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{{Short description|American nonprofit organization}}
{{unreferenced|date=September 2007}}
{{infobox organization
⚫
| name= National Captioning Institute, Inc.
| logo = WEB-PX-95.png
| alt = Logo of National Captioning Institute
| coordinates = {{coords|38.908850|-77.447857|display=inline, title}}
| status = [[501(c)(3)]] [[nonprofit organization]]<ref name= irseos>"[https://apps.irs.gov/app/eos/displayAll.do?dispatchMethod=displayAllInfo&Id=675294&ein=521144663&country=US&deductibility=all&dispatchMethod=searchAll&isDescending=false&city=&ein1=52-1144663&postDateFrom=&exemptTypeCode=al&submitName=Search&sortColumn=orgName&totalResults=1&names=&resultsPerPage=25&indexOfFirstRow=0&postDateTo=&state=All+States National Captioning Institute Inc.]" ''Tax Exempt Organization Search''. [[Internal Revenue Service]]. Retrieved September 10, 2018.</ref>
| tax_id = 52-1144663<ref name= irseos/>
| purpose = To provide access to public media for those who, for whatever reason, are restricted from that access.<ref name= 990-2016/>
| leader_name = Gene Chao<ref name= 990-2016/>
| leader_title = [[Chairman]], [[President (corporation)|President]], [[Chief Executive Officer]]
| employees = 229<ref name= 990-2016>"[https://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments/2016/521/144/2016-521144663-0e61158c-9.pdf Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax]". ''National Captioning Institute Inc''. [[Guidestar]]. December 31, 2016.</ref>
| employees_year = 2016
| revenue = $17,845,288<ref name= 990-2016/>
| revenue_year = 2016
| expenses = $17,288,663<ref name= 990-2016/>
| expenses_year = 2016
| endowment = $24,947 <sub>(2016)</sub><ref name= 990-2016/>
| headquarters = [[Chantilly, Virginia]]
| abbreviation = NCI
| founded = {{start date and age|1979|01|30}}<ref name= corp/><ref name= gives/>
| website = {{official URL}}
}}
The '''National Captioning Institute, Inc.''' (NCI) is a [[501(c)(3)]] [[nonprofit organization]]<ref name= irseos/> that provides real-time and off-line [[closed captioning]], subtitling and translation, described video, web captioning, and Spanish captioning for [[television]] and [[film]]s. Created in 1979<ref>{{cite journal |date=June 25, 1979 |title=Three Major Networks Plan to Offer Closed Captioning for Deaf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GD4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA9 |journal=[[InfoWorld]] |volume=10 |pages=9 |access-date=August 12, 2015}}</ref> and headquartered in [[Chantilly, Virginia]], the organization was the first to caption live TV and home video, and holds the [[trademark]] on the display icon featuring a simple geometric rendering of a television set merged with a [[speech balloon]] to indicate that a program is captioned by National Captioning Institute. National Captioning Institute also has an office in [[Santa Clarita, California]].<ref>"[http://www.ncicap.org/contact/ Contact]". ''National Captioning Institute''.</ref>


==History==
The '''National Captioning Institute''' is a [[non-profit]] organization that provides [[closed captioning]] for [[television]] and movies. Created in 1979 and headquartered in [[Vienna, Virginia]], the organization was the first to caption live TV and home video. They at one time had over 200 employees and offices in [[Dallas, Texas]] and [[Burbank, California]].
The [[National Association of Broadcasters]] formed a task force in 1972 to create the technology to provide captions of television broadcasts without an unreasonably large financial burden on television networks or local television stations.<ref name = decoding>Brennan, Patricia (September 29, 1985). "National Captioning Institute: CC: Decoding Television for the Hearing Impaired". ''The Washington Post''. p. TV8.</ref> Federal funding paid for the technology. Viewers would buy an adapter for their televisions that would decode and display the text while watching closed-captioned television programs.<ref name = decoding/> Up to that point, captioning of television shows was rare, with [[Boston]] television station [[WGBH-TV|WGBH]] being one of the few with open captioning of news and public affairs shows since the early 1970s.<ref>McLean, Robert A. (October 15, 1980). "Closed-caption is Catching On". ''Boston Globe''. p. 1.</ref><ref>McLean, Robert A. (November 13, 1980). "The Latest in Captions". ''Boston Globe''. p. 1.</ref>


The National Captioning Institute was incorporated on January 30, 1979, with millions of dollars of start-up funding from the federal government.<ref name= corp>"[https://corponline.dcra.dc.gov/BizEntity.aspx/ViewEntityData?entityId=2759265 National Captioning Institute, Inc.]" ''District of Columbia Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs''. [[Government of the District of Columbia]]. Retrieved September 10, 2018.</ref><ref name= gives>Stevens, Mary (May 5, 1989). "Captioning gives deaf whole story". ''Chicago Tribune''. p. 67.</ref><ref>Rattner, Steven (April 16, 1979). "Washington Watch: Legislative Veto Faces Test Studying the Energy Department Broadcasters Help the Deaf Briefcases". ''The New York Times''. p. D2.</ref> On March 23, 1979, the [[United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]] announced plans for closed-captioning of twenty hours per week of television shows.<ref name= plans>"Plans for Prime-Time TV Captions". ''The Washington Post''. March 24, 1979. p. B4.</ref> The National Captioning Institute established its original headquarters in [[Bailey's Crossroads, Virginia]],<ref>"Real Estate Notes". ''The Washington Post''. June 30, 1979. p. F18.</ref> and later that year it established a second office in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>"TV Captions for the Deaf to Be Available in March". ''Associated Press''. Boston Globe. January 7, 1980. p. 1.</ref>
Controversy erupted within NCI in late 2005 and early 2006, when the company was unable to reach an agreement with the National Broadcast Employees and Technicians union (NABET), which represented their captioning workforce. In order to rid itself of the union, NCI ceased captioning operations in Burbank, laying off all but their administrative staff, and moved the bulk of their work to the recently-built Dallas facility. <ref>[http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117938336.html?categoryid=1238&cs=1&query=NCI] Variety, February 15, 2006</ref> Currently there are less than five employees working in the Burbank office.


The National Captioning Institute's work first became publicly well known on March 16, 1980, when [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], [[NBC]], and [[PBS]] collectively introduced closed-captioning of their television shows.<ref name = decoding/> At the time, [[CBS]] decided not the join the group at first because CBS preferred a different captioning system that was being used in Europe.<ref>Brown, Les (February 5, 1980). "New Device Calls Up Printed Matter on TV: How the Systems Vary Regarded as Superior Way The First Programs". ''The New York Times''. p. C24.</ref><ref>Carmody, John (January 29, 1980). "The TV Column". ''The Washington Post''. p. B10.</ref> John E.D. Ball was the founding president of the National Captioning Institute.<ref name= ball>"John E.D. Ball" (obituary). ''The Washington Post''. April 13, 2010. p. B6.</ref> [[Marc Okrand]] was the National Captioning Institute's first supervisor of captioning, overseeing the transcription of audio.<ref name= nishi>Nishi, Dennis (May 14, 2009). "How I Got Here: Helping the Hearing Impaired And Voicing the Klingons". ''Wall Street Journal''. p. D4.</ref> At the time, employees of the National Captioning Institute used [[court reporter|court-reporter]] [[stenotype|steno machine]]s to caption shows.<ref name= nishi/>
Similar events would follow in 2007, when the majority of their workforce in Dallas and a fair amount of their Vienna staff were terminated.


[[Rosalynn Carter]] hosted a reception at the [[White House]] honoring the work of the National Captioning Institute on March 19, 1980.<ref>Carmody, John (March 12, 1980). "The TV Column". ''The Washington Post''. p. D14.</ref> In 1981, Hollywood Radio and Television Society gave an award to the National Captioning Institute for developing the closed captioning system for television shows.<ref>"A Lego Toys commercial <!--sic?--> filmed in England". ''UPI NewsTrack''. March 4, 1981.</ref>
⚫
==External link==

⚫
*[http://www.ncicap.org National Captioning Institute website]
In 1981, [[RCA]]/[[Columbia Pictures|Columbia Pictures Home Video]] became the first video company to release movies on [[videotape]] that had closed captions.<ref name= nishi/>

In 1982, the NCI developed real-time captioning, a process for captioning newscasts, sports events, and other live broadcasts as the events are being televised, thereby bringing thousands of households into national conversations in a way that had previously been impossible.<ref name="signlanguageco.com">{{Cite web|url=https://signlanguageco.com/a-brief-history-of-closed-captioning/|title = A Brief History of Closed Captioning|date = 21 December 2017}}</ref>

Also in 1982, the NCI provided the first real-time captioning for a live event, the Academy Awards. A court reporter trained as a captioner provided the captions using a Stenotype machine, which uses phonetic codes and allows the captioner to take down the spoken word at speeds of up to 250 words per minute. The ad-libs and the awarding of the Oscars were live captioned by the steno captioner, while a production coordinator displays the prepared captions of the scripted portions of the broadcast. Later that year, ABC's "[[ABC World News Tonight|World News Tonight]]" was the first regularly-scheduled program to be real-time captioned.<ref name="ncicap.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncicap.org/history-of-cc|title=HISTORY OF CLOSED CAPTIONING - NCI leads in providing services to viewers and content providers}}</ref>

In 1989, the NCI partnered with [[ITT Inc.|ITT]] to develop the first caption-decoding microchip to be built directly into new television sets in the factory.<ref name="ncicap.org"/> It led to the passage of the Television Decoder Circuitry Act in 1990, mandating that all new television sets 13 inches or larger manufactured for sale in the U.S. contain caption-decoding technology.<ref name="signlanguageco.com"/>

In 1993, a federal law went into effect that required built-in capacity to display captions on all televisions 13 inches or larger, which would make purchasing separate decoders no longer necessary.<ref name= ball/><ref name= regular>Yant, Monica (June 29, 1993). "Captioning Gets a Regular Role on TV Television: Federal law takes effect Thursday requiring sets 13 inches or larger to have built-in subtitle capability". ''Los Angeles Times''. p. 2.</ref> Virtually all television shows were being broadcast with closed-captions at that point.<ref name= regular/>

In 2006, the National Captioning Institute terminated the employment of 14 employees who had joined the National Association of Employees and Transmission Technicians in an effort to have reasonable workloads, receive annual cost-of-living raises, and prevent cuts in employee benefit plans.<ref>Macías, Jorge Luis (April 1, 2006). "Protestan ex empleados de NCI" (Spanish). ''La Opinión'' (Los Angeles, California). p. 3A.</ref>

In 2015–2016, National Captioning Institute employees attempted to organize with the Communication Workers of America (CWA), again in an effort to have reasonable workloads, receive annual cost-of-living raises, and prevent cuts in employee benefit plans.<ref name= Lukas>{{cite web |last1=Lukas |first1=Mike |title=NCI v CWA Op-Ed Series |url=https://mikelukas.blog/2018/04/19/nci-v-cwa-part-3-of-6-bringing-in-the-union-but-losing-the-job/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930100203/https://mikelukas.blog/2018/04/19/nci-v-cwa-part-3-of-6-bringing-in-the-union-but-losing-the-job/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-09-30 }}</ref>" [T]he National Association of Broadcast Employees & Technicians–Communication Workers of America, AFL–CIO (the Union) attempted to unionize NCI's TX and CA offices. [...] On June 26, [COO] Toschi sent this email to NCI management about the Union:"<ref name= ALJ>{{cite web |title=Administrative Law Judges Decision |url=https://www.nlrb.gov/case/16-CA-182528 |website=National Labor Relations Board |publisher=NLRB - ALJ |access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref>

{{Quote box
| quote = [E]mployees have been attempting to [unionize] …. There are a considerable number of employees … that have expressed interest …. [The] union … will be holding a meeting on June 29…. [T]he threat is serious. NCI's position… is solidly against unionization. I will be sending a company-wide communication to this effect ….
| source = <ref name= ALJ/>
| author = President and COO Jill Toschi
}}

NCI responded with actions that according to the judge violated labor laws, "which included firing two workers, interrogating employees, searching employees' chat logs for union discussions, sending anti-union emails to employees, maintaining an unlawful social media policy, and maintaining an unacceptable behavior policy."<ref name= CWA>{{cite web |title=Judge Orders NCI to Rehire Fired Union Supporters |date=5 October 2017 |url=https://cwa-union.org/news/judge-orders-nci-rehire-fired-union-supporters |publisher=CWA Communications |access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref>

"An NLRB administrative law judge in Fort Worth, Tex., found that the National Captioning Institute violated federal law when it fired two workers for their union activity, and committed other labor law violations. [...] [Judge Robert Ringler] ordered NCI to cease and desist all unlawful practices, rescind illegal and overbroad policies, and offer the two fired workers reinstatement with full back pay, plus interest. NCI also was ordered to notify employees of the NLRB order by email and Intranet."<ref name= CWA/><ref name= ALJ/>

== See also ==
* [[Alex Jones (actor)|Alex Jones]] – Actor and founder of a company offering real-time, word accurate speech-to-text captioning program using broadband technology
* [[Linda Bove]] – Deaf actress on [[Sesame Street]] who advocated for television sets to be required to display closed captions
* [[Julia Child]] – Her cooking show [[The French Chef]] became the first television program to be captioned for the deaf in 1972 (using the preliminary technology of open-captioning)
* [[Phyllis Frelich]] – Deaf actress who won a [[Tony Award]] for [[Children of a Lesser God (play)|Children of a Lesser God]]
* [[Americans with Disabilities Act]] (ADA) (1990)
** [[Auxiliary aid]]
* [[Television Decoder Circuitry Act]] (1990)
* [[Telecommunications Act of 1996|Telecommunications Act]] (1996)

⚫
== External links ==
{{Commons-inline|list=:[[c:Category:Files with closed captioning in English|Wikimedia Commons files with closed captioning in English]]}}
* {{official|name=NCI Official Website}}
* [https://time.com/5797491/closed-captioning-captions-history/ How Deaf Advocates Won the Battle for Closed Captioning and Changed the Way Americans Watch TV], Olivia B. Waxman (16 March 2020), ''TIME'', describing the role of the NCI in advocating for closed captioning
* [https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/captions-deaf-and-hard-hearing-viewers Captions For Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Viewers], [[National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders]] (NIDCD)
* [http://www.w3.org/AudioVideo/TT/ W3C timed text homepage]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117938336.html?categoryid=1238&cs=1&query=NCI Variety, February 15, 2006]


[[Category:Deafness organizations in the United States]]
{{nonprofit-org-stub}}
[[Category:Deaf culture]]
[[Category:Television organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:Television organizations]]
[[Category:Transcription (linguistics)]]
[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in Chantilly, Virginia]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1979]]

Latest revision as of 04:23, 31 August 2024

National Captioning Institute, Inc.
AbbreviationNCI
FoundedJanuary 30, 1979; 45 years ago (1979-01-30)[1][2]
52-1144663[3]
Legal status501(c)(3) nonprofit organization[3]
PurposeTo provide access to public media for those who, for whatever reason, are restricted from that access.[4]
HeadquartersChantilly, Virginia
Coordinates38°54′32″N 77°26′52″W / 38.908850°N 77.447857°W / 38.908850; -77.447857
Gene Chao[4]
Revenue$17,845,288[4] (2016)
Expenses$17,288,663[4] (2016)
Endowment$24,947 (2016)[4]
Employees229[4] (2016)
Websitencicap.org Edit this at Wikidata

The National Captioning Institute, Inc. (NCI) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization[3] that provides real-time and off-line closed captioning, subtitling and translation, described video, web captioning, and Spanish captioning for television and films. Created in 1979[5] and headquartered in Chantilly, Virginia, the organization was the first to caption live TV and home video, and holds the trademark on the display icon featuring a simple geometric rendering of a television set merged with a speech balloon to indicate that a program is captioned by National Captioning Institute. National Captioning Institute also has an office in Santa Clarita, California.[6]

History

[edit]

The National Association of Broadcasters formed a task force in 1972 to create the technology to provide captions of television broadcasts without an unreasonably large financial burden on television networks or local television stations.[7] Federal funding paid for the technology. Viewers would buy an adapter for their televisions that would decode and display the text while watching closed-captioned television programs.[7] Up to that point, captioning of television shows was rare, with Boston television station WGBH being one of the few with open captioning of news and public affairs shows since the early 1970s.[8][9]

The National Captioning Institute was incorporated on January 30, 1979, with millions of dollars of start-up funding from the federal government.[1][2][10] On March 23, 1979, the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare announced plans for closed-captioning of twenty hours per week of television shows.[11] The National Captioning Institute established its original headquarters in Bailey's Crossroads, Virginia,[12] and later that year it established a second office in Los Angeles.[13]

The National Captioning Institute's work first became publicly well known on March 16, 1980, when ABC, NBC, and PBS collectively introduced closed-captioning of their television shows.[7] At the time, CBS decided not the join the group at first because CBS preferred a different captioning system that was being used in Europe.[14][15] John E.D. Ball was the founding president of the National Captioning Institute.[16] Marc Okrand was the National Captioning Institute's first supervisor of captioning, overseeing the transcription of audio.[17] At the time, employees of the National Captioning Institute used court-reporter steno machines to caption shows.[17]

Rosalynn Carter hosted a reception at the White House honoring the work of the National Captioning Institute on March 19, 1980.[18] In 1981, Hollywood Radio and Television Society gave an award to the National Captioning Institute for developing the closed captioning system for television shows.[19]

In 1981, RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video became the first video company to release movies on videotape that had closed captions.[17]

In 1982, the NCI developed real-time captioning, a process for captioning newscasts, sports events, and other live broadcasts as the events are being televised, thereby bringing thousands of households into national conversations in a way that had previously been impossible.[20]

Also in 1982, the NCI provided the first real-time captioning for a live event, the Academy Awards. A court reporter trained as a captioner provided the captions using a Stenotype machine, which uses phonetic codes and allows the captioner to take down the spoken word at speeds of up to 250 words per minute. The ad-libs and the awarding of the Oscars were live captioned by the steno captioner, while a production coordinator displays the prepared captions of the scripted portions of the broadcast. Later that year, ABC's "World News Tonight" was the first regularly-scheduled program to be real-time captioned.[21]

In 1989, the NCI partnered with ITT to develop the first caption-decoding microchip to be built directly into new television sets in the factory.[21] It led to the passage of the Television Decoder Circuitry Act in 1990, mandating that all new television sets 13 inches or larger manufactured for sale in the U.S. contain caption-decoding technology.[20]

In 1993, a federal law went into effect that required built-in capacity to display captions on all televisions 13 inches or larger, which would make purchasing separate decoders no longer necessary.[16][22] Virtually all television shows were being broadcast with closed-captions at that point.[22]

In 2006, the National Captioning Institute terminated the employment of 14 employees who had joined the National Association of Employees and Transmission Technicians in an effort to have reasonable workloads, receive annual cost-of-living raises, and prevent cuts in employee benefit plans.[23]

In 2015–2016, National Captioning Institute employees attempted to organize with the Communication Workers of America (CWA), again in an effort to have reasonable workloads, receive annual cost-of-living raises, and prevent cuts in employee benefit plans.[24]" [T]he National Association of Broadcast Employees & Technicians–Communication Workers of America, AFL–CIO (the Union) attempted to unionize NCI's TX and CA offices. [...] On June 26, [COO] Toschi sent this email to NCI management about the Union:"[25]

[E]mployees have been attempting to [unionize] …. There are a considerable number of employees … that have expressed interest …. [The] union … will be holding a meeting on June 29…. [T]he threat is serious. NCI's position… is solidly against unionization. I will be sending a company-wide communication to this effect ….

President and COO Jill Toschi, [25]

NCI responded with actions that according to the judge violated labor laws, "which included firing two workers, interrogating employees, searching employees' chat logs for union discussions, sending anti-union emails to employees, maintaining an unlawful social media policy, and maintaining an unacceptable behavior policy."[26]

"An NLRB administrative law judge in Fort Worth, Tex., found that the National Captioning Institute violated federal law when it fired two workers for their union activity, and committed other labor law violations. [...] [Judge Robert Ringler] ordered NCI to cease and desist all unlawful practices, rescind illegal and overbroad policies, and offer the two fired workers reinstatement with full back pay, plus interest. NCI also was ordered to notify employees of the NLRB order by email and Intranet."[26][25]

See also

[edit]
[edit]

Related media at Wikimedia Commons:

Wikimedia Commons files with closed captioning in English

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "National Captioning Institute, Inc." District of Columbia Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs. Government of the District of Columbia. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
  2. ^ a b Stevens, Mary (May 5, 1989). "Captioning gives deaf whole story". Chicago Tribune. p. 67.
  3. ^ a b c "National Captioning Institute Inc." Tax Exempt Organization Search. Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax". National Captioning Institute Inc. Guidestar. December 31, 2016.
  5. ^ "Three Major Networks Plan to Offer Closed Captioning for Deaf". InfoWorld. 10: 9. June 25, 1979. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
  6. ^ "Contact". National Captioning Institute.
  7. ^ a b c Brennan, Patricia (September 29, 1985). "National Captioning Institute: CC: Decoding Television for the Hearing Impaired". The Washington Post. p. TV8.
  8. ^ McLean, Robert A. (October 15, 1980). "Closed-caption is Catching On". Boston Globe. p. 1.
  9. ^ McLean, Robert A. (November 13, 1980). "The Latest in Captions". Boston Globe. p. 1.
  10. ^ Rattner, Steven (April 16, 1979). "Washington Watch: Legislative Veto Faces Test Studying the Energy Department Broadcasters Help the Deaf Briefcases". The New York Times. p. D2.
  11. ^ "Plans for Prime-Time TV Captions". The Washington Post. March 24, 1979. p. B4.
  12. ^ "Real Estate Notes". The Washington Post. June 30, 1979. p. F18.
  13. ^ "TV Captions for the Deaf to Be Available in March". Associated Press. Boston Globe. January 7, 1980. p. 1.
  14. ^ Brown, Les (February 5, 1980). "New Device Calls Up Printed Matter on TV: How the Systems Vary Regarded as Superior Way The First Programs". The New York Times. p. C24.
  15. ^ Carmody, John (January 29, 1980). "The TV Column". The Washington Post. p. B10.
  16. ^ a b "John E.D. Ball" (obituary). The Washington Post. April 13, 2010. p. B6.
  17. ^ a b c Nishi, Dennis (May 14, 2009). "How I Got Here: Helping the Hearing Impaired And Voicing the Klingons". Wall Street Journal. p. D4.
  18. ^ Carmody, John (March 12, 1980). "The TV Column". The Washington Post. p. D14.
  19. ^ "A Lego Toys commercial filmed in England". UPI NewsTrack. March 4, 1981.
  20. ^ a b "A Brief History of Closed Captioning". 21 December 2017.
  21. ^ a b "HISTORY OF CLOSED CAPTIONING - NCI leads in providing services to viewers and content providers".
  22. ^ a b Yant, Monica (June 29, 1993). "Captioning Gets a Regular Role on TV Television: Federal law takes effect Thursday requiring sets 13 inches or larger to have built-in subtitle capability". Los Angeles Times. p. 2.
  23. ^ Macías, Jorge Luis (April 1, 2006). "Protestan ex empleados de NCI" (Spanish). La Opinión (Los Angeles, California). p. 3A.
  24. ^ Lukas, Mike. "NCI v CWA Op-Ed Series". Archived from the original on 2020-09-30.
  25. ^ a b c "Administrative Law Judges Decision". National Labor Relations Board. NLRB - ALJ. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  26. ^ a b "Judge Orders NCI to Rehire Fired Union Supporters". CWA Communications. 5 October 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
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