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{{short description|Chinese poet and historian}}
'''Qian Qianyi''' or Ch'ien Ch'ien-i (1582-1664)　(銭謙益) was a famous late [[Ming]] official, scholar and social historian. His principle work and contribution to period history was the ''Liechao shiji'' (Lieh-ch'ao shih-chi) originally it was a lengthy anthology of poetry with attached biographies. Now the biographies alone are printed and the work has become an unmatched history of individuals from the middle and lower strata of 16th and 17th century Chinese society. His father gave him special instruction in a historical classic. Qian showed an early interest in the classic ''Shisho xinyu'', a　work of historical anecdote. Qian's classic of social history was published by his associate and printer [[Mao Jin]], who like Qian himself, showed a concern for poorer scholars. Mao used money from his printing for charitable work and poor scholars. Mao also was the printer and producer of Qian's ''Liechao shiji''. Like Qian Qianyi himself, others of his circle were closely involved in education and the revival of the study of antiquity as the basis of learning. Qian knew many independent women of entertainment and artistic circles who he treated as equals. One was a Ma Ruyu from Nanking, a consummate actress. She had had a good formal education. In addition she could paint and produce calligraphy in the square style. In her time she intimidated the male literati around her. Like many others of her kind, she abandoned her stage life and took up religion, building a Buddhist retreat. Another was, Liu Rushi (1618-1684), became his consort after he was impressed by her accomplishments. He treated her as his intellectual equal and companion on travels and social gatherings. Her poetry was preserved by Qian. Qian had important ties to the local writers and artists in the [[Jiading]] and [[Kunshan]] area outside modern [[Shanghai]]. Preceeding this generation of individuals was the prose master [[Gui Youguang]] (1507-1571) who opposed the classicists headed by [[Wang Shizhen]] (1526-1590). The antagonism to the classicist school would continue throughout the life and writings of Qian Qianyi himself.
{{family name hatnote|[[Qian (surname)|Qian]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox person
|image=錢謙益.jpg
|birth_date={{birth date|1582|10|22}}
|birth_place=[[Changsu]], [[South Zhili]], [[Ming Empire]]
|death_date={{death date and age|1664|6|17|1582|10|22}}
|death_place=[[Changsu]], [[Jiangnan]], [[Qing Empire]]
|party=[[Donglin movement]]
|spouse=[[Liu Rushi]]
|parents=Qian Shiyang <br> Lady Gu
|relations=[[Qian Liu]] (ancestor)<br>Qian Shunshi (grandfather)
}}


'''Qian Qianyi''' ({{zh |t = 錢謙益 |s = 钱谦益 |p = Qián Qiānyì |w = Ch'ien Ch'ien-i|first=t}}; [[Suzhou dialect]]: {{IPA-wuu|zi tɕʰi ɪʔ}}; 1582–1664) was a Chinese historian, poet, and politician during the late [[Ming dynasty]].<ref name="Cihai">Cihai: Page 1704.</ref> Qian was a famous author and poet; and along with [[Gong Dingzi]] and [[Wu Weiye]] was known as one of the [[Three Masters of Jiangdong]].<ref>Zhang, 71</ref>


==Biography==
Qian was born in [[Changshu]] county of [[Suzhou]] prefecture (now in [[Jiangsu]] province). His [[courtesy name]] was "Shouzhi" ({{lang|zh-hant|受之}}) and his [[Art name|pseudonym]]s were "Muzhai" ({{lang|zh-hant|牧齋}}) and later "Mengsou" ({{lang|zh-hant|蒙叟}}).<ref name="Cihai"/> He passed the [[imperial examination]] in 1610 at the age of 28.

Qian knew many independent women from entertainment and artistic circles, whom he treated as equals. One was Ma Ruyu from Nanking, a consummate actress. She had had a good formal education. In addition she could paint and produce calligraphy in the square style. In her time she intimidated the male literati around her. Like many others of her kind, she abandoned her stage life and took up religion, building a [[Buddhist]] retreat. Another was [[Liu Rushi]] (1618–1684), who became his consort after he was impressed by her accomplishments. He treated her as his intellectual equal and companion on travels and social gatherings. Her poetry was preserved by Qian. Qian had important ties to the local writers and artists in the [[Jiading District|Jiading]] and [[Kunshan]] area outside modern [[Shanghai]]. In one case, he assisted Liu Rushi's fellow famous [[Gējì|courtesan]] [[Dong Xiaowan]] to marry nobleman [[Maoxiang]](冒襄) by paying off her 3,000 [[Tael#Historical usage|gold taels]] worth of debt and having her name struck from the musicians register.{{sfnp|Chen|1998|pages=32–33}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1338893 | title=相识之初被冒辟疆婉拒的董小宛，何以成就传奇爱情}}</ref>

Preceding this generation of individuals was the prose master [[Gui Youguang]] (1507–1571) who opposed the classicists headed by [[Wang Shizhen (scholar)|Wang Shizhen]] (1526–1590). The antagonism to the classicist school would continue throughout the life and writings of Qian Qianyi himself.

In 1644, Qian taught an excellent student in [[Nanjing]]: [[Koxinga]] (Zheng Chenggong), who would later defeat and expel the Dutch from Taiwan.

==Works==
[[File:Original Mao Jin edition of Liechao shiji.jpg|thumb|right|Original Mao Jin Edition of Liechao shiji]]
His principal work and contribution to period history was the ''Liechao shiji'' 列朝詩集 (Lieh-ch'ao shih-chi),<ref name="Cihai"/> originally a lengthy anthology of poetry with attached biographies. At present the biographies alone are printed and the work has become an unmatched history of individuals from the middle and lower strata of 16th- and 17th-century Chinese society. His father gave him special instruction in historic classics. Qian showed an early interest in the classic ''Shishuo xinyu'', a work of historical anecdotes. Like Qian Qianyi himself, others of his circle were closely involved in education and the revival of the study of antiquity as the basis of learning. Qian's ''Liechao shiji'' was published by his associate and printer [[Mao Jin]], who like Qian himself, showed a concern for poorer scholars. Mao used money from his printing for charitable work and needy scholars.


== References ==
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}


=== Sources ===
* Goodrich and Yang in [[Arthur W. Hummel, Sr.|Hummel, Arthur W.]], ''Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period'', Washington, 1943, pp. 148-150.
{{refbegin}}
* Carpenter, Bruce E., 'Ch'ien Ch'ien-i and Social History', ''Tezukayama University Review'' (Tezukayama daigaku ronshū, Nara, Japan, 1987, no. 58, pp. 101-113. ISSN 0385-7743
* Carpenter, Bruce E., "Ch'ien Ch'ien-i and Social History", ''Tezukayama University Review'' (Tezukayama daigaku ronshū, Nara, Japan, 1987, no. 58, pp.&nbsp;101–113. ISSN 0385-7743
* {{cite book
| chapter = Dong Xiaowan
| last = Chen | first =Shengxi | translator = S. M. Kwan
| pages = 30–33
| title = Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Volume 1: The Qing Period, 1644 - 1911
| editor1=Lily Xiao Hong Lee | editor2=Clara Lau | editor3=A.D. Stefanowska
| year = 1998
| isbn = 9780765600431
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=y_4vCgAAQBAJ&q=%22Dong+Xiaowan%22&pg=PA377
}}
* Ci hai bian ji wei yuan hui ({{lang|zh-Hans|辞海编辑委员会}}). Ci hai ({{lang|zh|辞海}}). Shanghai: Shanghai ci shu chu ban she ({{lang|zh|上海辞书出版社}}), 1979.
* {{cite ECCP |last1=Goodrich |first1=L. Carrington |last2=Yang |first2=J. C. |pages=148–150 |title=Ch'ien Ch'ien-i }}
* Zhang, Hongsheng (2002). "Gong Dingzi and the Courtesan Gu Mei: Their Romance and the Revival of the Song Lyric in the Ming-Qing Transition", in ''Hsiang Lectures on Chinese Poetry, Volume 2'', Grace S. Fong, editor. (Montreal: Center for East Asian Research, McGill University).
{{refend}}


==Further reading==
*{{cite book |author=Lawrence C.H Yim |title=The Poet-historian Qian Qianyi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fI99WIDOVrgC |year=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-00606-9}}
*{{cite ECCP|title=Ch'ien Ch'ien-i}}


⚫
[[Category:Chinese scholars]]
⚫
[[Category:Chinese historians]]


{{Ming Dynasty historians}}


{{Authority control}}
{{China-bio-stub}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Qian, Qianyi}}
[[ja:銭謙益]]
[[zh:钱谦益]]
[[Category:1582 births]]
[[Category:1664 deaths]]
⚫
[[Category:17th-century Chinese historians]]
⚫
[[Category:17th-century Chinese poets]]
[[Category:Burials in Suzhou]]
[[Category:Historians from Jiangsu]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty historians]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty poets]]
[[Category:People from Changshu]]
[[Category:Poets from Jiangsu]]
[[Category:Politicians from Suzhou]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty historians]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Suzhou]]
[[Category:Donglin partisans]]

Latest revision as of 18:05, 11 August 2024

In this Chinese name, the family name is Qian.
Qian Qianyi
Born(1582-10-22)October 22, 1582
Changsu, South Zhili, Ming Empire
DiedJune 17, 1664(1664-06-17) (aged 81)
Changsu, Jiangnan, Qing Empire
Political partyDonglin movement
SpouseLiu Rushi
Parent(s)Qian Shiyang
Lady Gu
RelativesQian Liu (ancestor)
Qian Shunshi (grandfather)

Qian Qianyi (traditional Chinese: 錢謙益; simplified Chinese: 钱谦益; pinyin: Qián Qiānyì; Wade–Giles: Ch'ien Ch'ien-i; Suzhou dialect: Wu Chinese pronunciation: [zi tɕʰi ɪʔ]; 1582–1664) was a Chinese historian, poet, and politician during the late Ming dynasty.[1] Qian was a famous author and poet; and along with Gong Dingzi and Wu Weiye was known as one of the Three Masters of Jiangdong.[2]

Biography

[edit]

Qian was born in Changshu county of Suzhou prefecture (now in Jiangsu province). His courtesy name was "Shouzhi" (受之) and his pseudonyms were "Muzhai" (牧齋) and later "Mengsou" (蒙叟).[1] He passed the imperial examination in 1610 at the age of 28.

Qian knew many independent women from entertainment and artistic circles, whom he treated as equals. One was Ma Ruyu from Nanking, a consummate actress. She had had a good formal education. In addition she could paint and produce calligraphy in the square style. In her time she intimidated the male literati around her. Like many others of her kind, she abandoned her stage life and took up religion, building a Buddhist retreat. Another was Liu Rushi (1618–1684), who became his consort after he was impressed by her accomplishments. He treated her as his intellectual equal and companion on travels and social gatherings. Her poetry was preserved by Qian. Qian had important ties to the local writers and artists in the Jiading and Kunshan area outside modern Shanghai. In one case, he assisted Liu Rushi's fellow famous courtesan Dong Xiaowan to marry nobleman Maoxiang(冒襄) by paying off her 3,000 gold taels worth of debt and having her name struck from the musicians register.[3][4]

Preceding this generation of individuals was the prose master Gui Youguang (1507–1571) who opposed the classicists headed by Wang Shizhen (1526–1590). The antagonism to the classicist school would continue throughout the life and writings of Qian Qianyi himself.

In 1644, Qian taught an excellent student in Nanjing: Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong), who would later defeat and expel the Dutch from Taiwan.

Works

[edit]
Original Mao Jin Edition of Liechao shiji

His principal work and contribution to period history was the Liechao shiji 列朝詩集 (Lieh-ch'ao shih-chi),[1] originally a lengthy anthology of poetry with attached biographies. At present the biographies alone are printed and the work has become an unmatched history of individuals from the middle and lower strata of 16th- and 17th-century Chinese society. His father gave him special instruction in historic classics. Qian showed an early interest in the classic Shishuo xinyu, a work of historical anecdotes. Like Qian Qianyi himself, others of his circle were closely involved in education and the revival of the study of antiquity as the basis of learning. Qian's Liechao shiji was published by his associate and printer Mao Jin, who like Qian himself, showed a concern for poorer scholars. Mao used money from his printing for charitable work and needy scholars.

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Cihai: Page 1704.
  2. ^ Zhang, 71
  3. ^ Chen (1998), pp. 32–33.
  4. ^ "相识之初被冒辟疆婉拒的董小宛，何以成就传奇爱情".

Sources

[edit]
  • Carpenter, Bruce E., "Ch'ien Ch'ien-i and Social History", Tezukayama University Review (Tezukayama daigaku ronshū, Nara, Japan, 1987, no. 58, pp. 101–113. ISSN 0385-7743
  • Chen, Shengxi (1998). "Dong Xiaowan". In Lily Xiao Hong Lee; Clara Lau; A.D. Stefanowska (eds.). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Volume 1: The Qing Period, 1644 - 1911. Translated by S. M. Kwan. pp. 30–33. ISBN 9780765600431.
  • Ci hai bian ji wei yuan hui (辞海编辑委员会). Ci hai (辞海). Shanghai: Shanghai ci shu chu ban she (上海辞书出版社), 1979.
  • Goodrich, L. Carrington; Yang, J. C. (1943). "Ch'ien Ch'ien-i" . In Hummel, Arthur W. Sr. (ed.). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office. pp. 148–150.
  • Zhang, Hongsheng (2002). "Gong Dingzi and the Courtesan Gu Mei: Their Romance and the Revival of the Song Lyric in the Ming-Qing Transition", in Hsiang Lectures on Chinese Poetry, Volume 2, Grace S. Fong, editor. (Montreal: Center for East Asian Research, McGill University).

Further reading

[edit]


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