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{{Short description|American inventor (1818–1903)}}
[[Image:RichardJordanGatling.jpeg|right|Photograph of Gatling]]
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
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Dr. '''Richard Jordan Gatling''' ([[September 12]], [[1818]] – [[February 26]], [[1903]]) was an American inventor, best known for his invention of the [[Gatling gun]], the first successful [[machine gun]].
{{Infobox scientist
⚫
|name =Richard Jordan Gatling
|image =Richard Jordan Gatling.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date ={{Birth date|1818|9|12}}
|birth_place =[[Hertford County, North Carolina]], US
|death_date ={{Death date and age|1903|02|26|1818|09|12}}
|death_place =[[New York City]], US
|resting_place =[[Crown Hill Cemetery]]
|residence =
|citizenship =
| spouse = {{marriage|Jemima Sanders|October 25, 1854}}
|nationality =
|field =
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater =
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for =[[Gatling gun]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|footnotes =
|signature = Richard Jordan Gatling signature.svg
}}


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'''Richard Jordan Gatling''' (September 12, 1818 – February 26, 1903) was an American inventor. He is best known for having invented the [[Gatling gun]], which is considered to be the first successful [[machine gun]].
The son of an inventor, Gatling was born in [[Hertford County]], [[North Carolina]] and by the age of 21 had invented the screw propeller for steamboats, only to discover it had recently and independently been patented by [[Francis Pettit Smith]].


==Life==
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Gatling graduated from Ohio Medical College in [[1850]] but was more interested in continuing his career as an inventor than in practicing medicine. He invented the Gatling gun after he noticed the majority of dead returning from the [[American Civil War]] died of illness, rather than gunshots. In [[1877]], he wrote: "It occurred to me that if I could invent a machine - a gun - which could by its rapidity of fire, enable one man to do as much battle duty as a hundred, that it would, to a large extent supersede the necessity of large armies, and consequently, exposure to battle and disease [would] be greatly diminished."
Gatling was born in [[Hertford County, North Carolina]] in 1818 and raised Methodist.{{sfn|Stephenson|2003|p=123}} At the age of 21, Gatling created a screw propeller for steamboats, without realizing that one had been patented just months beforehand by [[John Ericsson]].{{sfn|Keller|2008|p=60}} While living in North Carolina, he worked in the county clerk’s office, taught school briefly, and became a merchant. At the age of 36, Gatling moved to [[St. Louis]], Missouri, where he worked in a dry goods store and invented a rice-sowing machine and a wheat drill (a machine to aid planting wheat).{{sfn|World Biography|2005}} The introduction of these machines did much to revolutionize the agricultural system in the country.
After an attack of [[smallpox]], Gatling became interested in medicine. He graduated from the [[Ohio Medical College]] in 1850 with an [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]]. Although he had his MD, he never practiced; he was more interested in a career as an inventor.


At the outbreak of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], Gatling was living in [[Indianapolis]], Indiana. There he devoted himself to the perfection of firearms. In 1861, the same year the war started, he invented the [[Gatling gun]]. A year later, he founded the Gatling Gun Company.
He founded the Gatling Gun Company in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]] in [[1862]]. The company merged with [[Colt Firearms|Colt]] in [[1897]]. In the interm he further developed the device, and while experimenting with improving gatling guns he made a electric motor powered one, creating the first [[minigun]]. Miniguns and electric powered gatling cannons of various size would go on to be used as aircraft weapons on airplanes and helicopters starting in the later half of the [[1900s]], as well as on some ground forces. The hand-cranked gatling gun was declared obsolete by the [[United States Army]] in [[1911]], though machine driven gatling guns (miniguns) would see use again later that century.


By the early 1850s, Gatling was successful enough in business to offer marriage to Jemima Sanders, 19 years younger than Gatling and the daughter of a prominent Indianapolis physician.{{sfn|Keller|2008|p=134}} They married on October 25, 1854. Her older sister Zerelda was married to [[David Wallace (Indiana politician)|David Wallace]], the governor of Indiana. An active member of his [[Freemasonry|Masonic lodge]], he was member of Center Lodge No. 23.{{sfn|Eastin|1901|p=37}}{{sfn|English|1895|p=29}}
Gatling died in [[New York City]] in 1903.
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[[Category:1818 births|Gatling, Richard Jordan]]
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[[Category:1903 deaths|Gatling, Richard Jordan]]
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[[Category:Firearm designers|Gatling, Richard Jordan]]
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[[Category:U.S. inventors|Gatling, Richard Jordan]]


[[File:Grave of Richard Jordan Gatling (1818–1903) at Crown Hill Cemetery, Indianapolis.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Gatling mausoleum at Crown Hill Cemetery]]
[[de:Richard Gatling]]

[[nl:Richard Gatling]]
Later in his life, Gatling patented inventions to improve toilets, bicycles, steam-cleaning of raw wool, pneumatic power, and many other fields. He was elected as the first president of the American Association of Inventors and Manufacturers in 1891, serving for six years. Although still quite wealthy at the time of his death, he made and lost several fortunes by his investments.
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[[no:Richard Jordan Gatling]]

[[pl:Richard Gatling]]
In his final years, Gatling moved back to St. Louis, Missouri, to form a new company for manufacturing his steam plows, or tractors. While in [[New York City]] to visit his daughter and to talk with his patent agency, Gatling died at his daughter's home on February 26, 1903.{{sfn|Keller|2008|p=207}} He is interred at the [[Crown Hill Cemetery]] in Indianapolis.{{sfn|Keller|2008|p=210}}

His contributions were commemorated by the U.S. Navy during World War II when the [[Fletcher-class destroyer|''Fletcher'' Class Destroyer]] DD-671 was christened the [[USS Gatling (DD-671)|USS ''Gatling'']].

==Inventions==
While being most known for inventing the [[Gatling gun]], Gatling invented and patented a number of other inventions. His inventions include a [[screw propeller]] and a wheat drill (a planting device) in 1839, a hemp break machine in 1850, a steam plow ([[steam tractor]]) in 1857, the Gatling gun in 1861, a marine steam ram in 1862, and a motor-driven plow ([[tractor]]).{{sfn|World Biography|2005}}

===Gatling gun===
{{Main|Gatling gun}}

⚫
Gatling invented the Gatling gun after he noticed that a majority of the soldiers fighting in the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] were lost to disease rather than gunshots. In 1877, he wrote, "It occurred to me that if I could invent a machine gun which could by its rapidity of fire, enable one man to do as much battle duty as a hundred, that it would, to a large extent supersede the necessity of large armies, and consequently, exposure to battle and disease would be greatly diminished."{{sfn|Wahl|Toppel|1971}}

The gun was based on Gatling's seed planter.{{sfn|Keller|2008}} A working prototype was developed in 1861. In 1862, he founded the Gatling Gun Company in [[Indianapolis|Indianapolis, Indiana]] to market the gun. The first six production guns were destroyed during a fire in December 1862 at the factory. All six of them had been manufactured at Gatling's expense. Undaunted, Gatling arranged for another thirteen to be manufactured at the Cincinnati Type Factory. Although the gun was developed during the Civil War, it saw very little action.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} This is partly because Gatling was accused of being a [[Copperhead (politics)|copperhead]] because of his [[North Carolina]] roots, but this was never proven.{{sfn|Smith|2002}} Gatling was never affiliated with the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate States]] government or military, nor did he live in the [[Southern United States|South]] during the Civil War.{{sfn|Keller|2008|p=134}}

[[Benjamin Butler (politician)|General Benjamin F. Butler]] bought 12 and [[David Dixon Porter|Admiral David Dixon Porter]] bought one,{{sfn|Keller|2008|p=163}} it was not until 1866 that the US Government officially purchased Gatling guns.{{sfn|Keller|2008|p=179}} In 1870, he sold his patents for the Gatling gun to [[Colt Firearms|Colt]].{{sfn|Keller|2008|p=181}} Gatling remained president of the Gatling Gun Company until it was fully absorbed by Colt in 1897. In 1893, Gatling patented a Gatling gun that replaced the hand cranked mechanism with an [[electric motor]], a relatively new invention at the time, achieving a rate of fire of 3,000 rounds per minute.{{sfn|Gatling|1893}} The hand-cranked Gatling gun was declared obsolete by the [[United States Army]] in 1911.{{citation needed|date=October 2010}} Decades later, the mechanical concept was resurrected and wedded to electrically-driven cranking in the [[M61 Vulcan]]. That cannon has given rise to numerous variations scaled up to as high as [[T249 Vigilante|37 mm]] and down to [[5.56 mm]] calibers offering versions that are gas-operated as well.

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Richard Jordan Gatling |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Biography |year=2005 |publisher=Gale |url=http://www.bookrags.com/biography/richard-jordan-gatling/ |access-date=22 March 2022|ref={{harvid|World Biography|2005}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Eastin |first1=William |title=A History of masonry in Indianapolis |date=1901 |publisher=Bobbs-Merrill Co |location=Indianapolis |url=http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/inauthors/view?docId=VAC0992&chunk.id=d1e432&toc.id=d1e432&brand=ia-books;query= |access-date=22 March 2022}}
* {{cite book |last1=English |first1=William Eastin |title=A History of Early Indianapolis Masonry and of Center Lodge |date=1895 |publisher=Bowen-Merrill Company |location=Indianapolis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRHVAAAAMAAJ&dq=Lodge%27s+career+from+the+time+of+its+inception+in+1822&pg=PA29 |access-date=22 March 2022 |language=en}}
* {{cite patent |country=United States |number=502185 |status=patent |title=Machine Gun |gdate=25 July 1893 |inventor-last=Gatling |inventor-first=R. J. |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/14173249/US-Patent-502185-Gatling-Gun-Electric}}
* {{cite book |last=Keller |first=Julia |author-link=Julia Keller |year=2008 |title=Mr Gatling's Terrible Marvel: The Gun That Changed Everything and the Misunderstood Genius Who Invented It |url=https://archive.org/details/mrgatlingsterrib0000kell |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Viking (publisher)|Viking]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mrgatlingsterrib0000kell/page/294 294] |isbn=978-0-670-01894-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Anthony |title=Machine Gun: The Story of the Men and the Weapon that Changed the Face of War |date=2002 |publisher=Piatkus |isbn=978-0-7499-2352-5 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Stephenson |first1=Frank |title=Hertford County |date=2003 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-0-7385-1556-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1A05VcgEQAQC&dq=%22richard+jordan+gatling%22+%22methodist%22&pg=PA123 |access-date=22 March 2022 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wahl |first1=Paul |last2=Toppel |first2=Donald R. |title=The Gatling Gun |date=1971 |publisher=Arco |isbn=978-90-70039-49-3 |language=en}}

==External links==
* {{cite AV media |date=7 June 2008 |title=Mr. Gatling's Terrible Marvel |type= |language=en |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?205837-6/mr-gatlings-terrible-marvel |access-date=22 March 2022 |location=Printers Row Book Fair, Chicago |publisher=[[C-SPAN]]}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Gatling, Richard Jordan |short=x}}

{{Authority control}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Gatling, Richard Jordan}}
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[[Category:1818 births]]
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[[Category:1903 deaths]]
[[Category:American Freemasons]]
[[Category:People from Hertford County, North Carolina]]
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[[Category:Firearm designers]]
[[Category:19th-century American inventors]]
[[Category:University of Cincinnati alumni]]
[[Category:Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery]]
[[Category:Inventors from North Carolina]]

Latest revision as of 02:27, 12 October 2024

Richard Jordan Gatling
Born(1818-09-12)September 12, 1818
Hertford County, North Carolina, US
DiedFebruary 26, 1903(1903-02-26) (aged 84)
New York City, US
Resting placeCrown Hill Cemetery
Known forGatling gun
Spouse
Jemima Sanders
​
(m. 1854)​
Signature

Richard Jordan Gatling (September 12, 1818 – February 26, 1903) was an American inventor. He is best known for having invented the Gatling gun, which is considered to be the first successful machine gun.

Life

[edit]

Gatling was born in Hertford County, North Carolina in 1818 and raised Methodist.[1] At the age of 21, Gatling created a screw propeller for steamboats, without realizing that one had been patented just months beforehand by John Ericsson.[2] While living in North Carolina, he worked in the county clerk’s office, taught school briefly, and became a merchant. At the age of 36, Gatling moved to St. Louis, Missouri, where he worked in a dry goods store and invented a rice-sowing machine and a wheat drill (a machine to aid planting wheat).[3] The introduction of these machines did much to revolutionize the agricultural system in the country. After an attack of smallpox, Gatling became interested in medicine. He graduated from the Ohio Medical College in 1850 with an MD. Although he had his MD, he never practiced; he was more interested in a career as an inventor.

At the outbreak of the Civil War, Gatling was living in Indianapolis, Indiana. There he devoted himself to the perfection of firearms. In 1861, the same year the war started, he invented the Gatling gun. A year later, he founded the Gatling Gun Company.

By the early 1850s, Gatling was successful enough in business to offer marriage to Jemima Sanders, 19 years younger than Gatling and the daughter of a prominent Indianapolis physician.[4] They married on October 25, 1854. Her older sister Zerelda was married to David Wallace, the governor of Indiana. An active member of his Masonic lodge, he was member of Center Lodge No. 23.[5][6]

Gatling mausoleum at Crown Hill Cemetery

Later in his life, Gatling patented inventions to improve toilets, bicycles, steam-cleaning of raw wool, pneumatic power, and many other fields. He was elected as the first president of the American Association of Inventors and Manufacturers in 1891, serving for six years. Although still quite wealthy at the time of his death, he made and lost several fortunes by his investments.

In his final years, Gatling moved back to St. Louis, Missouri, to form a new company for manufacturing his steam plows, or tractors. While in New York City to visit his daughter and to talk with his patent agency, Gatling died at his daughter's home on February 26, 1903.[7] He is interred at the Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis.[8]

His contributions were commemorated by the U.S. Navy during World War II when the Fletcher Class Destroyer DD-671 was christened the USS Gatling.

Inventions

[edit]

While being most known for inventing the Gatling gun, Gatling invented and patented a number of other inventions. His inventions include a screw propeller and a wheat drill (a planting device) in 1839, a hemp break machine in 1850, a steam plow (steam tractor) in 1857, the Gatling gun in 1861, a marine steam ram in 1862, and a motor-driven plow (tractor).[3]

Gatling gun

[edit]
Main article: Gatling gun

Gatling invented the Gatling gun after he noticed that a majority of the soldiers fighting in the Civil War were lost to disease rather than gunshots. In 1877, he wrote, "It occurred to me that if I could invent a machine gun which could by its rapidity of fire, enable one man to do as much battle duty as a hundred, that it would, to a large extent supersede the necessity of large armies, and consequently, exposure to battle and disease would be greatly diminished."[9]

The gun was based on Gatling's seed planter.[10] A working prototype was developed in 1861. In 1862, he founded the Gatling Gun Company in Indianapolis, Indiana to market the gun. The first six production guns were destroyed during a fire in December 1862 at the factory. All six of them had been manufactured at Gatling's expense. Undaunted, Gatling arranged for another thirteen to be manufactured at the Cincinnati Type Factory. Although the gun was developed during the Civil War, it saw very little action.[citation needed] This is partly because Gatling was accused of being a copperhead because of his North Carolina roots, but this was never proven.[11] Gatling was never affiliated with the Confederate States government or military, nor did he live in the South during the Civil War.[4]

General Benjamin F. Butler bought 12 and Admiral David Dixon Porter bought one,[12] it was not until 1866 that the US Government officially purchased Gatling guns.[13] In 1870, he sold his patents for the Gatling gun to Colt.[14] Gatling remained president of the Gatling Gun Company until it was fully absorbed by Colt in 1897. In 1893, Gatling patented a Gatling gun that replaced the hand cranked mechanism with an electric motor, a relatively new invention at the time, achieving a rate of fire of 3,000 rounds per minute.[15] The hand-cranked Gatling gun was declared obsolete by the United States Army in 1911.[citation needed] Decades later, the mechanical concept was resurrected and wedded to electrically-driven cranking in the M61 Vulcan. That cannon has given rise to numerous variations scaled up to as high as 37 mm and down to 5.56 mm calibers offering versions that are gas-operated as well.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Stephenson 2003, p. 123.
  2. ^ Keller 2008, p. 60.
  3. ^ a b World Biography 2005.
  4. ^ a b Keller 2008, p. 134.
  5. ^ Eastin 1901, p. 37.
  6. ^ English 1895, p. 29.
  7. ^ Keller 2008, p. 207.
  8. ^ Keller 2008, p. 210.
  9. ^ Wahl & Toppel 1971.
  10. ^ Keller 2008.
  11. ^ Smith 2002.
  12. ^ Keller 2008, p. 163.
  13. ^ Keller 2008, p. 179.
  14. ^ Keller 2008, p. 181.
  15. ^ Gatling 1893.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • "Richard Jordan Gatling". Encyclopedia of World Biography. Gale. 2005. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
  • Eastin, William (1901). A History of masonry in Indianapolis. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
  • English, William Eastin (1895). A History of Early Indianapolis Masonry and of Center Lodge. Indianapolis: Bowen-Merrill Company. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
  • United States patent 502185, Gatling, R. J., "Machine Gun", issued 25 July 1893 
  • Keller, Julia (2008). Mr Gatling's Terrible Marvel: The Gun That Changed Everything and the Misunderstood Genius Who Invented It. Viking. pp. 294. ISBN 978-0-670-01894-9.
  • Smith, Anthony (2002). Machine Gun: The Story of the Men and the Weapon that Changed the Face of War. Piatkus. ISBN 978-0-7499-2352-5.
  • Stephenson, Frank (2003). Hertford County. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-1556-4. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
  • Wahl, Paul; Toppel, Donald R. (1971). The Gatling Gun. Arco. ISBN 978-90-70039-49-3.
[edit]
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