Kapudan Pasha: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Admiral of the navy of the Ottoman Empire}} |
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'''Kaptan Pasha''' ([[Ottoman Turkish]]: '''Kapudan Pasha''') or '''Kaptan-ı Derya''' (literally ''Captain of the Sea'') were the titles given to the chief commander of the [[navy]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]]. |
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[[File:Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg|thumb|[[Hayreddin Barbarossa]], ''Kapudan Pasha'' of the [[Ottoman Navy]].]] |
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The '''Kapudan Pasha''' ({{langx|ota|قپودان پاشا}}, [[modern Turkish]]: {{lang|tr|Kaptan Paşa}}), also known as the '''{{lang|tr|Kapudan-ı Derya}}''' ({{langx|ota|قپودان دریا|links=no}}, modern: {{lang|tr|Kaptan-ı Derya}}, "Captain of the Sea") was the [[Grand admiral |Grand Admiral]] of the [[Ottoman navy|navy]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Typically, he was based at [[Galata]] and [[Gallipoli]] during the winter and charged with annual sailings during the summer months.<ref name="Cam"/> The title of ''Kapudan Pasha'' itself is only attested from 1567 onwards; earlier designations for the supreme commander of the fleet include {{lang|ota-Latn|Derya Bey}} ("[[bey]] of the sea") and {{lang|ota-Latn |Re'is Kapudan}} ("head captain").<ref name="EI2-Kapudan">{{EI2 |volume= 4 |title= Ḳapudan Pas̲h̲a |first= S. |last= Ozbaran |pages= 571–572 |url= http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/k-apudan-pas-h-a-SIM_3884}}</ref> |
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The title ''Kaptan-ı Derya'' was first instaured during the reign of [[Bayezid I]] (''the Thunderbolt'') as an official rank within the state structure. Starting with the reign of [[Mehmed II]] (''the Conqueror''), the holders of the rank were accorded the status of [[vizier]]s and held the title of [[Pasha]], thus they were more often called ''Kaptan Pasha''. A total of 161 Kaptan-ı Derya/Kaptan Pasha served in the vizieral office until [[1867]] when an Ottoman Naval Ministry was founded. The supreme commanders of the Ottoman Navy that followed were thus ministers (''Bahriye Nazırı''), until a further re-structuring in [[1897]]. |
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The title ''Derya Bey'' as an official rank within the Ottoman state structure originated during the reign of [[Bayezid I]] ({{reign | 1389 | 1402}}). Following the 1453 [[fall of Constantinople|conquest of Constantinople]], [[Mehmet II|Mehmed II]] raised Baltaoğlu Süleyman Bey to the status of [[sanjak bey]] for his efforts against the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] in the [[Golden Horn]].<ref name="Cam">Shaw, Stanford J. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd422lS6ezgC&pg=PA131 ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey''], Vol. 1, pp. 131 ff. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 1976. Accessed 12 Sept 2011.</ref> Baltaoğlu received the [[sanjak of Gallipoli]] (the principal Turkish naval base) and the [[kaza]]s of Galata (until the Conquest a [[Republic of Genoa|Genovese]] colony) and of [[İzmit]] (whose tax remittance consisted of ship timber).<ref name="Cam"/> |
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Some famous Kaptan-ı Derya include: |
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* [[Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha]] |
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The success of [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] ({{circa|1478}}-1546) saw the Kapudan Pasha elevated to the ranks of [[beylerbey]] and [[vizier]] in 1535, with his territories expanded into the [[Eyalet of the Archipelago]] and [[Ottoman Algeria |Algiers]]. Hayreddin's successors succeeded to these holdings, but saw their rank drop to [[tugh|two-horsetail]] vizier for several centuries.<ref name="Cam"/> |
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* [[Uluj Ali Pasha]] |
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[[File:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (eight pointed star).svg|thumb| Naval flag of the Kapudan Pasha.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Le Gras |first1= Alexandre |last2= le Gras |first2 =M.A. |title= {{lang|fr|Album des pavillons, guidons, flammes de toutes les puissances maritimes}} |trans-title= Album of the Flags, Guidons, Penoles of all the Maritime Powers |date= 1858 |publisher= Au Dépot des cartes et plans de la marine |page=65 |language=fr}}</ref>]] |
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* [[Piyale Pasha]] |
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* [[Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha]] |
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The official residence of the Kapudan Pasha was in the ''Divankhane'' in the [[Imperial Arsenal (Ottoman Empire)|Imperial Arsenal]] in the Golden Horn, but he was often away as his governorship of the Eyalet of the Archipelago entailed visiting its various provinces in person every year.<ref name="EI2-Kapudan"/> The post was one of great power and prestige within the Ottoman hierarchy: [[Evliya Çelebi]] reports that it had an annual income of 885,000 silver {{lang|ota-Latn| [[akçe]]}}. Additional income, to the amount of 300,000 {{lang|ota-Latn| [[kuruş]]}} in the 18th/19th centuries, came from leasing a number of [[Aegean islands]] to [[tax farmers]] ({{lang|ota-Latn| [[iltizam]]}}).<ref name="EI2-Kapudan"/> |
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* [[Sinan Pasha (Ottoman admiral)|Sinan Pasha]] |
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* [[Ali Pasha (Ottoman admiral)|Ali Pasha]] |
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The heyday of the post of Kapudan Pasha came in the 16th century, when a succession of capable holders brought Ottoman naval power to its height, and for a time ensured its supremacy in the Mediterranean.<ref name="EI2-Kapudan"/> Although in theory the post could only be filled by a serving [[admiral]] ({{lang|ota-Latn| Kapudan-i Hümayun}}), a chief of the Imperial Arsenal ({{lang|ota-Latn| Tersane Kethüdasi}}) or, at the very least, by the {{lang|ota-Latn| sanjak-bey}} of [[Sanjak of Rhodes|Rhodes]], from the turn of the 17th century the appointment of court [[favourite]]s and/or persons lacking in military or naval experience marked the beginning of Ottoman naval decline.<ref name="EI2-Kapudan"/> |
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* [[Koca Mehmed Hüsrev Pasha]] |
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[[File:Ali Bey Captain Pacha The destroyer of Chio, one of the most populated and cultivated Islands in the Greek's Archipelago - Friedel Adam De - 1830.jpg|thumb| [[Nasuhzade Ali Pasha]], ''Kapudan Pasha'' during the early stages of the [[Greek War of Independence]] in the 1820s]] |
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As a part of the [[Tanzimat reforms]] of 1839-1876, the Eyalet of the Archipelago was reduced in rank and granted to the ''[[wali]]'' of Rhodes in 1848. The Kapudan Pashas retained their rank, but were thereafter solely military servicemen. |
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A total of [[List of Kapudan Pashas |161 captains]] served until 13 March 1867 when the post of Derya Kaptan was abolished<ref name="Steam Navy197">Langensiepen, B. & Güleryüz, Ahmet. ''The Ottoman Steam Navy, 1828–1923'', p. 197. Naval Institute Press (Annapolis), 1995. {{ISBN|1-55750-659-0}} - "From 13 March 1867 the position of Derya Kaptan was abolished[...]."</ref> and replaced by ministers ({{lang|ota-Latn| Bahriye Nazırı}}) of the [[Ottoman Naval Ministry]]. After 1877, these were replaced by the [[List of Fleet Commanders of the Ottoman Navy|Fleet Commanders]]. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[List of |
* [[List of Kapudan Pashas]] |
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* [[ |
* [[List of Fleet Commanders of the Ottoman Navy]] (which replaced this office) |
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* [[Ottoman |
* [[List of Ottoman admirals]] |
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* [[Captain (nautical)]] |
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==References== |
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* [[Pasha]] |
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{{reflist}} |
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== |
==Further reading== |
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* {{EI3|last=Bostan|first=İdris|title=Kapudan Paşa|year=2021|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/kapudan-pasa-COM_32992}} |
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* [http://www.dzkk.tsk.mil.tr/english/Tarihce/DonanmaKomutanligi.asp History of Turkish Fleet Command] by the [[Turkish Naval Forces]] |
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{{Ottoman-stub}} |
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{{OttomanNavy}} |
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[[Category:Turkish titles]] |
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[[Category:Ottoman titles]] |
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[[Category:Military ranks of the Ottoman Empire]] |
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[[tr:Kaptanıderya]] |
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[[Category:Government of the Ottoman Empire]] |
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[[Category:Kapudan Pashas| ]] |
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Latest revision as of 13:50, 8 November 2024
The Kapudan Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: قپودان پاشا, modern Turkish: Kaptan Paşa), also known as the Kapudan-ı Derya (Ottoman Turkish: قپودان دریا, modern: Kaptan-ı Derya, "Captain of the Sea") was the Grand Admiral of the navy of the Ottoman Empire. Typically, he was based at Galata and Gallipoli during the winter and charged with annual sailings during the summer months.[1] The title of Kapudan Pasha itself is only attested from 1567 onwards; earlier designations for the supreme commander of the fleet include Derya Bey ("bey of the sea") and Re'is Kapudan ("head captain").[2]
The title Derya Bey as an official rank within the Ottoman state structure originated during the reign of Bayezid I (r. 1389–1402). Following the 1453 conquest of Constantinople, Mehmed II raised Baltaoğlu Süleyman Bey to the status of sanjak bey for his efforts against the Byzantines in the Golden Horn.[1] Baltaoğlu received the sanjak of Gallipoli (the principal Turkish naval base) and the kazas of Galata (until the Conquest a Genovese colony) and of İzmit (whose tax remittance consisted of ship timber).[1]
The success of Hayreddin Barbarossa (c. 1478-1546) saw the Kapudan Pasha elevated to the ranks of beylerbey and vizier in 1535, with his territories expanded into the Eyalet of the Archipelago and Algiers. Hayreddin's successors succeeded to these holdings, but saw their rank drop to two-horsetail vizier for several centuries.[1]
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The official residence of the Kapudan Pasha was in the Divankhane in the Imperial Arsenal in the Golden Horn, but he was often away as his governorship of the Eyalet of the Archipelago entailed visiting its various provinces in person every year.[2] The post was one of great power and prestige within the Ottoman hierarchy: Evliya Çelebi reports that it had an annual income of 885,000 silver akçe. Additional income, to the amount of 300,000 kuruş in the 18th/19th centuries, came from leasing a number of Aegean islands to tax farmers (iltizam).[2]
The heyday of the post of Kapudan Pasha came in the 16th century, when a succession of capable holders brought Ottoman naval power to its height, and for a time ensured its supremacy in the Mediterranean.[2] Although in theory the post could only be filled by a serving admiral (Kapudan-i Hümayun), a chief of the Imperial Arsenal (Tersane Kethüdasi) or, at the very least, by the sanjak-bey of Rhodes, from the turn of the 17th century the appointment of court favourites and/or persons lacking in military or naval experience marked the beginning of Ottoman naval decline.[2]
As a part of the Tanzimat reforms of 1839-1876, the Eyalet of the Archipelago was reduced in rank and granted to the wali of Rhodes in 1848. The Kapudan Pashas retained their rank, but were thereafter solely military servicemen.
A total of 161 captains served until 13 March 1867 when the post of Derya Kaptan was abolished[4] and replaced by ministers (Bahriye Nazırı) of the Ottoman Naval Ministry. After 1877, these were replaced by the Fleet Commanders.
See also
[edit]- List of Kapudan Pashas
- List of Fleet Commanders of the Ottoman Navy (which replaced this office)
- List of Ottoman admirals
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Shaw, Stanford J. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol. 1, pp. 131 ff. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 1976. Accessed 12 Sept 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Ozbaran, S. (1978). "Ḳapudan Pas̲h̲a". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 571–572. OCLC 758278456.
- ^ Le Gras, Alexandre; le Gras, M.A. (1858). Album des pavillons, guidons, flammes de toutes les puissances maritimes [Album of the Flags, Guidons, Penoles of all the Maritime Powers] (in French). Au Dépot des cartes et plans de la marine. p. 65.
Further reading
[edit]- Bostan, İdris (2021). "Kapudan Paşa". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.