Anat. Rec. |volume=157 |issue=1 |pages=71–8 |year=1967 |pmid=6030760 |doi=10.1002/ar.1091570111 |s2cid=13070242 |url=http://www.catcollection.org/files/PenileSpines.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620212227/http://www.catcollection.org/files/PenileSpines.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-20 }}</ref> |
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A [[thrombosis]] can occur during periods of frequent and prolonged sexual activity, especially [[fellatio]]. It is usually harmless and self-corrects within a few weeks. |
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[[Marsupial]]s usually have bifurcated penises<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tyndale-Biscoe |first1=C. Hugh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HpjovN0vXW4C |title=Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials |last2=Renfree |first2=Marilyn |date=1987-01-30 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-33792-2 |language=en}}</ref> that are retracted into a preputial sheath in the male's [[Urogenital sinus#Other animals|urogenital sinus]] when not erect.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Armati |first1=Patricia J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3S5v971Nk0C |title=Marsupials |last2=Dickman |first2=Chris R. |last3=Hume |first3=Ian D. |date=2006-08-17 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-45742-2 |language=en}}</ref> [[Monotreme]]s and [[marsupial mole]]s are the only mammals in which the penis is located inside the cloaca.<ref>Gadow, H. On the systematic position of Notoryctes typhlops. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1892, 361–370 (1892).</ref><ref>Riedelsheimer, B., Unterberger, P., Künzle, H. and U. Welsch. 2007. Histological study of the cloacal region and associated structures in the hedgehog tenrec Echinops telfairi. Mammalian Biology 72(6): 330-341.</ref> |
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[[Pudendal nerve entrapment]] is a condition characterized by pain on sitting and loss of penile (or clitoral) sensation and orgasm. Occasionally there is a total loss of sensation and orgasm. The [[pudendal nerve]] can be damaged by narrow hard cycle seats and accidents. |
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===Reptiles=== |
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[[Penile fracture]] can occur if the erect penis is bent excessively. A pop or cracking sound and pain is normally associated with this event. Emergency medical assistance should be obtained, after which long term consequences are usually prevented. In one study [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1464-410X.1996.86420.x/abs/], the few patients suffering permanent penile curvature were the ones who had waited longest before seeking treatment. |
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[[File:Tupinambis teguixin (Linnaeus, 1758) (8184632011).jpg|thumb|Hemipenes of a [[gold tegu]]]] |
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Male [[turtle]]s and [[crocodilia]]ns have a penis, while male specimens of the reptile order [[Squamata]], which are [[snake]]s and [[lizard]]s, have two paired organs called [[hemipenis|hemipenes]]. [[Tuatara]]s must use their cloacae for reproduction.<ref>Lutz, Dick (2005), Tuatara: A Living Fossil, Salem, Oregon: DIMI PRESS, {{ISBN|0-931625-43-2}}</ref> Due to [[evolutionary convergence]], turtle and mammal penises have a similar structure.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=1810052 | year=2004 | last1=Kelly | first1=D. A. | title=Turtle and mammal penis designs are anatomically convergent | journal=Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume=271 | issue=Suppl 5 | pages=S293–S295 | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2004.0161 | pmid=15503998 }}</ref> |
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===Fish=== |
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In [[diabetes]], [[peripheral neuropathy]] can cause tingling in the penile skin and possibly reduced or completely absent sensation. The reduced sensations can lead to injuries for either partner and their absence can make it impossible to have sexual pleasure through stimulation of the penis. Since the problems are caused by permanent nerve damage, preventive treatment through good control of the diabetes is the primary treatment. Some limited recovery may be possible through improved diabetes control. |
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In some fish, the gonopodium, andropodium, and [[clasper]]s are intromittent organs (to introduce sperm into the female) developed from modified fins.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ruschenberger |first=William Samuel Waithman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=700AAAAAYAAJ |title=Elements of Herpetology, and of Ichthyology: Prepared for the Use of Schools and Colleges |date=1846 |publisher=Grigg & Elliot |pages=129–145 |language=en}}</ref> |
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==Invertebrates== |
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[[Impotence]], sometimes called erectile dysfunction or ''ED'', is the inability to have and maintain an erection sufficiently firm for satisfactory sexual performance. A wide variety of generally effective treatments are available. Diabetes is a leading cause, as is normal aging. |
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[[File:Callosobruchus analis penis.jpg|thumb|The spine-covered penis of ''Callosobruchus analis'', a [[bean weevil]]]] |
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[[Harvestmen]] are the only male [[arachnid]]s that [[Opiliones penis|have a penis]]. |
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[[Priapism]] is a painful and potentially harmful medical condition in which the erect penis does not return to its flaccid state. The causative mechanisms are poorly understood but involve complex neurological and vascular factors. Potential complications include ischaemia, thrombosis, and impotence. In serious cases the condition may result in gangrene, which may necessitate amputation. |
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In male [[insect]]s, the structure analogous to a penis is known as an [[aedeagus]]. The male copulatory organ of various lower invertebrate animals is often called the ''cirrus''.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Penis {{!}} Description, Anatomy, & Physiology {{!}} Britannica |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=January 2024 |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/penis |language=en}}</ref> |
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====Developmental disorders of the penis==== |
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[[Hypospadias]] is a [[developmental disorder]] where the [[meatus]] is positioned wrongly at birth. Hypospadias can also occur [[iatrogenic]]ally by the downward pressure of an indwelling urethral catheter.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9554017] It is usually corrected by surgery. |
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In 2010, entomologist Charles Linehard described a new genus of [[Psocoptera|barkflies]] called ''[[Neotrogla]]''. Species of this genus have sex-reversed genitalia: females have penis-like organs called gynosomes that are inserted into vagina-like openings of males during mating.<ref name="Lienhard2010">{{cite journal|first1=Charles|last1=Lienhard|first2=Thais|last2=Oliveira do Carmo|first3=Rodrigo|last3=Lopes Ferreira|year=2010|url=http://biostor.org/reference/134593|title=A new genus of Sensitibillini from Brazilian caves (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Prionoglarididae)|journal=[[Revue suisse de Zoologie]]|volume=117|issue=4|pages=611–635|issn=0035-418X|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103042552/http://biostor.org/reference/134593|archive-date=2014-11-03|doi=10.5962/bhl.part.117600|doi-access=free}}</ref> A similar female structure has also been described in the closely related ''[[Afrotrogla]]''.<ref name="Yoshizawa_et.al.2018">Yoshizawa K, Ferreira R.L., Yao I, Lienhard C & Kamimura Y. "Independent origins of female penis and its coevolution with male vagina in cave insects (Psocodea: Prionoglarididae)". ''Biology Letters'' '''14'''(11): [https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0533 doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0533]</ref> Scientists who study these insects have occasionally called the gynosome a "female penis"<ref name="YoshizawaFerreira2014">{{cite journal|last1=Yoshizawa|first1=Kazunori|last2=Ferreira|first2=Rodrigo L.|last3=Kamimura|first3=Yoshitaka|last4=Lienhard|first4=Charles|title=Female Penis, Male Vagina, and Their Correlated Evolution in a Cave Insect|journal=[[Current Biology]]|volume=24|issue=9|pages=1006–10|year=2014|issn=0960-9822|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.022|pmid=24746797|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014CBio...24.1006Y |hdl=2115/56857|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Yoshizawa _et.al.2019">Yoshizawa K, Ferreira R.L., Lienhard C & Kamimura Y. (2019). "Why Did a Female Penis Evolve in a Small Group of Cave Insects?". ''BioEssays'' '''41'''(6): [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bies.201900005 doi.org/10.1002/bies.201900005]</ref> and insisted to drop the definition of penis as "the male copulatory organ".<ref name="Yoshizawa_et.al._2014">Yoshizawa K, Ferreira R.L., Kamimura Y & Lienhard C. [https://www.biologiasubterranea.com.br/workspace/uploads/artigos/a-transgender-brazilian-cave-insect.pdf "A Transgender Brazilian Cave Insect"]. ''The Winnower'' 3/9/2014</ref> Motivations for using the term "female penis" include that such a term "is easier to understand and much more eye-catching"<ref name="Hollier&Hollier_2020">Hollier J & Hollier A. (2020). [http://www.biologiasubterranea.com.br/workspace/uploads/artigos/a-transgender-brazilian-cave-insect.pdf "The retired taxonomist and the gynosome – the discovery of the female penis"]. ''Antenna'' '''44'''(3): p. 122-125</ref> and that the gynosome have "analogous features" with male penises.<ref name="Yoshizawa_et.al._2014"></ref> Meanwhile, critics have argued that it does not fit the intromittent organ definition of "a structure that enters the female genital tract and deposits sperm".<ref name="Hayssen2020">Hayssen V. (2020). "Misconceptions about Conception and Other Fallacies: Historical Bias in Reproductive Biology". ''Integrative and Comparative Biology'' '''60'''(3): p. 683-791: [https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/60/3/683/5836306 doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa035]</ref> |
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A [[micropenis]] is a very small penis caused by developmental problems. |
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==Heraldry== |
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====Psychological disorders related to the penis==== |
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{{Main|Pizzle}} |
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*[[koro]] - [[delusion]] of shrinkage of the penis and retraction into the body |
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Pizzles are represented in [[heraldry]], where the adjective ''pizzled'' (or ''vilené''<ref name="rietstap-1884">{{Cite journal |last=Rietstap |first=J. B. |title=Armorial général; précédé d'un Dictionnaire des termes du blason |year=1884 |page=XXXI |publisher=G. B. van Goor zonen |quote=Vilené: se dit un animal qui a la marque du sexe d'un autre émail que le corps |url= https://archive.org/details/armorialgnralpr00rollgoog }}</ref>) indicates that part of an animate [[Charge (heraldry)|charge]]'s anatomy, especially if coloured differently. |
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*[[penis envy]] - the contested [[Freud]]ian belief of a woman [[envy]]ing men for having a penis |
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==See also== |
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===Altering the male genitalia=== |
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{{Div col|colwidth=15em}} |
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<div style="float:right; margin-left:10px; margin-right:10px; width:300px; text-align:center"> |
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* [[Clitoris]]{{snd}} female homolog to the penis |
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[[Image:Uncircpn.jpg|130px]] |
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* [[Diphallia]] |
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[[image:Circpn.jpg|130px]]<br> |
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* [[Fascinus]] |
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<small>''An uncircumcised penis, a circumcised penis'' |
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* [[Koteka]] |
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</small> |
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* [[Palpal bulb]] |
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</div> |
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* [[Stamen]] |
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''Main article: [[genital modification and mutilation]]'' |
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* [[Testicle]] |
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{{Div col end}} |
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==References== |
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The most prevalent form of genital alteration in some countries is [[circumcision]]: for various cultural, religious, and more rarely medical reasons, part or all of the foreskin is removed. In many cases, such as in some United States hospitals, the [[frenulum]] and part of the shaft skin is also removed. |
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=== Citations === |
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{{reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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=== General and cited references === |
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Less commonly, the penis is sometimes [[body piercing|pierced]] or decorated by other [[body art]], usually for the purpose of aesthetics, or increased sensitivity. Piercings of the penis include the [[Prince Albert piercing]], the [[Apadravya piercing]], the [[Ampallang piercing]], the [[dydoe piercing]], and the [[frenum piercing]]. [[Foreskin restoration]] or stretching is a further form of body modification. |
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====Horses==== |
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{{refbegin|30em}} |
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*{{cite book|first1=Donald F.|last1=Walker|first2=John T.|last2=Vaughan|title=Bovine and equine urogenital surgery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpo1VZBIORUC|access-date=23 July 2013|date=1 June 1980|publisher=[[Lea & Febiger]]|isbn=978-0-8121-0284-0}} |
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*{{cite web|title=The Stallion: Breeding Soundness Examination & Reproductive Anatomy|publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison|url=http://www.wisc.edu/ansci_repro/101equinelab/reproduction/stallion_exam.html|access-date=7 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716140038/http://www.wisc.edu/ansci_repro/101equinelab/reproduction/stallion_exam.html|archive-date=2007-07-16}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Munroe|first1=Graham|last2=Weese|first2=Scott|title=Equine Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu-XUjVS85QC|access-date=18 February 2014|date=15 March 2011|publisher=Manson Publishing|isbn=978-1-84076-608-0}} |
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*{{cite book|first1=Klaus Dieter|last1=Budras|first12=W. O.|last2=Sack|title=Anatomy of the Horse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FjNASBMUqgC|access-date=1 July 2013|date=1 March 2012|publisher=Manson Publishing|isbn=978-3-8426-8368-6}} |
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*{{cite book|last=England|first=Gary|title=Fertility and Obstetrics in the Horse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-R2ZhT_oHQC|access-date=18 February 2014|date=15 April 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-75041-4}} |
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*{{cite book|author=Equine Research|title=Horse Conformation: Structure, Soundness, and Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krD1bAEqypcC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707070110/http://books.google.com/books?id=krD1bAEqypcC|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2014|access-date=23 July 2013|year=2004|publisher=Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59228-487-0}} |
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*{{cite book|first=James Warren|last=Evans|title=The Horse|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780716718116|url-access=registration|access-date=23 July 2013|date=15 February 1990|publisher=W. H. Freeman|isbn=978-0-7167-1811-6}} |
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*{{cite book|first1=M. Horace|last1=Hayes|first2=Peter D.|last2=Rossdale|title=Veterinary Notes for Horse Owners: An Illustrated Manual of Horse Medicine and Surgery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHlwaJnOVCEC&q=penis|access-date=1 July 2013|date=March 1988|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-671-76561-3}} |
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*{{cite book|last=McBane|first=Susan|title=Modern Horse Breeding: A Guide for Owners|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBoMV-CIHpYC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707073433/http://books.google.com/books?id=BBoMV-CIHpYC|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2014|access-date=18 February 2014|year=2001|publisher=Globe Pequot Press|isbn=978-1-58574-389-6}} |
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{{refend}} |
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====Marsupials==== |
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Other practices which alter the penis are also performed, although they are rare in Western societies without a diagnosed medical condition. Apart from a [[penectomy]], perhaps the most radical of these is [[subincision]], in which the urethra is split along the underside of the penis. Subincision originated among [[Australian Aborigine]]s, although it is now done by some in the U.S. and Europe. |
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{{refbegin|30em}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Parker|first=Rick|title=Equine Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCt9EKwu9r0C|access-date=18 February 2014|edition=4|date=13 January 2012|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-111-13877-6}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Flannery|first=Tim|title=Chasing Kangaroos: A Continent, a Scientist, and a Search for the World's Most Extraordinary Creature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ep-PUlwyxDMC|access-date=5 May 2013|year=2008|publisher=Grove/Atlantic, Incorporated|isbn=9780802143716|pages=60–}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Hunsaker|first=Don II|title=The Biology of Marsupials|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cESCLrRJGm0C|access-date=18 February 2014|date=2 December 2012|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-323-14620-3}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Menna E.|last2=Dickman|first2=Chris R.|last3=Archer|first3=Mike|first4=Michael|last4=Archer|title=Predators With Pouches: The Biology of Carnivorous Marsupials|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3YQSDiWHfD0C|access-date=5 May 2013|year=2003|publisher=Csiro Publishing|isbn=9780643066342}} |
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*{{cite web|url=http://www.biology.iastate.edu/InternationalTrips/1Australia/Australia%20papers/Discoveries%20about%20Marsupial%20Rep |publisher=Iowa State University Biology Dept. |title=Discoveries about Marsupial Reproduction |first=Anna |last=King |year=2001 |access-date=2012-11-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905123347/http://www.biology.iastate.edu/InternationalTrips/1Australia/Australia%20papers/Discoveries%20about%20Marsupial%20Rep |archive-date=September 5, 2012 }} |
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*{{cite book|first1=Bernard|last1=Stonehouse|first2=Desmond|last2=Gilmore|title=The Biology of marsupials|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l63wAAAAMAAJ&q=penis|access-date=25 July 2013|year=1977|publisher=University Park Press|isbn=978-0-8391-0852-8}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Tyndale-Biscoe|first=C. Hugh|title=Life of Marsupials|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqtlPZJ9y8EC|access-date=18 February 2014|year=2005|publisher=Csiro Publishing|isbn=978-0-643-06257-3}} |
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{{refend}} |
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=== |
====Other animals==== |
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{{refbegin|30em}} |
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Possibly due to shame inculcated in regard to genitalia, some people suffer from misunderstandings and resultant fear. |
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*{{cite book|first1=Colin Russell|last1=Austin|first2=Roger Valentine|last2=Short|title=Reproduction in Mammals: Volume 4, Reproductive Fitness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5Al0X60UAIC|access-date=22 July 2013|date=21 March 1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-31984-3}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Bassert|first1=Joanna M.|last2=McCurnin|first2=Dennis M.|title=McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-YhIvDgfJoC|access-date=18 February 2014|date=1 April 2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4557-2884-8}} |
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[[Penis panic]] is a kind of hysteria that appears to be culturally conditioned and largely limited to Sudan, China, Japan, and South-east Asia. |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Bates |first1=Paul J. J. |last2=Ratrimomanarivo |first2=Fanja H. |last3=Harrison |first3=David L. |last4=Goodman |first4=Steven M. |title=A description of a new species of Pipistrellus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Madagascar with a review of related Vespertilioninae from the island |journal=Acta Chiropterologica |date=December 2006 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=299–324 |doi=10.3161/1733-5329(2006)8[299:ADOANS]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=85825521 }} |
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*{{cite book|first1=Benjamin B.|last1=Beck|first2=Christen M.|last2=Wemmer|title=The Biology and management of an extinct species: Père David's deer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2W1AAAAIAAJ|access-date=5 July 2013|year=1983|publisher=Noyes Publications|isbn=978-0-8155-0938-7}} |
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As mentioned earlier, the [[raphe]] is the visible ridge between the lateral halves of the penis, found on the ventral or under side of the penis, running from the meatus (opening of the urethra) across the scrotum to the perineum (area between scrotum and anus). This "scar" is actually the "biological zipper" that closes the urethra during the normal course of fetal development. When the urethra does not close normally, the resulting condition is called [[hypospadias]]. Surgery is required to close the urethra. Treatment may involve multiple surgeries and attendant pain. |
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*{{cite book|first=Eugene|last=Burns|title=The sex life of wild animals: a North American study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mFBAAAAYAAJ|access-date=23 July 2013|year=1953|publisher=Rinehart}} |
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*{{cite book|first=Trevor|last=Carnaby|title=Beat About the Bush: Mammals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4u-VroUwC6QC|access-date=19 July 2013|date=22 January 2007|publisher=Jacana Media|isbn=978-1-77009-240-2}} |
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<!-- is there any evidence of this whatsoever? commented out in expectation of an example. -- Adolescent males trying to [[Masturbation|masturbate]] successfully for the first time, and ignorant of the utility of lubricants, may chafe themselves and become fearful due to having learned "myths" about penile cancer. -->Other beliefs involve the idea that [[masturbation]] can cause insanity or blindness. |
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*{{Cite journal|last=Brehm|first=Alfred Edmund|url=https://archive.org/details/brehmslifeofanim00breh|title=Brehm's Life of Animals|publisher=Chicago: A. N. Marquis & Company|year=1895|access-date=2013-11-08}} |
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*{{cite book|first1=Lawrence Mark|last1=Elbroch|first2=Michael Raymond|last2=Kresky|first3=Jonah Wy|last3=Evans|title=Field Guide to Animal Tracks and Scat of California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwFDoJhezwAC|access-date=5 July 2013|date=7 April 2012|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-95164-8}} |
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In childhood, according to the study ''Paediatric penile trauma'', male circumcision is the most common form of genital trauma; it occurred in two-thirds of the physical traumas examined (El-Bahnasawy 2002) |
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*{{cite book|first=Stewart Keith|last=Eltringham|title=The ecology and conservation of large African mammals|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=yAHrUe-DNtOkyAGQkIGQDw|access-date=20 July 2013|year=1979|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-23580-5}} |
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[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/bju/2002/00000090/00000001/art02741] |
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* {{Cite book|last=Estes|first=Richard|title=The safari companion: a guide to watching African mammals, including hoofed mammals, carnivores, and primates|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|year=1998|isbn=978-1-890132-44-6|url=https://archive.org/details/safaricompaniong00este_0}} |
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*{{cite book|first1=Rowen D.|last1=Frandson|first2=W. Lee|last2=Wilke|first3=Anna Dee|last3=Fails|title=Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9ZZkwnFLN0C|access-date=1 July 2013|date=30 June 2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-8138-1394-3}} |
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==Non-human penises== |
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*{{cite book|first=Valerius|last=Geist|title=Elk Country|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b0K9OG6znDgC|access-date=5 July 2013|year=1993|publisher=T&N Children's Publishing|isbn=978-1-55971-208-8}} |
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[[Image:Elephant penis.jpg|thumb|250px|An elephant's penis is proportionally large.]] |
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*{{cite book|first1=Virginia Douglass|last1=Hayssen|first2=Ari Van|last2=Tienhoven|title=Asdell's Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction: A Compendium of Species-Specific Data|url=https://archive.org/details/asdellspatternso00hays|url-access=registration|access-date=23 July 2013|year=1993|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-1753-5}} |
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Most [[marsupialia|marsupials]], except for the two largest species of [[kangaroo]]s, have a [[bifurcated penis]]. That is, it separates into two separate columns, and so the penis terminates in two ends. The [[dolphin]] has [[prehensile]] control over his penis, so he sometimes uses it as an [[sensory]] [[appendage]] with which to probe the ocean floor. The [[barnacle]] has the longest penis for its own length: up to twenty times the length of the animal. |
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*{{Cite book|last1=Heptner|first1=V. G.|last2=Sludskii|first2=A. A.|url=https://archive.org/details/mammalsofsov212001gept|title=Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. II, part 1b, Carnivores (Mustelidae and Procyonidae)|publisher=Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation|year=2002|isbn=978-90-04-08876-4|access-date=2013-11-08}} |
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*{{cite book|first=Donald F.|last=Hoffmeister|title=Mammals of Illinois|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IH4iv6MrrW4C|access-date=22 July 2013|year=2002|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-07083-9}} |
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The [[Icelandic Phallological Museum]] is devoted entirely to collecting penis specimens from all the land and sea mammals living in Iceland. The museum has received a legally-certified gift token for a future specimen belonging to ''Homo sapiens''. |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Hooper |first1=E.T. |last2=Musser |first2=G.G. |year=1964 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/56367 |title=The glans penis in Neotropical cricetines (Family Muridae) with comments on classification of muroid rodents |journal=Miscellaneous Publications of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology |volume=123 |pages=1–57|hdl=2027.42/56367 }} |
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*{{cite book|first1=Barbara N.|last1=Horowitz|first2=Kathryn|last2=Bowers|title=Zoobiquity: What Animals Can Teach Us About Being Human|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQraNhrbX2IC|access-date=25 July 2013|date=12 June 2012|publisher=Doubleday Canada|isbn=978-0-385-67061-6}} |
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==See also== |
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*{{cite book|first=Robert H.|last=Horwich|title=The ontogeny of social behavior in the gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nMeAQAAMAAJ|access-date=23 July 2013|date=June 1972|publisher=P. Parey|isbn=978-3-489-68036-9}} |
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{{commons|Penis}} |
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*{{cite book|first1=Hartley H.|last1=Jackson|title=Mammals of Wisconsin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQfigtpJ11gC|access-date=22 July 2013|date=January 1961|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-02150-4}} |
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*[[autofellatio]] |
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*{{cite book|title=Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w91KAAAAYAAJ|access-date=5 July 2013|year=1986|publisher=The Society}} |
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*[[foreskin]] |
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*{{cite book|first1=Dev Raj|last1=Khanna|first2=P. R.|last2=Yadav|title=Biology Of Mammals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4snvlKZpPecC|access-date=20 July 2013|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-934-0}} |
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*[[impotence]] |
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*{{cite book|first=Jonathan|last=Kingdon|title=East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa. Vol. I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x75kYjINSqUC|access-date=22 July 2013|date=January 1984|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-43718-7}} |
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*[[lingam]] |
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*{{cite book |last1=Kingdon |first1=Jonathan |title=East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa |date=1984 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226437187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x75kYjINSqUC |language=en}} |
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*[[penis envy]] |
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*{{cite book|first1=Horst Erich|last1=König|first2=Hans-Georg|last2=Liebich|title=Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals: Textbook and Atlas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoXiBjSp368C|access-date=23 July 2013|year=2007|publisher=Schattauer Verlag|isbn=978-3-7945-2485-3}} |
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*[[phallic symbol]] |
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*{{cite book|first=R. L.|last=Kotpal|title=Modern Text Book Of Zoology Vertebrates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7N1j-8LMsEC|access-date=23 July 2013|year=2010|publisher=Rastogi Publications|isbn=978-81-7133-891-7}} |
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*[[priapism]] |
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*{{cite book|first=William J.|last=Krause|title=An Atlas of Opossum Organogenesis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMpj9XNCss8C|access-date=20 July 2013|date=1 March 2008|publisher=Universal-Publishers|isbn=978-1-58112-969-4}} |
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*[[penis removal]] |
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*{{cite book|first=Donald W.|last=Linzey|title=Vertebrate Biology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpQ9y-vXovoC|access-date=20 July 2013|date=28 December 2011|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-1-4214-0040-2}} |
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*[[male circumcision]] |
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*{{cite book|first1=Steven D.|last1=Lukefahr|first2=Peter R.|last2=Cheeke|first3=Nephi M.|last3=Patton|title=Rabbit Production|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZY-8F9MwBWsC|access-date=20 July 2013|year=2013|publisher=CABI|isbn=978-1-78064-012-9}} |
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*[[sexual intercourse]] |
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*{{cite book|title=Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWRMAQAAIAAJ|access-date=5 July 2013|year=1975}} |
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*[[masturbation]] |
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* {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00643.x | last1 = Percequillo | first1 = A.R. | last2 = Weksler | first2 = M. | last3 = Costa | first3 = L.P. | title = A new genus and species of rodent from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini), with comments on oryzomyine biogeography | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 161 | issue = 2 | pages = 357–390 | year = 2011| doi-access = free }} |
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*[[sexual slang]] |
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*{{cite book|first1=Kenneth D.|last1=Rose|first2=J. David|last2=Archibald|title=The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhchVG_rbQ8C|access-date=22 July 2013|date=22 February 2005|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-8022-3}} |
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*[[sheath|penis sheath]] |
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*{{cite book|first=Uldis|last=Roze|title=The North American Porcupine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3HuW_DMglQC|access-date=25 July 2013|year=2009|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-4646-7}} |
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*[[penis game]] |
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*{{cite book|first=Amita|last=Sarkar|title=Sexual Behaviour In Animals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsCiWUiPY5UC|access-date=20 July 2013|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-746-9}} |
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*[[penis enlargement]] |
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*{{cite book|first1=Heide|last1=Schatten|first2=Gheorghe M.|last2=Constantinescu|title=Comparative Reproductive Biology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iNdSk7gPf4C|access-date=23 July 2013|date=21 March 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-39025-2}} |
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*{{cite book|first=Meredith F.|last=Small|title=Female Choices: Sexual Behavior of Female Primates|url=https://archive.org/details/femalechoicessex0000smal|url-access=registration|access-date=23 July 2013|year=1993|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8305-9}} |
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*{{cite book|first1=J. D. |last1=Skinner|first2=Christian T.|last2=Chimimba|title=The Mammals of the Southern African Sub-region|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iqwEYkTDZf4C|access-date=19 July 2013|date=15 November 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84418-5}} |
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*{{cite book|first=Lynda|last=Staker|title=The Complete Guide to the Care of Macropods: A Comprehensive Guide to the Handrearing, Rehabilitation and Captive Management of Kangaroo Species|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9P0COKdYFcMC|access-date=19 July 2013|year=2006|publisher=Lynda Staker |isbn=978-0-9775751-0-7}} |
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*{{cite book|first1=Shirley C.|last1=Strum|first2=Linda Marie|last2=Fedigan|title=Primate Encounters: Models of Science, Gender, and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SIl0-eDu8DMC|access-date=22 July 2013|date=15 August 2000|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-77754-2}} |
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*{{cite book|first1=Robin|last1=Sturtz|first2=Lori|last2=Asprea|title=Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses: A Clinical Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHg_QqV8jC4C|access-date=22 July 2013|date=30 July 2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-40585-7}} |
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*{{cite book|author1=Peter J Chenoweth|author2=Steven Lorton|title=Animal Andrology: Theories and Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hv6dAwAAQBAJ|date=30 April 2014|publisher=CABI|isbn=978-1-78064-316-8}} |
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*{{cite book|first1=B. J.|last1=Verts|first2=Leslie N.|last2=Carraway|title=Land Mammals of Oregon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KI1AmzIDnwC&pg=PA41|access-date=20 July 2013|year=1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-21199-5|page=41}} |
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*{{cite journal |last1=Voss |first1=R.S. |last2=Linzey |first2=A.V. |year=1981 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/56403 |title=Comparative gross morphology of male accessory glands among Neotropical Muridae (Mammalia: Rodentia) with comments on systematic implications |journal=Miscellaneous Publications of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology |volume=159 |pages=1–41|hdl=2027.42/56403 }} |
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*{{cite journal|last1=Voss|first1= R.S|date= 2003|title= A new species of ''Thomasomys'' (Rodentia: Muridae) from eastern Ecuador, with remarks on mammalian diversity and biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental|journal= [[American Museum Novitates]]|issue= 3421|pages=1–47|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ansotr>2.0.co;2 |hdl= 2246/2850|s2cid= 62795333|url= https://zenodo.org/record/4734917|hdl-access= free}} |
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*{{cite journal |last=Weksler |first=M. |year=2006 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2246/5777 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of oryzomyine rodents (Muroidea: Sigmodontinae): separate and combined analyses of morphological and molecular data |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=296 |pages=1–149|doi=10.1206/0003-0090(2006)296[0001:PROORM]2.0.CO;2 |hdl=2246/5777 |s2cid=86057173 }} |
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*{{cite book|first1=Don E.|last1=Wilson|first2=DeeAnn M.|last2=Reeder|title=Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC|access-date=20 July 2013|date=16 November 2005|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0801882210}} |
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{{refend}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Wiktionary|penis}} |
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*[http://www.neo-tech.com/penis/ Penis Size Chart] (actual-size chart suitable for printing out and comparing) |
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{{Commons|Penis}} |
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*[http://www.afraidtoask.com/members/index.html AfraidToAsk.com's Male Genitalia Guide] |
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{{Commons category|Male genitalia in heraldry}} |
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*[http://www.my-penis.org/ All About the Penis] |
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*[http://www. |
* [http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/resources/bib-penis.html Kinsey Institute on the penis] |
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*[http://www.penisowner.com/pom/pom.html Shagnasty's Penis Owners Manual] |
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*[http://www.the-penis.com A Website About the Penis and Male Sexuality] |
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*[http://www.edu.uni-klu.ac.at/~amiklaut/dr_nick/answer19.htm Summary Penis Size data] |
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*[http://www.the-penis.com/mythsandfacts.html Details Penis Size Data] |
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*[http://www.indiana.edu/~kinsey/resources/bib-penis.html Kinsey Institute on the penis] |
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*[http://www.askmen.com/sports/health/health4.html Ask Men about penis] |
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*[http://www.circumstitions.com/Glossary.html A Glossary of the Penis] Note: This is an anti-circumcision website. |
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*[http://www.cirp.org/pages/anat/ Anatomy of the Penis - Mechanics of Intercourse] Note: This is an anti-circumcision website. |
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{{reproductive_system}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:andrology]] |
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Latest revision as of 03:29, 11 December 2024
It has been suggested that Human penis be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since November 2024. |
Penis | |
---|---|
Details | |
Precursor | Genital tubercle (amniotes) |
System | Reproductive system, sometimes with the genitourinary system |
Identifiers | |
Latin | penis |
Anatomical terminology |
A penis (/ˈpiːnɪs/; pl.: penises or penes) is a male sex organ that is used to inseminate female or hermaphrodite animals during copulation.[1][2] Such organs occur in both vertebrates and invertebrates, including humans, but not in all male animals.
The term penis applies to many intromittent organs, but not to all. As an example, the intromittent organ of most Cephalopoda is the hectocotylus, a specialized arm, and male spiders use their pedipalps. Even within the Vertebrata, there are morphological variants with specific terminology, such as hemipenes.
Etymology
The word "penis" is taken from the Latin word for "tail". Some derive that from Indo-European *pesnis, and the Greek word πέος = "penis" from Indo-European *pesos. Prior to the adoption of the Latin word in English, the penis was referred to as a "yard". The Oxford English Dictionary cites an example of the word yard used in this sense from 1379,[3] and notes that in his Physical Dictionary of 1684, Steven Blankaart defined the word penis as "the Yard, made up of two nervous Bodies, the Channel, Nut, Skin, and Fore-skin, etc."[4] According to Wiktionary, this term meant (among other senses) "rod" or "bar".
As with nearly any aspect of the body involved in sexual or excretory functions, the penis is the subject of many slang words and euphemisms for it, a particularly common and enduring one being "cock". See WikiSaurus:penis for a list of alternative words for penis.
The Latin word "phallus" (from Greek φαλλος) is sometimes used to describe the penis, although "phallus" originally was used to describe representations, pictorial or carved, of the penis.[5]
Evolution and function
The external genital organs appeared in the Devonian, about 410 million years ago, when tetrapods began to abandon the aquatic environment.[7] In fact, the necessity to overcome the absence of a liquid phase in which to release the gametes was achieved through the transition to internal fertilization.
Among amniotes, the development of an erectile penis occurred independently for mammals, squamates (lizards and snakes), testudines (turtles), and archosaurs (crocodiles and birds).
Over time, birds have lost this organ, with the exception of Paleognathae and Anseriformes.[8]
The penis is an intromittent organ used to transfer sperm into the female genital tract (i.e., vagina or cloaca) for potential fertilization and, in the case of placentals, also for the excretion of urine.[9][10] The penises of different animal groups are not homologous with each other, but were created several times independently of each other in the course of evolution.
An erection is the stiffening and rising of the penis, which occurs during sexual arousal, though it can also happen in non-sexual situations. During ejaculation, a series of muscular contractions delivers semen, containing male gametes known as sperm cells or spermatozoa, from the penis. Ejaculation is usually accompanied by orgasm.
The last common ancestor of all living amniotes (mammals, birds and reptiles) likely possessed a penis.[11]
Vertebrates
Birds
Most male birds (e.g., roosters and turkeys) have a cloaca (also present on the female), but not a penis. Among bird species with a penis are paleognaths (tinamous and ratites)[13] and Anatidae (ducks, geese and swans).[14] The magpie goose in the family Anseranatidae also has a penis. A bird penis is different in structure from mammal penises, being an erectile expansion of the cloacal wall (in ducks) and being erected by lymph, not blood.[15] It is usually partially feathered and in some species features spines and brush-like filaments, and in a flaccid state, curls up inside the cloaca.
Mammals
As with any other bodily attribute, the length and girth of the penis can be highly variable between mammals of different species.[16][17] In many mammals, the penis is retracted into a prepuce when not erect. Mammals have either musculocavernous penises, which expand while erect, or fibroelastic penises, which become erect by straightening without expanding.[18] Preputial glands are present in some prepuces. The penis bears the distal part of the urethra in placentals.[9] The perineum of testicond mammals (mammals without a scrotum) separates the anus and the penis.
A bone called the baculum is present in most placentals but absent in humans, cattle and horses.
In mammals, the penis is divided into three parts:[19]
- Roots (crura): these begin at the caudal border of the pelvic ischial arch.
- Body: the part of the penis extending from the roots.
- Glans: the free end of the penis. The penile glans is absent in chimpanzees and bonobos.[20]
The internal structures of the penis consist mainly of cavernous, erectile tissue, which is a collection of blood sinusoids separated by sheets of connective tissue (trabeculae).
Canine penises have a structure at the base called the bulbus glandis.[21][22] During copulation, the spotted hyena inserts his penis through the female's pseudo-penis instead of directly through the vagina, which is blocked by the false scrotum. The pseudo-penis and pseudo-scrotum, which are actually a masculinized vulva, closely resemble the male hyena's genitalia, but can be distinguished from the male by the female's greater thickness and more rounded glans.[23] Domestic cats have barbed penises, with about 120–150 one millimetre long backwards-pointing spines.[24]
Marsupials usually have bifurcated penises[25] that are retracted into a preputial sheath in the male's urogenital sinus when not erect.[26] Monotremes and marsupial moles are the only mammals in which the penis is located inside the cloaca.[27][28]
Reptiles
Male turtles and crocodilians have a penis, while male specimens of the reptile order Squamata, which are snakes and lizards, have two paired organs called hemipenes. Tuataras must use their cloacae for reproduction.[29] Due to evolutionary convergence, turtle and mammal penises have a similar structure.[30]
Fish
In some fish, the gonopodium, andropodium, and claspers are intromittent organs (to introduce sperm into the female) developed from modified fins.[31]
Invertebrates
Harvestmen are the only male arachnids that have a penis.
In male insects, the structure analogous to a penis is known as an aedeagus. The male copulatory organ of various lower invertebrate animals is often called the cirrus.[32]
In 2010, entomologist Charles Linehard described a new genus of barkflies called Neotrogla. Species of this genus have sex-reversed genitalia: females have penis-like organs called gynosomes that are inserted into vagina-like openings of males during mating.[33] A similar female structure has also been described in the closely related Afrotrogla.[34] Scientists who study these insects have occasionally called the gynosome a "female penis"[35][36] and insisted to drop the definition of penis as "the male copulatory organ".[37] Motivations for using the term "female penis" include that such a term "is easier to understand and much more eye-catching"[38] and that the gynosome have "analogous features" with male penises.[37] Meanwhile, critics have argued that it does not fit the intromittent organ definition of "a structure that enters the female genital tract and deposits sperm".[39]
Heraldry
Pizzles are represented in heraldry, where the adjective pizzled (or vilené[40]) indicates that part of an animate charge's anatomy, especially if coloured differently.
See also
References
Citations
- ^ Janet Leonard; Alex Cordoba-Aguilar R (18 June 2010). The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-971703-3. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
- ^ Schmitt, V.; Anthes, N.; Michiels, N. K. (2007). "Mating behaviour in the sea slug Elysia timida (Opisthobranchia, Sacoglossa): hypodermic injection, sperm transfer and balanced reciprocity". Frontiers in Zoology. 4: 17. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-4-17. ISSN 1742-9994. PMC 1934903. PMID 17610714.
- ^ Basu, S. C. (2011). Male Reproductive Dysfunction. JP Medical Ltd. p. 101. ISBN 9789350252208.
- ^ Simpson, John, ed. (1989). "penis, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (second ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861186-8.[dead link ]
- ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2011-05-28.
- ^ Watson, Lyall (2000-04-17). Jacobson's Organ: And the Remarkable Nature of Smell. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-24493-9.
- ^ Dunlop, Jason A.; Penney, David (2012). Fossil Arachnids. Siri Scientific Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-95677-954-0.
- ^ Cordoba-Aguilar, Alex; Leonard, Janet (2010). The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals. Oxford University Press. pp. 216–221. ISBN 978-0-19971-703-3.
- ^ a b Marvalee H. Wake (15 September 1992). Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. University of Chicago Press. p. 583. ISBN 978-0-226-87013-7. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ^ Feldhamer, George A. (2007-09-07). Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8695-9.
- ^ Sanger TJ, Gredler ML, Cohn MJ (October 2015). "Resurrecting embryos of the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, to resolve vertebrate phallus evolution". Biology Letters. 11 (10): 20150694. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0694. PMC 4650183. PMID 26510679.
- ^ Brennan, Patricia L. R.; Clark, Christopher J.; Prum, Richard O. (2010-05-07). "Explosive eversion and functional morphology of the duck penis supports sexual conflict in waterfowl genitalia". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1686): 1309–1314. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.2139. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2871948. PMID 20031991.
- ^ Julian Lombardi (1998). Comparative Vertebrate Reproduction. Springer. ISBN 978-0-7923-8336-9. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
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Vilené: se dit un animal qui a la marque du sexe d'un autre émail que le corps
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