Jump to content

Joaquín Camacho: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→Survivors: Antonio Ricaurte never was president of Venezuela
No edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
 
(62 intermediate revisions by 46 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Colombian politician}}
⚫
{{Infobox President
{{family name hatnote|Camacho|Lago|lang=Spanish}}
⚫
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| honorific-prefix =
| name = José Joaquín Camacho
| name = Joaquín Camacho
| alt = 1825 oil portrait of Joaquín Camacho by Coriolano Leudo
| honorific-suffix =
| caption = 1825 portrait by Coriolano Leudo
| image = Joaquin Camacho.jpg
| image = Joaquin Camacho.jpg
| office = President of the United Provinces of the New Granada*
| office = [[President of the United Provinces of the New Granada]]*
| term_start = [[October 5]], [[1814]]
| term_start = October 5, 1814
| term_end = [[January 21]], [[1815]]
| term_end = January 21, 1815
| predecessor = [[Camilo Torres Tenorio]]
| predecessor = [[Camilo Torres Tenorio]]
| successor = '''[[Triumvirate]]''' <small><br>[[Custodio García Rovira]],
| successor = '''[[Triumvirate]]''' <small><br>[[Custodio García Rovira]], <br>[[José Miguel Pey de Andrade]], <br>[[Manuel Rodríguez Torices]]</small>
| birthname = José Joaquín Justo Camacho Lago
[[José Miguel Pey de Andrade]],
| birth_date = July 17, 1766

⚫
| birth_place = [[Tunja]], [[Boyacá Department|Boyacá]],<br>[[Viceroyalty of the New Granada]]
[[Manuel Rodríguez Torices]]</small></br>
| birth_date = [[July 17]], [[1766]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1816|08|31|1766|07|17}}
| death_place = [[Bogotá]], [[Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca|Cundinamarca]],<br>[[United Provinces of New Granada]]
⚫
| birth_place = [[Tunja]], [[Boyacá Department|Boyacá]]
| death_date = [[August 31]], [[1816]]
| spouse = Marcelina Rodríguez Lago y Castillo
| death_place = [[Bogotá]], [[Cundinamarca]]
| alma_mater = [[Our Lady of the Rosary University]]
| spouse = '''Marcelina Rodríguez Lago y Castillo'''
| party = '''Federalist'''
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
| footnotes =*Member president of the Triumvirate.
| footnotes =*Member president of the Triumvirate.
}}
}}


'''José Joaquín Justo Camacho Lago''' ([[July 17]], [[1766]] - [[August 31]], [[1816]]) was a [[Viceroyalty of the New Granada|Neogranadine]] statesman, lawyer, journalist and professor, who worked for the Independence of the [[Colombia|New Granada]], what is now [[Colombia]], and participated in the Open Cabildo which declared the Act of Independence, of which he was also a signer. He was executed during the Reign of Terror of [[Pablo Morillo]] after the [[Spanish invasion of New Granada]].
'''José Joaquín Justo Camacho y Rodriguez de Lago''' (July 17, 1766 &ndash; August 31, 1816) was a [[Viceroyalty of the New Granada|Neogranadine]] statesman, lawyer, journalist and professor, who worked for the Independence of the [[Colombia|New Granada]], what is now [[Colombia]], and participated in the Open Cabildo which declared the Act of Independence, of which he was also a signer. He was executed during the Reign of Terror of [[Pablo Morillo]] after the [[Spanish invasion of New Granada]].


==Early life==
==Early life==


'''José Joaquín Camacho''' was born on [[July 17]], [[1766]], in [[Tunja]]<ref>''Gobernantes de Colombia'' By Jorge de Mendoza Velez</ref>, which was part of the [[Viceroyalty of the New Granada]], now [[Colombia]]. His parents were '''Francisco Camacho''' and '''Rosa Lago'''. He attended [[Our Lady of the Rosary University]] where he studied [[Jurisprudence]]. He was admitted as a [[lawyer]] by the [[Royal Audiency of Santafé de Bogotá]] in the year [[1792]]. He became one of the most important lawyers of the viceroyalty and winning the admiration of his colleagues.
Camacho was born on July 17, 1766, in [[Tunja]],<ref>''Gobernantes de Colombia'' By Jorge de Mendoza Velez</ref> which was part of the [[Viceroyalty of the New Granada]], now [[Colombia]]. His parents were Francisco Camacho y Solórzano and Rosa Rodríguez de Lago y Castillo. He attended [[Our Lady of the Rosary University]] where he studied [[Jurisprudence]]. He was admitted as a [[lawyer]] by the [[Royal Audiency of Santafé de Bogotá]] in the year 1792. He became one of the most important lawyers of the viceroyalty and winning the admiration of his colleagues.


On [[June 13]], [[1793]], Joaquín Camacho married '''Marcelena Rodríguez Lago Castilla''', a member of the prominent Sanz de Santamaría family on her mother’s side<ref>''Gendering Latin American Independence: Women's Political Culture and the Textual Construction of Gender 1790-1850'' By the [[University of Nottingham]], and the [[University of Manchester]][http://www.genderlatam.org.uk/PersonDetails.php?PeopleID=632]</ref>. Together they had three children.
On June 13, 1793, Camacho married Marcelina Rodríguez de Lago y Castillo, a member of the prominent Sanz de Santamaría family on her mother's side.<ref>''Gendering Latin American Independence: Women's Political Culture and the Textual Construction of Gender 1790-1850'' By the [[University of Nottingham]], and the [[University of Manchester]][http://www.genderlatam.org.uk/PersonDetails.php?PeopleID=632] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928063533/http://www.genderlatam.org.uk/PersonDetails.php?PeopleID=632|date=2007-09-28}}</ref> Together they had three children.


==Writing and journalism==
==Writing and journalism==


Responding to a prize competition in [[1808]] by philanthropist Nicolás Manuel Tanco<ref>''Ciencia, filosofía y educación en Colombia (siglo XVIII)'' By Juan Manuel Pacheco</ref>, Joaquín Camacho wrote ''Memoria sobre la causa y curación de los cotos'', an account on the cause and treatment for [[goitre]]; this remarkable work won the competition<ref>''Estudios criticos'' By Rafael Maria Merchan[http://books.google.com/books?id=YZQCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA507&dq=Memoria+sobre+la+causa+y+curaci%C3%B3n+de+los+cotos&as_brr=1#PPA507,M1]</ref>. The competition was a response to the situation of Bogotá, which at the time was having a small epidemic of goiter<ref>''Memorias para la Historia de la Medicina en Santafé de Bogotá'' By Doctor Pedro M. Ibáñez</ref>.
Responding to a prize competition in 1808 by philanthropist Nicolás Manuel Tanco,<ref>''Ciencia, filosofía y educación en Colombia (siglo XVIII)'' By Juan Manuel Pacheco</ref> Camacho wrote ''Memoria sobre la causa y curación de los cotos'', an account on the cause and treatment for [[goitre]]; this remarkable work won the competition.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YZQCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA507#PPA507,M1 ''Estudios criticos'' By Rafael Maria Merchan]</ref> The competition was a response to the situation of Bogotá, which at the time was having a small epidemic of goiter.<ref>''Memorias para la Historia de la Medicina en Santafé de Bogotá'' By Doctor Pedro M. Ibáñez</ref>


Joaquín Camacho wrote for the ''Seminario del Nuevo Reino de Granada'', a newsletter edited by [[Francisco José de Caldas]], its most important contribution was in [[1809]], ''Relación territorial de la provincia de Pamplona en el Nuevo Reino de Granada'', an extensive account of the Province of [[Pamplona]] at the end of the Colonial Period. In it it described its main cities, the fauna and flora of the region, the provincial limits and borders, and other geographical and botanical information about Pamplona.<ref>''Seminario del Nuevo Reino de Granada'' (Volume II, 1809, Page 97)</ref><ref>''La botánica y los botánicos de la peninsula hispanolusitana'' (Page 57) By Miguel Colmeiro y Penido[http://books.google.com/books?id=G04bAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA52&dq=Relaci%C3%B3n+territorial+de+la+Provincia+de+Pamplona#PPA57,M1]</ref>
Camacho wrote for the ''Seminario del Nuevo Reino de Granada'', a newsletter edited by [[Francisco José de Caldas]], its most important contribution was in 1809, ''Relación territorial de la provincia de Pamplona en el Nuevo Reino de Granada'', an extensive account of the Province of [[Pamplona]] at the end of the Colonial Period. In it is described its main cities, the fauna and flora of the region, the provincial limits and borders, and other geographical and botanical information about Pamplona.<ref>''Seminario del Nuevo Reino de Granada'' (Volume II, 1809, Page 97)</ref><ref>''La botánica y los botánicos de la peninsula hispanolusitana'' (Page 57) By Miguel Colmeiro y Penido [https://books.google.com/books?id=G04bAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA52#PPA57,M1]</ref>


Joaquín Camacho started venturing more into [[journalism]] in [[1810]], when he co-edited the newspaper ''Diario Político'', with [[Francisco José de Caldas]]. The Diario Politico first came out on [[August 27]], [[1810]], and contained political articles related with the events of July 20 then on. It ran three editions per week till February of [[1811]].<ref>''La producción intelectual de los rosaristas, 1700-1799: Catálogo bibliográfico'' (Page 53) By Pilar Jaramillo de Zuleta[http://books.google.com/books?id=zoHZm67BspMC&pg=PA53&dq=%22Joaqu%C3%ADn+Camacho%22&sig=jsn2mZDHQv7qDkttYKCGkJQy-Xw]</ref>
Camacho started venturing more into [[journalism]] in 1810, when he co-edited the newspaper ''Diario Político'', with [[Francisco José de Caldas]]. The Diario Politico first came out on August 27, 1810, and contained political articles related with the events of July 20 then on. It ran three editions per week until February 1811.<ref>''La producción intelectual de los rosaristas, 1700-1799: Catálogo bibliográfico'' (Page 53) By Pilar Jaramillo de Zuleta [https://books.google.com/books?id=zoHZm67BspMC&pg=PA53]</ref>


==July 20, 1810==
==July 20, 1810==


On [[July 19]], [[1810]], the precursors of the independence - [[Camilo Torres Tenorio]], [[José Acevedo Gómez]], [[José Miguel Pey]] and [[Jorge Tadeo Lozano]], among others - held a secret meeting in the Astronomic Observatory of Bogotá, the office of [[Francisco José de Caldas]]. They had been informed of a plan by the Spaniards to arrest prominent criollos who had ideas of independence; the precursors were determined to win their independence and they, that night, planed the revolution<ref>http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/historia/cseiii/cseiii05a.htm</ref><ref>''Génesis de la revolución del 20 de julio de 1810'' (Page 140) By Sergio Elías Ortiz</ref>. They were also convinced that the upcoming visit of the Regency Comissioners, [[Antonio Villavicencio]] and [[Carlos Montúfar]], would bring the same results it had in [[Cartagena de Indias]]. Camilo Torres proposed that the first strike had to come from the Spaniards, to incite the people for an uprising and to prevent their supporters from doing something about it<ref>''Grandes fechas'' (Page 59) By Abelardo Forero Benavides</ref>. Joaquín Camacho would go to the house of the viceroy and ask him to allow a Junta to take place: they knew that he was going to oppose this, but would use it as the Spaniards' way of undermining the American people. Meanwhile, Luis de Rubio and Antonio Morales would go to the house of José Gonzales Llorente and start a mob uprising with the excuse of borrowing a flower vase, something they knew he would refuse giving Llorente's reputation.
On July 19, 1810, the precursors of the independence - [[Camilo Torres Tenorio]], José Acevedo Gómez, [[José Miguel Pey]] and [[Jorge Tadeo Lozano]], among others - held a secret meeting in the Astronomic Observatory of Bogotá, the office of [[Francisco José de Caldas]]. They had been informed of a plan by the Spaniards to arrest prominent criollos who had ideas of independence; the precursors were determined to win their independence and they, that night, planned the revolution.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/historia/cseiii/cseiii05a.htm |title=Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2007-08-02 |archive-date=2008-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019051618/http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/historia/cseiii/cseiii05a.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>''Génesis de la revolución del 20 de julio de 1810'' (Page 140) By Sergio Elías Ortiz</ref> They were also convinced that the upcoming visit of the Regency Commissioners, [[Antonio Villavicencio]] and Carlos Montúfar, would bring the same results it had in [[Cartagena de Indias]]. Camilo Torres proposed that the first strike had to come from the Spaniards, to incite the people for an uprising and to prevent their supporters from doing something about it.<ref>''Grandes fechas'' (Page 59) By Abelardo Forero Benavides</ref> Camacho would go to the house of the viceroy and ask him to allow a Junta to take place: they knew that he was going to oppose this, but would use it as the Spaniards' way of undermining the American people. Meanwhile, Luis de Rubio and Antonio Morales would go to the house of José Gonzales Llorente and start a mob uprising with the excuse of borrowing a flower vase, something they knew he would refuse giving Llorente's reputation.


The next day, Friday [[July 20]], [[1810]], everything went according to their plan, and by night they had assembled an Open Cabildo. Don Camacho was part of this Cabildo, which wrote the first Declaration of Independence of Colombia, the ''Acta del Cabildo Extraordinario de Santa Fe'', which declared the Viceroyalty of New Granada independent. Joaquín Camacho was one its signers<ref>''Acta del Cabildo Extaordinario de Santa Fe''[http://www.alcudiavirtual.ua.es/servlet/SirveObras/public/08147397511360395432268/p0000001.htm]</ref>.
The next day, Friday July 20, 1810, everything went according to their plan, and by night they had assembled an Open Cabildo. Don Camacho was part of this Cabildo, which wrote the first Declaration of Independence of Colombia, the ''Acta del Cabildo Extraordinario de Santa Fe'', which declared the Viceroyalty of New Granada independent. Camacho was one its signers.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120630004841/http://www.alcudiavirtual.ua.es/servlet/SirveObras/public/08147397511360395432268/p0000001.htm ''Acta del Cabildo Extaordinario de Santa Fe'']</ref>


==Deputy of Congress==
==Deputy of Congress==


Joaquín Camacho also participated in the Congress of the United Provinces of the New Granada, which was convened in [[Villa de Leiva]], as a Deputy Representative for the Province of Tunja<ref>''El libro de la patria; historia del 20 de julio, complementada con pensamientos de esclarecidos colombianos sobre esta fecha memorable ilustrad con rasgos biográficos de los treinta y siete vocales que constituyeron el gobierno del nuevo reino.. preparada en conmemoracion del aniversario del 20 de julio de 1894.''
Camacho also participated in the Congress of the United Provinces of the New Granada, which was convened in [[Villa de Leiva]], as a Deputy Representative for the Province of Tunja.<ref>''El libro de la patria; historia del 20 de julio, complementada con pensamientos de esclarecidos colombianos sobre esta fecha memorable ilustrad con rasgos biográficos de los treinta y siete vocales que constituyeron el gobierno del nuevo reino... preparada en conmemoracion del aniversario del 20 de julio de 1894.''
by Ignacio Borda[http://books.google.com/books?id=26ngyYZgo7YC&pg=PA110&dq=%22Joaqu%C3%ADn+Camacho%22+Tunja#PPA111,M1]</ref>.
by Ignacio Borda [https://books.google.com/books?id=26ngyYZgo7YC&pg=PA110]</ref>


==Triumvirate==
==Triumvirate==


On [[October 5]], [[1814]], the Congress of the United Provinces changed the Presidency of the United Provinces and replaced it with a [[Triumvirate]], a three member executive body. Congress nominated [[Custodio García Rovira]], [[Manuel Rodríguez Torices]] and [[José Manuel Restrepo]] for the triumvirate, but they were all unable to assume the presidency, so Congress replaced them with [[José María del Castillo y Rada]], [[José Fernández Madrid]], and Joaquín Camacho<ref>''Colombia: Elections and Events 1810-1849'' By Social Sciences & Humanities Library[http://sshl.ucsd.edu/collections/las/colombia/1810.html]</ref>. Camacho exercised the executive power till [[January 2]], [[1815]]<ref> Joaquín Camacho By Javier López Ocampo[http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/biografias/camajose.htm]</ref>.
On October 5, 1814, the Congress of the United Provinces changed the Presidency of the United Provinces and replaced it with a [[Triumvirate]], a three-member executive body. Congress nominated [[Custodio García Rovira]], [[Manuel Rodríguez Torices]] and [[José Manuel Restrepo]] for the triumvirate, but they were all unable to assume the presidency, so Congress replaced them with [[José María del Castillo y Rada]], [[José Fernández Madrid]], and Camacho.<ref>''Colombia: Elections and Events 1810-1849'' By Social Sciences & Humanities Library {{cite web |url=http://sshl.ucsd.edu/collections/las/colombia/1810.html |title=SSHL: Collections: Latin American Studies: Elections |accessdate=2007-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513225215/http://sshl.ucsd.edu/collections/las/colombia/1810.html |archivedate=2007-05-13 }}</ref> Camacho exercised the executive power until January 2, 1815.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/biografias/camajose.htm |title=Joaquín Camacho By Javier López Ocampo |access-date=2007-08-02 |archive-date=2008-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121024628/http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/biografias/camajose.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==Execution==
==Execution==


Joaquín Camacho was sentenced to death by [[Pablo Morillo]] and the War Council on [[August 31]], [[1816]] and was executed by a [[firing squad]] on the same day, at the age of fifty. He was sick, [[Blindness|blind]] and [[paralyzed]]<ref>''Hombres y ciudades: Antología del paisaje, de las letras y de los hombres de Colombia'' By Gustavo Otero Muñoz</ref> and had to be carried in his [[wheelchair]] up the platform designated for his execution<ref>''Presidentes de Colombia'' By Constantino Martinez Villamizar</ref>.
Camacho was sentenced to death by [[Pablo Morillo]] and the War Council on August 31, 1816, and was executed by a [[firing squad]] on the same day, at the age of fifty. He was sick, [[Blindness|blind]] and [[paralyzed]]<ref>''Hombres y ciudades: Antología del paisaje, de las letras y de los hombres de Colombia'' By Gustavo Otero Muñoz</ref> and had to be carried in his [[wheelchair]] up the platform designated for his execution.<ref>''Presidentes de Colombia'' By Constantino Martinez Villamizar</ref>


==Survivors==
==Survivors==


When Joaquín Camacho died, his family was oppressed by the Terror Regime until the liberation by [[Simón Bolívar]] in [[1819]]. His wife asked the Libertador to grant her a [[pension]] for her husband's sacrifice to the Nation<ref>http://www.genderlatam.org.uk/RefDetails.php?RefID=183</ref>. Bolívar personally asked congress for this and in 1820 a pension was given to her in his name<ref>;;Bolívar'' By Colombia Ministerio de Educación Nacional</ref>. His daughter, '''Indalecia Camacho''', who was also blind, received a pension from Congress on [[May 26]], [[1869]]<ref>''Leyes'' By Colombia, Colombia Consejo de Estado, Colombia Congreso. Comisión Legislativa[http://books.google.com/books?id=dY8wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA604&dq=%22Joaqu%C3%ADn+Camacho%22&as_brr=1#PPA604,M1]</ref>. His niece, '''Juana Martínez Camacho''', married [[Antonio Ricaurte]]<ref>http://www.venezuelatuya.com/biografias/ricaurte.htm</ref>.
When Camacho died, his family was oppressed by the Terror Regime until the liberation by [[Simón Bolívar]] in 1819. His wife asked the Libertador to grant her a [[pension]] for her husband's sacrifice to the Nation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.genderlatam.org.uk/RefDetails.php?RefID=183 |title=Gendering Latin American Independence Project at The University of Nottingham<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2007-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928063520/http://www.genderlatam.org.uk/RefDetails.php?RefID=183 |archive-date=2007-09-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bolívar personally asked congress for this and in 1820 a pension was given to her in his name.<ref>;;Bolívar'' By Colombia Ministerio de Educación Nacional</ref> His daughter, Indalecia Camacho, who was also blind, received a pension from Congress on May 26, 1869.<ref>''Leyes'' By Colombia, Colombia Consejo de Estado, Colombia Congreso. Comisión Legislativa [https://books.google.com/books?id=dY8wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA604]</ref> His niece, Juana Martínez Camacho, married [[Antonio Ricaurte]].<ref>[http://www.venezuelatuya.com/biografias/ricaurte.htm Antonio Ricaurte - Venezuela Tuya<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 69: Line 69:
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


{{Heads of state of Colombia}}
⚫
{{DEFAULTSORT:Camacho, Joaquin}}

{{Authority control}}

⚫
{{DEFAULTSORT:Camacho Lago, Joaquin}}
⚫
[[Category:1766 births]]
[[Category:1816 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Tunja]]
[[Category:Del Rosario University alumni]]
[[Category:Presidents of Colombia]]
[[Category:Presidents of Colombia]]
⚫
[[Category:People of South American wars of independence]]
[[Category:Colombian military personnel]]
[[Category:Colombian military personnel]]
[[Category:Colombian governors]]
[[Category:18th-century Colombian lawyers]]
⚫
[[Category:Colombian lawyers]]
[[Category:Colombian journalists]]
[[Category:Colombian journalists]]
[[Category:Colombian historians]]
[[Category:Colombian male journalists]]
[[Category:Colombian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:19th-century Colombian historians]]
[[Category:Blind people]]
[[Category:Viceroyalty of New Granada people]]
[[Category:Politicians with physical disabilities]]
[[Category:Blind politicians]]
[[Category:1766 births]]
[[Category:People executed for treason against Spain]]
[[Category:1816 deaths]]
[[Category:Executed Colombian people]]
⚫
[[Category:People of the Colombian War of Independence]]
[[Category:People executed by Spain by firing squad]]
[[Category:19th-century Colombian lawyers]]
[[Category:Blind scholars and academics]]
[[Category:Blind lawyers]]
[[Category:Camacho family]]

Latest revision as of 12:33, 27 June 2024

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Camacho and the second or maternal family name is Lago.
Joaquín Camacho
1825 oil portrait of Joaquín Camacho by Coriolano Leudo
1825 portrait by Coriolano Leudo
President of the United Provinces of the New Granada*
In office
October 5, 1814 – January 21, 1815
Preceded byCamilo Torres Tenorio
Succeeded byTriumvirate
Custodio García Rovira,
José Miguel Pey de Andrade,
Manuel Rodríguez Torices
Personal details
Born
José Joaquín Justo Camacho Lago

July 17, 1766
Tunja, Boyacá,
Viceroyalty of the New Granada
DiedAugust 31, 1816(1816-08-31) (aged 50)
Bogotá, Cundinamarca,
United Provinces of New Granada
SpouseMarcelina Rodríguez Lago y Castillo
Alma materOur Lady of the Rosary University
  • Member president of the Triumvirate.

José Joaquín Justo Camacho y Rodriguez de Lago (July 17, 1766 – August 31, 1816) was a Neogranadine statesman, lawyer, journalist and professor, who worked for the Independence of the New Granada, what is now Colombia, and participated in the Open Cabildo which declared the Act of Independence, of which he was also a signer. He was executed during the Reign of Terror of Pablo Morillo after the Spanish invasion of New Granada.

Early life

[edit]

Camacho was born on July 17, 1766, in Tunja,[1] which was part of the Viceroyalty of the New Granada, now Colombia. His parents were Francisco Camacho y Solórzano and Rosa Rodríguez de Lago y Castillo. He attended Our Lady of the Rosary University where he studied Jurisprudence. He was admitted as a lawyer by the Royal Audiency of Santafé de Bogotá in the year 1792. He became one of the most important lawyers of the viceroyalty and winning the admiration of his colleagues.

On June 13, 1793, Camacho married Marcelina Rodríguez de Lago y Castillo, a member of the prominent Sanz de Santamaría family on her mother's side.[2] Together they had three children.

Writing and journalism

[edit]

Responding to a prize competition in 1808 by philanthropist Nicolás Manuel Tanco,[3] Camacho wrote Memoria sobre la causa y curación de los cotos, an account on the cause and treatment for goitre; this remarkable work won the competition.[4] The competition was a response to the situation of Bogotá, which at the time was having a small epidemic of goiter.[5]

Camacho wrote for the Seminario del Nuevo Reino de Granada, a newsletter edited by Francisco José de Caldas, its most important contribution was in 1809, Relación territorial de la provincia de Pamplona en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, an extensive account of the Province of Pamplona at the end of the Colonial Period. In it is described its main cities, the fauna and flora of the region, the provincial limits and borders, and other geographical and botanical information about Pamplona.[6][7]

Camacho started venturing more into journalism in 1810, when he co-edited the newspaper Diario Político, with Francisco José de Caldas. The Diario Politico first came out on August 27, 1810, and contained political articles related with the events of July 20 then on. It ran three editions per week until February 1811.[8]

July 20, 1810

[edit]

On July 19, 1810, the precursors of the independence - Camilo Torres Tenorio, José Acevedo Gómez, José Miguel Pey and Jorge Tadeo Lozano, among others - held a secret meeting in the Astronomic Observatory of Bogotá, the office of Francisco José de Caldas. They had been informed of a plan by the Spaniards to arrest prominent criollos who had ideas of independence; the precursors were determined to win their independence and they, that night, planned the revolution.[9][10] They were also convinced that the upcoming visit of the Regency Commissioners, Antonio Villavicencio and Carlos Montúfar, would bring the same results it had in Cartagena de Indias. Camilo Torres proposed that the first strike had to come from the Spaniards, to incite the people for an uprising and to prevent their supporters from doing something about it.[11] Camacho would go to the house of the viceroy and ask him to allow a Junta to take place: they knew that he was going to oppose this, but would use it as the Spaniards' way of undermining the American people. Meanwhile, Luis de Rubio and Antonio Morales would go to the house of José Gonzales Llorente and start a mob uprising with the excuse of borrowing a flower vase, something they knew he would refuse giving Llorente's reputation.

The next day, Friday July 20, 1810, everything went according to their plan, and by night they had assembled an Open Cabildo. Don Camacho was part of this Cabildo, which wrote the first Declaration of Independence of Colombia, the Acta del Cabildo Extraordinario de Santa Fe, which declared the Viceroyalty of New Granada independent. Camacho was one its signers.[12]

Deputy of Congress

[edit]

Camacho also participated in the Congress of the United Provinces of the New Granada, which was convened in Villa de Leiva, as a Deputy Representative for the Province of Tunja.[13]

Triumvirate

[edit]

On October 5, 1814, the Congress of the United Provinces changed the Presidency of the United Provinces and replaced it with a Triumvirate, a three-member executive body. Congress nominated Custodio García Rovira, Manuel Rodríguez Torices and José Manuel Restrepo for the triumvirate, but they were all unable to assume the presidency, so Congress replaced them with José María del Castillo y Rada, José Fernández Madrid, and Camacho.[14] Camacho exercised the executive power until January 2, 1815.[15]

Execution

[edit]

Camacho was sentenced to death by Pablo Morillo and the War Council on August 31, 1816, and was executed by a firing squad on the same day, at the age of fifty. He was sick, blind and paralyzed[16] and had to be carried in his wheelchair up the platform designated for his execution.[17]

Survivors

[edit]

When Camacho died, his family was oppressed by the Terror Regime until the liberation by Simón Bolívar in 1819. His wife asked the Libertador to grant her a pension for her husband's sacrifice to the Nation.[18] Bolívar personally asked congress for this and in 1820 a pension was given to her in his name.[19] His daughter, Indalecia Camacho, who was also blind, received a pension from Congress on May 26, 1869.[20] His niece, Juana Martínez Camacho, married Antonio Ricaurte.[21]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Gobernantes de Colombia By Jorge de Mendoza Velez
  2. ^ Gendering Latin American Independence: Women's Political Culture and the Textual Construction of Gender 1790-1850 By the University of Nottingham, and the University of Manchester[1] Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ Ciencia, filosofía y educación en Colombia (siglo XVIII) By Juan Manuel Pacheco
  4. ^ Estudios criticos By Rafael Maria Merchan
  5. ^ Memorias para la Historia de la Medicina en Santafé de Bogotá By Doctor Pedro M. Ibáñez
  6. ^ Seminario del Nuevo Reino de Granada (Volume II, 1809, Page 97)
  7. ^ La botánica y los botánicos de la peninsula hispanolusitana (Page 57) By Miguel Colmeiro y Penido [2]
  8. ^ La producción intelectual de los rosaristas, 1700-1799: Catálogo bibliográfico (Page 53) By Pilar Jaramillo de Zuleta [3]
  9. ^ "Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango". Archived from the original on 2008-10-19. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  10. ^ Génesis de la revolución del 20 de julio de 1810 (Page 140) By Sergio Elías Ortiz
  11. ^ Grandes fechas (Page 59) By Abelardo Forero Benavides
  12. ^ Acta del Cabildo Extaordinario de Santa Fe
  13. ^ El libro de la patria; historia del 20 de julio, complementada con pensamientos de esclarecidos colombianos sobre esta fecha memorable ilustrad con rasgos biográficos de los treinta y siete vocales que constituyeron el gobierno del nuevo reino... preparada en conmemoracion del aniversario del 20 de julio de 1894. by Ignacio Borda [4]
  14. ^ Colombia: Elections and Events 1810-1849 By Social Sciences & Humanities Library "SSHL: Collections: Latin American Studies: Elections". Archived from the original on 2007-05-13. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
  15. ^ "Joaquín Camacho By Javier López Ocampo". Archived from the original on 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  16. ^ Hombres y ciudades: Antología del paisaje, de las letras y de los hombres de Colombia By Gustavo Otero Muñoz
  17. ^ Presidentes de Colombia By Constantino Martinez Villamizar
  18. ^ "Gendering Latin American Independence Project at The University of Nottingham". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  19. ^ ;;Bolívar By Colombia Ministerio de Educación Nacional
  20. ^ Leyes By Colombia, Colombia Consejo de Estado, Colombia Congreso. Comisión Legislativa [5]
  21. ^ Antonio Ricaurte - Venezuela Tuya
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Joaquín_Camacho&oldid=1231271726"