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{{Short description|Series of graphing calculators}}
The '''TI-Nspire''' product line is a series of [[calculators]] developed by [[Texas Instruments]]. This line currently includes the ''TI-Nspire'' and ''TI-Nspire CAS''. It is available as [[handheld]] and also as [[software]] for [[Personal computer|PCs]] and [[Apple Macintosh|Macs]]. It is already available for purchase by educators via educational dealers, and will be commercially released in the US in Fall 2007.
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{{Infobox Calculator
| name = TI-Nspire with Clickpad
| image = TI-Nspire.jpg
| type = [[Programmable calculator|Programmable]], [[Graphing calculator|Graphing]]
| entry = [[Calculator input methods#Infix notation|DAL]], [[Calculator input methods#Mathematical display|MathPrint]]
| introduced = 25 September 2007
| discontinued = 2010
| latest_firmware = 3.9.0.463
| predecessor = [[TI-84 Plus]] <br /> [[TI-84 Plus Silver Edition]]
| manufacturer = [[Texas Instruments]]
| precision = 14
| display_type = [[Liquid crystal display|LCD]] [[Dot-matrix]]
| display_size = 320×240 (3.5" diagonal)
| prog_lang = [[TI-BASIC|TI-Nspire BASIC]], [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]]
| memory_user = 32&nbsp;MB [[Flash memory|'''NAND Memory''']] (20 MB user-accessible) <br /> 32&nbsp;MB [[Synchronous dynamic random-access memory|SDRAM]] (16 MB user-accessible)
| memory_rom = 512 KB [[Read-only memory|NOR ROM]]
| supply = 4 [[AAA battery|AAA]]s
| weight = {{convert|252|g|oz|abbr=off}}
| dimensions = {{convert|7.9|x|3.9|x|0.85|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip}}
}}{{Infobox Calculator
| name = TI-Nspire CAS with Clickpad
| image = Ti-nspire_cas_click.jpg
| type = [[Programmable calculator|Programmable]], [[Graphing calculator|Graphing]], [[Symbolic computation|Symbolic]]
| entry = [[Calculator input methods#Infix notation|DAL]], [[Calculator input methods#Mathematical display|MathPrint]]
| introduced = 2007
| discontinued = 2010
| latest_firmware = 3.9.0.463
| predecessor = [[TI-89 Titanium]] <br /> [[Voyage 200]]
| successor = TI-Nspire CAS with Touchpad
| manufacturer = [[Texas Instruments]]
| precision = 14
| display_type = [[Liquid crystal display|LCD]] [[Dot-matrix]]
| display_size = 320×240 (3.5" diagonal)
| prog_lang = [[TI-BASIC|TI-Nspire BASIC]], [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]]
| memory_user = 32&nbsp;MB [[Flash memory|'''NAND Memory''']] (20 MB user-accessible) <br /> 32&nbsp;MB [[Synchronous dynamic random-access memory|SDRAM]] (16 MB user-accessible)
| memory_rom = 512 KB [[Read-only memory|NOR ROM]]
| supply = 4 [[AAA battery|AAA]]s
| weight = {{convert|252|g|oz|abbr=off}}
| dimensions = {{convert|7.9|x|3.9|x|0.85|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip}}
}}
{{Infobox Calculator
| name = TI-Nspire with Touchpad
| image = TI-Nspire_Touchpad.JPG
| type = [[Programmable calculator|Programmable]], [[Graphing calculator|Graphing]]
| entry = [[Calculator input methods#Infix notation|DAL]], [[Calculator input methods#Mathematical display|MathPrint]]
| introduced = 2010
| discontinued =
| latest_firmware = 3.9.0.463
| predecessor = TI-Nspire with Clickpad
| successor = TI-Nspire CX
| manufacturer = [[Texas Instruments]]
| precision = 14
| display_type = [[Liquid crystal display|LCD]] [[Dot-matrix]]
| display_size = 320×240 (3.5" diagonal)
| prog_lang = [[TI-BASIC|TI-Nspire BASIC]], [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]]
| memory_user = 32&nbsp;MB [[Flash memory|'''NAND Memory''']] (20 MB user-accessible) <br /> 32&nbsp;MB [[Synchronous dynamic random-access memory|SDRAM]] (16 MB user-accessible)
| memory_rom = 512 KB [[Read-only memory|NOR ROM]]
| supply = 4 [[AAA battery|AAA]]s
| weight = {{convert|280|g|oz|abbr=off}}
| dimensions = {{convert|7.8|×|3.9|×|0.85|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip}}
}}
{{Infobox Calculator
| name = TI-Nspire CAS with Touchpad
| image = TI-Nspire_CAS_Touchpad.JPG
| type = [[Programmable calculator|Programmable]], [[Graphing calculator|Graphing]], [[Symbolic computation|Symbolic]]
| entry = [[Calculator input methods#Infix notation|DAL]], [[Calculator input methods#Mathematical display|MathPrint]]
| introduced = 2010
| discontinued =
| latest_firmware = 3.9.0.463
| manufacturer = [[Texas Instruments]]
| predecessor = TI-Nspire CAS with Clickpad
| successor = TI-Nspire CX CAS
| precision = 14
| display_type = [[Liquid crystal display|LCD]] [[Dot-matrix]]
| display_size = 320×240 (3.5" diagonal)
| prog_lang = [[TI-BASIC|TI-Nspire BASIC]], [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]]
| memory_user = 32&nbsp;MB [[Flash memory|'''NAND Memory''']] (20 MB user-accessible) <br /> 32&nbsp;MB [[Synchronous dynamic random-access memory|SDRAM]] (16 MB user-accessible)
| memory_rom = 512 KB [[Read-only memory|NOR ROM]]
| supply = 4 [[AAA battery|AAA]]s
| weight = {{convert|280|g|oz|abbr=off}}
| dimensions = {{convert|7.8|x|3.9|x|0.85|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip}}
}}
{{Infobox Calculator
| name = TI-Nspire CX
| image = TI-nspire_CX.jpg
| type = [[Programmable calculator|Programmable]], [[Graphing calculator|Graphing]]
| entry = [[Calculator input methods#Infix notation|DAL]], [[Calculator input methods#Mathematical display|MathPrint]]
| introduced = 25 February 2011
| availability = May 2011
| discontinued =
| latest_firmware = 4.5.5.79
| predecessor = TI-Nspire with Touchpad
| manufacturer = [[Texas Instruments]]
| precision = 14
| display_type = [[Color]] [[Liquid crystal display|LCD]]
| display_size = 320×240 (3.2" diagonal)
| prog_lang = [[TI-BASIC|TI-Nspire BASIC]], [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]]
| memory_user = 128&nbsp;MB [[Flash memory|'''NAND Memory''']] (100 MB user-accessible) <br /> 64&nbsp;MB [[Synchronous dynamic random-access memory|SDRAM]] (64 MB user-accessible)
| memory_rom = 512 KB [[Read-only memory|NOR ROM]]
| supply = 3.7L1230SP Li-Ion
| weight = {{convert|242|g|oz}}
| dimensions = {{convert|7.5|x|3.4|x|0.60|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip}}
}}
{{Infobox Calculator
| name = TI-Nspire CX CAS
| image = TI-nspire CX CAS.jpg
| type = [[Programmable calculator|Programmable]], [[Graphing calculator|Graphing]], [[Symbolic computation|Symbolic]]
| entry = [[Calculator input methods#Infix notation|DAL]], [[Calculator input methods#Mathematical display|MathPrint]]
| introduced = 25 February 2011
| availability = May 2011
| discontinued =
| latest_firmware = 4.5.5.79
| predecessor = TI-Nspire CAS with Touchpad
| manufacturer = [[Texas Instruments]]
| precision = 14
| display_type = [[Color]] [[Liquid crystal display|LCD]]
| display_size = 320×240 (3.2" diagonal)
| prog_lang = [[TI-BASIC|TI-Nspire BASIC]], [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]]
| memory_user = 128&nbsp;MB [[Flash memory|'''NAND Memory''']] (100 MB user-accessible) <br /> 64&nbsp;MB [[Synchronous dynamic random-access memory|SDRAM]] (64 MB user-accessible)
| memory_rom = 512 KB [[Read-only memory|NOR ROM]]
| supply = 3.7L1230SP Li-Ion
| weight = {{convert|242|g|oz}}
| dimensions = {{convert|7.5|x|3.4|x|0.60|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip}}
}}
{{Infobox Calculator
| name = TI-Nspire CX II
| image = TiNspireCXii.jpg
| type = [[Programmable calculator|Programmable]], [[Graphing calculator|Graphing]]
| entry = [[Calculator input methods#Infix notation|DAL]], [[Calculator input methods#Mathematical display|MathPrint]]
| introduced = March 2019
| availability = April 2019
| discontinued =
| latest_firmware = 6.2.0.333
| predecessor = TI-Nspire CX
| manufacturer = [[Texas Instruments]]
| precision = 14
| display_type = [[Color]] [[Liquid crystal display|LCD]]
| display_size = 320×240 (3.22 diagonal)
| prog_lang = [[TI-BASIC|TI-Nspire BASIC]], [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]]
| memory_user = 128&nbsp;MB [[Flash memory|'''NAND Memory''']] (100 MB user-accessible) <br /> 64&nbsp;MB [[Synchronous dynamic random-access memory|SDRAM]] (64 MB user-accessible)
| memory_rom = 512 KB [[Read-only memory|NOR ROM]]
| supply = 3.7L1230SP Li-Ion
| weight = {{convert|242|g|oz}}
| dimensions = {{convert|7.5|x|3.4|x|0.60|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip}}
}}
{{Infobox Calculator
| name = TI-Nspire CX II CAS
| image = TiNspireCXiiCAS.jpg
| type = [[Programmable calculator|Programmable]], [[Graphing calculator|Graphing]], [[Symbolic computation|Symbolic]]
| entry = [[Calculator input methods#Infix notation|DAL]], [[Calculator input methods#Mathematical display|MathPrint]]
| introduced = March 2019
| availability = April 2019
| discontinued =
| latest_firmware = 6.2.0.333
| predecessor = TI-Nspire CX CAS
| manufacturer = [[Texas Instruments]]
| precision = 14
| display_type = [[Color]] [[Liquid crystal display|LCD]]
| display_size = 320×240 (3.2" diagonal)
| prog_lang = [[TI-BASIC|TI-Nspire BASIC]], [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]]
| memory_user = 128&nbsp;MB [[Flash memory|'''NAND Memory''']] (100 MB user-accessible) <br /> 64&nbsp;MB [[Synchronous dynamic random-access memory|SDRAM]] (64 MB user-accessible)
| memory_rom = 512 KB [[Read-only memory|NOR ROM]]
| supply = 3.7L1230SP Li-Ion
| weight = {{convert|242|g|oz}}
| dimensions = {{convert|7.5|x|3.4|x|0.60|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip}}
}}


The '''TI-Nspire''' is a [[graphing calculator]] line made by [[Texas Instruments]], with the first version released on 25 September 2007.<ref>{{cite press release|date=25 September 2007|title=40 Years After Inventing the Electronic Handheld Calculator, Texas Instruments Launches TI-Nspire, Math Technology For 21st Century Needs|location=Dallas|url=http://education.ti.com/educationportal/sites/US/nonProductSingle/about_press_release_news97.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023224919/http://education.ti.com/educationportal/sites/US/nonProductSingle/about_press_release_news97.html|archive-date=23 October 2007|url-status=dead|access-date=30 August 2023}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=August 2023}} The calculators feature a non-[[QWERTY]] keyboard and a different key-by-key layout than Texas Instruments's previous flagship calculators such as the [[TI-89 series]].
==Handhelds==
The TI-Nspire line of handhelds have greatly improved hardware compared to older TI graphing calculators. This includes 16MB of computing memory (versus 188KB in the TI-89 Titanium and Voyage 200) and 20MB of storage memory (versus 2.7 MB in the TI-89 Titanium and Voyage 200). The improved LCD screen has a higher resolution (320*240) and is capable of displaying multiple shades of gray.<ref>[http://education.ti.com/educationportal/sites/US/nonProductMulti/nspire_cas.html?bid=1]</ref>


== Development ==
The TI-Nspire line features the ability to display dynamically linked variables from application to application. For example, a calculator application with an equation stored in the variable ''x'' might be displayed alongside a graphing application which would graph the shared variable. Changes made to variables made in one application will affect the others in real time.
[[Image:PLT-SHH1.jpg|thumb|TI PLT SHH1]]
The original TI-Nspire was developed out of the TI PLT SHH1 prototype calculator, the [[TI-92 series]] of calculators released in 1995, and the [[TI-89 series]] of calculators released in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.datamath.org/Graphing/PLT-SHH1.htm|title=Texas Instruments Personal Learning Tool PLT SHH1|website=www.datamath.org|access-date=11 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.datamath.org/Graphing/NSpire.htm|title=Texas Instruments TI-Nspire|website=www.datamath.org|access-date=11 August 2024}}</ref>


In 2011, Texas Instruments released the CX line of their TI-Nspire calculators which effectively replaced the previous generation. The updates included improvements to the original's keyboard layout, an addition of a rechargeable [[lithium-ion battery]], 3D graphing capabilities and reduced form factor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.datamath.org|title=Texas Instruments TI-Nspire CX CAS|website=Datamath Calculator Museum}}</ref> TI got rid of the removable keypad with this generation and therefore, the TI-84 compatibility mode.
In order to deal with this split-screen interface, the Nspire has the larger screen and a cursor-like control. By using the cursor many things can be adjusted fluidly. Application window sizes can be adjusted. Equations can be dragged and manipulated while the coefficients of the equations change accordingly in real time. The graphing window scale and center can also be controlled using the cursor.

In 2019, the TI-Nspire CX II was added, with a boost in clock speed and changes to the existing operating system.

==Versions==
The TI-Nspire series uses a different operating system compared to Texas Instruments' other calculators. The TI-Nspire includes a file manager that lets users create and edit documents. As a result of being developed from [[Personal digital assistant|PDA]]-esque devices, the TI-Nspire retains many of the same functional similarities to a computer.


===TI-Nspire===
===TI-Nspire===
The ''TI-Nspire'' calculator is the non-[[Computer Algebra System|CAS]] edition of the Nspire. The TI-Nspire is comparable to the TI-84+ in features and functionally. It features a '''TI-84 mode''' by way of a replaceable snap-in keypad and contains a fully working TI-84+ emulator. The likely target of which is [[secondary school]]s that make use of the TI-84 currently or have text books that cover the TI-83 and TI-84 lines, and to allow them to transition to the TI-Nspire line more easily.
The standard ''TI-Nspire'' calculator is comparable to the TI-84 Plus in features and functionality. It features a '''TI-84 mode''' by way of a replaceable snap-in keypad and contains a TI-84 Plus emulator. The likely target of this is [[secondary school]]s that make use of the TI-84 Plus currently or have textbooks that cover the TI-83 (Plus) and TI-84 Plus lines, and to allow them to transition to the TI-Nspire line more easily.


The TI-Nspire started development in 2004.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} It uses a proprietary [[System on a chip|SoC]] of the [[ARM9#ARM9E-S_and_ARM9EJ-S|ARM9]] variant for its CPU. The TI-Nspire and TI-Nspire CAS ([[Computer algebra system]]) calculators have 32&nbsp;MB of [[Flash memory#NAND flash|NAND]] Flash, 32&nbsp;MB of [[Synchronous dynamic random-access memory|SDRAM]], and 512 KB of NOR Flash.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.datamath.org/Graphing/NSpire_KBD_Y.htm|title=Texas Instruments TI-Nspire KBD EZ-Spot|date=24 June 2008|website=DATAMATH|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017161834/http://www.datamath.org/Graphing/NSpire_KBD_Y.htm|archive-date=17 October 2008|url-status=live|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> However, only 20&nbsp;MB and 16&nbsp;MB are user-accessible respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://education.ti.com/educationportal/sites/US/productDetail/us_nspire.html?bid=5|title=TI-Nspire with Touchpad: Bid Specifications|date=3 December 2010|website=Texas Instruments|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203074910/http://education.ti.com/educationportal/sites/US/productDetail/us_nspire.html?bid=5|archive-date=3 December 2010|url-status=live|access-date=11 July 2019}}</ref>
Since the TI-Nspire lacks a QWERTY keyboard, it's acceptable for use on the [[Preliminary SAT|PSAT]], [[SAT]], [[SAT II]], [[ACT (examination)|ACT]], and [[AP Exam]]s.


The TI-Nspire released in two models; a numeric and [[computer algebra system|CAS]] version. The numeric is similar in features to the TI-84, except with a bigger and higher resolution screen and a full keyboard. The feature that the numeric lacks is the ability to solve algebraic equations such as indefinite integrals and derivatives. To fill in the gap of needing an algebraic calculator, Texas Instruments introduced the second model with the name: TI-Nspire CAS. The CAS is designed for college and university students, giving them the feature of calculating many algebraic equations like the Voyage 200 and TI-89 (which the TI-Nspire was intended to replace). However, the TI-Nspire does lack part of the ability of programming and installing additional apps that the previous models had, although a limited version of [[TI-BASIC]] is supported, along with [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]] in later versions. [[C (programming language)|C]] and [[Assembly language|assembly]] are only possible by [[#Ndless|Ndless]].
The TI-Npsire also features a "testing mode" with flashing LED to inform teachers that the calculator is still restricting features and possibly saved files on the handheld during the test.

Because the TI-Nspire lacks a QWERTY keyboard, it is acceptable for use on the [[Preliminary SAT|PSAT]], [[SAT]],<ref>{{cite web|title=SAT – Calculator Policy|url=http://sat.collegeboard.org/register/calculator-policy|publisher=The College Board|access-date=5 March 2013}}</ref> [[SAT II]], [[ACT (test)|ACT]],<ref name="ACT">{{cite web|url=http://www.act.org/content/dam/act/unsecured/documents/ACT-calculator-policy.pdf|title=ACT – Can I use a calculator?|publisher=ACT, Inc.|access-date=5 March 2013}}</ref> [[Advanced Placement|AP]], and [[International Baccalaureate|IB]] Exams.


===TI-Nspire CAS===
===TI-Nspire CAS===
The ''TI-Nspire CAS'' calculator is capable of displaying and evaluating values symbolically, not just as [[Floating-point arithmetic|floating-point]] numbers. It includes algebraic functions such as a symbolic differential equation solver: '''deSolve(...)''', the complex eigenvectors of a matrix: '''eigVc(...)''', as well as calculus based functions, including [[Limit (mathematics)|limits]], [[derivative]]s, and [[integral]]s. For this reason, the TI-Nspire CAS is more comparable to the [[TI-89 Titanium]] and [[TI-92 series|Voyage 200]] than to other calculators. Unlike the TI-Nspire, it is not compatible with the snap-in TI-84 Plus keypad. It is accepted in the SAT and AP exams (without a QWERTY keyboard) but not in the ACT,<ref name="ACT"/> IB or British GCSE and A level. The body color is grey.
The ''TI-Nspire CAS'' calculator is the [[Computer Algebra System|CAS]] edition of the TI-Nspire line (featuring functions like '''solve(...)''' and storing values symbolically instead of floating-point approximations). For this reason, the TI-Nspire CAS is more comparable to the [[TI-89 Titanium]]. Its likely target is for college students.


===TI-Nspire Touchpad===
Unlike the TI-Nspire, it is not compatible with the snap-in TI-84+ keypad and it does not have a "testing mode" LED light. It also may be restricted in some standardized tests such as ACT.
[[File:Ti-ez.jpg|alt=|thumb|TI-Nspire EZ-Spot. Meant to reduce theft in schools.]]
On 8 March 2010, Texas Instruments announced new models of the TI-Nspire Touchpad and TI-Nspire CAS Touchpad graphing calculators. In the [[United States]] the new calculator was listed on the TI website as a complement to the TI-Nspire with Clickpad, though it was introduced as a successor to the previous model in other countries. The calculators were released alongside the OS 2.0 update, which featured a number of updates to the user interface and new functions.


The keyboards on the touchpad keypads featured a different and less crowded key layout along with the touchpad, which is used for navigation. The touchpad keypads were also compatible with older calculators that are running OS 2.0 or newer. New calculators that were shipped with touchpad keypads supported an optional rechargeable battery. The second generation was available in two models, the TI-Nspire Touchpad and TI-Nspire CAS Touchpad; each model has maintained the color of itself, with the base model being white and black while the CAS is black and gray. To reduce theft of school-owned TI-Nspire calculators, Texas Instruments also introduced the EZ-Spot Teacher Packs with a bright, easy-to-spot, "[[school bus yellow]]" frame and slide case. The hardware of both versions are the same, with the only differences being cosmetic. The TI-Nspire calculators that were released after the touchpad TI-Nspires also have EZ-Spot versions.
=== Other features ===
As with some other TI calculators, the TI-Nspire can be used with sensors to deals with the real world ([[data acquisition]]) such as Vernier EasyTemp, Vernier Go! Motion, Vernier Go! Temp or Texas Instruments CBR2 motion detector <ref>http://www.vernier.com/calc/tinspire.html</ref> <ref>http://education.ti.com/educationportal/sites/US/productDetail/us_cbr_2.html</ref>
<ref>http://www.ti-nspire.com/tools/nspire/resources/data_collection.html</ref>


===Issues, bugs and criticism===
===TI-Nspire CX and TI-Nspire CX CAS===
In 2011, the TI-Nspire CX and CX CAS were announced as updates to TI-Nspire series. They have a thinner design, with a thickness of 1.57&nbsp;cm (almost half of the TI-89), a 1,200 mA·h (1,060 mAh before 2013) rechargeable battery (wall adapter is included in the American retail package), a 320 by 240 pixel full color backlit display (3.2" diagonal), and OS 3.0 which includes features such as 3D graphing.<ref name="cxspecifications">{{cite web|url=http://education.ti.com/en/us/products/calculators/graphing-calculators/ti-nspire-cx-cas-handheld|access-date=28 June 2013|title=TI-Nspire CX CAS Handheld}}</ref>
The major criticism is the very limited programming abilities<ref>http://www.ticalc.org/archives/news/articles/14/142/142643.html</ref>.
An other criticism in the current software release, is the lack of 3D surface plotting (compared to [[TI-89]] or [[V200]]).


The CX series were released in the same time frame as the [[Casio Prizm#Prizm fx-CG series|Casio Prizm]] (fx-CG10/20),<ref name="casioprizm">[http://www.casioeducation.com/prizm/ Casio Education: PRIZM – Graphing Calculator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107005119/http://www.casioeducation.com/prizm/ |date=7 January 2017 }}</ref> Casio's color screen graphing calculator with similar features.
==References==
<references/>


The TI-Nspire CX series differ from all previous TI graphing calculator models in that the CX series are the first to use a rechargeable 1,060&nbsp;mAh lithium-ion battery (upgraded to 1,200&nbsp;mAh in the 2013 revision). The device is charged via a [[USB|USB cable]]. TI claims that the battery requires four hours to charge, that a full charge powers the device for up to two weeks under normal daily use, and that the battery should last up to 3 years before it requires replacement. The battery is user-replaceable.<ref name="cxspecifications"/>
==External links==
*[http://www.ti-nspire.com/ TI-Nspire official site]
*[http://education.ti.com/ Texas Instruments Calculators & Education Technology]
*[http://www.ti.com/ Texas Instruments]
*[http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1424626&F=0&QPN= Patent Information, European Patent Office]
*[http://www.atomiclearning.com/ti_nspire TI-Nspire CAS training videos]
*[http://www.datamath.org/Graphing/NSpire_CAS.htm DATAMATH CALCULATOR MUSEUM]
{{TI-graphing-calc}}


With the exception of interchangeable TI-84 keypads, the CX series retain all features of the previous TI-Nspire models. The colors of the calculator are still the same as those of the TI-Nspire models; the CX is white and dark blue, while the CX CAS is gray and black. The external connectors have changed slightly. The mini-USB port, located at the center on the top of the TI-Nspire series, has moved to the right on the top on the CX series. On the CX series, TI added a second port immediately left of the mini-USB port, for a new wireless module. The new wireless TI-Nspire Navigator adapter, which allows teachers to monitor students and send files, is not compatible with the previous TI-Nspire models. The third port, located at the bottom of the handheld, is for the TI Charging Dock and Lab Cradle. The keypad layout is very similar to that of the TI-Nspire Touchpad.
[[Category:Graphing calculators]]
[[Category:Texas Instruments calculators]]


Both models have 100&nbsp;MB of user memory and 64&nbsp;MB of RAM. The retail package comes in a plastic blister case and does not have the full manual, while the teachers edition comes in a box with a TI-Nspire CX poster for classrooms and the full manual (in English and French in the US). Both devices ship with the student/teacher software for Windows/Mac OS X. According to [[Texas Instruments]], The CX is accepted in [[SAT]], [[International Baccalaureate|IB]], [[Advanced Placement|AP]], [[ACT (test)|ACT]] and British GCSE and A level exams. The CX CAS is only accepted on SAT and AP.
{{microcompu-stub}}


===Chinese market===
[[fr:TI-Nspire]]
Four models aimed for the Chinese market were launched, with specialized features. All four models have Chinese labeled keyboards. The CX-C and CX-C CAS models are similar to CX and CX CAS, but included a concise Chinese-English dictionary. The CM-C and CM-C CAS are cheaper, featured a more stream-lined design, but have only 32&nbsp;MB of RAM and no port for the wireless module.<ref name="Hackspire-SDRAM">{{Cite web|url=https://hackspire.org/index.php?title=Hardware#SDRAM|title=Hardware – Hackspire|website=hackspire.org|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref>
[[es:TI-Nspire CAS]]
The systems of the Chinese versions are not interchangeable with those of the international models.

=== TI-Nspire CX II and TI-Nspire CX II CAS ===
In 2019, Texas Instruments introduced the TI-Nspire CX II and TI-Nspire CX II CAS.<ref name="CX II">{{cite web|url=https://education.ti.com/en-gb/products/calculators/graphing-calculators/ti-nspire-cx-ii-cx-ii-cas|title=Introducing TI-Nspire CX II-T graphing calculators}}</ref> They feature a slightly different operating system with several enhancements and slightly improved hardware, including [[Python (programming language)|Python]] integration.

The non-CAS version lacks the exact math mode which is included in the CAS version as well as all the models dedicated to the European/China market (T and C versions).

=== European market ===
Like China, the continent of Europe also has models aimed for its market. These calculators include a "-T" after the CX. The CX II-T and CX II-T CAS both have different body color designs than their North American counterparts. One of the main feature differences in the European versions is the inclusion of an exact math engine in both the CAS and the non-CAS version. European models also omit the WiFi adapter port from the top of the calculator.

==Software==
Texas Instruments offers several different versions of software for their calculators. They offer CAS and non-CAS versions of their student and teacher software. This software allows users to share results with classmates and teachers and gives the user an emulated version of the TI-Nspire. TI also offers a computer link software for connecting their handheld to their computer to transfer documents. The software allows for the syncing of documents to and from the calculator or computer. This software requires a [[license]] in order to be used.

=== Programming languages ===
Beside the TI Basic functionality the Nspire calculators provides functionality to run scripts written in two additional programming languages with the standard TI firmware.

With the release of OS 3.0, the [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]] scripting language is supported, allowing 3rd party programs to be run without the need of exploits.<ref name="Lua12">{{cite web|url=http://www.ticalc.org/archives/news/articles/14/147/147339.html|title=Lua Programming Environment on the TI-Nspire Found|publisher=ticalc.org|access-date=18 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Lua2">{{cite web|url=http://education.ti.com/nspire/scripting|title=TI-Nspire Technology – Lua Scripting|publisher=Texas Instruments|access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref> There are currently more than 100 third-party programs and functions for the Nspire that introduce new functionality, like [[Laplace transform]]s, [[Fourier transform]]s, and 3rd and 4th degree differential equations, that are not included by default.<ref name="ticalc22">{{cite web|url=http://www.ticalc.org/pub/nspire/basic/math/|title=TI-Nspire BASIC Math Programs|publisher=ticalc.org|access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref> The actual LUA Version is 5.1 in OS Version 5.2 (September 2020).

Since firmware version 5.2 it is possible to program and run [[Python (programming language)|Python]] (Version 3.4.0 in September 2020) scripts in an [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreter]] [[Shell (computing)|shell]] or from the main calculator [[command line]].

{| class="wikitable" id="pythonmodule"
!colspan="2"| Available Python modules
|-
| Standard || __main__, ctypes, micropython, array, errno, random, binascii, gc, re, time, builtins, hashlib, sys, cmath, heapq, collections, math
|-
| TI || ti_picture, ti_innovator, ti_draw, ti_st
|}

===Lab Cradle===
The TI-Nspire Lab Cradle is a [[Calculator-Based Laboratory]] system introduced in 1994. It is a portable data collection device for the life sciences. The CBL system was replaced in 1999 by the CBL 2. The TI-Nspire Lab Cradle has three analog and two digital inputs with a sampling rate of up to 100,000 readings per second. The cradle also has 32&nbsp;MB of storage space to store sensor data.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vernier.com/products/interfaces/ti-nslabc/|title=TI-Nspire Lab Cradle {{!}} Vernier|website=www.vernier.com|access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref> The Lab Cradle allows the TI-Nspire series to communicate with older Calculator-Based Laboratory systems that previous TI calculators used ([[TI-73 series]], [[TI-82]], [[TI-83 series]], [[TI-85]], and [[TI-86]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.datamath.org/|title=Datamath Calculator Museum|website=www.datamath.org|access-date=11 July 2019}}</ref>

The TI-Nspire Lab Cradle used the rechargeable battery of the TI-Nspire and support three different charging options: wall adapter, USB cable to computer and TI-Nspire Cradle Charging Bay. The TI-Nspire Lab Cradle is marketed by Texas Instruments and developed as part of an ongoing business venture between TI and [[Vernier Software & Technology]] of Portland, Oregon.

===Navigator system===
The navigator system allows teachers to connect multiple TI-Nspire calculators to a computer through the TI-Nspire Access Point and TI-Nspire Navigator Wireless Cradles. The system includes the TI-Nspire cradle charging bay and the main system which looks like a wireless router. The Navigator system was first available when the first generation Nspires were launched, but when the TI-Nspire CX and CX CAS were released, a new wireless adapter was announced that is smaller but not compatible with the TI-Nspire and TI-Nspire Touchpad.

===Press-to-Test===
Press-to-Test is a feature that restricts access to the user's documents and certain features of the calculator for a limited time. Its intended purpose is to prevent cheating on tests and exams. Press-to-Test is enabled by pressing a certain button combination when turning on the calculator. The features that are blocked (for example 3D graphs and drag & drop for graphs) can be selectively enabled, but access to existing documents is always prohibited. When the handheld is running in Press-to-Test mode, an LED on top of it blinks to indicate that Press-to-Test is enabled. Press-to-Test can only be disabled by connecting to another calculator or a computer with TI-Nspire compatible software installed. Removing the batteries or pressing the reset button will not disable it.

===Ndless===
Ndless (alternatively stylized Ndl3ss) is a third-party [[Privilege escalation|jailbreak]] for the TI-Nspire calculators that allows native programs, such as [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]], and [[ARM architecture|ARM assembly programs]], to run. Ndless was developed initially by Olivier Armand and Geoffrey Anneheim and released in February 2010 for the Clickpad handheld.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ticalc.org/archives/news/articles/14/145/145908.html|title=Nspire Models Opened to Third-Party Development|website=ticalc.org|access-date=10 June 2014}}</ref> Organizations such as [https://www.omnimaga.org Omnimaga] and [https://tiplanet.org/forum/portal.php TI-Planet] promoted Ndless and built a community around Ndless and Ndless programs. With Ndless, low-level operations can be accomplished, for example [[overclocking]], allowing the handheld devices to run faster. Downgrade prevention can be defeated as well. In addition, [[Game Boy]], [[Game Boy Advance]], and [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] [[emulators]] exist for the handhelds with Ndless.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ndless.me/|title=Ndless for TI-Nspire|access-date=3 June 2014}}</ref> Major Ndless-powered programs also include a port of the game [[Doom (1993 video game)|''Doom'']].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/02/21/ti-nspire-calculator-yes-it-plays-doom/|title=TI-Nspire calculator: yes, it plays Doom|last1=Sheffer|first1=Sam|website=engadget|date=21 February 2011 |access-date=10 June 2014}}</ref> Unlike [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]] scripts, which are supported by Texas Instruments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.ti.com/en/us/solutions/lua_scripting/landing|title=Lua Scripting in TI-Nspire|website=ti.com|access-date=13 June 2014}}</ref> Ndless is actively counteracted by TI. Each subsequent OS attempts to block Ndless from operating.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yro.slashdot.org/story/10/07/18/0152245/ti-vs-calculator-hobbyists-again|title=TI vs. Calculator Hobbyists, Again|author=timothy|date=18 July 2010|website=slashdot|access-date=3 December 2018}}</ref>{{update inline|reason=This source dates from July 2010, when ndless was only 5 months old. Ndless is now 11 years old. This source is clearly outdated.|date=April 2021}}

== Technical specifications ==
Texas Instruments developed their own proprietary [[System on a chip|System-On-Chip]] from the [[ARM9]] 32-bit processors. The first generation of the TI-Nspire is based on [[LSI Corporation|LSI Corporation's]] (now [[Broadcom Inc.]]) "Zevio" design while the CX and CX II generation is built with Toshiba's [[Application-specific integrated circuit|Application-Specific Integrated Circuit]] design.

Most Texas Instruments calculators contain only a [[Non-volatile memory|non-volatile]] [[read-only memory]] called NAND Flash and a [[Volatile memory|volatile]] [[random-access memory]] called [[Synchronous dynamic random-access memory]] or SDRAM. The NAND Flash is not executable but contains parts of the operating system. However, the TI-Nspire also uses [[Read-only memory|NOR ROM]] to store boot instructions for the operating system. Texas Instruments most likely did this to free up the NAND Flash, and SDRAM in the calculator to be used by the user and operating system.<ref name="Hackspire-SDRAM"/> The NAND Flash and SDRAM are used to store user and operating system documents.

Previous Texas Instruments calculators had a backup [[button cell]] battery used to maintain user information, system information and time and date, between battery changes. This allows a user to keep their information when a battery is removed. Because the TI-Nspire lacks this backup battery, the SDRAM content is deleted whenever the user has to swap the battery out. This necessitates that the calculator load the operating system and file structure from the NAND Flash to the SDRAM, causing a longer loading time.

Despite the overall performance increase between versions of the TI-Nspire, performance differences do exist. The TI-Nspire CX II version lacks 10+ MB of storage space compared to its predecessor. The TI-Nspire CM-C and CM-C CAS (the Chinese versions of the CX and CX CAS) are cheaper and have an updated design, but have only 32&nbsp;MB of RAM and no port for the wireless module.<ref name="Hackspire-SDRAM"/>

{| class="wikitable"
!
!TI-Nspire CAS & Non-CAS
!TI-Nspire CX CAS & Non-CAS
!TI-Nspire CX II CAS & Non-CAS
|-
!Display
|320×240 – 4-bit greyscale [[Liquid-crystal display|LCD]] [[Dot-matrix display|Dot-Matrix]]
|320×240 or 240×320 – 16-bit color LCD
|320×240 or 240×320 – 16-bit color LCD
|-
!CPU
|[[ARM9|ARM9-26EJ-S]]
90&nbsp;MHz/120&nbsp;MHz
|[[ARM9|ARM9-26EJ-S]]
132&nbsp;MHz<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/teardown-tuesday-graphing-calculator/|title=Teardown Tuesday: Graphing Calculator|website=www.allaboutcircuits.com|language=en|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref>
|[[ARM9|ARM9-26EJ-S]]
396&nbsp;MHz
|-
![[Synchronous dynamic random-access memory|SDRAM]]
|32 MB (32 MB user-accessible)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.datamath.org/ROM_IC.htm|title=IC List|website=www.datamath.org|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref>
|64 MB (64 MB user-accessible)
|64 MB (64 MB user-accessible)
|-
![[Flash memory|'''NAND Memory''']]
|32 MB (15 MB user-accessible)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://education.ti.com/en/products/calculators/graphing-calculators/ti-nspire-cas-touchpad|title=TI-Nspire CAS Handheld with Touchpad|website=education.ti.com|language=en|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref>
|128 MB (100 MB user-accessible)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://education.ti.com/en/products/calculators/graphing-calculators/ti-nspire-cx-cas|title=TI-Nspire CX CAS Handheld|website=education.ti.com|language=en|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref>
|128 MB (90+ MB user-accessible)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://education.ti.com/en/products/calculators/graphing-calculators/ti-nspire-cx-ii-cx-ii-cas/specifications|title=TI-Nspire Specifications|website=education.ti.com|language=en|access-date=15 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
![[Flash ROM]]
|512 KB NOR ROM
|512 KB NOR ROM
|512 KB NOR ROM
|-
!Link
capability
|[[USB hardware|Mini-USB]] Sync
TI-Nspire Lab Cradle

Wireless Network Adapter
|[[USB hardware|Mini-USB]] Sync
TI-Nspire Lab Cradle

Wireless Network Adapter
|[[USB hardware|Mini-USB]] Sync
TI-Nspire Lab Cradle

Wireless Network Adapter
|-
![[Input/output|I/O]]
|Interchangeable Keypads
TI-84 Keypad

TI-Nspire Keypad
|71 Switch Keypad
|71 Switch Keypad
|-
!Power
|4×[[AAA battery|AAA batteries]]
|Rechargeable 1200 [[Ampere hour|mAh]] [[lithium-ion battery]]
|Rechargeable 1200 [[Ampere hour|mAh]] [[lithium-ion battery]]
|-
!Release
|2007, 2010 (Touchpad version)
|2011
|2019
|}

==Operating system versions==
[[File:Differentialligninger med TI Nspire CAS software (MS Windows).png|thumb|TI-Nspire CAS software can solve differential equations]]

The TI-Nspire CX/CX CAS calculators are now running the operating system (OS) version 4.5.5.79, released in August 2021. The TI-Nspire CX II/CX II CAS are running version 6.0.3.374, released in January 2023. The operating system has been updated frequently since 2007 (partly due to bugs and missing functions, and also to patch jailbreak exploits), one year after its release in 2006. Version 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 were major upgrades.

===Added features in OS 2.0===

Starting with OS 2.0, additional features were added to increase usability and usefulness of the TI-Nspire. Below are major changes that were made. These features have stayed with the Nspire series to date.

===Added features in OS 3.0===

Images can be included in TI-Nspire documents using the computer software. They can then be displayed on the Nspire calculators and in full color on the Nspire CX calculators. Graphs can be drawn on top of the images. A data collection application is included with the OS, for use with the Lab Cradle. 3D graphing is supported, as well as differential equations. Other features were also added, including improvements to functions that are related to statistics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.ti.com/sites/US/downloads/pdf/TI-Nspire%203%200%20Release%20Notes_EN.pdf|title=TI-Nspire Technology Version 3.0 Release Notes|publisher=Texas Instruments|date=April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031181544/http://education.ti.com/sites/US/downloads/pdf/TI-Nspire%203%200%20Release%20Notes_EN.pdf |access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=31 October 2021 }}</ref> OS 3.0 also adds the ability to run programs that are written in [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]].<ref name="Lua1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ticalc.org/archives/news/articles/14/147/147339.html |title=Lua Programming Environment on the TI-Nspire Found |publisher=ticalc.org |access-date=18 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Lua2"/> OS 3.0.1 introduced a number of bugs,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ticalc.org/archives/news/articles/14/147/147367.html|title=Beware Installing TI-Nspire OS v.3|publisher=ticalc.org|access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref> but most of these have been fixed as of 3.0.2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ticalc.org/archives/news/articles/14/147/147447.html|title=TI-Nspire OS 3.0.2 Released|publisher=ticalc.org|access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref> In OS 3.2, conic equations in standard formats can be graphed and a new chemistry feature, Chem Box, allows users to write chemical notations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.ti.com/downloads/guidebooks/ti-nspire_releasenotes/3.2/TI-Nspire_3.2_Release_Notes_EN.pdf|title=TI-Nspire Technology Version 3.2 Release Notes|publisher=education.ti.com|access-date=11 June 2012}}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref> OS 3.2 also saw the inclusion of the [[Chipmunk (software)|Chipmunk]] physics engine for use in Lua programs.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.inspired-lua.org/upload/TI-Nspire_Scripting_API_Reference_Guide_EN.pdf | title=Lua Scripting API Reference Guide | publisher=Texas Instruments | access-date=2024-08-11 | website=www.inspired-lua.org}}</ref> In OS 3.9, the area between curves can now be calculated on the graph bar.<ref>{{cite web|title=What's New in Version 3.9|url=http://education.ti.com/html/webhelp/nspire/3.9/SS/TI-NspireStudentSoftwareHelp_EN/Content/M_WhatsNew/v3.9/WhatsNew_StuOnly.htm|website=education.ti.com|publisher=[[Texas Instruments]]|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref>

===Added features in OS 4.0===

An indicator now displays the angle mode (Degrees, Radians or Gradians) in effect for the current application. In window settings on graphs, exact inputs such as 7/3 or 2*π can now be used for input of custom window settings.<ref>{{cite web|title=What's New in Version 4.0|url=http://education.ti.com/html/webhelp/nspire/4.0/SS/TI-NspireStudentSoftwareHelp_EN/Content/M_WhatsNew/WhatsNew_StuOnly.htm|website=education.ti.com|publisher=Texas Instruments|access-date=28 March 2015}}</ref>

===Added features in OS 5.0===

OS 5.0 is currently exclusive to the CX II/CX II CAS and their -T counterparts. These features were added in this release:

* Animated Path plot
* Modernized user interface
* Dynamic coefficient values
* Points by coordinates
* Tick-mark labels
* Various TI-Basic programming enhancements
* Simplified Disable CAS (CAS model exclusive)
* DeSolve wizard (CAS model exclusive)

===Added features in OS 5.2===

OS 5.2 is currently exclusive to the CX II/CX II CAS and their -T counterparts. These features were added in this release:

* [[Python (programming language)|Python]] programming language support in Host Software and on the calculator.

===Added features in OS 5.3===

OS 5.3 is currently exclusive to the CX II/CX II CAS and their -T counterparts. These features were added in this release:

* Exam support
*Quick set-up code to enter Press-to-Test
*[[Python (programming language)|Python]] programming improvements
*Six TI-authored modules that are additional libraries for Python's functionality. The new modules are:
**TI Draw
**TI Plotlib
**TI Hub
**TI Rover
**TI Image
**TI System

==See also==
*[[Comparison of Texas Instruments graphing calculators]]
*[[Comparison of computer algebra systems]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://education.ti.com/en/products?category=ti-nspire-technology TI-Nspire series official site]
* [http://education.ti.com/ Texas Instruments Calculators & Education Technology]
* [http://www.datamath.org/ Datamath Calculator Museum]
* [http://www.inspired-lua.org Lua programming on the TI-Nspire]
* [http://groups.google.com/group/tinspire TI-Nspire series Google Discussion Forum]
* [http://www.ticalc.org/pub/nspire/basic/ TI-Nspire series user programs]
* [http://tibasicdev.wikidot.com/nspire TI-Nspire series BASIC]
* [http://nelsonsousa.pt/index.php?lang=en&cat=2&subcat=3&article=0 TI-Nspire series program collection]

{{TI-calc}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ti-Nspire}}
[[Category:Graphing calculators]]
[[Category:Texas Instruments programmable calculators]]
[[Category:Computer algebra systems]]
[[Category:Lua (programming language)-scriptable hardware]]

Latest revision as of 22:01, 26 September 2024

TI-Nspire with Clickpad
TypeProgrammable, Graphing
ManufacturerTexas Instruments
Introduced25 September 2007
Discontinued2010
Latest firmware3.9.0.463
PredecessorTI-84 Plus
TI-84 Plus Silver Edition
Calculator
Entry modeDAL, MathPrint
Precision14
Display typeLCD Dot-matrix
Display size320×240 (3.5" diagonal)
Programming
Programming language(s)TI-Nspire BASIC, Lua
User memory32 MB NAND Memory (20 MB user-accessible)
32 MB SDRAM (16 MB user-accessible)
Firmware memory512 KB NOR ROM
Other
Power supply4 AAAs
Weight252 grams (8.9 ounces)
Dimensions201 mm × 99 mm × 22 mm (7.9 in × 3.9 in × 0.85 in)
TI-Nspire CAS with Clickpad
TypeProgrammable, Graphing, Symbolic
ManufacturerTexas Instruments
Introduced2007
Discontinued2010
Latest firmware3.9.0.463
PredecessorTI-89 Titanium
Voyage 200
SuccessorTI-Nspire CAS with Touchpad
Calculator
Entry modeDAL, MathPrint
Precision14
Display typeLCD Dot-matrix
Display size320×240 (3.5" diagonal)
Programming
Programming language(s)TI-Nspire BASIC, Lua
User memory32 MB NAND Memory (20 MB user-accessible)
32 MB SDRAM (16 MB user-accessible)
Firmware memory512 KB NOR ROM
Other
Power supply4 AAAs
Weight252 grams (8.9 ounces)
Dimensions201 mm × 99 mm × 22 mm (7.9 in × 3.9 in × 0.85 in)
TI-Nspire with Touchpad
TypeProgrammable, Graphing
ManufacturerTexas Instruments
Introduced2010
Latest firmware3.9.0.463
PredecessorTI-Nspire with Clickpad
SuccessorTI-Nspire CX
Calculator
Entry modeDAL, MathPrint
Precision14
Display typeLCD Dot-matrix
Display size320×240 (3.5" diagonal)
Programming
Programming language(s)TI-Nspire BASIC, Lua
User memory32 MB NAND Memory (20 MB user-accessible)
32 MB SDRAM (16 MB user-accessible)
Firmware memory512 KB NOR ROM
Other
Power supply4 AAAs
Weight280 grams (9.9 ounces)
Dimensions198 mm × 99 mm × 22 mm (7.8 in × 3.9 in × 0.85 in)
TI-Nspire CAS with Touchpad
TypeProgrammable, Graphing, Symbolic
ManufacturerTexas Instruments
Introduced2010
Latest firmware3.9.0.463
PredecessorTI-Nspire CAS with Clickpad
SuccessorTI-Nspire CX CAS
Calculator
Entry modeDAL, MathPrint
Precision14
Display typeLCD Dot-matrix
Display size320×240 (3.5" diagonal)
Programming
Programming language(s)TI-Nspire BASIC, Lua
User memory32 MB NAND Memory (20 MB user-accessible)
32 MB SDRAM (16 MB user-accessible)
Firmware memory512 KB NOR ROM
Other
Power supply4 AAAs
Weight280 grams (9.9 ounces)
Dimensions198 mm × 99 mm × 22 mm (7.8 in × 3.9 in × 0.85 in)
TI-Nspire CX
TypeProgrammable, Graphing
ManufacturerTexas Instruments
Introduced25 February 2011
Latest firmware4.5.5.79
PredecessorTI-Nspire with Touchpad
Calculator
Entry modeDAL, MathPrint
Precision14
Display typeColor LCD
Display size320×240 (3.2" diagonal)
Programming
Programming language(s)TI-Nspire BASIC, Lua
User memory128 MB NAND Memory (100 MB user-accessible)
64 MB SDRAM (64 MB user-accessible)
Firmware memory512 KB NOR ROM
Other
Power supply3.7L1230SP Li-Ion
Weight242 grams (8.5 oz)
Dimensions191 mm × 86 mm × 15 mm (7.5 in × 3.4 in × 0.60 in)
TI-Nspire CX CAS
TypeProgrammable, Graphing, Symbolic
ManufacturerTexas Instruments
Introduced25 February 2011
Latest firmware4.5.5.79
PredecessorTI-Nspire CAS with Touchpad
Calculator
Entry modeDAL, MathPrint
Precision14
Display typeColor LCD
Display size320×240 (3.2" diagonal)
Programming
Programming language(s)TI-Nspire BASIC, Lua
User memory128 MB NAND Memory (100 MB user-accessible)
64 MB SDRAM (64 MB user-accessible)
Firmware memory512 KB NOR ROM
Other
Power supply3.7L1230SP Li-Ion
Weight242 grams (8.5 oz)
Dimensions191 mm × 86 mm × 15 mm (7.5 in × 3.4 in × 0.60 in)
TI-Nspire CX II
TypeProgrammable, Graphing
ManufacturerTexas Instruments
IntroducedMarch 2019
Latest firmware6.2.0.333
PredecessorTI-Nspire CX
Calculator
Entry modeDAL, MathPrint
Precision14
Display typeColor LCD
Display size320×240 (3.22 diagonal)
Programming
Programming language(s)TI-Nspire BASIC, Lua, Python
User memory128 MB NAND Memory (100 MB user-accessible)
64 MB SDRAM (64 MB user-accessible)
Firmware memory512 KB NOR ROM
Other
Power supply3.7L1230SP Li-Ion
Weight242 grams (8.5 oz)
Dimensions191 mm × 86 mm × 15 mm (7.5 in × 3.4 in × 0.60 in)
TI-Nspire CX II CAS
TypeProgrammable, Graphing, Symbolic
ManufacturerTexas Instruments
IntroducedMarch 2019
Latest firmware6.2.0.333
PredecessorTI-Nspire CX CAS
Calculator
Entry modeDAL, MathPrint
Precision14
Display typeColor LCD
Display size320×240 (3.2" diagonal)
Programming
Programming language(s)TI-Nspire BASIC, Lua, Python
User memory128 MB NAND Memory (100 MB user-accessible)
64 MB SDRAM (64 MB user-accessible)
Firmware memory512 KB NOR ROM
Other
Power supply3.7L1230SP Li-Ion
Weight242 grams (8.5 oz)
Dimensions191 mm × 86 mm × 15 mm (7.5 in × 3.4 in × 0.60 in)

The TI-Nspire is a graphing calculator line made by Texas Instruments, with the first version released on 25 September 2007.[1][better source needed] The calculators feature a non-QWERTY keyboard and a different key-by-key layout than Texas Instruments's previous flagship calculators such as the TI-89 series.

Development

[edit]
TI PLT SHH1

The original TI-Nspire was developed out of the TI PLT SHH1 prototype calculator, the TI-92 series of calculators released in 1995, and the TI-89 series of calculators released in 1998.[2][3]

In 2011, Texas Instruments released the CX line of their TI-Nspire calculators which effectively replaced the previous generation. The updates included improvements to the original's keyboard layout, an addition of a rechargeable lithium-ion battery, 3D graphing capabilities and reduced form factor.[4] TI got rid of the removable keypad with this generation and therefore, the TI-84 compatibility mode.

In 2019, the TI-Nspire CX II was added, with a boost in clock speed and changes to the existing operating system.

Versions

[edit]

The TI-Nspire series uses a different operating system compared to Texas Instruments' other calculators. The TI-Nspire includes a file manager that lets users create and edit documents. As a result of being developed from PDA-esque devices, the TI-Nspire retains many of the same functional similarities to a computer.

TI-Nspire

[edit]

The standard TI-Nspire calculator is comparable to the TI-84 Plus in features and functionality. It features a TI-84 mode by way of a replaceable snap-in keypad and contains a TI-84 Plus emulator. The likely target of this is secondary schools that make use of the TI-84 Plus currently or have textbooks that cover the TI-83 (Plus) and TI-84 Plus lines, and to allow them to transition to the TI-Nspire line more easily.

The TI-Nspire started development in 2004.[citation needed] It uses a proprietary SoC of the ARM9 variant for its CPU. The TI-Nspire and TI-Nspire CAS (Computer algebra system) calculators have 32 MB of NAND Flash, 32 MB of SDRAM, and 512 KB of NOR Flash.[5] However, only 20 MB and 16 MB are user-accessible respectively.[6]

The TI-Nspire released in two models; a numeric and CAS version. The numeric is similar in features to the TI-84, except with a bigger and higher resolution screen and a full keyboard. The feature that the numeric lacks is the ability to solve algebraic equations such as indefinite integrals and derivatives. To fill in the gap of needing an algebraic calculator, Texas Instruments introduced the second model with the name: TI-Nspire CAS. The CAS is designed for college and university students, giving them the feature of calculating many algebraic equations like the Voyage 200 and TI-89 (which the TI-Nspire was intended to replace). However, the TI-Nspire does lack part of the ability of programming and installing additional apps that the previous models had, although a limited version of TI-BASIC is supported, along with Lua in later versions. C and assembly are only possible by Ndless.

Because the TI-Nspire lacks a QWERTY keyboard, it is acceptable for use on the PSAT, SAT,[7] SAT II, ACT,[8] AP, and IB Exams.

TI-Nspire CAS

[edit]

The TI-Nspire CAS calculator is capable of displaying and evaluating values symbolically, not just as floating-point numbers. It includes algebraic functions such as a symbolic differential equation solver: deSolve(...), the complex eigenvectors of a matrix: eigVc(...), as well as calculus based functions, including limits, derivatives, and integrals. For this reason, the TI-Nspire CAS is more comparable to the TI-89 Titanium and Voyage 200 than to other calculators. Unlike the TI-Nspire, it is not compatible with the snap-in TI-84 Plus keypad. It is accepted in the SAT and AP exams (without a QWERTY keyboard) but not in the ACT,[8] IB or British GCSE and A level. The body color is grey.

TI-Nspire Touchpad

[edit]
TI-Nspire EZ-Spot. Meant to reduce theft in schools.

On 8 March 2010, Texas Instruments announced new models of the TI-Nspire Touchpad and TI-Nspire CAS Touchpad graphing calculators. In the United States the new calculator was listed on the TI website as a complement to the TI-Nspire with Clickpad, though it was introduced as a successor to the previous model in other countries. The calculators were released alongside the OS 2.0 update, which featured a number of updates to the user interface and new functions.

The keyboards on the touchpad keypads featured a different and less crowded key layout along with the touchpad, which is used for navigation. The touchpad keypads were also compatible with older calculators that are running OS 2.0 or newer. New calculators that were shipped with touchpad keypads supported an optional rechargeable battery. The second generation was available in two models, the TI-Nspire Touchpad and TI-Nspire CAS Touchpad; each model has maintained the color of itself, with the base model being white and black while the CAS is black and gray. To reduce theft of school-owned TI-Nspire calculators, Texas Instruments also introduced the EZ-Spot Teacher Packs with a bright, easy-to-spot, "school bus yellow" frame and slide case. The hardware of both versions are the same, with the only differences being cosmetic. The TI-Nspire calculators that were released after the touchpad TI-Nspires also have EZ-Spot versions.

TI-Nspire CX and TI-Nspire CX CAS

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In 2011, the TI-Nspire CX and CX CAS were announced as updates to TI-Nspire series. They have a thinner design, with a thickness of 1.57 cm (almost half of the TI-89), a 1,200 mA·h (1,060 mAh before 2013) rechargeable battery (wall adapter is included in the American retail package), a 320 by 240 pixel full color backlit display (3.2" diagonal), and OS 3.0 which includes features such as 3D graphing.[9]

The CX series were released in the same time frame as the Casio Prizm (fx-CG10/20),[10] Casio's color screen graphing calculator with similar features.

The TI-Nspire CX series differ from all previous TI graphing calculator models in that the CX series are the first to use a rechargeable 1,060 mAh lithium-ion battery (upgraded to 1,200 mAh in the 2013 revision). The device is charged via a USB cable. TI claims that the battery requires four hours to charge, that a full charge powers the device for up to two weeks under normal daily use, and that the battery should last up to 3 years before it requires replacement. The battery is user-replaceable.[9]

With the exception of interchangeable TI-84 keypads, the CX series retain all features of the previous TI-Nspire models. The colors of the calculator are still the same as those of the TI-Nspire models; the CX is white and dark blue, while the CX CAS is gray and black. The external connectors have changed slightly. The mini-USB port, located at the center on the top of the TI-Nspire series, has moved to the right on the top on the CX series. On the CX series, TI added a second port immediately left of the mini-USB port, for a new wireless module. The new wireless TI-Nspire Navigator adapter, which allows teachers to monitor students and send files, is not compatible with the previous TI-Nspire models. The third port, located at the bottom of the handheld, is for the TI Charging Dock and Lab Cradle. The keypad layout is very similar to that of the TI-Nspire Touchpad.

Both models have 100 MB of user memory and 64 MB of RAM. The retail package comes in a plastic blister case and does not have the full manual, while the teachers edition comes in a box with a TI-Nspire CX poster for classrooms and the full manual (in English and French in the US). Both devices ship with the student/teacher software for Windows/Mac OS X. According to Texas Instruments, The CX is accepted in SAT, IB, AP, ACT and British GCSE and A level exams. The CX CAS is only accepted on SAT and AP.

Chinese market

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Four models aimed for the Chinese market were launched, with specialized features. All four models have Chinese labeled keyboards. The CX-C and CX-C CAS models are similar to CX and CX CAS, but included a concise Chinese-English dictionary. The CM-C and CM-C CAS are cheaper, featured a more stream-lined design, but have only 32 MB of RAM and no port for the wireless module.[11] The systems of the Chinese versions are not interchangeable with those of the international models.

TI-Nspire CX II and TI-Nspire CX II CAS

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In 2019, Texas Instruments introduced the TI-Nspire CX II and TI-Nspire CX II CAS.[12] They feature a slightly different operating system with several enhancements and slightly improved hardware, including Python integration.

The non-CAS version lacks the exact math mode which is included in the CAS version as well as all the models dedicated to the European/China market (T and C versions).

European market

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Like China, the continent of Europe also has models aimed for its market. These calculators include a "-T" after the CX. The CX II-T and CX II-T CAS both have different body color designs than their North American counterparts. One of the main feature differences in the European versions is the inclusion of an exact math engine in both the CAS and the non-CAS version. European models also omit the WiFi adapter port from the top of the calculator.

Software

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Texas Instruments offers several different versions of software for their calculators. They offer CAS and non-CAS versions of their student and teacher software. This software allows users to share results with classmates and teachers and gives the user an emulated version of the TI-Nspire. TI also offers a computer link software for connecting their handheld to their computer to transfer documents. The software allows for the syncing of documents to and from the calculator or computer. This software requires a license in order to be used.

Programming languages

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Beside the TI Basic functionality the Nspire calculators provides functionality to run scripts written in two additional programming languages with the standard TI firmware.

With the release of OS 3.0, the Lua scripting language is supported, allowing 3rd party programs to be run without the need of exploits.[13][14] There are currently more than 100 third-party programs and functions for the Nspire that introduce new functionality, like Laplace transforms, Fourier transforms, and 3rd and 4th degree differential equations, that are not included by default.[15] The actual LUA Version is 5.1 in OS Version 5.2 (September 2020).

Since firmware version 5.2 it is possible to program and run Python (Version 3.4.0 in September 2020) scripts in an interpreter shell or from the main calculator command line.

Available Python modules
Standard __main__, ctypes, micropython, array, errno, random, binascii, gc, re, time, builtins, hashlib, sys, cmath, heapq, collections, math
TI ti_picture, ti_innovator, ti_draw, ti_st

Lab Cradle

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The TI-Nspire Lab Cradle is a Calculator-Based Laboratory system introduced in 1994. It is a portable data collection device for the life sciences. The CBL system was replaced in 1999 by the CBL 2. The TI-Nspire Lab Cradle has three analog and two digital inputs with a sampling rate of up to 100,000 readings per second. The cradle also has 32 MB of storage space to store sensor data.[16] The Lab Cradle allows the TI-Nspire series to communicate with older Calculator-Based Laboratory systems that previous TI calculators used (TI-73 series, TI-82, TI-83 series, TI-85, and TI-86).[17]

The TI-Nspire Lab Cradle used the rechargeable battery of the TI-Nspire and support three different charging options: wall adapter, USB cable to computer and TI-Nspire Cradle Charging Bay. The TI-Nspire Lab Cradle is marketed by Texas Instruments and developed as part of an ongoing business venture between TI and Vernier Software & Technology of Portland, Oregon.

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The navigator system allows teachers to connect multiple TI-Nspire calculators to a computer through the TI-Nspire Access Point and TI-Nspire Navigator Wireless Cradles. The system includes the TI-Nspire cradle charging bay and the main system which looks like a wireless router. The Navigator system was first available when the first generation Nspires were launched, but when the TI-Nspire CX and CX CAS were released, a new wireless adapter was announced that is smaller but not compatible with the TI-Nspire and TI-Nspire Touchpad.

Press-to-Test

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Press-to-Test is a feature that restricts access to the user's documents and certain features of the calculator for a limited time. Its intended purpose is to prevent cheating on tests and exams. Press-to-Test is enabled by pressing a certain button combination when turning on the calculator. The features that are blocked (for example 3D graphs and drag & drop for graphs) can be selectively enabled, but access to existing documents is always prohibited. When the handheld is running in Press-to-Test mode, an LED on top of it blinks to indicate that Press-to-Test is enabled. Press-to-Test can only be disabled by connecting to another calculator or a computer with TI-Nspire compatible software installed. Removing the batteries or pressing the reset button will not disable it.

Ndless

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Ndless (alternatively stylized Ndl3ss) is a third-party jailbreak for the TI-Nspire calculators that allows native programs, such as C, C++, and ARM assembly programs, to run. Ndless was developed initially by Olivier Armand and Geoffrey Anneheim and released in February 2010 for the Clickpad handheld.[18] Organizations such as Omnimaga and TI-Planet promoted Ndless and built a community around Ndless and Ndless programs. With Ndless, low-level operations can be accomplished, for example overclocking, allowing the handheld devices to run faster. Downgrade prevention can be defeated as well. In addition, Game Boy, Game Boy Advance, and Nintendo Entertainment System emulators exist for the handhelds with Ndless.[19] Major Ndless-powered programs also include a port of the game Doom.[20] Unlike Lua scripts, which are supported by Texas Instruments,[21] Ndless is actively counteracted by TI. Each subsequent OS attempts to block Ndless from operating.[22][needs update]

Technical specifications

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Texas Instruments developed their own proprietary System-On-Chip from the ARM9 32-bit processors. The first generation of the TI-Nspire is based on LSI Corporation's (now Broadcom Inc.) "Zevio" design while the CX and CX II generation is built with Toshiba's Application-Specific Integrated Circuit design.

Most Texas Instruments calculators contain only a non-volatile read-only memory called NAND Flash and a volatile random-access memory called Synchronous dynamic random-access memory or SDRAM. The NAND Flash is not executable but contains parts of the operating system. However, the TI-Nspire also uses NOR ROM to store boot instructions for the operating system. Texas Instruments most likely did this to free up the NAND Flash, and SDRAM in the calculator to be used by the user and operating system.[11] The NAND Flash and SDRAM are used to store user and operating system documents.

Previous Texas Instruments calculators had a backup button cell battery used to maintain user information, system information and time and date, between battery changes. This allows a user to keep their information when a battery is removed. Because the TI-Nspire lacks this backup battery, the SDRAM content is deleted whenever the user has to swap the battery out. This necessitates that the calculator load the operating system and file structure from the NAND Flash to the SDRAM, causing a longer loading time.

Despite the overall performance increase between versions of the TI-Nspire, performance differences do exist. The TI-Nspire CX II version lacks 10+ MB of storage space compared to its predecessor. The TI-Nspire CM-C and CM-C CAS (the Chinese versions of the CX and CX CAS) are cheaper and have an updated design, but have only 32 MB of RAM and no port for the wireless module.[11]

TI-Nspire CAS & Non-CAS TI-Nspire CX CAS & Non-CAS TI-Nspire CX II CAS & Non-CAS
Display 320×240 – 4-bit greyscale LCD Dot-Matrix 320×240 or 240×320 – 16-bit color LCD 320×240 or 240×320 – 16-bit color LCD
CPU ARM9-26EJ-S

90 MHz/120 MHz

ARM9-26EJ-S

132 MHz[23]

ARM9-26EJ-S

396 MHz

SDRAM 32 MB (32 MB user-accessible)[24] 64 MB (64 MB user-accessible) 64 MB (64 MB user-accessible)
NAND Memory 32 MB (15 MB user-accessible)[25] 128 MB (100 MB user-accessible)[26] 128 MB (90+ MB user-accessible)[27]
Flash ROM 512 KB NOR ROM 512 KB NOR ROM 512 KB NOR ROM
Link

capability

Mini-USB Sync

TI-Nspire Lab Cradle

Wireless Network Adapter

Mini-USB Sync

TI-Nspire Lab Cradle

Wireless Network Adapter

Mini-USB Sync

TI-Nspire Lab Cradle

Wireless Network Adapter

I/O Interchangeable Keypads

TI-84 Keypad

TI-Nspire Keypad

71 Switch Keypad 71 Switch Keypad
Power 4×AAA batteries Rechargeable 1200 mAh lithium-ion battery Rechargeable 1200 mAh lithium-ion battery
Release 2007, 2010 (Touchpad version) 2011 2019

Operating system versions

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TI-Nspire CAS software can solve differential equations

The TI-Nspire CX/CX CAS calculators are now running the operating system (OS) version 4.5.5.79, released in August 2021. The TI-Nspire CX II/CX II CAS are running version 6.0.3.374, released in January 2023. The operating system has been updated frequently since 2007 (partly due to bugs and missing functions, and also to patch jailbreak exploits), one year after its release in 2006. Version 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 were major upgrades.

Added features in OS 2.0

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Starting with OS 2.0, additional features were added to increase usability and usefulness of the TI-Nspire. Below are major changes that were made. These features have stayed with the Nspire series to date.

Added features in OS 3.0

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Images can be included in TI-Nspire documents using the computer software. They can then be displayed on the Nspire calculators and in full color on the Nspire CX calculators. Graphs can be drawn on top of the images. A data collection application is included with the OS, for use with the Lab Cradle. 3D graphing is supported, as well as differential equations. Other features were also added, including improvements to functions that are related to statistics.[28] OS 3.0 also adds the ability to run programs that are written in Lua.[29][14] OS 3.0.1 introduced a number of bugs,[30] but most of these have been fixed as of 3.0.2.[31] In OS 3.2, conic equations in standard formats can be graphed and a new chemistry feature, Chem Box, allows users to write chemical notations.[32] OS 3.2 also saw the inclusion of the Chipmunk physics engine for use in Lua programs.[33] In OS 3.9, the area between curves can now be calculated on the graph bar.[34]

Added features in OS 4.0

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An indicator now displays the angle mode (Degrees, Radians or Gradians) in effect for the current application. In window settings on graphs, exact inputs such as 7/3 or 2*π can now be used for input of custom window settings.[35]

Added features in OS 5.0

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OS 5.0 is currently exclusive to the CX II/CX II CAS and their -T counterparts. These features were added in this release:

  • Animated Path plot
  • Modernized user interface
  • Dynamic coefficient values
  • Points by coordinates
  • Tick-mark labels
  • Various TI-Basic programming enhancements
  • Simplified Disable CAS (CAS model exclusive)
  • DeSolve wizard (CAS model exclusive)

Added features in OS 5.2

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OS 5.2 is currently exclusive to the CX II/CX II CAS and their -T counterparts. These features were added in this release:

  • Python programming language support in Host Software and on the calculator.

Added features in OS 5.3

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OS 5.3 is currently exclusive to the CX II/CX II CAS and their -T counterparts. These features were added in this release:

  • Exam support
  • Quick set-up code to enter Press-to-Test
  • Python programming improvements
  • Six TI-authored modules that are additional libraries for Python's functionality. The new modules are:
    • TI Draw
    • TI Plotlib
    • TI Hub
    • TI Rover
    • TI Image
    • TI System

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "40 Years After Inventing the Electronic Handheld Calculator, Texas Instruments Launches TI-Nspire, Math Technology For 21st Century Needs" (Press release). Dallas. 25 September 2007. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  2. ^ "Texas Instruments Personal Learning Tool PLT SHH1". www.datamath.org. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  3. ^ "Texas Instruments TI-Nspire". www.datamath.org. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  4. ^ "Texas Instruments TI-Nspire CX CAS". Datamath Calculator Museum.
  5. ^ "Texas Instruments TI-Nspire KBD EZ-Spot". DATAMATH. 24 June 2008. Archived from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  6. ^ "TI-Nspire with Touchpad: Bid Specifications". Texas Instruments. 3 December 2010. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  7. ^ "SAT – Calculator Policy". The College Board. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  8. ^ a b "ACT – Can I use a calculator?" (PDF). ACT, Inc. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  9. ^ a b "TI-Nspire CX CAS Handheld". Retrieved 28 June 2013.
  10. ^ Casio Education: PRIZM – Graphing Calculator Archived 7 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ a b c "Hardware – Hackspire". hackspire.org. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  12. ^ "Introducing TI-Nspire CX II-T graphing calculators".
  13. ^ "Lua Programming Environment on the TI-Nspire Found". ticalc.org. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
  14. ^ a b "TI-Nspire Technology – Lua Scripting". Texas Instruments. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  15. ^ "TI-Nspire BASIC Math Programs". ticalc.org. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
  16. ^ "TI-Nspire Lab Cradle | Vernier". www.vernier.com. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  17. ^ "Datamath Calculator Museum". www.datamath.org. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  18. ^ "Nspire Models Opened to Third-Party Development". ticalc.org. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  19. ^ "Ndless for TI-Nspire". Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  20. ^ Sheffer, Sam (21 February 2011). "TI-Nspire calculator: yes, it plays Doom". engadget. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  21. ^ "Lua Scripting in TI-Nspire". ti.com. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  22. ^ timothy (18 July 2010). "TI vs. Calculator Hobbyists, Again". slashdot. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  23. ^ "Teardown Tuesday: Graphing Calculator". www.allaboutcircuits.com. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  24. ^ "IC List". www.datamath.org. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  25. ^ "TI-Nspire CAS Handheld with Touchpad". education.ti.com. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  26. ^ "TI-Nspire CX CAS Handheld". education.ti.com. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  27. ^ "TI-Nspire Specifications". education.ti.com. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  28. ^ "TI-Nspire Technology Version 3.0 Release Notes" (PDF). Texas Instruments. April 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  29. ^ "Lua Programming Environment on the TI-Nspire Found". ticalc.org. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
  30. ^ "Beware Installing TI-Nspire OS v.3". ticalc.org. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  31. ^ "TI-Nspire OS 3.0.2 Released". ticalc.org. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  32. ^ "TI-Nspire Technology Version 3.2 Release Notes" (PDF). education.ti.com. Retrieved 11 June 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  33. ^ "Lua Scripting API Reference Guide" (PDF). www.inspired-lua.org. Texas Instruments. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  34. ^ "What's New in Version 3.9". education.ti.com. Texas Instruments. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  35. ^ "What's New in Version 4.0". education.ti.com. Texas Instruments. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
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