Wing Chun: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Chinese martial art}} |
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== History == |
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{{Other uses}} |
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{{Distinguish|Weng Chun}} |
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{{Missing information|Wing Chun organizations like VTAA and EWTO|date=January 2023}} |
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{{Infobox martial art |
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| image = [[File:The age of 18 Bruce Lee and Ye Wen.jpg|300px]] |
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| imagecaption = [[Ip Man]] and [[Bruce Lee]] practicing "{{lang|zh|双黐手}}" (Seung Chi Sau), meaning "double sticky hands" |
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| name = Wing Chun |
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| aka = Ving Tsun, Wing Tsun, Wing Tsung, Yong Chun, Weng Chun, Wyng Tjun, Ving Tjun, Wing Tzun, Wing Tschun |
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| focus = [[Strike (attack)|Striking]], [[Grappling#Stand-up grappling|grappling]], [[Clinch fighting#Trapping techniques|trapping]] |
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| country = [[Foshan]], China |
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| creator = No definitive founder has been identified; there are eight distinct lineages with different stories regarding its conception.<ref name=Chu1/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>{{page needed|date=January 2023}}<br>''For further information, see [[Branches of Wing Chun]]'' |
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| parenthood = [[Shaolin Kung Fu]] / [[Nanquan (martial art)|Nanquan]]<ref name="ReferenceA">Benjamin N. Judkins & Jon Nielson 2015</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2023}} |
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| descendant arts = [[Jeet Kune Do]],<ref name="Crudelli316" /> [[German Jujutsu]]{{efn|name="GermanJujutsu"|Wing Chun techniques were added to the German Jujutsu curriculum in 2000. Prior to that, German Jujutsu did not contain Wing Chun techniques.}}<ref>Braun, Christian (2004). Ju-Jutsu – Effektives Training. Das Prüfungsprogramm vom Gelb- und Orangegurt. Aachen, Germany: Meyer & Meyer Verlag. {{ISBN|3-89899-011-7}}.</ref> |
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| famous_pract = (see [[#Notable practitioners|notable practitioners]]) |
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| olympic = |
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}} |
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{{Infobox Chinese |
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| title = Wing Chun |
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| l="singing spring"<ref name="meaning N" /><ref name="meaning W" /> |
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| t = {{linktext|詠春}} |
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| s = {{linktext|咏春}} |
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| j = Wing6 ceon1 |
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| p = Yǒngchūn |
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}} |
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{{Chinese martial arts}} |
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'''Wing Chun''' ([[Cantonese]]) or '''Yong Chun''' ([[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]) ({{lang-zh|詠春|link=no}} or {{lang|zh|咏春}}, lit. "singing spring")<ref>See Etymology</ref> is a concept-based martial art, a form of [[Nanquan (martial art)|Southern Chinese kung fu]], and a close-quarters system of [[self-defense]]. It is a martial arts style characterized by its focus on close-quarters hand-to-hand combat, rapid-fire punches, and straightforward efficiency. It has a philosophy that emphasizes capturing and sticking to an opponent's centerline. This is accomplished using simultaneous attack and defense, tactile sensitivity, and using an opponent's force against them. |
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Wing Chun has various spellings in the West, but "Wing Chun" is the most common.<ref>« As the art grows in popularity, many different Romanizations for the Chinese character "Wing Chun" continue to be created, often as a result of the local dialect and pronunciation. This results in the ability to determine a lineage, student/teacher family tree, or origin, by the spelling alone. The most common spelling is "wing chun", which applies generally to all families. » - Wayne Belonoha, The Wing Chun Compendium, p.20</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=January 2023}}<ref name="mil.news.sina.com.cn">{{cite web |url= https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2020-11-23/doc-iiznezxs3243149.shtml|title= Why traditional martial arts lose to hand-to-hand combat – US military hand-to-hand combat trainer who teaches Wing Chun sees it this way.|author= |date= November 23, 2020|website= sina.com.cn.|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210514080001/https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2020-11-23/doc-iiznezxs3243149.shtml|language= Chinese|access-date=14 May 2021|archive-date= May 14, 2021}}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=January 2023}} The origins of Wing Chun are uncertain, but it is generally attributed to the development of Southern Chinese martial arts. There are at least eight distinct lineages, of which the [[Ip Man]] and [[Yuen Kay-shan]] lineages are the most prolific. |
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According to legend, '''Wing Chun''' (詠春 in [[pinyin]]: yong3 chun1; in [[Jyutping]]: wing4 ceon1) was a style of Chinese [[martial arts]] technique designed by the [[Shaolin]] [[monk]]s for the smaller stature of women fighters. Although there are many legends about the origins of what have become traditional Cantonese martial arts, one legend avers that, after escaping the destruction of the Fujian Shaolin [[monastery]], a nun named Abbess [[Ng Mui]] (五枚大師 wu3 mei2 da4 shi1; ng5 mui4 daai6 si1) taught her own style of [[Kung Fu]] to a young woman whom she adopted named Yim Wing-chun (嚴詠春 yan2 yong3 chun1; jim4 wing4-ceon1), whose name means "Eternal Spring," from whom the style gets its name. Wing-chun was being bullied into marriage by a local [[warlord]] but, by learning from Ng Mui, was able to defeat the warlord in hand to hand combat and marry her own chosen fiancé. The style was then passed down their family line. <i>Martial arts historian please confirm.</i> |
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The martial art was brought to Hong Kong and then the rest of the world by Ip Man, with [[Bruce Lee]] being his most famous student. The Ving Tsun Athletic Association, founded in 1967 by Ip Man and his students, helped spread Wing Chun globally. Traditionally taught within a family system, modern Wing Chun lessons have taken on a more academic and commercial character. |
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Unfortunately, the legendary history cannot be confirmed and has been the subject of debate for decades. The only historical figure generally agreed upon is [[Leung Jan]] (梁贊 liang2 zan4; loeng4 zaan3), an herbal doctor who lived in the [[China|Chinese]] city of [[Foshan]] in the [[19th century]]. Among his handful of students were [[Leung Bik]] (梁碧 liang2 bi4; loeng4 bik1), [[Chan Wah-shun]] (陳華順 chen2 hua2 shun4; can4 waa4 seon6) (aka "Money-changer Wa"), and his son [[Leung Chun]] (梁? liang2 ?; loeng4 ?). |
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Of these, Leung Bik and Chan Wa-shun were the primary teachers of [[Yip Man]]. |
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Wing Chun gained popularity in the 2010s due to the [[Ip Man (film series)|''Ip Man'' film series]] starring [[Donnie Yen]] and has been featured in video games like [[Tekken 7]]. Notable practitioners include Bruce Lee, Donnie Yen, Samuel Kwok, and Carlos Deleon. |
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[[Leung Jan]] is said to have learned from two people, [[Wong Wah-bo]] (黃華寳 huang2 hua2 bao3; wong4 waa4 bou2) and [[Leung Yee-tai]] (梁二娣 liang2 er4 ti4; loeng4 ji6 tai5), both of whom are said to have been experts at different aspects of Wing Chun, and at least one of whom (Leung Yee-tai) was a travelling performer with a [[Chinese opera]] troupe which moved from place to place by boat. |
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== Etymology == |
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Other alternative histories for Wing Chun typically involve connections to the [[Triads]], [[revolutionary]] groups, or the [[Hakka]] people of southern [[China]]. |
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In Chinese, this martial art is referred to as {{lang|zh|咏春拳}} (simplified script) or {{lang|zh|詠春拳}} (traditional script). Though it is written in an almost identical way in traditional and simplified, it is not pronounced and transcribed in the same way according to the regions and their dialects: '''Yǒngchūn quán''' in [[Mandarin pinyin]], '''Wing-Chun keen''' in [[Cantonese]] [[Wade-Giles]]. It is made up of 2 terms: {{lang|zh|拳}} (quan/kuen) which means "fist, boxing" and the term {{lang|zh|詠春}} (wing-chun, in Cantonese) meaning "singing spring". The full name is thus translated as "singing spring boxing".<ref name="meaning N">{{cite book|title=Mantis fist in Wing Chun|date=2016|first=Neskorodev |last=Semyon |page=4|quote=The origin... One of them states, that this style was created by five masters of Southern Shaolin, who made this work in the Hall of Praising Spring. Other legend says, that the style was elaborated by [[Yim Wing Chun|the women Wing Chun]] (Singing Spring), the daughter of novice of Southern Shaolin}}{{Self-published source|reason=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|date=January 2023}}</ref><ref name="meaning W">{{cite book|title=Sport as Symbol: Images of the Athlete in Art, Literature and Song|date=2003|first=Mari |last=Womack|page=93|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RJPuAAAAMAAJ&q=sing+spring|publisher=McFarland & Company|isbn= 978-0-7864-1579-3|quote=village girl named [[Yim Wing Chun]], which means to sing spring}}</ref> |
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In its short designation, the martial art is simply designated by these two sinograms: |
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== Forms == |
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* the sinogram {{lang|zh|詠}} yǒng/wing: "to sing, to sing..." |
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* the sinogram {{lang|zh|春}} chūn/chun: "spring, vitality..." |
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This martial art is sometimes referred to by {{lang|zh|永春}}, characters different from {{lang|zh|詠春}}, but pronounced and transcribed in the same way: They are literally translated as "eternal spring", the character {{lang|zh|永}} meaning "eternal, endless". These characters also designate the Yongchun region near the city of Quanzhou (Fujian). |
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The central principle is developing a skill called "[[Chi Sao]]" (literally, "sticky arms") which comes from developing a sensitivity in the arms and legs ([[Chi Gerk]], "sticky legs") to "stick" to an opponent's limbs, preventing them from penetrating your defence, and then using quick, direct attacks once the way forward becomes clear. |
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If the use of {{lang|zh|詠春}} seems privileged today for Wing Chun styles, {{lang|zh|永春}} still appears in the name of other Southern Chinese martial arts (with {{lang|zh|永春}} often transcribed '''Weng Chun'''); for example [[Weng Chun|jee shim weng chun]] and [[Fujian White Crane|Yǒng Chūn Bái Hè Quán]] ({{lang|zh|永春白鶴拳}}).<ref>Use of {{lang|zh|永春}} by several branches, including [[Pan Nam]] himself, attested by [[Leung Ting]] in ''Roots and Branches of Wing Tsun'' and by the authors of ''Complete Wing Chun'' . See also http://weng-chun.com and http://www.yongchunbaihechuen.com</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=January 2023}} |
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Although initially developed as an unarmed form of combat, the Wing Chun system also incorporated the use of the pole and butterfly swords during its evolution. |
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=== Romanization === |
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As the style is taught conceptually, rather than with emphasis on techniques, there have been several interpretations of the art over time. This is reflected in the separate schools established by in later years, as listed below. |
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In the West, the name of this martial art has been transcribed variably due to the use of different or personal Chinese language romanization methods, and differences in pronunciation between Chinese languages (but Cantonese was often preferred) or according to Western languages. In addition, some Wing Chun masters voluntarily created their own terms, in order to dissociate their personal teaching from traditional teachings. For example, [[Yip Man]]'s Ving Tsun or [[Leung Ting]]'s Wing Tsun. |
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There are 3 main empty hand forms typically found within the system, each of which imparts and builds on foundational concepts: |
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*[[Siu Nim Tao]] (Sil Lum Tao) ("the little idea") |
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*[[Chum Kiu]] (Chum Kil) ("seeking the bridge") |
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*[[Biu Tze]] (Bill Jee) ("thrusting fingers") |
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{{blockquote|The consequence is the ability to determine a lineage, a student-teacher family tree, just by spelling.|Wayne Belonoha<ref>The Wing Chun compendium</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=January 2023}}}} |
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A fourth empty hand form uses a training aid: |
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* [[Mook Yun Jong]] ("wooden dummy") |
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Commonly, the wooden dummy form is said to encompass the three sets, while the three sets are said to encompass the wooden dummy form. |
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Finally, this martial art is pronounced quite identically in the West but is written with many spellings: Ving Tsun, Wing Tsun, Wing Tsung, Yong Chun, Weng Chun, Wyng Tjun, Ving Tjun, Wing Tzun, Wing Tschun. Wing Chun is the most common form, used to apply to all lineages of this martial art.<ref>« As the art grows in popularity, many different romanizations for the Chinese character "wing chun" continue to be created, often as a result of the local dialect and pronunciation. This results in the ability to determine a lineage, student/teacher family tree, or origin, by the spelling alone. The most common spelling is "wing chun", which applies generally to all families. » - Wayne Belonoha, The Wing Chun compendium, p.20</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=January 2023}}<ref name="mil.news.sina.com.cn" />{{additional citation needed|date=January 2023}} |
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The "six and a half" point pole form and the "eight chopping" knives forms are primarily used to develop and condition the empty hand movements. |
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=== Context === |
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== Characteristics and Principles == |
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Context of the name Wing Chun varies between various [[branches of Wing Chun]]. Common legend is that the name is derived from [[Yim Wing-chun]], the mythical progenator of the martial art, who was a student of the legendary Abbess [[Ng Mui]].<ref>Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015, pp. 4–27</ref><ref name="Ritchie2007">Ritchie, R. (''c.'' 2007): [https://web.archive.org/web/20061112065319/http://www.wingchunkuen.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4 What's in a name?] Retrieved on 9 May 2010.</ref><ref name="Crudelli_122">{{cite book|author=Chris Crudelli|title=The Way of the Warrior|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Ltd|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QlI0fxSm1vgC|isbn=978-1-4053-3750-2}}</ref> |
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According to the Hung Suen / Hung Gu Biu lineage, the Ng Mui / Yim Wing Chun legend was conceived to protect the identity of Cheung Ng, a Shaolin monk who survived the Manchurian massacres and took refuge at Red Boat Opera. The "Yim Wing Chun" name was chosen for specific reasons, as Yim could be understood as the word for "Secret" or "Protected", and "Wing Chun" refers to Siu Lam Wing Chun Tong (the Always Spring Hall). With "Yim Wing Chun" being a secret code for "the secret art of Siu Lam Wing Chun Hall."<ref>Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015, pp. 83–89</ref> |
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Wing Chun has managed to retain its focus as a practical fighting art. It has avoided being modified into a competitive (rule based) point-scored sport or demonstration art. Wing Chun tournaments are rare or unknown. |
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In the [[Pan Nam]] lineage, the "Wing" in Wing Chun comes from Chan Wing-wah, one of the founders of [[Hongmen]].<ref>Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015, pp. 69–77</ref> According to the Pao Fa Lien lineage, the name Wing Chun is a shortened form of the revolutionary motto, "Wing yun chi jee; Mo mong Hon Juk; Dai dei wu chun." A secret code that allowed the anti-Qing revolutionaries to recognize each other. Eventually, the codeword was shortened to Wing Chun (Always Spring.)<ref>Chu 2015, pg.78</ref> |
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The more effective Wing Chun strikes (eyes, throat, knee) are too dangerous even for freestyle competitions. Wing Chun is therefore rarely seen in competition. |
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== Origins == |
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Wing Chun is not just a collection of unrelated techniques. It has a core set of guiding principles which allows practitioners to decide what is correct or incorrect Wing Chun. This keeps the art a pure and integrated fighting system, while allowing direction for growth that is consistent with its principles. |
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{{For|Wing Chun branches, their history and features|Branches of Wing Chun}} |
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The definitive origin of Wing Chun remains unknown and is attributed to the development of [[Nanquan (martial art)|Southern Chinese martial arts]].<ref name=" Benjamin N. Judkins & Jon Nielson 2015">{{cite book|author=Benjamin N. Judkins & Jon Nielson|title=The Creation of Wing Chun: A Social History of the Southern Chinese Martial Arts|year=2015|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-5695-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7s0CgAAQBAJ}}</ref> Complications in the history and documentation of Wing Chun are attributed to the art being passed from teacher to student orally, rather than in writing. Another reason is the secrecy of its development, due to its connections to Anti-Qing rebellious movements.<ref>Chu 2015, pg. 1-2, 106-108</ref> |
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These guiding principles are strictly practical and is part of the reason for Wing Chun's uniquely scientific and logical approach to fighting. It is likely that Bruce Lee managed to develop Jeet Kune Do from Wing Chun because Wing Chun trained him to think about fighting in a scientific way. |
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There are at least eight different distinct lineages of Wing Chun, each having its own history of origin. Additionally, there are competing genealogies within the same branch or about the same individual teacher. The eight distinct lineages of Wing Chun which have been identified are: |
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All Wing Chun techniques have a practical purpose. There are no flowery moves or graceful techniques that mimic animal movements. To the uninitiated, Wing Chun can appear less effectice when compared with more dramatic styles. Like [[Hsing Yi]], another linear sytle, Wing Chun practitioners pride themselves on plain-looking but effective techniques. |
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{{div col|colwidth=20em}} |
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* [[Ip Man]]<ref name=Chu2 /> |
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* [[Yuen Kay-shan]]<ref name=Chu3 /><ref>Leung Ting, pg.238</ref> |
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* Gu Lao Village <ref name=Chu4 /><ref>Leung Ting, page 289 & 290</ref> |
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* Nanyang / Cao Dean<ref name=Chu8 /> |
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* [[Pan Nam]]<ref name=Chu5 /> |
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* Pao Fa Lien<ref name=Chu6 /> |
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* Hung Suen / Hung Gu Biu <ref name=Chu7 /> |
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* [[Jee Shim]]<ref name=Chu9 /> / [[Weng Chun]]<ref>Leung, Ting (2000). Roots and Branches of Wing Tsun, Second edition (January 1, 2000). Leung Ting Co ,Hong Kong. ISBN 9627284238, pg. 53, 90-99</ref> |
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{{div col end}} |
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Regardless of the origins espoused by various Wing Chun branches and lineages, there is much third-party controversy and [[Speculative reason|speculative]] theorizing regarding the true origins of Wing Chun. In the West, Wing Chun's history has become a mix of fact and fiction due to the impacts of early secrecy and modern marketing.<ref name=Chu1 /> |
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Following this utilitarian approach, Wing Chun techniques are purely descriptive. For example - bounce hand, wing arm, slapping hand. Wing Chun terminology is traditionally rendered in the Cantonese dialect of Chinese. |
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== Modern Wing Chun == |
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Of the eight Wing Chun lineages,<ref>see [[#Origins|Origins]]</ref> the [[Ip Man]] and [[Yuen Kay-shan]] lineages are the most prolific branches of Wing Chun worldwide.<ref>Leung Ting, Roots and Branches of Wing Tsun, ISBN 9627284239</ref><ref>{{cite book|author = David Peterson |title = Look Beyond the Pointing Finger: The Combat Philosophy of Wong Shun Leung|date = 2001| publisher=Melbourne Chinese Martial Arts Club |isbn = 0-9579570-0-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author = Jan P. Hintelmann |title = Westliche Sinnfindung durch östliche Kampfkunst? |language = German |date = 2005 |publisher = IKO – Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation |isbn = 978-3-88939-774-4}}</ref> The other lineages are pretty much unknown outside of China, except for the [[Pan Nam]] line, which survives in the USA<ref name="Valley news">{{cite journal|last1=Peyton |first1=James |title=Pocket area Wing Chun school preserves rare martial arts tradition |url=http://www.valcomnews.com/wp-content/PDFs/Pocket/PN1605.pdf |access-date=12 December 2020 |journal=Pocket News |issue=Print |publisher=Valley Community Newspapers | date=3 March 2016 |ref=Valley news}}</ref><ref name="Plum Publications">{{cite web|last1=Plum Staff |title=The Open Gate to the Garden of Chinese Martial Arts |url= https://www.plumpub.com/kaimen/2009/wing-chun-pan-nam-style/ |website=plumpub.com |date=8 December 2009 |publisher=Plum Publications |access-date=12 December 2020 |ref=Plum Publications}}</ref> and the [[Branches of Wing Chun#Jee Shim / Weng Chun|Jee Shim]] / [[Weng Chun]] line with a strong presence in [[Germany]].<ref>Andreas Hoffmann, Nadine Poerschke: Weng Chun Kung Fu. Budo International Publ. Co., Madrid 2011, ISBN 978-3-86836-183-4.</ref><ref>Chu 2015, page 94</ref> |
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Wing Chun is one of the few styles that emphasizes non-grappling close range fighting. Ideal Wing Chun fighting range is fist, elbow and knee range. While the Wing Chun forward kick can be considered a long range technique, Wing Chun practitioners concentrate on "entry techniques" - getting past an opponent's kicks and punches to bring him within range of Wing Chun's rich close range repertoire. |
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The [[Yuen Chai Wan]] form of Wing Chun{{efn|name="YuenChaiWan1"|Chu, Ritchie and Wu consider this a derivative of his brother's, Yuen Kay-shan's Wing Chun. With Leung Ting also seeing this as a niche system.}} has a notable presence in [[Vietnam]], with this lineage having earned the moniker of "[[Branches of Wing Chun#Yuen Chai Wan / Nguyen Te Cong / Vietnamese Wing Chun|Vietnamese Wing Chun]]".<ref name="YuenWC_A">{{cite book |last1=Ritchie |first1=Rene |title=Yuen Kay-San Wing Chun Kuen |date=31 March 2000 |publisher=Action Pursuit Group |isbn=1-892515-03-2 |pages=142 |edition=Paperback}}</ref><ref name=24H>{{cite news |title=Sư tổ võ Vịnh Xuân Việt Nam là "đại ca" Diệp Vấn |url=https://www.24h.com.vn/the-thao/su-to-vo-vinh-xuan-viet-nam-la-dai-ca-diep-van-c101a768050.html |access-date=2 January 2021 |work=24H |issue=Online |publisher=Công ty Cổ phần Quảng cáo Trực tuyến 24H |date=4 February 2016 |ref=24H}}</ref><ref name="Kien Thuc">{{cite news |last1=Nam |first1=Khanh |title=Những truyền kỳ về sư tổ phái Vịnh Xuân Việt Nam |url=https://kienthuc.net.vn/tham-cung/nhung-truyen-ky-ve-su-to-phai-vinh-xuan-viet-nam-336432.html |access-date=2 January 2021 |work=Kien Thuc |issue=Online |ref=Kien Thuc}}</ref><ref name="Dansaigon">{{cite news |title=Vietnamese Wing Chun Master Nguyen Te Cong |url=http://dansaigon.com/su-to-vinh-xuan-viet-nam-nguyen-te-cong/ |access-date=2 January 2021 |work=Dan Saigon |issue=Online |publisher=Dansaigon |date=24 March 2019 |ref=Dansaigon}}</ref><ref name="SOHA">{{cite news |last1=Mã |first1=Tiểu |title=Bậc thầy võ Việt làm Diệp Vấn, Lý Tiểu Long phải phục |url=https://soha.vn/bac-thay-vo-viet-lam-diep-van-ly-tieu-long-phai-phuc-20161005082128826.htm |access-date=2 January 2021 |work=SOHA The Thao |issue=Online |publisher=SOHA |date=6 October 2016 |ref=SOHA}}</ref> |
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In 1949, [[Ip Man]], considered the most important grandmaster of modern Wing Chun, brought the style from China to [[Hong Kong]] and eventually to the rest of the world.<ref name=Chu2 /><ref>{{cite book |last=Rawcliffe |first=Shaun |date= 2012|title= Wing Chun Kung Fu: The Wooden Dummy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZh8AwAAQBAJ|publisher= Crowood|page= |quote=Wing Chun Kung Fu has a long history but it has only been taught openly since the 1950s when Grandmaster Yip Man revealed the secrets of the art and began to teach large numbers of students in Hong Kong.|isbn=978-1-84797-507-2}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url = http://www.foshanmuseum.com/ymt/ymt.htm |title = Ip Man Tong virtual tour |website = foshanmuseum.com| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111128031909/http://www.foshanmuseum.com/ymt/ymt.htm|archive-date = November 28, 2011|date = November 2011 | language = }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.kwokwingchun.com/about-wing-chun/ip-mans-wing-chun/interview--with-grandmaster-yip-man/| title = An Interview with Grandmaster Yip Man| date = January 22, 2014|website = www.kwokwingchun.com|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191029214756/http://www.kwokwingchun.com/about-wing-chun/ip-mans-wing-chun/interview--with-grandmaster-yip-man/ |archive-date = October 29, 2019|access-date= 2019-01-25}}</ref> Yip Man's most famous student was [[Bruce Lee]], who had studied under Yip Man before he moved to the United States.{{efn|name="Lee"|Lee was mainly taught Wing Chun by [[Wong Shun-leung]], a senior student of Ip Man.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated-->|date= 25 July 2018|title= Who taught Bruce Lee kung fu? He was born to be a fighter, but the martial arts superstar also trained with the best |url= https://www.scmp.com/culture/film-tv/article/2156574/who-taught-bruce-lee-kung-fu-he-was-born-be-fighter-martial-arts|work= South China Morning Post|quote=Although Lee studied wing chun at Ip's school, he was mainly taught by Wong Shun-Leung, as Ip himself only taught advanced students, not beginners. Lee quickly became devoted to Wing Chun and practised diligently.|access-date=February 14, 2023}}</ref> |
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Other styles reason that you should aim to strike at maximum range - which means kicking. This is because if you do not, your opponent will be able to hit you before you can hit him. |
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}}<ref>Complete Wing Chun: The Definitive Guide to Wing Chun's History and Traditions, Robert Chu, Rene Ritchie, Y. Wu, page 9, Tuttle Publishing; 1st edition (20 June 1998). ISBN 0-8048-3141-6, ISBN 978-0-8048-3141-3.</ref> Lee is also credited for popularizing Wing Chun internationally,<ref>{{cite book |last= Ing |first= Ken|date= 2010|title= Wing Chun Warrior: The True Tales of Wing Chun Kung Fu Master Duncan Leung, Bruce Lee's Fighting Companion|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ecw2I-gDXR4C|publisher= Blacksmith Books|page= 21|quote= Finally, Li Xiaolong (李小龍), known to the world as Bruce Lee, made Wing Chun famous in the 1960s and 1970s through his movies.|isbn=9789881774224}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Thomas|first= Bruce|date= 1994|title= Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yE1HsGFasGYC|publisher=Frog Books |page= 308|quote=[William Cheung] joined the school and brought along the pupil who was to become wing chun's most famous exponent, Bruce Lee|isbn=978-1-883319-25-0}}</ref> although he would later develop his own martial arts philosophies (namely [[Jeet Kune Do]]) that contain many Wing Chun influences.<ref name=Crudelli316>{{cite book|author=Chris Crudelli|title=The Way of the Warrior|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Ltd|page=316|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QlI0fxSm1vgC|isbn=978-1-4053-3750-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rafiq |first1=Fiaz |others=Foreword by [[Diana Lee Inosanto]] |year=2020 |title=Bruce Lee: The Life of a Legend |publisher=Birlinn |isbn=978-1-78885-330-9}}</ref> Some masters changed the way of teaching only 1 loyal student because it was a tradition that came because of Qing dynasty's influence and destruction of Southern Shaolin, in order to preserve the style, ancient masters taught only 1 loyal student.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} |
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=== The Ving Tsun Athletic Association === |
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Wing Chun teaches that it is always possible to get past an opponent's long range technique and close in to fight on Wing Chun's terms. A kick can be jammed before full extension, before it develops full power. A kick can also be jammed when it is being withdrawn, as all kicks inevitably have to be. A Wing Chun practitioner will rush in during these times, using quick footwork to close the distance. |
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The Ving Tsun Athletic Association was founded in 1967 by Cantonese master Ip Man and seven of his senior students so they could teach Wing Chun together and Ip Man would not take on all the work himself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vingtsun.org.hk |title=詠春體育會 - Ving Tsun Athletic Association |website=vingtsun.org.hk |language=zh, en |date=2019-11-27}}</ref> The first public demonstration of the Wing Chun fighting system, according to Ip Man, took place in Hong Kong at an official exhibition fight in the winter of 1969 at what was then the Baptist College (now the [[Hong Kong Baptist University]]). [[Leung Ting]], a student of Ip Man, invited his master and some well-known representatives of the martial arts scene of the time to the college and conducted the exhibition fights in front of a specialist audience. The Association helped Wing Chun to spread to the rest of the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vingtsun.org.hk/developmentofVTAA.htm |title=詠春體育會發展簡介 - Kurzer Überblick zur Entwicklung des Ving Tsun Athletic Association |website=vingtsun.org.hk |language=zh |date=2019-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vingtsun.org.hk/Development_1961-70.HTM |title=The Development of Ving Tsun Kung Fu in Hong Kong (1961–1970) – 香港詠春體育會發展 (1961–1970) |website=vingtsun.org.hk |language=zh, en |date=2019-11-27}}</ref> |
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=== Organizational structure in modern Europe === |
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A favorite Wing Chun saying is "stay as he comes, follow as he goes" to empahsize its close range and stick-to-your-opponent approach to fighting. |
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There is no uniform umbrella organization in Europe under which Wing Chun practitioners are grouped, but rather numerous, sometimes competing and divided associations, schools, and individual teachers. Most associations do not appear in the legal form of associations that have voluntarily merged to form an association, but as commercial organizations in which associated schools are integrated, which are authorized and certified by the association. Some of the associations are organized in a franchise system.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} |
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=== International Wing Chun Organization (IWCO) === |
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=== Speed === |
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The International Wing Chun Organization (IWCO)<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Wing Chun Organization HQs – One World, One Family |url=http://iwco.online/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |language=en-GB}}</ref> was founded by Grandmaster Donald Mak<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-30 |title=Mästare Donald Mak |url=https://iwco.se/index.php/mastare-donald-mak/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=International Wing Chun Organization Sweden |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald Mak 麥廣權 {{!}} eWingChun |url=https://www.ewingchun.com/sifus/donald-mak-%E9%BA%A5%E5%BB%A3%E6%AC%8A-0 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=www.ewingchun.com}}</ref> in 1997<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald Mak Books from the Chow Tze Chuen lineage of Wing Chun Kung Fu. |url=https://www.everythingwingchun.com/donald-mak-wing-chun-books-downloads-s/419.htm |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=www.everythingwingchun.com}}</ref>, a respected Wing Chun practitioner and instructor who studied under the Great Grandmaster [[Chow Tze Chueng]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chow Tze Chuen 鄒子傳 {{!}} eWingChun |url=https://www.ewingchun.com/sifus/chow-tze-chuen-%E9%84%92%E5%AD%90%E5%82%B3 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=www.ewingchun.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-30 |title=Mästare Chow Tze Chuen |url=https://iwco.se/index.php/mastare-chow-tze-chuen/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=International Wing Chun Organization Sweden |language=en-US}}</ref>. |
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In some associations, based on the family system that was used in the past, obedience and obligations towards the master and his teacher are emphasized, although these are rarely directly related to their training students.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} |
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Wing Chun emphasizes speed over power. A weak fast punch that is too fast to be avoided is better than a powerful slow punch that can be dodged or deflected. |
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== Characteristics == |
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A punch is faster than a kick, so punches are emphasized over kicks. Kicks are kept low, below or slightly above the waist, so as to not to be grabbed by your opponent's faster hands. |
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=== General === |
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Wing Chun puts emphasis on economic movement and encourages its practitioners to "feel" through their opponents' defenses and to utilize the incoming attacks with parrying, deflection, rapid punches, and finger pokes. Slapping and defensive maneuvers are used to distract the opponent to make them shift their defenses away from their centerline.<ref name="Crudelli_122" /> |
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Wing Chun favors a relatively high, narrow stance with the elbows close to the body. Within the stance, arms are generally positioned across the vital points of the centerline with hands in a vertical "wu sau" ("protecting hand" position).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-07 |title=How to Wu Sau Correctly – Technique is Everything {{!}} Sifu Och Wing Chun |language=en-US |work=Sifu Och Wing Chun |url=http://sifuochwingchun.com/how-to-wu-sau-correctly/ |access-date=2017-03-08}}</ref> This puts the practitioner in a position to make readily placed blocks and fast-moving blows to vital striking points down the center of the body, i.e. the neck, chest, belly, and groin. Shifting or turning within a stance is done on the heels, balls, or middle (K1 or Kidney point 1) of the foot, depending on the lineage. Some Wing Chun styles discourage the use of high kicks because this risks counter-attacks to the groin. The practice of "settling" one's opponent to brace them more effectively against the ground helps one deliver as much force as possible.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rediscovering the Roots of Wing Chun |work=[[Kung Fu Magazine]] |url=http://ezine.kungfumagazine.com/magazine/article.php?article=141 |access-date=2010-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=McKnight |first1=David |last2=Kwok Chow |first2=Sifu Chung |title=Integrative Wing Chun |work=[[Kung Fu Magazine]] |url=http://ezine.kungfumagazine.com/magazine/article.php?article=249 |url-status=dead |access-date=2010-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314194204/http://ezine.kungfumagazine.com/magazine/article.php?article=249 |archive-date=2013-03-14}}</ref> |
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Wing Chun's emphasis on speed arises naturally from its close range fighting focus. At close range, a punch has less distance to travel and so will arrive more quickly. At close range, hand positions can be difficult to see because of this heightened speed. This is why [[Chi Sao]] is used to train a Wing Chun practitioner to sense his opponent's hand position and probe for holes in his defense, from touch alone. |
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=== Relaxation === |
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The Wing Chun stance is also designed for speed. The feet are kept about a shoulder's width apart, forming a good balance between speed and stability. A wider stance would be more stable but would slow down kicks and footwork. |
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[[Hard and soft (martial arts)|Softness]] (via relaxation) and performance of techniques in a relaxed and controlled manner By training the physical, mental, breathing, energy, and force in a relaxed manner a "soft wholesome force"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roselando |first=Jim |date=2011-01-28 |title=One Wing Chun Kung Fu Family – W1NG : Coaching From The Ancestors |url=http://www.w1ng.com/coaching-from-the-ancestors/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128221338/http://www.w1ng.com/coaching-from-the-ancestors/ |archive-date=2011-01-28 |access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref> known as Chi is develop which is fundamental to Wing Chun.<ref name="Crudelli_122" /> On "softness" in Wing Chun, Ip Man said during an interview: |
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{{blockquote|Wing Chun is in some sense a "soft" school of martial arts. However, if one equates that word as weak or without strength, then they are dead wrong. Chi Sau in Wing Chun is to maintain one's flexibility and softness, all the while keeping in the strength to fight back, much like the flexible nature of bamboo".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2013-07-11 |title=An Interview With Grandmaster Yip Man from 1972 |language=en-US |work=My Way of Wing Chun |url=https://mywayofwingchun.com/2013/07/10/interview-with-wing-chun-grandmaster-yip-man-1972/ |access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref> }} |
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=== Vertical Punch === |
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=== Teaching structure in the past === |
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This is the defining technique of Wing Chun. Punches are thrown with the elbow down and in front of the body. The fist is held vertical and the contact points are the bottom three knuckles. The fist is twisted on impact for maximum effect. |
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In ancient China, Wing Chun, like all other martial arts or craft guilds, was traditionally passed on in a familiar way, from master to student. The master, who had personal responsibility for the entire training of the student (apprentice), was addressed as [[Sifu]] (master). The lessons often took place in the master's house, where a personal bond would develop between the master and his family and the student (apprentice), with certain mutual obligations. The first public martial arts schools were established in Hong Kong. Since then, Wing Chun's lessons have taken on a more modern, academic, and commercial character.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} |
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In some schools, however, the family system was still maintained. Lo Man-Kam, a nephew of Ip Man, still teaches his students in his home in Taipei. Selected long-term students are accepted into the inner circle of the Wing Chun family by the Sifu in the traditional way, through a master-student tea ceremony.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} |
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The advantages of the vertical punch are speed, protection, hand strength and force redirection. |
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== Forms == |
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* Speed. Because the elbow is not swung back behind the body, the vertical punch is faster than a conventional roundhouse punch. This does mean that the vertical punch is less powerful. Power is traded off for speed. The waist is twisted to add power to the vertical punch, but this is not possible in the chain punch (see below) as it would be too slow. |
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=== Most common forms === |
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[[File:Butterfly Swords.png|thumb|Butterfly Swords]] |
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The most common system of forms in Wing Chun consists of three empty hand forms, two weapon forms: the Dragon pole and Butterfly swords, and a wooden dummy form.<ref name="Wing Chun Forms">{{Cite web|url=https://blackbeltwiki.com/wing-chun-forms|title=Wing Chun Forms}}</ref> |
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==== [[Hand-to-hand combat|Empty hand]] ==== |
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* Protection. Keeping the elbow low and forward protects the front of the body whereas swinnging the elbow back would open up the front of the body to attack. |
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{{See also|Glossary of Wing Chun terms}} |
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===== Siu nim tau ===== |
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* Hand strength. The vertical fist places the knuckles forward, allowing them to take the impact of the punch and transmit the force down the back of the hand. A horizontal fist, in contrast, puts the finger joints in front of the knuckles so the impact must be taken there, making it easier to break the fingers. |
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The first and most important form in Wing Chun, '''siu nim tau''' ({{Lang-zh|t=小念頭|s=小念头|p=xiǎo niàn tou|j=siu2 nim6 tau4|l=little idea for beginning}}{{refn|"Nim Lik (念力)" is literally translated as "Idea Power" in CHU's 2011 book<ref name="TBOWC">{{cite book |last1=CHU |first1=Shong Tin |last2=CHAN |first2=Eddie |title=The Book of Wing Chun |date=May 2011 |publisher=The [[Hong Kong]] Social Sciences Press |isbn=978-0-8234-1474-1 |page=54 |url=https://www.everythingwingchun.com/BOOK-Chu-Shong-Tin-Book-of-Wing-Chun-1-p/book-cst01p.htm |access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref>}}), is practiced throughout the practitioner's lifetime.<ref name="wingchunkungfu.eu">{{Cite web|url=https://wingchunkungfu.eu/ip%20chun/siu-lim-tao-full-by-ip-chun|title=SIU NIM TAO: The first form of Wing Chun|date=2022-11-10|access-date=2022-11-10}}</ref> It is the foundation or "seed" of the art, on which all succeeding forms and techniques are based.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Michel Boulet |title=The Simple Basics of a Complex Art |url=http://www.wcarchive.com/articles/michel-boulet-simple-basics.htm |access-date=2013-02-10 |publisher=the Wing Chun Archive}}</ref> Fundamental rules of balance and body structure are developed here. Using a car analogy; for some branches this would provide the chassis<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jim Fung |date=2009-02-23 |title=Wing Chun Stance |url=http://wingchun.com.au/media/wing-chun-articles/wing-chun-kung-fu-articles-essays-theory/wing-chun-stance-article-guide-how-to-grandmaster-jim-fung |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319184812/http://www.wingchun.edu.au:80/media/wing-chun-articles/jim-fung/wing-chun-stance |archive-date=2014-03-19 |access-date=2013-02-10 |website=International wing Chun academy |publisher=Wingchun.com.au}}</ref> and for others, this is the engine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-22 |title=The Hidden Power of Siu Nim Tau by Tsui Sheung Tin |url=http://www.tstvingtsun.bc.ca/HiddenPowerOfSNT_remix.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522102424/http://www.tstvingtsun.bc.ca/HiddenPowerOfSNT_remix.html |archive-date=2017-05-22 |access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> It serves as the basic alphabet of the system. Some branches view the symmetrical stance as the fundamental fighting stance, while others see it as a training stance used in developing technique.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sifu Cogar |title=An Overview of Wing Chun |url=http://www.richhealthandwellness.com/martialarts2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203231318/http://www.richhealthandwellness.com/martialarts2.html |archive-date=2010-02-03 |access-date=2007-05-04 |website=richhealthandwellness.com}}</ref> |
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Although many of the movements are similar, siu nim tau varies significantly between the different branches of Wing Chun. In [[Ip Man]]'s Wing Chun, the first section of the form is done by training the basic power for the hand techniques by tensing and relaxing the arms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kwokwingchun.com/about-wing-chun/the-wing-chun-forms/sil-lim-tao/|title=Sil Lim Tao the first form|last=Knight|first=Dan|date=March 13, 2014|website=kwokwingchun.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref> In [[Moy Yat]]'s Wing Chun, the first section of the form is done without muscle tension and slowly in a meditative, calm, and being "in the moment" way.<ref name="wingchunkungfu.eu" /> In 1972, weeks before he died, Ip Man demonstrated Siu Nim Tau (also known as Siu Lim Tau) on film, showing how the form is to be performed.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wingchunkungfu.eu/documentary/video-ip-man-record-wing-chun-forms | title=Ip Man performs Wing Chun Forms }}</ref> |
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* Force redirection. The vertical punch redirects the force from the punch downwards into the puncher's legs and into the ground. In contrast the horizontal punch redirects the force from the punch sideways into the puncher's waist. This gives the vertical punch a more solid foundation. |
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===== Chum kiu ===== |
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The last item above can be easily tested. Hold you fist vertically in front of you, your elbow down, one foot behind the other. Ask someone to push against your fist and you will feel his force being redirected into the ground. Repeat, but with your fist horizontal and your elbow at shoulder height and to the side. You will feel his force twisting you sideways, leaving you with nothing to push back against. |
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The second form, '''chum kiu''' {{Lang-zh|t=尋橋|s=寻桥|p=xún qiáo|j=cham4 kiu4|l=seeking the bridge}}, focuses on coordinated movement of body mass and entry techniques to "bridge the gap" between practitioner and opponent, and move in to disrupt their structure and balance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Forms of Wing Chun Kuen Kung Fu | Reading Academy Wing Chun & Kali |url=http://www.teamwingchun.co.uk/forms.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501000049/http://www.teamwingchun.co.uk/forms.php |archive-date=2012-05-01 |access-date=2013-02-10 |publisher=Teamwingchun.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ving Tsun Martial Arts Studio – Training |url=http://www.tstvingtsun.bc.ca/Training.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628121302/http://www.tstvingtsun.bc.ca/Training.html |archive-date=2013-06-28 |access-date=2013-02-10 |publisher=Tstvingtsun.bc.ca}}</ref> Close-range attacks using the elbows and knees are also developed here. It also teaches methods of recovering position and centerline when in a compromised position where Siu Nim Tau structure has been lost. For some branches, bodyweight in striking is a central theme, either from pivoting (rotational) or stepping (translational). Likewise, for some branches, this form provides the engine to the car. For branches that use the "sinking bridge" interpretation, the form has more emphasis on "uprooting", adding multi-dimensional movement and spiraling to the already developed engine. |
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===== Biu jee ===== |
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The vertical punch is so effective that [[Bruce Lee]] kept it unchanged, in [[Jeet Kune Do]]. |
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The third and last form, '''biu jee''' {{Lang-zh|t=镖指|s=镖指|p=biāo zhǐ|j=biu1 ji2|l=darting fingers}}, is composed of extreme short-range and extreme long-range techniques, low kicks and sweeps, and "emergency techniques" to counter-attack when structure and centerline have been seriously compromised, such as when the practitioner is seriously injured.,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cebridge.com.au/wongwebsite/kwoon/BiuJi.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415165829/http://www.cebridge.com.au/wongwebsite/kwoon/BiuJi.htm|url-status=dead|title=City Wing Chun – Training Notes|archive-date=April 15, 2009}}</ref> As well as the pivoting and stepping developed in Chum Kiu, a third degree of freedom, involves more upper body, and stretching is developed for more power. Such movements include close-range elbow strikes and finger thrusts to the throat. For some branches, this is the turbo-charger of the car; for others, it can be seen as a "pit stop" kit that should never come into play, recovering your "engine" when it has been lost. Still, other branches view this form as imparting deadly "killing" and maiming techniques that should never be used without good reason. A common Wing Chun saying is, "Biu jee doesn't go out the door". Some interpret this to mean the form should be kept secret; others interpret it as meaning it should never be used if you can help it. |
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==== Wooden dummy ==== |
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The vertical punch is the basis for the Wing Chun chain punch - alternate left and right vertical punches thrown in quick succession, resulting in a fast flurry of punches of a few punches per second. The chain punch is simple, effective and difficult to counter. |
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[[File:Muk Yan Jong-wooden doomy kung fu 2.JPG|thumb]] |
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[[Mu ren zhuang]] ({{Lang-zh|t=木人樁|s=木人桩|p=mù rén zhuāng|j=muk6 yan4 jong1|l=wooden dummy}}) is performed on a wooden dummy, which serves as a training tool to teach the student the use of Wing Chun Kuen's 108 movements against a live opponent.<ref name="Crudelli_122" /> There are many versions of this form which come from a variety of Wing Chun Kung Fu lineages.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} |
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=== Other forms === |
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Wing Chun students are taught that when in doubt as to which technique to use, they should attack with the chain punch. This avoids the "analysis paralysis" that can occur when an overly-trained martial artist gets into an unstructured street fight. |
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San Sik (Chinese: {{lang|zh|散式}}; Cantonese Yale: Sáan Sīk; pinyin: Sǎn Shì; 'Separate forms'), along with the other three forms, is the basis of all Wing Chun techniques. They are compact in structure, and can be loosely grouped into three broad categories: (1) Focus on building body structure through basic punching, standing, turning, and stepping drills; (2) Fundamental arm cycles and changes, firmly ingraining the cardinal tools for interception and adaptation; (3) Sensitivity training and combination techniques.<ref>{{cite book|title=World of Martial Arts !|last1=Hill|first1=Robert|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2010|chapter=Ch5-Wing Chun|pages=|isbn=978-0-557-01663-1|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=1Ze0-x2ROuQC|page=}}}}{{self-published source|date=February 2023}}</ref> |
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=== |
==== Weapons ==== |
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The [[Yuen Kay Shan]] / [[Sum Nung]] branch also historically trained to throw darts (Biu).<ref name="El Español">{{cite news |last1=Javier |first1=Zaballos |title=Uno de los mejores tres maestros de kung fu en la historia de China fue Latino |url= |access-date= |work=EL Español |issue=National print edition |publisher=El Español |date=9 November 2021 |ref=El Español}}</ref> |
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== In film and popular culture == |
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Wing Chun emphasizes attack and defense along an imaginary vertical line drawn along the nose, throat, navel and groin. The human body's prime striking targets are considered to be on or near this line. |
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[[Sammo Hung]] directed two films about Wing Chun practitioner [[Leung Jan]]: ''[[Warriors Two]]'' (1978), in which Leung is played Sammo Hung himself, and ''[[The Prodigal Son (1981 film)|The Prodigal Son]]'' (1981), in which Leung is played by [[Yuen Biao]]. |
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[[Donnie Yen]] played the role of Wing Chun Grandmaster Ip Man in the 2008 movie ''[[Ip Man (film)|Ip Man]]'', and in its sequels ''[[Ip Man 2]]'', ''[[Ip Man 3]],'' and ''[[Ip Man 4]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 Chinese Box Office records |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/china/?yr=2008&wk=50&p=.htm |access-date=2013-02-10 |publisher=Box Office Mojo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IP Man 4 Teaser Trailer Pits Donnie Yen Against Scott Adkins |url=https://comicbook.com/movies/2019/03/18/ip-man-4-trailer-teaser/ |access-date=2019-03-20 |website=Movies |language=en}}</ref> The Ip Man series of movies is credited for reviving interest in the martial art in the 2010s and the Ip Man trilogy received critical acclaim in the box office. Ip Man was [[Bruce Lee]]'s master, which made the trilogy so popular. Lee was largely responsible for launching the "[[kung fu]] craze" of the 1970s.<ref name="Desser">{{cite book |last1=Desser |first1=David |title=The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity |date=2002 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-77602-8 |editor-last1=Fu |editor-first1=Poshek |pages=19–43 |chapter=The Kung Fu Craze: Hong Kong Cinema's First American Reception |access-date=June 10, 2020 |editor-last2=Desser |editor-first2=David |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sELZJ5vihJUC&pg=PA19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608071604/https://books.google.com/books?id=sELZJ5vihJUC&pg=PA19 |archive-date=June 8, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Bureaucracy may be wing chun kung fu master's biggest foe |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1589448/bureaucracy-may-be-wing-chun-kung-fu-masters-biggest-foe|access-date=September 23, 2022|date=September 11, 2014 |publisher=South China Morning Post|quote=Action star Donnie Yen helped reawaken interest in wing chun with his film Ip Man.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://people.com/movies/why-rogue-one-star-donnie-yen-performed-all-of-his-amazing-fight-scenes-blind/|title=Why Rogue One Star Donnie Yen Performed All of His Amazing Fight Scenes 'Blind'|last=Mike|first=Miller|date=2016-12-12|work=PEOPLE.com|access-date=2017-11-26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2016-12/01/content_39828464.htm|title=Donnie Yen leaves hand and foot prints in Hollywood- China.org.cn|last=Zhang|first=Rui|date=December 1, 2016|website=china.org.cn|access-date=2017-11-26}}</ref><ref>[http://wghot.wwwwang.com/content/200910/167376.shtml 甄子丹对《叶问》票房无信心 耍咏春拳赚口碑 |网网网络] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328162538/http://wghot.wwwwang.com/content/200910/167376.shtml |date=28 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.people.com.cn/GB/8222/86596/195994/195995/12017243.html |title=《叶问前传》首映 叶准改口赞甄子丹学咏春很快Ip Chun says Yen learns Wing Chun Fast | 人民网 People's news |work=People's Daily |access-date=17 December 2011}}</ref> |
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A Wing Chun practitioner will strive to protect his centerline and attack his opponent's. Footwork is used to move your centerline away from an opponent's attack and to position your hands and feet to attack his centerline. |
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Wing Chun techniques are "closed", the limbs drawn in to protect the centerline. The hands should not move beyond the vertical circle that is described by swinging the arms in front, with the hands crossed at the wrists. To reach outside this area, footwork is used. |
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=== Linear Movement === |
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Strikes are linear. This is in the belief that the fastest path between two points is a straight line. Some blocking movements however, can be circular. |
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Note that the vertical punch is linear - only straight line movements are used. |
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=== Simultaneous Attack and Defense === |
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Whenever possible, an arm will be used to block and strike in one movement. This allows for fast counter attacks, compared to the conventional block with one hand followed by a counterpunch with the other. |
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=== Independent Movement of Limbs === |
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=== Risk Aversion === |
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=== Balance and Body Structure === |
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=== Relaxation === |
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For the 2008 American action thriller film [[Bangkok Dangerous (2008 film)|''Bangkok Dangerous'']], actor [[Nicolas Cage]] trained in Wing Chun extensively. A particular scene in the film shows Cage’s skills whilst drilling moves with another Wing Chun practitioner (played by Thai actor [[Shahkrit Yamnam]]).<ref>{{cite book |title= Mixed Martial Arts' Most Wanted – The Top 10 book of Crazy Combat, Great Grappling, and Sick Submissions|last=Heath |first=Adam |author2=Hudson, David |year=2012 |publisher=Potomac Books Inc |isbn=978-1-59797-549-0 |page= 141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLFgkHHOkb4C&dq=Bangkok+Dangerous+wing+chun&pg=PT141 }}</ref> |
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In December 2019, a new Wing Chun fighter named Leroy Smith was introduced to the [[fighting game]] ''[[Tekken 7]]'' roster as [[downloadable content]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/tekken-7-gets-a-brand-new-character-called-leroy-smith |title= Tekken 7 gets a brand new character called Leroy Smith |last= Yin-Poole |first= Wesley|date= August 5, 2019 |website= [[Eurogamer]] |publisher= |access-date= March 3, 2023|quote=Bandai Namco has announced season three of Tekken 7 – and it adds a brand new character. Leroy Smith is described as a "seasoned master of martial arts" who, 50 years ago, lost his family and home in New York as part of a gang conflict. He's back – and he's bringing his Wing Chun with him.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://kotaku.com/new-tekken-7-character-s-dog-sidekick-is-good-and-pure-1840393709|title=New Tekken 7 Character's Dog Sidekick Is Good And Pure |last=Walker |first=Ian |date= December 12, 2019|website= Kotaku |publisher= |access-date= March 3, 2023|quote=After previously being revealed at Evo back in August, Tekken 7 newcomer Leroy Smith is finally playable via an update released earlier in the week. This elderly Wing Chun master proved popular in the fighting game community before release thanks to his unique mixture of American and Chinese fashion...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tilt.fi/uutiset/tekken-7n-kolmas-kausi-tuo-muassaan-taysin-uuden-hahmon-tallainen-on-leroy-smith/ |title=Tekken 7:n kolmas kausi tuo muassaan täysin uuden hahmon – tällainen on Leroy Smith |trans-title=The third season of Tekken 7 brings, among other things, a completely new character – this is what Leroy Smith is like |language= Finnish|last= Herranen |first=Jaakko |date= August 5, 2019 |website= [[Tilt (Finnish TV series)|Tilt.fi]] |publisher= |access-date= March 3, 2023 |quote=Täysin uutena tuttavuutena rautanyrkkikarkeloihin liittyy kokenut kamppailulajien taitaja Leroy Smith. 50 vuotta sitten perheensä menettänyt veteraani hallitsee legendaarisen Wing Chun -taistelulajin. Smith liittyy hahmorepertuaariin ennen vuoden loppua.<br />Translation: ''Experienced martial arts expert Leroy Smith joins the iron fists as a completely new acquaintance. A veteran who lost his family 50 years ago commands the legendary martial art of Wing Chun. Smith will join the cast before the end of the year.''}}</ref> When creating characters to represent real-world martial arts, the [[Bandai-Namco|developers]] wanted to introduce a new fighter utilizing Wing Chun. The developers consulted a student of Ip Man's nephew, who provided [[motion capture]] for the character.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 27, 2020 |title=TEKKEN 7 – Dev Diary: Leroy Smith & Fahkumram |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BiCRBcl1IFM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/BiCRBcl1IFM| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-29 |website=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |
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== Training == |
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== Notable practitioners == |
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Wing Chun students are taught the reasoning behind each technique that they learn. This avoids them going through the motions without knowing how to apply them. This theoretical grounding also allows them to analyze other styles for strengths and weaknesses. |
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<!--Avoid vanity edits, as they quallify as COI. Category suffices beyond short list--> |
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<!--No fictional examples here--> |
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{{for|practitioners of Wing Chun|Category:Wing Chun practitioners}} |
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== See also == |
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Wing chun as taught by Yip Man was in some ways a socially revolutionary art. There were no ranks or titles in the art. One's standing in the wing chun did not come from "time in grade" or "age"; instead, the "hands did the talking" and made clear who had superior skill. Indeed, one of the first things that one learned was to look straight at the instructor, which could be difficult as Chinese social mores placed emphasis on respect for elders, for example by avoiding direct gaze. A wing chun kwoon ("training hall") could be likened to a wolf pack rather than to a hierarchical military-style organization. |
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* [[Chinese martial arts]] |
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* [[Wing Chun terms]] |
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* [[Wushu (sport)|Wushu]] |
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* [[List of films featuring Wing Chun]] |
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== Bibliography == |
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Wing chun also makes use of a number of [[kuen kuit]] to teach the art. These are short, often sing-song, sayings or rhymes that indicate principles, or strategies, or even particular responses. Although these can be written in chinese characters, they are actually Cantonese (so have no real written equivalent). In many cases, their meaning rested on slang that was not necessarily widely known. In others, although the meaning might be "clear", the actual meaning for the art would require that you physically learn something. |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* {{cite book|title=The Definitive Guide to Wing Chun's History and Tradition|last1=Chu|first1=Robert|last2=Ritchie|first2=Rene|last3=Wu|first3=Y.|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4629-1753-2|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=Ux0NCwAAQBAJ}}}} |
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* {{cite book|title=Roots and Branches of Wing Tsun, Second edition (January 1, 2000)|last1=Leung|first1=Ting|publisher=Leung Ting Co ,Hong Kong|year=2000|isbn=962-7284-23-8|url= https://www.scribd.com/document/159561680/Roots-of-Wing-Tsun}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Benjamin N. Judkins & Jon Nielson|title=The Creation of Wing Chun: A Social History of the Southern Chinese Martial Arts|year=2015|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-5695-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ub00CgAAQBAJ}} |
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{{refend}} |
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== |
== Notes == |
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{{notelist}} |
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== External links == |
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[[Yip Man]] was the first person to teach Wing Chun to a wider public. After his death, many of his students formed separate schools. In some cases, instructors developed more systematic methodologies of teaching wing chun -- however, there is probably no substitute for direct hands-on transmission of the feel of the art. This has lead to varying interpretations of the art. |
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* {{Commons category-inline}} |
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== References == |
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Yip Man was well-known for having a very quick wit and an acid tongue. His teaching style, along with the very direct nature of the art and its despising of superfluous talk, infuses the art with a certain edginess. This is probably why Wing chun is well-known for being split into many factions, each of which feel that they are the holders of the true transmission of the art. |
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{{Reflist|refs= |
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<ref name=Chu1>{{Harvnb|Chu|Ritchie|Wu|2015|pp=1–2}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Chu2>{{Harvnb|Chu|Ritchie|Wu|2015|pp=4–27}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Chu3>{{Harvnb|Chu|Ritchie|Wu|2015|pp=28–44}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Chu4>{{Harvnb|Chu|Ritchie|Wu|2015|pp=45–52}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Chu5>{{Harvnb|Chu|Ritchie|Wu|2015|pp=69–77}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Chu6>{{Harvnb|Chu|Ritchie|Wu|2015|pp=78–82}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Chu7>{{Harvnb|Chu|Ritchie|Wu|2015|pp=83–89}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Chu8>{{Harvnb|Chu|Ritchie|Wu|2015|pp=53–68}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Chu9>{{Harvnb|Chu|Ritchie|Wu|2015|pp=90–99}}</ref> |
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}} |
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{{Ip Man}} |
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*[[Leung Ting]] (Grandmaster of "[[Wing Tsun]]" branch) |
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{{Bruce Lee}} |
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*[[Leung Sheung]] |
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{{martial arts}} |
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*[[Lok Yiu]] |
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{{Guangdong topics}} |
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*[[Moy Yat]] [http://www.Moyyat.com] |
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*[[Wong Shun Leung]] (Grandmaster of "Ving Tsun" branch, taught Bruce Lee) |
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*[[William Cheung]] (Grandmaster of "Traditional Wing Chun" branch) |
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*[[Yip Chun]] (Yip Man's son) |
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*[[Yip Ching]] (Yip Man's son) |
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*[[Emin Boztepe]] |
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{{Authority control}} |
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Yip Man's lineage is not the only one that exists and there are several different histories which confirm and contradict Yip Man's histories. Yip Man had many peers who passed on the art of Wing Chun resulting in, to name a few, the [[Yuen Kay San]] [[Gu Lao]] and [[Pan Nam]] branches. It is said that there are 7 main Wing Chun families in mainland China. Some other branches are found in Malaysia, Vietnam, and Taiwan. |
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[[Category:Chinese martial arts]] |
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[[Bruce Lee]] trained in Wing Chun and later incorporated some of its moves and philosophy into the [[Jeet Kune Do]] style he later personally developed. Jeet Kune Do differs greatly from Wing Chun as taught by Yip Man. |
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[[Category:Chinese swordsmanship]] |
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[[Category:Wing Chun]] |
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[[Category:Buddhist martial arts]] |
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Latest revision as of 09:42, 4 January 2025
 | This article is missing information about Wing Chun organizations like VTAA and EWTO. (January 2023) |
 | |
| Also known as | Ving Tsun, Wing Tsun, Wing Tsung, Yong Chun, Weng Chun, Wyng Tjun, Ving Tjun, Wing Tzun, Wing Tschun |
|---|---|
| Focus | Striking, grappling, trapping |
| Country of origin | Foshan, China |
| Creator | No definitive founder has been identified; there are eight distinct lineages with different stories regarding its conception.[1][2][page needed] For further information, see Branches of Wing Chun |
| Famous practitioners | (see notable practitioners) |
| Parenthood | Shaolin Kung Fu / Nanquan[2][page needed] |
| Descendant arts | Jeet Kune Do,[3] German Jujutsu[a][4] |
| Wing Chun | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 詠春 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 咏春 | ||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "singing spring"[5][6] | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Part of a series on |
| Chinese martial arts (Wushu) |
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Wing Chun (Cantonese) or Yong Chun (Mandarin) (Chinese: 詠春 or 咏春, lit. "singing spring")[7] is a concept-based martial art, a form of Southern Chinese kung fu, and a close-quarters system of self-defense. It is a martial arts style characterized by its focus on close-quarters hand-to-hand combat, rapid-fire punches, and straightforward efficiency. It has a philosophy that emphasizes capturing and sticking to an opponent's centerline. This is accomplished using simultaneous attack and defense, tactile sensitivity, and using an opponent's force against them.
Wing Chun has various spellings in the West, but "Wing Chun" is the most common.[8][full citation needed][9][additional citation(s) needed] The origins of Wing Chun are uncertain, but it is generally attributed to the development of Southern Chinese martial arts. There are at least eight distinct lineages, of which the Ip Man and Yuen Kay-shan lineages are the most prolific.
The martial art was brought to Hong Kong and then the rest of the world by Ip Man, with Bruce Lee being his most famous student. The Ving Tsun Athletic Association, founded in 1967 by Ip Man and his students, helped spread Wing Chun globally. Traditionally taught within a family system, modern Wing Chun lessons have taken on a more academic and commercial character.
Wing Chun gained popularity in the 2010s due to the Ip Man film series starring Donnie Yen and has been featured in video games like Tekken 7. Notable practitioners include Bruce Lee, Donnie Yen, Samuel Kwok, and Carlos Deleon.
Etymology
[edit]In Chinese, this martial art is referred to as 咏春拳 (simplified script) or 詠春拳 (traditional script). Though it is written in an almost identical way in traditional and simplified, it is not pronounced and transcribed in the same way according to the regions and their dialects: Yǒngchūn quán in Mandarin pinyin, Wing-Chun keen in Cantonese Wade-Giles. It is made up of 2 terms: 拳 (quan/kuen) which means "fist, boxing" and the term 詠春 (wing-chun, in Cantonese) meaning "singing spring". The full name is thus translated as "singing spring boxing".[5][6]
In its short designation, the martial art is simply designated by these two sinograms:
- the sinogram 詠 yǒng/wing: "to sing, to sing..."
- the sinogram 春 chūn/chun: "spring, vitality..."
This martial art is sometimes referred to by 永春, characters different from 詠春, but pronounced and transcribed in the same way: They are literally translated as "eternal spring", the character 永 meaning "eternal, endless". These characters also designate the Yongchun region near the city of Quanzhou (Fujian).
If the use of 詠春 seems privileged today for Wing Chun styles, 永春 still appears in the name of other Southern Chinese martial arts (with 永春 often transcribed Weng Chun); for example jee shim weng chun and Yǒng Chūn Bái Hè Quán (永春白鶴拳).[10][additional citation(s) needed]
Romanization
[edit]In the West, the name of this martial art has been transcribed variably due to the use of different or personal Chinese language romanization methods, and differences in pronunciation between Chinese languages (but Cantonese was often preferred) or according to Western languages. In addition, some Wing Chun masters voluntarily created their own terms, in order to dissociate their personal teaching from traditional teachings. For example, Yip Man's Ving Tsun or Leung Ting's Wing Tsun.
The consequence is the ability to determine a lineage, a student-teacher family tree, just by spelling.
— Wayne Belonoha[11][full citation needed]
Finally, this martial art is pronounced quite identically in the West but is written with many spellings: Ving Tsun, Wing Tsun, Wing Tsung, Yong Chun, Weng Chun, Wyng Tjun, Ving Tjun, Wing Tzun, Wing Tschun. Wing Chun is the most common form, used to apply to all lineages of this martial art.[12][full citation needed][9][additional citation(s) needed]
Context
[edit]Context of the name Wing Chun varies between various branches of Wing Chun. Common legend is that the name is derived from Yim Wing-chun, the mythical progenator of the martial art, who was a student of the legendary Abbess Ng Mui.[13][14][15]
According to the Hung Suen / Hung Gu Biu lineage, the Ng Mui / Yim Wing Chun legend was conceived to protect the identity of Cheung Ng, a Shaolin monk who survived the Manchurian massacres and took refuge at Red Boat Opera. The "Yim Wing Chun" name was chosen for specific reasons, as Yim could be understood as the word for "Secret" or "Protected", and "Wing Chun" refers to Siu Lam Wing Chun Tong (the Always Spring Hall). With "Yim Wing Chun" being a secret code for "the secret art of Siu Lam Wing Chun Hall."[16]
In the Pan Nam lineage, the "Wing" in Wing Chun comes from Chan Wing-wah, one of the founders of Hongmen.[17] According to the Pao Fa Lien lineage, the name Wing Chun is a shortened form of the revolutionary motto, "Wing yun chi jee; Mo mong Hon Juk; Dai dei wu chun." A secret code that allowed the anti-Qing revolutionaries to recognize each other. Eventually, the codeword was shortened to Wing Chun (Always Spring.)[18]
Origins
[edit]The definitive origin of Wing Chun remains unknown and is attributed to the development of Southern Chinese martial arts.[19] Complications in the history and documentation of Wing Chun are attributed to the art being passed from teacher to student orally, rather than in writing. Another reason is the secrecy of its development, due to its connections to Anti-Qing rebellious movements.[20]
There are at least eight different distinct lineages of Wing Chun, each having its own history of origin. Additionally, there are competing genealogies within the same branch or about the same individual teacher. The eight distinct lineages of Wing Chun which have been identified are:
Regardless of the origins espoused by various Wing Chun branches and lineages, there is much third-party controversy and speculative theorizing regarding the true origins of Wing Chun. In the West, Wing Chun's history has become a mix of fact and fiction due to the impacts of early secrecy and modern marketing.[1]
Modern Wing Chun
[edit]Of the eight Wing Chun lineages,[32] the Ip Man and Yuen Kay-shan lineages are the most prolific branches of Wing Chun worldwide.[33][34][35] The other lineages are pretty much unknown outside of China, except for the Pan Nam line, which survives in the USA[36][37] and the Jee Shim / Weng Chun line with a strong presence in Germany.[38][39] The Yuen Chai Wan form of Wing Chun[b] has a notable presence in Vietnam, with this lineage having earned the moniker of "Vietnamese Wing Chun".[40][41][42][43][44]
In 1949, Ip Man, considered the most important grandmaster of modern Wing Chun, brought the style from China to Hong Kong and eventually to the rest of the world.[21][45][46][47] Yip Man's most famous student was Bruce Lee, who had studied under Yip Man before he moved to the United States.[c][49] Lee is also credited for popularizing Wing Chun internationally,[50][51] although he would later develop his own martial arts philosophies (namely Jeet Kune Do) that contain many Wing Chun influences.[3][52] Some masters changed the way of teaching only 1 loyal student because it was a tradition that came because of Qing dynasty's influence and destruction of Southern Shaolin, in order to preserve the style, ancient masters taught only 1 loyal student.[citation needed]
The Ving Tsun Athletic Association
[edit]The Ving Tsun Athletic Association was founded in 1967 by Cantonese master Ip Man and seven of his senior students so they could teach Wing Chun together and Ip Man would not take on all the work himself.[53] The first public demonstration of the Wing Chun fighting system, according to Ip Man, took place in Hong Kong at an official exhibition fight in the winter of 1969 at what was then the Baptist College (now the Hong Kong Baptist University). Leung Ting, a student of Ip Man, invited his master and some well-known representatives of the martial arts scene of the time to the college and conducted the exhibition fights in front of a specialist audience. The Association helped Wing Chun to spread to the rest of the world.[54][55]
Organizational structure in modern Europe
[edit]There is no uniform umbrella organization in Europe under which Wing Chun practitioners are grouped, but rather numerous, sometimes competing and divided associations, schools, and individual teachers. Most associations do not appear in the legal form of associations that have voluntarily merged to form an association, but as commercial organizations in which associated schools are integrated, which are authorized and certified by the association. Some of the associations are organized in a franchise system.[citation needed]
International Wing Chun Organization (IWCO)
[edit]The International Wing Chun Organization (IWCO)[56] was founded by Grandmaster Donald Mak[57][58] in 1997[59], a respected Wing Chun practitioner and instructor who studied under the Great Grandmaster Chow Tze Chueng[60][61].
In some associations, based on the family system that was used in the past, obedience and obligations towards the master and his teacher are emphasized, although these are rarely directly related to their training students.[citation needed]
Characteristics
[edit]General
[edit]Wing Chun puts emphasis on economic movement and encourages its practitioners to "feel" through their opponents' defenses and to utilize the incoming attacks with parrying, deflection, rapid punches, and finger pokes. Slapping and defensive maneuvers are used to distract the opponent to make them shift their defenses away from their centerline.[15]
Wing Chun favors a relatively high, narrow stance with the elbows close to the body. Within the stance, arms are generally positioned across the vital points of the centerline with hands in a vertical "wu sau" ("protecting hand" position).[62] This puts the practitioner in a position to make readily placed blocks and fast-moving blows to vital striking points down the center of the body, i.e. the neck, chest, belly, and groin. Shifting or turning within a stance is done on the heels, balls, or middle (K1 or Kidney point 1) of the foot, depending on the lineage. Some Wing Chun styles discourage the use of high kicks because this risks counter-attacks to the groin. The practice of "settling" one's opponent to brace them more effectively against the ground helps one deliver as much force as possible.[63][64]
Relaxation
[edit]Softness (via relaxation) and performance of techniques in a relaxed and controlled manner By training the physical, mental, breathing, energy, and force in a relaxed manner a "soft wholesome force"[65] known as Chi is develop which is fundamental to Wing Chun.[15] On "softness" in Wing Chun, Ip Man said during an interview:
Wing Chun is in some sense a "soft" school of martial arts. However, if one equates that word as weak or without strength, then they are dead wrong. Chi Sau in Wing Chun is to maintain one's flexibility and softness, all the while keeping in the strength to fight back, much like the flexible nature of bamboo".[66]
Teaching structure in the past
[edit]In ancient China, Wing Chun, like all other martial arts or craft guilds, was traditionally passed on in a familiar way, from master to student. The master, who had personal responsibility for the entire training of the student (apprentice), was addressed as Sifu (master). The lessons often took place in the master's house, where a personal bond would develop between the master and his family and the student (apprentice), with certain mutual obligations. The first public martial arts schools were established in Hong Kong. Since then, Wing Chun's lessons have taken on a more modern, academic, and commercial character.[citation needed]
In some schools, however, the family system was still maintained. Lo Man-Kam, a nephew of Ip Man, still teaches his students in his home in Taipei. Selected long-term students are accepted into the inner circle of the Wing Chun family by the Sifu in the traditional way, through a master-student tea ceremony.[citation needed]
Forms
[edit]Most common forms
[edit]
The most common system of forms in Wing Chun consists of three empty hand forms, two weapon forms: the Dragon pole and Butterfly swords, and a wooden dummy form.[67]
Siu nim tau
[edit]The first and most important form in Wing Chun, siu nim tau (simplified Chinese: 小念头; traditional Chinese: 小念頭; pinyin: xiǎo niàn tou; Jyutping: siu2 nim6 tau4; lit. 'little idea for beginning'[69]), is practiced throughout the practitioner's lifetime.[70] It is the foundation or "seed" of the art, on which all succeeding forms and techniques are based.[71] Fundamental rules of balance and body structure are developed here. Using a car analogy; for some branches this would provide the chassis[72] and for others, this is the engine.[73] It serves as the basic alphabet of the system. Some branches view the symmetrical stance as the fundamental fighting stance, while others see it as a training stance used in developing technique.[74]
Although many of the movements are similar, siu nim tau varies significantly between the different branches of Wing Chun. In Ip Man's Wing Chun, the first section of the form is done by training the basic power for the hand techniques by tensing and relaxing the arms.[75] In Moy Yat's Wing Chun, the first section of the form is done without muscle tension and slowly in a meditative, calm, and being "in the moment" way.[70] In 1972, weeks before he died, Ip Man demonstrated Siu Nim Tau (also known as Siu Lim Tau) on film, showing how the form is to be performed.[76]
Chum kiu
[edit]The second form, chum kiu simplified Chinese: 寻桥; traditional Chinese: 尋橋; pinyin: xún qiáo; Jyutping: cham4 kiu4; lit. 'seeking the bridge', focuses on coordinated movement of body mass and entry techniques to "bridge the gap" between practitioner and opponent, and move in to disrupt their structure and balance.[77][78] Close-range attacks using the elbows and knees are also developed here. It also teaches methods of recovering position and centerline when in a compromised position where Siu Nim Tau structure has been lost. For some branches, bodyweight in striking is a central theme, either from pivoting (rotational) or stepping (translational). Likewise, for some branches, this form provides the engine to the car. For branches that use the "sinking bridge" interpretation, the form has more emphasis on "uprooting", adding multi-dimensional movement and spiraling to the already developed engine.
Biu jee
[edit]The third and last form, biu jee Chinese: 镖指; pinyin: biāo zhǐ; Jyutping: biu1 ji2; lit. 'darting fingers', is composed of extreme short-range and extreme long-range techniques, low kicks and sweeps, and "emergency techniques" to counter-attack when structure and centerline have been seriously compromised, such as when the practitioner is seriously injured.,[79] As well as the pivoting and stepping developed in Chum Kiu, a third degree of freedom, involves more upper body, and stretching is developed for more power. Such movements include close-range elbow strikes and finger thrusts to the throat. For some branches, this is the turbo-charger of the car; for others, it can be seen as a "pit stop" kit that should never come into play, recovering your "engine" when it has been lost. Still, other branches view this form as imparting deadly "killing" and maiming techniques that should never be used without good reason. A common Wing Chun saying is, "Biu jee doesn't go out the door". Some interpret this to mean the form should be kept secret; others interpret it as meaning it should never be used if you can help it.
Wooden dummy
[edit]
Mu ren zhuang (simplified Chinese: 木人桩; traditional Chinese: 木人樁; pinyin: mù rén zhuāng; Jyutping: muk6 yan4 jong1; lit. 'wooden dummy') is performed on a wooden dummy, which serves as a training tool to teach the student the use of Wing Chun Kuen's 108 movements against a live opponent.[15] There are many versions of this form which come from a variety of Wing Chun Kung Fu lineages.[citation needed]
Other forms
[edit]San Sik (Chinese: 散式; Cantonese Yale: Sáan Sīk; pinyin: Sǎn Shì; 'Separate forms'), along with the other three forms, is the basis of all Wing Chun techniques. They are compact in structure, and can be loosely grouped into three broad categories: (1) Focus on building body structure through basic punching, standing, turning, and stepping drills; (2) Fundamental arm cycles and changes, firmly ingraining the cardinal tools for interception and adaptation; (3) Sensitivity training and combination techniques.[80]
Weapons
[edit]The Yuen Kay Shan / Sum Nung branch also historically trained to throw darts (Biu).[81]
In film and popular culture
[edit]Sammo Hung directed two films about Wing Chun practitioner Leung Jan: Warriors Two (1978), in which Leung is played Sammo Hung himself, and The Prodigal Son (1981), in which Leung is played by Yuen Biao.
Donnie Yen played the role of Wing Chun Grandmaster Ip Man in the 2008 movie Ip Man, and in its sequels Ip Man 2, Ip Man 3, and Ip Man 4.[82][83] The Ip Man series of movies is credited for reviving interest in the martial art in the 2010s and the Ip Man trilogy received critical acclaim in the box office. Ip Man was Bruce Lee's master, which made the trilogy so popular. Lee was largely responsible for launching the "kung fu craze" of the 1970s.[84][85][86][87][88][89]
For the 2008 American action thriller film Bangkok Dangerous, actor Nicolas Cage trained in Wing Chun extensively. A particular scene in the film shows Cage’s skills whilst drilling moves with another Wing Chun practitioner (played by Thai actor Shahkrit Yamnam).[90]
In December 2019, a new Wing Chun fighter named Leroy Smith was introduced to the fighting game Tekken 7 roster as downloadable content.[91][92][93] When creating characters to represent real-world martial arts, the developers wanted to introduce a new fighter utilizing Wing Chun. The developers consulted a student of Ip Man's nephew, who provided motion capture for the character.[94]
Notable practitioners
[edit]See also
[edit]Bibliography
[edit]- Chu, Robert; Ritchie, Rene; Wu, Y. (2015). The Definitive Guide to Wing Chun's History and Tradition. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-1753-2.
- Leung, Ting (2000). Roots and Branches of Wing Tsun, Second edition (January 1, 2000). Leung Ting Co ,Hong Kong. ISBN 962-7284-23-8.
- Benjamin N. Judkins & Jon Nielson (2015). The Creation of Wing Chun: A Social History of the Southern Chinese Martial Arts. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-5695-9.
Notes
[edit]- ^ Wing Chun techniques were added to the German Jujutsu curriculum in 2000. Prior to that, German Jujutsu did not contain Wing Chun techniques.
- ^ Chu, Ritchie and Wu consider this a derivative of his brother's, Yuen Kay-shan's Wing Chun. With Leung Ting also seeing this as a niche system.
- ^ Lee was mainly taught Wing Chun by Wong Shun-leung, a senior student of Ip Man.[48]
External links
[edit]
Media related to Wing Chun at Wikimedia Commons
References
[edit]- ^ a b Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015, pp. 1–2
- ^ a b Benjamin N. Judkins & Jon Nielson 2015
- ^ a b Chris Crudelli (2008). The Way of the Warrior. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 316. ISBN 978-1-4053-3750-2.
- ^ Braun, Christian (2004). Ju-Jutsu – Effektives Training. Das Prüfungsprogramm vom Gelb- und Orangegurt. Aachen, Germany: Meyer & Meyer Verlag. ISBN 3-89899-011-7.
- ^ a b Semyon, Neskorodev (2016). Mantis fist in Wing Chun. p. 4.
The origin... One of them states, that this style was created by five masters of Southern Shaolin, who made this work in the Hall of Praising Spring. Other legend says, that the style was elaborated by the women Wing Chun (Singing Spring), the daughter of novice of Southern Shaolin
[self-published source] - ^ a b Womack, Mari (2003). Sport as Symbol: Images of the Athlete in Art, Literature and Song. McFarland & Company. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-7864-1579-3.
village girl named Yim Wing Chun, which means to sing spring
- ^ See Etymology
- ^ « As the art grows in popularity, many different Romanizations for the Chinese character "Wing Chun" continue to be created, often as a result of the local dialect and pronunciation. This results in the ability to determine a lineage, student/teacher family tree, or origin, by the spelling alone. The most common spelling is "wing chun", which applies generally to all families. » - Wayne Belonoha, The Wing Chun Compendium, p.20
- ^ a b "Why traditional martial arts lose to hand-to-hand combat – US military hand-to-hand combat trainer who teaches Wing Chun sees it this way". sina.com.cn. (in Chinese). November 23, 2020. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
- ^ Use of 永春 by several branches, including Pan Nam himself, attested by Leung Ting in Roots and Branches of Wing Tsun and by the authors of Complete Wing Chun . See also http://weng-chun.com and http://www.yongchunbaihechuen.com
- ^ The Wing Chun compendium
- ^ « As the art grows in popularity, many different romanizations for the Chinese character "wing chun" continue to be created, often as a result of the local dialect and pronunciation. This results in the ability to determine a lineage, student/teacher family tree, or origin, by the spelling alone. The most common spelling is "wing chun", which applies generally to all families. » - Wayne Belonoha, The Wing Chun compendium, p.20
- ^ Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015, pp. 4–27
- ^ Ritchie, R. (c. 2007): What's in a name? Retrieved on 9 May 2010.
- ^ a b c d Chris Crudelli (2008). The Way of the Warrior. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-4053-3750-2.
- ^ Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015, pp. 83–89
- ^ Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015, pp. 69–77
- ^ Chu 2015, pg.78
- ^ Benjamin N. Judkins & Jon Nielson (2015). The Creation of Wing Chun: A Social History of the Southern Chinese Martial Arts. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-5695-9.
- ^ Chu 2015, pg. 1-2, 106-108
- ^ a b Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015, pp. 4–27
- ^ Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015, pp. 28–44
- ^ Leung Ting, pg.238
- ^ Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015, pp. 45–52
- ^ Leung Ting, page 289 & 290
- ^ Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015, pp. 53–68
- ^ Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015, pp. 69–77
- ^ Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015, pp. 78–82
- ^ Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015, pp. 83–89
- ^ Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015, pp. 90–99
- ^ Leung, Ting (2000). Roots and Branches of Wing Tsun, Second edition (January 1, 2000). Leung Ting Co ,Hong Kong. ISBN 9627284238, pg. 53, 90-99
- ^ see Origins
- ^ Leung Ting, Roots and Branches of Wing Tsun, ISBN 9627284239
- ^ David Peterson (2001). Look Beyond the Pointing Finger: The Combat Philosophy of Wong Shun Leung. Melbourne Chinese Martial Arts Club. ISBN 0-9579570-0-9.
- ^ Jan P. Hintelmann (2005). Westliche Sinnfindung durch östliche Kampfkunst? (in German). IKO – Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation. ISBN 978-3-88939-774-4.
- ^ Peyton, James (3 March 2016). "Pocket area Wing Chun school preserves rare martial arts tradition" (PDF). Pocket News (Print). Valley Community Newspapers. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- ^ Plum Staff (8 December 2009). "The Open Gate to the Garden of Chinese Martial Arts". plumpub.com. Plum Publications. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- ^ Andreas Hoffmann, Nadine Poerschke: Weng Chun Kung Fu. Budo International Publ. Co., Madrid 2011, ISBN 978-3-86836-183-4.
- ^ Chu 2015, page 94
- ^ Ritchie, Rene (31 March 2000). Yuen Kay-San Wing Chun Kuen (Paperback ed.). Action Pursuit Group. p. 142. ISBN 1-892515-03-2.
- ^ "Sư tổ võ Vịnh Xuân Việt Nam là "đại ca" Diệp Vấn". 24H. No. Online. Công ty Cổ phần Quảng cáo Trực tuyến 24H. 4 February 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
- ^ Nam, Khanh. "Những truyền kỳ về sư tổ phái Vịnh Xuân Việt Nam". Kien Thuc. No. Online. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
- ^ "Vietnamese Wing Chun Master Nguyen Te Cong". Dan Saigon. No. Online. Dansaigon. 24 March 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
- ^ Mã, Tiểu (6 October 2016). "Bậc thầy võ Việt làm Diệp Vấn, Lý Tiểu Long phải phục". SOHA The Thao. No. Online. SOHA. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
- ^ Rawcliffe, Shaun (2012). Wing Chun Kung Fu: The Wooden Dummy. Crowood. ISBN 978-1-84797-507-2.
Wing Chun Kung Fu has a long history but it has only been taught openly since the 1950s when Grandmaster Yip Man revealed the secrets of the art and began to teach large numbers of students in Hong Kong.
- ^ "Ip Man Tong virtual tour", foshanmuseum.com, November 2011, archived from the original on November 28, 2011
- ^ "An Interview with Grandmaster Yip Man". www.kwokwingchun.com. January 22, 2014. Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
- ^ "Who taught Bruce Lee kung fu? He was born to be a fighter, but the martial arts superstar also trained with the best". South China Morning Post. 25 July 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
Although Lee studied wing chun at Ip's school, he was mainly taught by Wong Shun-Leung, as Ip himself only taught advanced students, not beginners. Lee quickly became devoted to Wing Chun and practised diligently.
- ^ Complete Wing Chun: The Definitive Guide to Wing Chun's History and Traditions, Robert Chu, Rene Ritchie, Y. Wu, page 9, Tuttle Publishing; 1st edition (20 June 1998). ISBN 0-8048-3141-6, ISBN 978-0-8048-3141-3.
- ^ Ing, Ken (2010). Wing Chun Warrior: The True Tales of Wing Chun Kung Fu Master Duncan Leung, Bruce Lee's Fighting Companion. Blacksmith Books. p. 21. ISBN 9789881774224.
Finally, Li Xiaolong (李小龍), known to the world as Bruce Lee, made Wing Chun famous in the 1960s and 1970s through his movies.
- ^ Thomas, Bruce (1994). Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit. Frog Books. p. 308. ISBN 978-1-883319-25-0.
[William Cheung] joined the school and brought along the pupil who was to become wing chun's most famous exponent, Bruce Lee
- ^ Rafiq, Fiaz (2020). Bruce Lee: The Life of a Legend. Foreword by Diana Lee Inosanto. Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-78885-330-9.
- ^ "詠春體育會 - Ving Tsun Athletic Association". vingtsun.org.hk (in Chinese and English). 2019-11-27.
- ^ "詠春體育會發展簡介 - Kurzer Überblick zur Entwicklung des Ving Tsun Athletic Association". vingtsun.org.hk (in Chinese). 2019-11-27.
- ^ "The Development of Ving Tsun Kung Fu in Hong Kong (1961–1970) – 香港詠春體育會發展 (1961–1970)". vingtsun.org.hk (in Chinese and English). 2019-11-27.
- ^ "International Wing Chun Organization HQs – One World, One Family". Retrieved 2025-01-04.
- ^ "Mästare Donald Mak". International Wing Chun Organization Sweden. 2024-12-30. Retrieved 2025-01-04.
- ^ "Donald Mak 麥廣權 | eWingChun". www.ewingchun.com. Retrieved 2025-01-04.
- ^ "Donald Mak Books from the Chow Tze Chuen lineage of Wing Chun Kung Fu". www.everythingwingchun.com. Retrieved 2025-01-04.
- ^ "Chow Tze Chuen 鄒子傳 | eWingChun". www.ewingchun.com. Retrieved 2025-01-04.
- ^ "Mästare Chow Tze Chuen". International Wing Chun Organization Sweden. 2024-12-30. Retrieved 2025-01-04.
- ^ "How to Wu Sau Correctly – Technique is Everything | Sifu Och Wing Chun". Sifu Och Wing Chun. 2016-09-07. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
- ^ "Rediscovering the Roots of Wing Chun". Kung Fu Magazine. Retrieved 2010-02-06.
- ^ McKnight, David; Kwok Chow, Sifu Chung. "Integrative Wing Chun". Kung Fu Magazine. Archived from the original on 2013-03-14. Retrieved 2010-02-06.
- ^ Roselando, Jim (2011-01-28). "One Wing Chun Kung Fu Family – W1NG : Coaching From The Ancestors". Archived from the original on 2011-01-28. Retrieved 2019-01-19.
- ^ "An Interview With Grandmaster Yip Man from 1972". My Way of Wing Chun. 2013-07-11. Retrieved 2018-02-10.
- ^ "Wing Chun Forms".
- ^ CHU, Shong Tin; CHAN, Eddie (May 2011). The Book of Wing Chun. The Hong Kong Social Sciences Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-8234-1474-1. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
- ^ "Nim Lik (念力)" is literally translated as "Idea Power" in CHU's 2011 book[68]
- ^ a b "SIU NIM TAO: The first form of Wing Chun". 2022-11-10. Retrieved 2022-11-10.
- ^ Michel Boulet. "The Simple Basics of a Complex Art". the Wing Chun Archive. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
- ^ Jim Fung (2009-02-23). "Wing Chun Stance". International wing Chun academy. Wingchun.com.au. Archived from the original on 2014-03-19. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
- ^ "The Hidden Power of Siu Nim Tau by Tsui Sheung Tin". 2017-05-22. Archived from the original on 2017-05-22. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ Sifu Cogar. "An Overview of Wing Chun". richhealthandwellness.com. Archived from the original on 2010-02-03. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
- ^ Knight, Dan (March 13, 2014). "Sil Lim Tao the first form". kwokwingchun.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
- ^ "Ip Man performs Wing Chun Forms".
- ^ "The Forms of Wing Chun Kuen Kung Fu | Reading Academy Wing Chun & Kali". Teamwingchun.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
- ^ "Ving Tsun Martial Arts Studio – Training". Tstvingtsun.bc.ca. Archived from the original on 2013-06-28. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
- ^ "City Wing Chun – Training Notes". Archived from the original on April 15, 2009.
- ^ Hill, Robert (2010). "Ch5-Wing Chun". World of Martial Arts !. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-0-557-01663-1.[self-published source]
- ^ Javier, Zaballos (9 November 2021). "Uno de los mejores tres maestros de kung fu en la historia de China fue Latino". EL Español. No. National print edition. El Español.
- ^ "2008 Chinese Box Office records". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
- ^ "IP Man 4 Teaser Trailer Pits Donnie Yen Against Scott Adkins". Movies. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
- ^ Desser, David (2002). "The Kung Fu Craze: Hong Kong Cinema's First American Reception". In Fu, Poshek; Desser, David (eds.). The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–43. ISBN 978-0-521-77602-8. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- ^ "Bureaucracy may be wing chun kung fu master's biggest foe". South China Morning Post. September 11, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
Action star Donnie Yen helped reawaken interest in wing chun with his film Ip Man.
- ^ Mike, Miller (2016-12-12). "Why Rogue One Star Donnie Yen Performed All of His Amazing Fight Scenes 'Blind'". PEOPLE.com. Retrieved 2017-11-26.
- ^ Zhang, Rui (December 1, 2016). "Donnie Yen leaves hand and foot prints in Hollywood- China.org.cn". china.org.cn. Retrieved 2017-11-26.
- ^ 甄子丹对《叶问》票房无信心 耍咏春拳赚口碑 |网网网络 Archived 28 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "《叶问前传》首映 叶准改口赞甄子丹学咏春很快Ip Chun says Yen learns Wing Chun Fast | 人民网 People's news". People's Daily. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ Heath, Adam; Hudson, David (2012). Mixed Martial Arts' Most Wanted – The Top 10 book of Crazy Combat, Great Grappling, and Sick Submissions. Potomac Books Inc. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-59797-549-0.
- ^ Yin-Poole, Wesley (August 5, 2019). "Tekken 7 gets a brand new character called Leroy Smith". Eurogamer. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
Bandai Namco has announced season three of Tekken 7 – and it adds a brand new character. Leroy Smith is described as a "seasoned master of martial arts" who, 50 years ago, lost his family and home in New York as part of a gang conflict. He's back – and he's bringing his Wing Chun with him.
- ^ Walker, Ian (December 12, 2019). "New Tekken 7 Character's Dog Sidekick Is Good And Pure". Kotaku. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
After previously being revealed at Evo back in August, Tekken 7 newcomer Leroy Smith is finally playable via an update released earlier in the week. This elderly Wing Chun master proved popular in the fighting game community before release thanks to his unique mixture of American and Chinese fashion...
- ^ Herranen, Jaakko (August 5, 2019). "Tekken 7:n kolmas kausi tuo muassaan täysin uuden hahmon – tällainen on Leroy Smith" [The third season of Tekken 7 brings, among other things, a completely new character – this is what Leroy Smith is like]. Tilt.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved March 3, 2023.
Täysin uutena tuttavuutena rautanyrkkikarkeloihin liittyy kokenut kamppailulajien taitaja Leroy Smith. 50 vuotta sitten perheensä menettänyt veteraani hallitsee legendaarisen Wing Chun -taistelulajin. Smith liittyy hahmorepertuaariin ennen vuoden loppua.
Translation: Experienced martial arts expert Leroy Smith joins the iron fists as a completely new acquaintance. A veteran who lost his family 50 years ago commands the legendary martial art of Wing Chun. Smith will join the cast before the end of the year. - ^ "TEKKEN 7 – Dev Diary: Leroy Smith & Fahkumram". YouTube. January 27, 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved 2020-01-29.
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