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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox Greek Political Party
{{Infobox political party
|party_name = Λαϊκός Ορθόδοξος Συναγερμός <br> ''Laikos Orthodoxos Synagermos'' <br> Popular Orthodox Rally
|party_articletitle = Popular Orthodox Rally
| colorcode = {{party color|Popular Orthodox Rally}}
| name = Popular Orthodox Rally
|party_logo = [[Image:LogoLAOSnew.png|100px]]
| native_name = Λαϊκός Ορθόδοξος Συναγερμός
|leader = [[Georgios Karatzaferis]]
| logo = LogoLAOSnew.png
|foundation = [[1 September]] [[2000]]
| leader1_title = President
|ideology = [[Nationalism]], [[Social conservatism]], [[Populism]], [[Euroscepticism]]
| leader1_name = [[Philippos Kampouris]]
|position = Populist (with rightist, leftist, and nationalist elements)
| leader2_title =
|international =
| leader2_name =
|european = [[Alliance of Independent Democrats in Europe|AIDE]]
| foundation = {{start date|2000|9|14|df=y}}
|europarl = [[Independence and Democracy|IND/DEM]]
| split = [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]]
|colours =
|headquarters =
| headquarters = 52, Kallirois Avenue, 117 45 [[Athens]]
| youth_wing = Youth of the Orthodox Rally
|website = [http://www.laos.gr/ www.laos.gr] (in Greek)
| ideology = [[Greek nationalism]]<ref name="Nicolaidis 188">{{cite book |title=European Stories: Intellectual Debates on Europe in National Contexts |last1=Lacroix |first1=Justine |last2=Nicolaīdis |first2=Kalypso |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-959462-7 |page=188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HNhV5Bdv2QwC }}</ref><br />{{nowrap|[[Right-wing populism]]<ref name="Gemenis">{{cite journal | last = Gemenis | first = Kostas | title = The 2007 Parliamentary Election in Greece | journal = [[Mediterranean Politics]] | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 95–101 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | doi = 10.1080/13629390701862616 | date = March 2008 | s2cid = 154194955 | url = https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6531509/Gemenis08parliamentary.pdf }}
:{{Cite journal | last1 = Gemenis | first1 = Kostas | last2 = Dinas | first2 = Elias | title = Confrontation still? Examining parties' policy positions in Greece | journal = [[Comparative European Politics]] | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 179–201 | publisher = [[Palgrave Macmillan]] | doi = 10.1057/cep.2008.28 | date = July 2010 | s2cid = 143772280 | url = https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6454415/confrontation.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Hainsworth"/><ref name="Art"/>}}<br />[[Religious conservatism]]<ref>{{cite news | last = Papadopoulos | first = Alex G. | title = The Puzzle of the 2012 Greek Elections | url = http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/05/08/the-puzzle-of-the-2012-greek-elections | publisher = International Policy Digest | date = 8 May 2012 | access-date = 2 June 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160108032520/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/05/08/the-puzzle-of-the-2012-greek-elections/ | archive-date = 8 January 2016 | url-status = usurped }}</ref><br />[[Euroscepticism]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Vasilopoulou |first=Sofia |year=2010 |title=Euroscepticism and the radical right: domestic strategies and party system dynamics |type=PhD thesis |publisher=The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) |page=157 |url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/633/1/Vasilopoulou_Euroscepticism_Radical_Right.pdf}}</ref>
| position = {{nowrap|[[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]<ref name="right"/> to [[Far-right politics|far-right]]<ref name="Hainsworth"/><ref name="Art"/>}}
| national =
| european =
| europarl =
| seats1_title = [[Hellenic Parliament|Parliament]]
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|0|300|hex={{party color|Popular Orthodox Rally}}}}
| seats2_title = [[European Parliament]]
| seats2 = {{Composition bar|0|21|hex={{party color|Popular Orthodox Rally}}}}
| seats3_title = [[Regions of Greece|Regional councillors]]
| seats3 = {{Composition bar|2|611|hex={{party color|Popular Orthodox Rally}}}}
| colours = {{Color box|{{party color|Popular Orthodox Rally}}|border=darkgray}} [[Dark blue (color)|Dark Blue]]
| website = [https://laos.com.gr/ laos.com.gr]
| country = Greece
| founder = [[Georgios Karatzaferis]]
}}
}}


The '''Popular Orthodox Rally''' or '''People's Orthodox Alarm'''<ref>{{Citation |first=Anthoula |last=Malkopoulou |contribution =Eurozone crisis and Parliamentary democracy: lessons from the Greek case | editor-last = Wiesner | editor-first = Claudia |title=The meanings of Europe: changes and exchanges of a contested concept |page=161 |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 | isbn = 9781306287913 | postscript = .}}</ref> ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Λαϊκός Ορθόδοξος Συναγερμός, ''Laikós Orthódoxos Synagermós''), often abbreviated to '''LAOS''' (ΛΑ.Ο.Σ.) as a reference to the Greek word for ''people'', is a [[Greece|Greek]] [[right-wing populism|right-wing populist]] political party.<ref name="Gemenis"/><ref name="Hainsworth">{{Citation |first=Paul |last=Hainsworth |title=The Extreme Right in Western Europe |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCtm2UeUQFIC&q=popular+orthodox+rally+far+right&pg=PA66|isbn=9780415396820 }}</ref><ref name="Art">{{Citation |first=David |last=Art |title=Inside the Radical Right: The Development of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |page=188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dUTXJakqLoC&pg=PA188 |isbn=9781139498838 }}</ref> It was founded by journalist [[Georgios Karatzaferis]] in 2000, a few months after he was expelled from the centre-right [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]]. Today, the party is led by [[Philippos Kampouris]].
The '''Popular Orthodox Rally''' (LA.O.S. - ΛΑ.Ο.Σ) ([[Greek language|Greek]]: ''Λαϊκός Ορθόδοξος Συναγερμός'', ''Laikos Orthodoxos Synagermos''; Laos also means "people" in Greek) is a [[Greece|Greek]] quasi-[[nationalism|nationalist]] [[populism|populist]] [[political party]], founded and led by controversial journalist [[Georgios Karatzaferis]]. Karatzaferis formed LA.O.S. in [[2000]], after he was expelled from [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]].


In 2004, LAOS secured support from the [[Party of Hellenism]] and the Hellenic Women's Political Party. In 2005, LAOS absorbed the nationalist<ref>{{Citation |first1=Peter |last1=Davies |first2=Paul |last2=Jackson |title=The far right in Europe: an encyclopedia |publisher=Greenwood World Press |year=2008 |page=416}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |first=Kathy |last=Tzilivakis |title=Voices from the far right |publisher=Athens News |date=5 March 2004 |url=http://www.athensnews.gr/old_issue/13056/11004 |access-date=2012-03-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801070025/http://www.athensnews.gr/old_issue/13056/11004 |archive-date=1 August 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Hellenic Front]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.e-grammes.gr/article.php?id=1797 | title=Decision of Hellenic Front, 15 May 2005 | publisher=E-grammes.gr | access-date=2011-01-10 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131853/http://www.e-grammes.gr/article.php?id=1797 | archive-date=27 September 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{third-party-inline|date=February 2012}} The youth branch of LAOS is the Youth of the Orthodox Rally (NEOS) (which is also a pun on the word for "youth" in Greek). The Popular Orthodox Rally was a member of the [[Europe of Freedom and Democracy]] (EFD) group in the [[European Parliament]] during the [[Seventh European Parliament|7th European Parliament]], and was a member of the [[Alliance of Independent Democrats in Europe]], a [[European political party]], until the AIDE's dissolution in 2008.
According to the Popular Orthodox Rally, "the demarcation of the political world in the Right Wing and the Left Wing is not relevant anymore after the end of the [[Cold War]]. Nowadays, everyone in every aspect of his or her everyday life is either in favour or against Globalization". The party claims to consist of radically diverse groups that span the entire Left-Right political spectrum. Party president Karatzaferis, speaking on the 6th anniversary of the party's creation, stated "We are united in the only party that has in its ranks labourers and scientists, workers and the unemployed, leftists and rightists".<ref>[http://www.e-grammes.gr/article.php?id=2256 Georgios Karatzaferis, "6 Years Popular Orthodox Rally", 14 September 2006]</ref>


The party failed to reach the 3% threshold of the popular vote in the [[2004 Greek legislative election|2004 elections]], with 2.2%; three months later it gained 4.12% of the vote and one seat in the [[2004 European Parliament election in Greece|2004 European Parliamentary Elections]]. LAOS received 3.8% of the vote in the [[2007 Greek legislative election|2007 elections]], electing 10 members of parliament. In 2009 LAOS managed to [[2009 European Parliament election in Greece|elect]] two representatives in the [[European Parliament]], receiving 7.14% of the vote. After receiving 5.63% of the vote and electing 15 members of parliament in the [[2009 Greek legislative election|2009 elections]], LAOS dropped below the 3% threshold in [[May 2012 Greek legislative election|2012]] and failed to secure any seats in parliament. On 8 April 2016 LAOS joined the alliance [[National Unity (Greece)|National Unity]]. The party did not contest the [[2019 Greek legislative election|2019 elections]] or the [[May 2023 Greek legislative election|May 2023]] or [[June 2023 Greek legislative election]].
The youth branch of LA.O.S. is the ''Youth of the Orthodox Rally'' or [[NE.O.S.]].


High profile members, such as [[Makis Voridis]], [[Thanos Plevris]] and [[Adonis Georgiadis]], have since joined [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]], all three becoming ministers in the [[First Cabinet of Kyriakos Mitsotakis|Cabinet of Kyriakos Mitsotakis]], in what has been described as a "LAOSification" of the latter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-31 |title=Ανασχηματισμός / «Φουλ» του ΛΑΟΣ στη νέα σύνθεση της κυβέρνησης Μητσοτάκη |url=https://www.avgi.gr/parapolitika/394795_foyl-toy-laos-sti-nea-synthesi-tis-kybernisis-mitsotaki |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Αυγή |language=el}}</ref> Prior to the [[May 2023 Greek legislative election|2023 Greek legislative election]], the party's founder and long-time president, [[Georgios Karatzaferis]], praised Mitsotakis, calling him "the best politician of the century".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Group) |first=Radiotileoptiki S. A. (OPEN Digital |date=2023-01-31 |title=Καρατζαφέρης: Ο Μητσοτάκης ο πιο «άρτιος πολιτικός τουλάχιστον του αιώνα - Η ισχυρότερη προσωπικότητα» |url=https://www.ethnos.gr/Politics/article/244420/karatzaferhsomhtsotakhsopioartiospolitikostoylaxistontoyaionahisxyroterhprosopikothta |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=ΕΘΝΟΣ |language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IEFIMERIDA.GR |first=NEWSROOM |date=2023-01-31 |title=Καρατζαφέρης για Μητσοτάκη: Ο πιο άρτιος πολιτικός του αιώνα -Μιντιάρχες και άλλοι θέλουν να τον «κοντύνουν» [βίντεο] |url=https://www.iefimerida.gr/politiki/karatzaferis-mitsotakis-pio-artios-politikos-toy-aiona-mintiarhes-kontynoyn |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=iefimerida.gr |language=el}}</ref>
The party failed to reach the 3% threshold of the popular vote in the [[Greek legislative election, 2004|March 7 elections]], with 2.2%; three months later it gained 4.12% of the vote and one seat in the [[European Parliament Election, 2004 (Greece)|2004 European Parliamentary Elections]]. In [[2004]], LA.O.S. absorbed the nationalist [[Hellenic Front]] political party and secured support from the Hellenism Party and the Hellenic Women's Political Party.<ref>[http://kommaellinidgynaikon.tripod.com/embargo.html Joint Statement by the Hellenic Women's Political Party and Hellenism Party, "Vote Hellenic, Break Bipartisanism", 2004]</ref> The "Popular Orthodox Rally" is a member of the Independence and Democracy group ([[IND/DEM]]) of the [[European Parliament]].


==Ideology==
==Ideology==
{{Conservatism in Greece sidebar|Parties}}
According to the Popular Orthodox Rally, "the [[wikt:demarcation|demarcation]] of the political world into the [[Right-wing politics|Right wing]] and the [[Left-wing politics|Left wing]] is no longer relevant after the end of the [[Cold War]]. Nowadays, everyone in every aspect of his or her everyday life is either in favour or against [[Globalization]]". The party claims to consist of radically diverse groups that span the entire [[Left-Right politics|left-right political spectrum]]. Party president Karatzaferis, speaking on the 6th anniversary of the party's creation, stated "We are united in the only party that has in its ranks labourers and scientists, workers and the unemployed, leftists and rightists".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-grammes.gr/article.php?id=2256 |title=Georgios Karatzaferis, "6 Years Popular Orthodox Rally", 14 September 2006 |publisher=E-grammes.gr |access-date=2011-01-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131907/http://www.e-grammes.gr/article.php?id=2256 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{third-party-inline|date=February 2012}}


Due to the diverse elements that make up the party, Popular Orthodox Rally is difficult to characterize ideologically. In addition, its ideology has seen a marked change over the years. Throughout its existence it has been characterized by the media as "populist", "right-wing"<ref>[http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_columns_100032_10/08/2007_86656 First term judged by second, 10 August 2007]</ref><ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2332345.ece Wall of flame threatens to engulf birthplace of the Olympic Games, 27 August 2007]</ref>, "far-right", and "nationalist". Karatzaferis has described the party as everything from a "pre-dictatorship Right" to a merger of Left and Right to a "Popular Liberalism" in official party literature. In addition, party leader Karatzaferis has claimed that the Popular Orthodox Rally is "a profoundly democratic party". Karatzaferis has stated that he supports "patriotism and social solidarity, taking from all ideologies and personalities I like. I don't care if it's called communism, liberalism or socialism".<ref>[http://www.athensnews.gr/athweb/nathens.prnt_article?e=C&f=13237&t=01&m=A03&aa=1 ND's nemesis is named Karatzaferis, 1 June 2007]</ref>
Karatzaferis has described the Popular Orthodox Rally as "a profoundly democratic party", consisting of everything from a "pre-dictatorship Right" to a merger of Left and Right to a "Popular Liberalism" in official party literature. He has also stated that he supports "patriotism and social [[solidarity]], taking from all ideologies and personalities I like. I don't care if it's called communism, liberalism or socialism."<ref name="nemecis">[http://www.athensnews.gr/articles/13237/01/06/2007/19995 ND's nemesis is named Karatzaferis, 1 June 2007] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>


However, the Popular Orthodox Rally is often characterized by opposing politicians and in the media as "far-right",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/news/content.asp?aid%3D64795 |title='French-Greek axis' with the same extreme views |date= 4 January 2006 |publisher=Ekathimerini.com |access-date=2012-04-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810220136/http://archive.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/news/content.asp?aid%3D64795 |archive-date=10 August 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Smith |first=Helena (Athens) | title = Far-right movement gathers strength as Greek election nears |url=https://www.theguardian.com/farright/story/0,,2167883,00.html |work=The Guardian |location=London |date= 18 September 2007|access-date=2011-01-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/greeks-return-firedamaged-conservatives/2007/09/17/1189881430865.html |title=The Age quoting Los Angeles Times, Reuters |work=The Age |date= 18 September 2007|access-date=2011-01-10 |location=Melbourne, Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Carassava |first=Anthee | title = Greek governing party wins a 2nd term | url =https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/17/world/europe/17greece.html?em&ex=1190260800&en=2f5f4e0b7be1c034&ei=5087%0A | work = The New York Times | date = 17 September 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Gatopoulos | first = Derek |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091600085.html |title= Greeks voting in general election |newspaper=The Washington Post |date= 16 September 2007|access-date=2011-01-10}}</ref> "populist", "radical right",<ref>See Gemenis (2008) as above, Gemenis and Dinas (2009) as above, Cas Mudde (2007), ''Populist radical right parties in Europe''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref> "right-wing"<ref name="right">{{cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_columns_100032_10/08/2007_86656 |title="First term judged by second," 10 August 2007 |publisher=Ekathimerini.com |access-date=2011-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Wall of flame threatens to engulf birthplace of the Olympic Games |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2332345.ece |work=The Times |date=27 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724143528/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2332345.ece |archive-date=24 July 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref> and "nationalist". It has also been argued that its founding declaration (now withdrawn from the web) included antidemocratic, anti-parliamentary ideas, and the proposal that decisions should be taken by a council, which would include military officers and Church officials.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tanea.gr/default.asp?pid=2&ct=1&artId=4521704 |title=The hidden 'Orthodoxy' of LAOS | date = 14 June 2007 |publisher=Tanea.gr |access-date=2011-01-10}}</ref> The Popular Orthodox Rally began as a party with an Orthodox Christian religious identity, but also one with a radically nationalist political identity. Although it has since allegedly tried to 'moderate' the nationalist part of its appeal, with some of an extreme-nationalist or neo-fascist bent, such as [[Konstantinos Plevris]], then leaving the party to join [[Patriotic Alliance (Greece)|Patriotic Alliance]] or other fringe political organizations, more extreme-nationalists have recently once again joined its ranks and been elected to parliament. Of the ten Popular Orthodox Rally candidates who entered the parliament in 2007, four are considered to be part of the "nationalist bloc": Makis Voridis, "Thanos" Plevris, Adonis Georgiadis, and Kiriakos Velopoulos.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=5347&subid=2&pubid=133138 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904081729/http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=5347&subid=2&pubid=133138 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2012 |title=With Α Hard Group of Five on National Issues |date=18 September 2007 |publisher=Ethnos.gr |access-date=2011-01-10 }}</ref>
Although Popular Orthodox Rally began as a nationalist party with an Orthodox Christian religious identity, since 2002 it has steadily broken with this image. In 2002, party leader Karatzaferis, formally regarded as a nationalist, claimed to describe nationalism as a "poison", noting that he only "spoke of patriotism".<ref>"I am not far-Right", Eleftheros Typos, 27 October 2002.</ref> In 2005, Popular Orthodox Rally attempted to re-define itself by re-naming the party as simply "Popular Rally" but in the end opted to remain with "Popular Orthodox Rally" because of the stir it caused with its more conservative voters.<ref>"Karatzaferis Cut 'Orthodox' From His Party", Stochos, 1 September 2005</ref><ref>"How LA.O.S. Became LA.SY.", Eleftheros Kosmos, 16 October 2005</ref> That same year, the party voted for the "European Parliament resolution on anti-Semitism and racism" and began making anti-racist appeals. Since then, Jewish, Muslim, immigrant, and homosexual candidates have run on the LAOS ticket alongside communists and moderate nationalists.<ref>[http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/news/content.asp?aid=64795 ‘French-Greek axis’ with the same extreme views, 4 January 2006]</ref><ref>The KKE Candidates of Karatzaferis, Stochos, 13 November 2005</ref> More radical nationalists, such as Konstantinos Plevris, have since then left the party, with some nationalists having joined Patriotic Alliance. Along with voting for the "European Parliament resolution on homophobia in Europe" and publicly denouncing anti-homosexual sentiments, party candidates such as singer Efi Sarri have announced their dedication to homosexual rights, a move that has further alienated the nationalist faction of the party.


Amid the [[Greek government-debt crisis]], the party supported the first bail-out in 2010 (the only parliamentary party apart from the governing PASOK),<ref>{{cite web | title = Profile of parties running in May 6 Greek elections | url = http://www.ekathimerini.com/4Dcgi/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite3_1_03/05/2012_440466 | website = ekathimerini.com | date = 3 May 2012 }}</ref> but thereafter voted against PASOK government on crucial votes, including the 29 June 2011 vote on austerity measures. After George Papandreou resigned in November 2011, LAOS participated along with PASOK and the ND in the government of national unity (the Papademos cabinet), but resigned from the government in February 2012 due to further austerity measures<ref>{{cite book | last = Kosmidis | first = Spyros | title = Government constraints and economic voting in Greece |url = http://www.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/research/hellenicObservatory/CMS%20pdf/Publications/GreeSE/GreeSE-No70.pdf | publisher = Hellenic Observatory, European Institute | id= GreeSE Paper No. 70 | date = May 2013 }}</ref> and amid declining popularity in polls.<ref>{{cite news | last = GRReporter | title = Karadzaferis changed his mind about the memorandum, Voridis and Georgiadis are leaving | url =http://www.grreporter.info/en/karadzaferis_changed_his_mind_about_memorandum_voridis_and_georgiadis_are_leaving/6058 | publisher = GRReporter | date = 12 February 2012 }}</ref> LAOS failed to win any seats in the 2012 Greece parliamentary election, which can be attributed to its previous indecisive position.<ref>{{cite book | last = Roushas | first = Roxani | title = Understanding the electoral breakthrough of Golden Dawn in Greece: a demand and supply perspective | url = http://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/pdfs/wp/wp-83-14.pdf | id = WP 83 | publisher = [[International Migration Institute]] | date = January 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160111120307/http://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/pdfs/wp/wp-83-14.pdf | archive-date = 11 January 2016 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
Observers note that the Communist Party of Greece is losing votes to LAOS<ref>[http://www.athensnews.gr/athweb/nathens.prnt_article?e=C&f=13248&t=01&m=A99&aa=6 Time to redefine patriotism in Greece, 17 August 2007]</ref> and that, for the first time in its history, it looks to join the Greek parliament. According to Karatzaferis, 50% of his party's voting base is from the liberal-conservative New Democracy and 50% from the left (with 17% specifically communist). However, some electoral experts believe that 80% is from New Democracy and 20% from PASOK and the assorted left.<ref>[http://www.athensnews.gr/athweb/nathens.prnt_article?e=C&f=13237&t=01&m=A03&aa=1 ND's nemesis is named Karatzaferis, 1 June 2007]</ref>


==Controversy==
==Platform==
{{third-party|section|date=February 2012}}
===Allegations of anti-semitism ===
{{Update|section|date=September 2019}}
The main points of the Popular Orthodox Rally platform are as follows:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.laos.gr/PROGRAM_LAOS.pdf | pages=1–96 | title=Program Laos (''Plaisio Theseon'') | access-date=2011-01-15 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716202607/http://www.laos.gr/PROGRAM_LAOS.pdf | archive-date=16 July 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>


* No [[accession of Turkey to the European Union]]
The [[Stephen Roth Institute]] at [[Tel Aviv University]] has placed the party along with far-right Greek groups and parties, such as [[Hrisi Avgi]], in its report on [[anti-Semitism]].<ref name="SRI2">[http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2001-2/greece.htm Stephen Roth Institute 2001 report]</ref><ref name="SRI2002">[http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2002-3/greece.htm Stephen Roth Institute 2002 report]</ref> Karatzaferis has recognized the killing of six million Jews by the Nazis<ref>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+CRE+20051213+ITEM-055+DOC+XML+V0//EN European Parliament debate (Tuesday, 13 December 2005 - Strasbourg)]</ref> and has signed a motion for a resolution against Anti-Semitism and racism.<ref>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+MOTION+B6-2005-0079+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN European Parliament resolution on anti-Semitism and racism]</ref> However, years earlier, Karatzaferis had challenged "mr. Jew ambassador" (referring to the Israeli ambassador in Greece) to come and discuss "the "[[Auschwitz]] and [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]] myth" with him<ref>http://www.iospress.gr/mikro2001/mikro20010929.htm</ref>. He had also stated that the [[Protocols of Zion]] are being put into effect<ref>[http://www.enet.gr/online/online_fpage_text/dt=20.10.2002,id=76848240,84927984,19454128,98978672,11563824]</ref>, claimed that "the Pope and the Jews are conspiring against Greece" and suggested that "the Jews" where responsible for the [[September 11th attacks]]. Jewish candidate Mihail Gkiolman ran on the party's ticket in the 2006 local elections and is currently running as candidate for the 2007 parliamentary elections<ref>[http://www.e-grammes.gr/article.php?id=2743 The Candidates of Popular Orthodox Rally in All of Greece, 28 August 2007]</ref>. LAOS's leader continues to face common accusations of extreme-nationalism and chauvinism in Greece.
* Ban immigration from outside the [[European Union]] and deport all illegal immigrants.
* Opposition to the [[European Constitution]] and the [[Lisbon Treaty]]
* A strict stance in the [[Macedonia naming dispute]]; no recognition of the [[Republic of Macedonia]] under any name that includes the term "Macedonia."
* Drastic tax cuts for both individuals and small businesses.


==Election results==
The party's spokesman, Adonis Georgiades, has marketed a controversial book by nationalist author and Supreme Court lawyer Konstantinos Plevris entitled "Jews: The Whole Truth" (in Georgiades' own words, his "favorite" book{{Fact|date=September 2007}}) on his home shopping program on Teleasty (which is owned by the party leader). For this book Plevris was indicted by the Greek District Attorney on charges of inciting racial violence[http://www.e-tipos.com/newsitem?id=7506]. In it he allegedly describes himself as a "''nazi, fascist, racist, antidemocrat, antisemite''" (p.600), subscribes to the myth of the [[Protocols of the Elders of Zion]], characterizes Jewish children in the concentration camps as "very fat" and "well-fed", claims that Jews are "subhuman" (p.583) "mortal enemies", and criticizes the Nazis for "not ridding Europe of Jewish zionism". In the same book, he allegedly characterizes former UN secretary Koffi Annan a "cannibal" and "descendant of cannibals" and states that Jews need to be 'rounded-up and executed within 24 hours' which is "the only way they understand" (p.742). Plevris officially denies that the book is anti-Semitic and is countersuing his accusers , maintaining that "Of the 1,400 pages of my large book, the condemnation encompasses only several paragraphs, of which portions were extracted, with the result that another meaning was given to the words and truth is distorted due to the alteration of phrases".<ref>[http://www.elkosmos.gr/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=596&Itemid=52 Jews Are Bringing Us to Court, 30 July 2007]</ref> Plevris, critics note, has previously shared a political platform with the openly neo-fascist ''Golden Dawn'' party, in the guise of his earlier ''Front Line'' party.


===Position on homosexuality===
===Hellenic Parliament===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:16px;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:60px;"| Election
! colspan="5"| [[Hellenic Parliament]]
! rowspan="2" style="width:30px;"| Rank
! rowspan="2" style="width:125px;"| Government
! rowspan="2"| Leader
|-
! style="width:75px;"| Votes
! style="width:45px;"| %
! style="width:45px;"| ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! style="width:100px;"| Seats won
! style="width:40px;"| +/−
|-
! [[2004 Greek legislative election|2004]]
| 162,151
| 2.2%
| ''New''
| {{Composition bar|0|300|hex={{party color|Popular Orthodox Rally}}}}
| {{steady}} 0
| #5
| style="background:#ddd;"| No seats
| rowspan="8" | Georgios Karatzaferis
|-
! [[2007 Greek legislative election|2007]]
| 271,809
| 3.8%
| +1.6
| {{Composition bar|10|300|hex={{party color|Popular Orthodox Rally}}}}
| {{increase}} 10
| #5
| style="background:#fcc;"| Opposition
|-
! [[2009 Greek legislative election|2009]]
| 386,205
| 5.6%
| +1.8
| {{Composition bar|15|300|hex={{party color|Popular Orthodox Rally}}}}
| {{increase}} 5
| #4
| style="background:#cfc;"| Government<br><small>([[Cabinet of Lucas Papademos]], 2011–2012)</small>
|-
! [[May 2012 Greek legislative election|May 2012]]
| 182,925
| 2.9%
| −2.7
| {{Composition bar|0|300|hex={{party color|Popular Orthodox Rally}}}}
| {{decrease}} 15
| #9
| style="background:#ddd;"| No seats
|-
! [[June 2012 Greek legislative election|June 2012]]
| 97,099
| 1.6%
| −1.3
| {{Composition bar|0|300|hex={{party color|Popular Orthodox Rally}}}}
| {{steady}} 0
| #9
| style="background:#ddd;"| No seats
|-
! [[January 2015 Greek legislative election|January 2015]]
| 63,669
| 1.0%
| −0.6
| {{Composition bar|0|300|hex={{party color|Popular Orthodox Rally}}}}
| {{steady}} 0
| #11
| style="background:#ddd;"| No seats
|-
! [[September 2015 Greek legislative election|September 2015]]
| colspan="6" rowspan="4" | Did not participate
| style="background:#ddd;"| No seats
|-
! [[2019 Greek legislative election|2019]]
| style="background:#ddd;"| No seats
|-
! [[May 2023 Greek legislative election|May 2023]]
| style="background:#ddd;"| No seats
|-
! [[June 2023 Greek legislative election|June 2023]]
| style="background:#ddd;"| No seats
|}


===European Parliament===
Earlier in the party's career, in 2002, its leader had related through his television broadcast his conviction that "''1/3 of Greek congressmen are passive homosexuals with Albanian stallions''". [http://www.iospress.gr/ios2006/ios20060325.htm] Later on, Popular Orthodox Rally saw criticism both internally and from its voters over an apparent reversal of its stance with regards to homosexuality. Along with voting for the "European Parliament resolution on homophobia in Europe", Karatzaferis has himself met with homosexual activists and given interviews to homosexual magazines in which he's claimed to believe "two adults should be able to freely live together and their relationship include certain legal recognition" and that "homophobia must be fought".<ref>[http://www.karatzaferis.gr/2005/april/press_220405_2.html Press Release: The President of LA.O.S Mr. G. Karatzaferis accepted the presiding chairs of Greek homosexuals, 22 April 2005]</ref> Karatzaferis has claimed that the only internal disagreement came from the leftist Efthimios Droulias, though it is believed that such positions are partly responsible for the exodus of hardcore nationalists from the party. Another controversy erupted when singer and LAOS candidate Efi Sarri stated "I want all the young sexy girls and boys, foreigners, and homosexuals with me. Specifically for my gay friends, I will try to guarantee safeguards of their property, when one of the two dies, through the achievement of civil marriages or some contract". According to sources with Eleftheros Kosmos, the telephone centers of Tileasty and LAOS were flooded with thousands of indignant callers.<ref>[http://elkosmos.gr/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=695&Itemid=1 Efi Sarri Divides LA.O.S., 31 August 2007]</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:16px;"
|-
! colspan="9"|[[European Parliament]]
|-
! style="width:60px;"| Election
! style="width:75px;"| Votes
! style="width:45px;"| %
! style="width:45px;"| ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! style="width:100px;"| Seats won
! style="width:30px;"| +/−
! style="width:30px;"| Rank
! Leader
! EP Group
|-
! [[2004 European Parliament election in Greece|2004]]
| 252,429
| 4.12%
| ''New''
| {{Composition bar|1|24|hex={{party color|Popular Orthodox Rally}}}}
| ''New''
| 5th
| rowspan="4" | Georgios Karatzaferis
| [[Independence/Democracy|IND/DEM]]
|-
! [[2009 European Parliament election in Greece|2009]]
| 366,616
| 7.15%
| +3.03
| {{Composition bar|2|22|hex={{party color|Popular Orthodox Rally}}}}
| {{increase}} 1
| 4th
| [[Europe of Freedom and Democracy|EFD]]
|-
! [[2014 European Parliament election in Greece|2014]]
| 154,029
| 2.69%
| −4.46
| {{Composition bar|0|21|hex={{party color|Popular Orthodox Rally}}}}
| {{decrease}} 2
| 8th
| rowspan="3" | −
|-
! [[2019 European Parliament election in Greece|2019]]{{efn|Run in a joint list with [[Patriotic Radical Union|PAT.RI.E.]].}}
| 69,779
| 1.23%
| −1.46
| {{Composition bar|0|21|hex={{party color|Popular Orthodox Rally}}}}
| {{steady}} 0
| 12th
|-
! [[2024 European Parliament election in Greece|2024]]
| 9,936
| 0.25%
| −0.98
| {{Composition bar|0|21|hex={{party color|Popular Orthodox Rally}}}}
| {{steady}} 0
| 24th
| Philippos Kampouris
|}
{{Notelist}}


===Local elections===
=== Fascist salute incident ===


{| class="wikitable"
During the LAOS party convention of 2006 in Thessaloniki, presided by Georgios Karatzaferis, a participant gave a fascist salute while the national anthem was being played, in presence of the full assembly at the closure of the conference. This motion, which was videotaped by a television station, predictably caused a stir in the Greek media, [http://ta-nea.dolnet.gr/print_article.php?e=A&f=18469&m=N11&aa=2] especially in light of the fact that neither Karatzaferis nor any of the other participants in LAOS's convention "displayed the slightest reaction" (Ta Nea, 20/02/2006) at the gesture. Later on, Karatzaferis claimed that he had not seen the fascist salute, and accused rival parties (specifically, New Democracy) of "planting" the person in order to discredit his party. The Greek press noted, however, that the man could not be unrelated to LAOS, as all participants in the convention wore name tags and were either full rank and file members of [[LA.O.S.]], or registered observers who had provided their data and names before entering the convention center ; moreover, although all participants had been given name tags and registered in order to participate, Karatzaferis did not disclose the identity of the offender he accused of acting as an "agent provocateur"[http://www.in.gr/news/article.asp?lngEntityID=685732].
|- style="background:#c9c9c9;"
! colspan="9"|'''Results since 2004<br/><small>(year links to election page)</small>'''
|-
! style="width: 20px"|Year
! style="width:140px"|Type of Election
! style="width: 60px"|Votes
! style="width: 20px"|%
! style="width:200px"|Mandates
|-
! [[2010 Greek local elections|2010]]
| style="text-align:center" | Local (peripheries)
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | 4.0%
| style="text-align:center" | 89
|}


==Affiliated media==
===Conspiracy theories===
*The weekly newspaper A1
*[[Asti Radio Television|ART]] television station
* The [http://www.alpha1news.gr/ alpha1news.gr website].
* The [https://www.artfm906.gr/ ART] radio station FM 102.7 collaborated with Nikos Koklonis


==See also==
LA.O.S. parliament candidate [[Anestis Keramidas]] has been criticized for supporting the [[Epsilon Team]]/[[Epsilonism]] theory.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}
*[[List of political parties in Greece]]

==Party Members==
*[[Makis Voridis]]
*[[Anestis Keramidas]]
*[[Adonis Georgiades]]
*[[Leonidas Georgiades]]
*[[Kyriakos Velopoulos]]
*Efi Sarri
*Konstantinos Skandalakis
*Christos Goudis
*Nikolaos Salavrakos
*Georgios Tsiropoulos
*Ioannis Terezakis
*Basiliki Tsabieri
*Basileios Paramanidis
*Georgios Roussos
*Anestis Charitantis
*Mihail Gkiolman
*Artemis Tsiknia-Maraki
*Georgios Kapapostolou
*Ifigeneia Tarinidou (Efi Sarri)
*Imam Ahmet

===Former Members===

*[[Konstantinos Plevris]]
*Efthimios Droulias


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
<!--This section uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. If you would like more information on how to add references to this article, please see http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cite/Cite.php -->
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>

==See also==
*[[List of political parties in Greece]]
*[[Greek legislative election, 2004]]
*[[European Parliament election, 2004 (Greece)]]


==External links==
==External links==

*[http://www.laos.gr/ Official web site (in Greek)]
*[http://ekloges.ypes.gr/ Greek election results], via the Greek Ministry of Internal Affairs
* [http://ekloges.ypes.gr/ Greek Ministry of Internal Affairs – Greek Election Results] accessed 10 October 2012.
* [http://www.laos-bw.com/ Official Representation in Germany for the state BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG (in Greek, English and German)] This page appears to be almost all Greek language with no apparent link to an English language website. - accessed 10 October 2012.


{{Greek political parties}}
{{Greek political parties}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Greek nationalist parties]]
[[Category:Popular Orthodox Rally| ]]
[[Category:Christian democratic parties in Europe]]

[[Category:Nationalist parties in Greece]]
[[de:LAOS]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox political parties]]
[[el:Λαϊκός Ορθόδοξος Συναγερμός]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2000]]
[[pl:Ludowi Radykałowie Prawosławni]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Greece]]
[[Category:Eurosceptic parties in Greece]]
[[Category:Conservative parties in Greece]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodoxy and far-right politics]]
[[Category:Social conservative parties]]
[[Category:Right-wing populism in Greece]]
[[Category:Right-wing populist parties]]
[[Category:Right-wing parties in Europe]]
[[Category:Organizations that oppose LGBTQ rights in Greece]]
[[Category:Christian fundamentalist organizations in Europe]]
[[Category:Christian nationalism in Europe]]
[[Category:Anti-abortion organizations]]
[[Category:Criticism of multiculturalism]]
[[Category:Anti-globalization movement]]
[[Category:Criticism of feminism]]
[[Category:Paleoconservatism]]
[[Category:Paleoconservative organizations]]
[[Category:Anti-immigration politics in Europe]]
[[Category:Opposition to same-sex marriage in Europe]]
[[Category:Ultranationalist parties]]

Latest revision as of 05:26, 21 December 2024

Popular Orthodox Rally
Λαϊκός Ορθόδοξος Συναγερμός
PresidentPhilippos Kampouris
FounderGeorgios Karatzaferis
Founded14 September 2000 (2000-09-14)
Split fromNew Democracy
Headquarters52, Kallirois Avenue, 117 45 Athens
Youth wingYouth of the Orthodox Rally
IdeologyGreek nationalism[1]
Right-wing populism[2][3][4]
Religious conservatism[5]
Euroscepticism[6]
Political positionRight-wing[7] to far-right[3][4]
Colours  Dark Blue
Parliament
0 / 300
European Parliament
0 / 21
Regional councillors
2 / 611
Website
laos.com.gr

The Popular Orthodox Rally or People's Orthodox Alarm[8] (Greek: Λαϊκός Ορθόδοξος Συναγερμός, Laikós Orthódoxos Synagermós), often abbreviated to LAOS (ΛΑ.Ο.Σ.) as a reference to the Greek word for people, is a Greek right-wing populist political party.[2][3][4] It was founded by journalist Georgios Karatzaferis in 2000, a few months after he was expelled from the centre-right New Democracy. Today, the party is led by Philippos Kampouris.

In 2004, LAOS secured support from the Party of Hellenism and the Hellenic Women's Political Party. In 2005, LAOS absorbed the nationalist[9][10] Hellenic Front.[11][third-party source needed] The youth branch of LAOS is the Youth of the Orthodox Rally (NEOS) (which is also a pun on the word for "youth" in Greek). The Popular Orthodox Rally was a member of the Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD) group in the European Parliament during the 7th European Parliament, and was a member of the Alliance of Independent Democrats in Europe, a European political party, until the AIDE's dissolution in 2008.

The party failed to reach the 3% threshold of the popular vote in the 2004 elections, with 2.2%; three months later it gained 4.12% of the vote and one seat in the 2004 European Parliamentary Elections. LAOS received 3.8% of the vote in the 2007 elections, electing 10 members of parliament. In 2009 LAOS managed to elect two representatives in the European Parliament, receiving 7.14% of the vote. After receiving 5.63% of the vote and electing 15 members of parliament in the 2009 elections, LAOS dropped below the 3% threshold in 2012 and failed to secure any seats in parliament. On 8 April 2016 LAOS joined the alliance National Unity. The party did not contest the 2019 elections or the May 2023 or June 2023 Greek legislative election.

High profile members, such as Makis Voridis, Thanos Plevris and Adonis Georgiadis, have since joined New Democracy, all three becoming ministers in the Cabinet of Kyriakos Mitsotakis, in what has been described as a "LAOSification" of the latter.[12] Prior to the 2023 Greek legislative election, the party's founder and long-time president, Georgios Karatzaferis, praised Mitsotakis, calling him "the best politician of the century".[13][14]

Ideology

[edit]
This article is part of a series on
Conservatism in Greece
Ideologies
Principles
History
Intellectuals
Politicians
Parties
Active

Defunct

Organisations
Media
Related

According to the Popular Orthodox Rally, "the demarcation of the political world into the Right wing and the Left wing is no longer relevant after the end of the Cold War. Nowadays, everyone in every aspect of his or her everyday life is either in favour or against Globalization". The party claims to consist of radically diverse groups that span the entire left-right political spectrum. Party president Karatzaferis, speaking on the 6th anniversary of the party's creation, stated "We are united in the only party that has in its ranks labourers and scientists, workers and the unemployed, leftists and rightists".[15][third-party source needed]

Karatzaferis has described the Popular Orthodox Rally as "a profoundly democratic party", consisting of everything from a "pre-dictatorship Right" to a merger of Left and Right to a "Popular Liberalism" in official party literature. He has also stated that he supports "patriotism and social solidarity, taking from all ideologies and personalities I like. I don't care if it's called communism, liberalism or socialism."[16]

However, the Popular Orthodox Rally is often characterized by opposing politicians and in the media as "far-right",[17][18][19][20][21] "populist", "radical right",[22] "right-wing"[7][23] and "nationalist". It has also been argued that its founding declaration (now withdrawn from the web) included antidemocratic, anti-parliamentary ideas, and the proposal that decisions should be taken by a council, which would include military officers and Church officials.[24] The Popular Orthodox Rally began as a party with an Orthodox Christian religious identity, but also one with a radically nationalist political identity. Although it has since allegedly tried to 'moderate' the nationalist part of its appeal, with some of an extreme-nationalist or neo-fascist bent, such as Konstantinos Plevris, then leaving the party to join Patriotic Alliance or other fringe political organizations, more extreme-nationalists have recently once again joined its ranks and been elected to parliament. Of the ten Popular Orthodox Rally candidates who entered the parliament in 2007, four are considered to be part of the "nationalist bloc": Makis Voridis, "Thanos" Plevris, Adonis Georgiadis, and Kiriakos Velopoulos.[25]

Amid the Greek government-debt crisis, the party supported the first bail-out in 2010 (the only parliamentary party apart from the governing PASOK),[26] but thereafter voted against PASOK government on crucial votes, including the 29 June 2011 vote on austerity measures. After George Papandreou resigned in November 2011, LAOS participated along with PASOK and the ND in the government of national unity (the Papademos cabinet), but resigned from the government in February 2012 due to further austerity measures[27] and amid declining popularity in polls.[28] LAOS failed to win any seats in the 2012 Greece parliamentary election, which can be attributed to its previous indecisive position.[29]

Platform

[edit]

The main points of the Popular Orthodox Rally platform are as follows:[30]

Election results

[edit]

Hellenic Parliament

[edit]
Election Hellenic Parliament Rank Government Leader
Votes % ±pp Seats won +/−
2004 162,151 2.2% New
0 / 300
 Steady 0 #5 No seats Georgios Karatzaferis
2007 271,809 3.8% +1.6
10 / 300
 Increase 10 #5 Opposition
2009 386,205 5.6% +1.8
15 / 300
 Increase 5 #4 Government
(Cabinet of Lucas Papademos, 2011–2012)
May 2012 182,925 2.9% −2.7
0 / 300
 Decrease 15 #9 No seats
June 2012 97,099 1.6% −1.3
0 / 300
 Steady 0 #9 No seats
January 2015 63,669 1.0% −0.6
0 / 300
 Steady 0 #11 No seats
September 2015 Did not participate No seats
2019 No seats
May 2023 No seats
June 2023 No seats

European Parliament

[edit]
European Parliament
Election Votes % ±pp Seats won +/− Rank Leader EP Group
2004 252,429 4.12% New
1 / 24
 New 5th Georgios Karatzaferis IND/DEM
2009 366,616 7.15% +3.03
2 / 22
 Increase 1 4th EFD
2014 154,029 2.69% −4.46
0 / 21
 Decrease 2 8th −
2019[a] 69,779 1.23% −1.46
0 / 21
 Steady 0 12th
2024 9,936 0.25% −0.98
0 / 21
 Steady 0 24th Philippos Kampouris
  1. ^ Run in a joint list with PAT.RI.E..

Local elections

[edit]
Results since 2004
(year links to election page)
Year Type of Election Votes % Mandates
2010 Local (peripheries) 4.0% 89

Affiliated media

[edit]
  • The weekly newspaper A1
  • ART television station
  • The alpha1news.gr website.
  • The ART radio station FM 102.7 collaborated with Nikos Koklonis

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Lacroix, Justine; Nicolaīdis, Kalypso (2011). European Stories: Intellectual Debates on Europe in National Contexts. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-19-959462-7.
  2. ^ a b Gemenis, Kostas (March 2008). "The 2007 Parliamentary Election in Greece" (PDF). Mediterranean Politics. 13 (1). Taylor and Francis: 95–101. doi:10.1080/13629390701862616. S2CID 154194955.
    Gemenis, Kostas; Dinas, Elias (July 2010). "Confrontation still? Examining parties' policy positions in Greece" (PDF). Comparative European Politics. 8 (2). Palgrave Macmillan: 179–201. doi:10.1057/cep.2008.28. S2CID 143772280.
  3. ^ a b c Hainsworth, Paul (2008), The Extreme Right in Western Europe, Routledge, p. 66, ISBN 9780415396820
  4. ^ a b c Art, David (2011), Inside the Radical Right: The Development of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe, Cambridge University Press, p. 188, ISBN 9781139498838
  5. ^ Papadopoulos, Alex G. (8 May 2012). "The Puzzle of the 2012 Greek Elections". International Policy Digest. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
  6. ^ Vasilopoulou, Sofia (2010), Euroscepticism and the radical right: domestic strategies and party system dynamics (PDF) (PhD thesis), The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), p. 157
  7. ^ a b ""First term judged by second," 10 August 2007". Ekathimerini.com. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  8. ^ Malkopoulou, Anthoula (2014), "Eurozone crisis and Parliamentary democracy: lessons from the Greek case", in Wiesner, Claudia (ed.), The meanings of Europe: changes and exchanges of a contested concept, Routledge, p. 161, ISBN 9781306287913.
  9. ^ Davies, Peter; Jackson, Paul (2008), The far right in Europe: an encyclopedia, Greenwood World Press, p. 416
  10. ^ Tzilivakis, Kathy (5 March 2004), Voices from the far right, Athens News, archived from the original on 1 August 2012, retrieved 1 March 2012
  11. ^ "Decision of Hellenic Front, 15 May 2005". E-grammes.gr. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  12. ^ "Ανασχηματισμός / «Φουλ» του ΛΑΟΣ στη νέα σύνθεση της κυβέρνησης Μητσοτάκη". Αυγή (in Greek). 31 August 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  13. ^ Group), Radiotileoptiki S. A. (OPEN Digital (31 January 2023). "Καρατζαφέρης: Ο Μητσοτάκης ο πιο «άρτιος πολιτικός τουλάχιστον του αιώνα - Η ισχυρότερη προσωπικότητα»". ΕΘΝΟΣ (in Greek). Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  14. ^ IEFIMERIDA.GR, NEWSROOM (31 January 2023). "Καρατζαφέρης για Μητσοτάκη: Ο πιο άρτιος πολιτικός του αιώνα -Μιντιάρχες και άλλοι θέλουν να τον «κοντύνουν» [βίντεο]". iefimerida.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  15. ^ "Georgios Karatzaferis, "6 Years Popular Orthodox Rally", 14 September 2006". E-grammes.gr. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  16. ^ ND's nemesis is named Karatzaferis, 1 June 2007 [dead link‍]
  17. ^ "'French-Greek axis' with the same extreme views". Ekathimerini.com. 4 January 2006. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  18. ^ Smith, Helena (Athens) (18 September 2007). "Far-right movement gathers strength as Greek election nears". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  19. ^ "The Age quoting Los Angeles Times, Reuters". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. 18 September 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  20. ^ Carassava, Anthee (17 September 2007). "Greek governing party wins a 2nd term". The New York Times.
  21. ^ Gatopoulos, Derek (16 September 2007). "Greeks voting in general election". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  22. ^ See Gemenis (2008) as above, Gemenis and Dinas (2009) as above, Cas Mudde (2007), Populist radical right parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  23. ^ "Wall of flame threatens to engulf birthplace of the Olympic Games". The Times. 27 August 2007. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008.
  24. ^ "The hidden 'Orthodoxy' of LAOS". Tanea.gr. 14 June 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  25. ^ "With Α Hard Group of Five on National Issues". Ethnos.gr. 18 September 2007. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  26. ^ "Profile of parties running in May 6 Greek elections". ekathimerini.com. 3 May 2012.
  27. ^ Kosmidis, Spyros (May 2013). Government constraints and economic voting in Greece (PDF). Hellenic Observatory, European Institute. GreeSE Paper No. 70.
  28. ^ GRReporter (12 February 2012). "Karadzaferis changed his mind about the memorandum, Voridis and Georgiadis are leaving". GRReporter.
  29. ^ Roushas, Roxani (January 2014). Understanding the electoral breakthrough of Golden Dawn in Greece: a demand and supply perspective (PDF). International Migration Institute. WP 83. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 January 2016.
  30. ^ "Program Laos (Plaisio Theseon)" (PDF). pp. 1–96. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
[edit]
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