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Changing short description from "Mesosome" to "Structures in bacteria"
 
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{{Short description|Structures in bacteria}}
[[Image:Prokaryote cell diagram.svg|thumb|Mesosomes can be seen in this diagram of a typical [[prokaryote]]]]
{{For|the arthropod anatomical term|mesosoma}}
{{otheruses3|Mesosome (arachnid)}}
[[File:Mesosome formation.svg|thumb|right|250px|Mesosomes form in bacterial cells prepared for [[electron microscopy]] by chemical fixation, but not by freeze-fracture fixation.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nanninga N |title=The mesosome of Bacillus subtilis as affected by chemical and physical fixation |journal=J. Cell Biol. |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=219–24 |year=1971 |pmid=4993484 |doi=10.1083/jcb.48.1.219 |pmc=2108225}}</ref>]]


'''Mesosomes''' or chondrioids are folded [[invagination]]s in the [[plasma membrane]] of [[bacteria]] that are produced by the chemical [[Fixation (histology)|fixation]] techniques used to prepare samples for [[electron microscopy]]. Although several functions were proposed for these structures in the 1960s, they were recognized as [[Artifact (error)|artifacts]] by the late 1970s and are no longer considered to be part of the normal structure of bacterial cells. These extensions are in the form of vesicles, tubules and lamellae.
'''Mesosome'''s are the [[invagination]]s of the [[plasma membrane]] that can form into [[vesicle (biology)|vesicles]]. They are found to be present in both [[gram-positive]] and [[gram-negative]] [[bacterium|bacteria]].{{Fact|date=April 2007}} Mesomes are only found in [[prokaryotic cells|prokaryotic]] Mesosomes may play a role in [[cell wall]] formation during [[cell division]] and/or [[chromosome]] replication and distribution and/or electron transfer systems of respiration. Electron transport chains are found within the mesosome producing 32-34ATP. They act as an anchor to bind and pull apart daughter chromosomes during cell division.

There is some evidence that bacterial mesosomes may be artifacts formed during the process of [[chemical fixation]] <ref> <Bacterial mesosomes. Real structures or artifacts?, Silva et al.; Biochim Biophys Acta. 1976 Aug 4;443(1):92-105. </ref> of bacteria for [[electron microscopy]] and thus they actually may not exist in reality. <ref> Bacterial mesosomes: Method dependent artifacts; Ebersold, Cordier and Lüthy, Archives of Microbiology, vol. 130:19-22 (1981) </ref>
==Initial observations==
<div class="boilerplate metadata" id="stub"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: transparent;"><tr><td>[[Image:Biological cell.svg|50px]]</td><td>''&nbsp;This [[cell biology]] article is a [[Wikipedia:Perfect stub article|stub]]. You can [[Wikipedia:Find or fix a stub|help]] Wikipedia by [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit}} expanding it]''.</td></tr></table></div>[[Category:Cell biology stubs]]
These structures are invaginations of the plasma membrane observed in [[gram-positive]] bacteria that have been chemically [[Fixation (histology)|fixed]] to prepare them for electron microscopy.<ref name=Silva/> They were first observed in 1953 by George B. Chapman and James Hillier,<ref name=Chapman1953>{{cite journal|author1=Chapman, George B. |author2=Hillier, James |name-list-style=amp | year = 1953 | title = Electron microscopy of ultra-thin sections of bacteria I. Cellular division in Bacillus cereus | journal = J. Bacteriol. |volume=66 |issue=3 | pages = 362–373|doi=10.1128/JB.66.3.362-373.1953 |pmid=13096487 |pmc=357155 }}</ref> who referred to them as "peripheral bodies." They were termed "mesosomes" by Fitz-James in 1960.<ref name=Robertson1959>{{cite journal | author = Robertson, J.D. | year = 1959 | title = The ultra structure of cell membranes and their derivatives, Biochem | journal = Soc. Syrup | pages = 3}}</ref>

Initially, it was thought that mesosomes might play a role in several cellular processes, such as [[cell wall]] formation during [[cell division]], [[chromosome]] replication, or as a site for [[oxidative phosphorylation]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Suganuma A |title=Studies on the fine structure of Staphylococcus aureus |journal=J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=257–61 |year=1966 |pmid=5984369}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pontefract RD, Bergeron G, Thatcher FS |title=Mesosomes in Escherichia coli |journal=J. Bacteriol. |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=367–75 |year=1969 |pmid=4884819 |url= |doi=10.1002/path.1710970223 |pmc=249612}}</ref> The mesosome was thought to increase the surface area of the cell, aiding the cell in cellular respiration. This is analogous to [[cristae]] in the [[mitochondrion]] in eukaryotic cells, which are finger-like projections and help eukaryotic cells undergo cellular respiration. Mesosomes were also hypothesized to aid in photosynthesis, cell division, DNA replication, and cell compartmentalisation.

==Disproof of hypothesis==
These models were called into question during the late 1970s when data accumulated suggesting that mesosomes are artifacts formed through damage to the membrane during the process of chemical fixation, and do not occur in cells that have not been chemically fixed.<ref name=Silva>{{cite journal |vauthors=Silva MT, Sousa JC, Polónia JJ, Macedo MA, Parente AM |title=Bacterial mesosomes. Real structures or artifacts? |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=443 |issue=1 |pages=92–105 |year=1976 |pmid=821538 |doi=10.1016/0005-2736(76)90493-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ebersold HR, Cordier JL, Lüthy P |title=Bacterial mesosomes: method dependent artifacts |journal=Arch. Microbiol. |volume=130 |issue=1 |pages=19–22 |year=1981 |pmid=6796029 |doi=10.1007/BF00527066|s2cid=4430755 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Higgins ML, Tsien HC, Daneo-Moore L |title=Organization of mesosomes in fixed and unfixed cells |journal=J. Bacteriol. |volume=127 |issue=3 |pages=1519–23 |year=1976 |doi=10.1128/JB.127.3.1519-1523.1976 |pmid=821934 |pmc=232947}}</ref> By the mid to late 1980s, with advances in cryofixation and freeze substitution methods for electron microscopy, it was generally concluded that mesosomes do not exist in living cells.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ryter A |title=Contribution of new cryomethods to a better knowledge of bacterial anatomy |journal=Ann. Inst. Pasteur Microbiol. |volume=139 |issue=1 |pages=33–44 |year=1988 |pmid=3289587 |doi=10.1016/0769-2609(88)90095-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Nanninga N, Brakenhoff GJ, Meijer M, Woldringh CL |title=Bacterial anatomy in retrospect and prospect |journal=Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |volume=50 |issue=5–6 |pages=433–60 |year=1984 |pmid=6442119 |doi=10.1007/BF02386219|s2cid=7015394 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dubochet J, McDowall AW, Menge B, Schmid EN, Lickfeld KG |title=Electron microscopy of frozen-hydrated bacteria |journal=J. Bacteriol. |volume=155 |issue=1 |pages=381–90 |date=1 July 1983|doi=10.1128/JB.155.1.381-390.1983 |pmid=6408064 |pmc=217690 }}</ref> However, a few researchers continue to argue that the evidence remains inconclusive, and that mesosomes might not be artifacts in all cases.<ref>John F. Stolz (1991) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ly0OnkNJu00C "Structure of Phototrophic Prokaryotes"] CRC Press {{ISBN|0-8493-4814-5}}</ref><ref name=Murata2008>{{cite journal | author = Murata, K. |author2=Kawai, S. |author3=Mikami, B. |author4=Hashimoto, W. | year = 2008 | title = Superchannel of Bacteria: Biological Significance and New Horizons | journal = Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry | pages = 265–277 | volume = 72 |issue=2 | doi = 10.1271/bbb.70635 | pmid=18256495|s2cid=33051803 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Recently, similar folds in the membrane have been observed in bacteria that have been exposed to some classes of [[antibiotic]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Santhana Raj L, Hing HL, Baharudin O, etal |title=Mesosomes are a definite event in antibiotic-treated Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 |journal=Trop Biomed |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=105–9 |year=2007 |pmid=17568383}}</ref> and antibacterial peptides ([[defensin]]s).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Friedrich CL, Moyles D, Beveridge TJ, Hancock RE |title=Antibacterial action of structurally diverse cationic peptides on gram-positive bacteria |journal=Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. |volume=44 |issue=8 |pages=2086–92 |year=2000 |pmid=10898680 |doi=10.1128/AAC.44.8.2086-2092.2000 |pmc=90018}}</ref> The appearance of these mesosome-like structures may be the result of these chemicals damaging the plasma membrane and/or cell wall.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Balkwill DL, Stevens SE |title=Effects of penicillin G on mesosome-like structures in Agmenellum quadruplicatum |journal=Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=506–9 |year=1980 |pmid=6775592 |doi= 10.1128/aac.17.3.506|pmc=283817}}</ref>

The case of the proposal and then disproof of the mesosome [[hypothesis]] has been discussed from the viewpoint of the [[philosophy of science]] as an example of how a scientific idea can be [[falsifiability|falsified]] and the hypothesis then rejected, and analyzed to explore how the [[scientific community]] carries out this testing process.<ref name=Culp1994>{{cite journal | author = Culp, S. | year = 1994 | title = Defending Robustness: The Bacterial Mesosome as a Test Case | journal = PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association | volume = 1994 | pages = 46–57 | jstor=193010| doi = 10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193010 | s2cid = 112215147 }}</ref><ref name=Rasmussen2001>{{cite journal | author = Rasmussen, N. | year = 2001 | title = Evolving Scientific Epistemologies and the Artifacts of Empirical Philosophy of Science: A Reply Concerning Mesosomes | journal = Biology and Philosophy | volume = 16 | issue = 5 | pages = 627–652 | doi = 10.1023/A:1012038815107| s2cid = 142344737 }}</ref><ref name=Allchin2000>{{cite journal | author = Allchin, D. | year = 2000 | title = The Epistemology of Error | journal = Philosophy of Science Association Meetings, Vancouver, November | url = http://cbe.ivic.ve/mic250/pdf/epist-of.pdf | accessdate = 2008-03-08 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081217143936/http://cbe.ivic.ve/mic250/pdf/epist-of.pdf | archivedate = 2008-12-17 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Cell membrane]]
*[[Organelle]]
*[[Lysosome]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
<references />

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |author = Fritz H. Kayser, M.D. | year = 2005 | title = Color Atlas of Medical Microbiology.Kayser, Medical Microbiology © 2005 Thieme}}


[[Category:Membrane biology]]
[[de:Mesosom]]
[[es:Mesosoma]]
[[Category:Organelles]]
[[Category:Prokaryotic cell anatomy]]
[[it:Mesosoma]]
[[pl:Mezosom]]
[[pt:Mesossoma]]
[[ru:Мезосомы]]
[[sr:Мезозом]]
[[tr:Mezozom]]
[[uk:Мезосома]]

Latest revision as of 07:19, 27 August 2024

For the arthropod anatomical term, see mesosoma.
Mesosomes form in bacterial cells prepared for electron microscopy by chemical fixation, but not by freeze-fracture fixation.[1]

Mesosomes or chondrioids are folded invaginations in the plasma membrane of bacteria that are produced by the chemical fixation techniques used to prepare samples for electron microscopy. Although several functions were proposed for these structures in the 1960s, they were recognized as artifacts by the late 1970s and are no longer considered to be part of the normal structure of bacterial cells. These extensions are in the form of vesicles, tubules and lamellae.

Initial observations

[edit]

These structures are invaginations of the plasma membrane observed in gram-positive bacteria that have been chemically fixed to prepare them for electron microscopy.[2] They were first observed in 1953 by George B. Chapman and James Hillier,[3] who referred to them as "peripheral bodies." They were termed "mesosomes" by Fitz-James in 1960.[4]

Initially, it was thought that mesosomes might play a role in several cellular processes, such as cell wall formation during cell division, chromosome replication, or as a site for oxidative phosphorylation.[5][6] The mesosome was thought to increase the surface area of the cell, aiding the cell in cellular respiration. This is analogous to cristae in the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells, which are finger-like projections and help eukaryotic cells undergo cellular respiration. Mesosomes were also hypothesized to aid in photosynthesis, cell division, DNA replication, and cell compartmentalisation.

Disproof of hypothesis

[edit]

These models were called into question during the late 1970s when data accumulated suggesting that mesosomes are artifacts formed through damage to the membrane during the process of chemical fixation, and do not occur in cells that have not been chemically fixed.[2][7][8] By the mid to late 1980s, with advances in cryofixation and freeze substitution methods for electron microscopy, it was generally concluded that mesosomes do not exist in living cells.[9][10][11] However, a few researchers continue to argue that the evidence remains inconclusive, and that mesosomes might not be artifacts in all cases.[12][13]

Recently, similar folds in the membrane have been observed in bacteria that have been exposed to some classes of antibiotics,[14] and antibacterial peptides (defensins).[15] The appearance of these mesosome-like structures may be the result of these chemicals damaging the plasma membrane and/or cell wall.[16]

The case of the proposal and then disproof of the mesosome hypothesis has been discussed from the viewpoint of the philosophy of science as an example of how a scientific idea can be falsified and the hypothesis then rejected, and analyzed to explore how the scientific community carries out this testing process.[17][18][19]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Nanninga N (1971). "The mesosome of Bacillus subtilis as affected by chemical and physical fixation". J. Cell Biol. 48 (1): 219–24. doi:10.1083/jcb.48.1.219. PMC 2108225. PMID 4993484.
  2. ^ a b Silva MT, Sousa JC, Polónia JJ, Macedo MA, Parente AM (1976). "Bacterial mesosomes. Real structures or artifacts?". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 443 (1): 92–105. doi:10.1016/0005-2736(76)90493-4. PMID 821538.
  3. ^ Chapman, George B. & Hillier, James (1953). "Electron microscopy of ultra-thin sections of bacteria I. Cellular division in Bacillus cereus". J. Bacteriol. 66 (3): 362–373. doi:10.1128/JB.66.3.362-373.1953. PMC 357155. PMID 13096487.
  4. ^ Robertson, J.D. (1959). "The ultra structure of cell membranes and their derivatives, Biochem". Soc. Syrup: 3.
  5. ^ Suganuma A (1966). "Studies on the fine structure of Staphylococcus aureus". J Electron Microsc (Tokyo). 15 (4): 257–61. PMID 5984369.
  6. ^ Pontefract RD, Bergeron G, Thatcher FS (1969). "Mesosomes in Escherichia coli". J. Bacteriol. 97 (1): 367–75. doi:10.1002/path.1710970223. PMC 249612. PMID 4884819.
  7. ^ Ebersold HR, Cordier JL, Lüthy P (1981). "Bacterial mesosomes: method dependent artifacts". Arch. Microbiol. 130 (1): 19–22. doi:10.1007/BF00527066. PMID 6796029. S2CID 4430755.
  8. ^ Higgins ML, Tsien HC, Daneo-Moore L (1976). "Organization of mesosomes in fixed and unfixed cells". J. Bacteriol. 127 (3): 1519–23. doi:10.1128/JB.127.3.1519-1523.1976. PMC 232947. PMID 821934.
  9. ^ Ryter A (1988). "Contribution of new cryomethods to a better knowledge of bacterial anatomy". Ann. Inst. Pasteur Microbiol. 139 (1): 33–44. doi:10.1016/0769-2609(88)90095-6. PMID 3289587.
  10. ^ Nanninga N, Brakenhoff GJ, Meijer M, Woldringh CL (1984). "Bacterial anatomy in retrospect and prospect". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 50 (5–6): 433–60. doi:10.1007/BF02386219. PMID 6442119. S2CID 7015394.
  11. ^ Dubochet J, McDowall AW, Menge B, Schmid EN, Lickfeld KG (1 July 1983). "Electron microscopy of frozen-hydrated bacteria". J. Bacteriol. 155 (1): 381–90. doi:10.1128/JB.155.1.381-390.1983. PMC 217690. PMID 6408064.
  12. ^ John F. Stolz (1991) "Structure of Phototrophic Prokaryotes" CRC Press ISBN 0-8493-4814-5
  13. ^ Murata, K.; Kawai, S.; Mikami, B.; Hashimoto, W. (2008). "Superchannel of Bacteria: Biological Significance and New Horizons". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 72 (2): 265–277. doi:10.1271/bbb.70635. PMID 18256495. S2CID 33051803.
  14. ^ Santhana Raj L, Hing HL, Baharudin O, et al. (2007). "Mesosomes are a definite event in antibiotic-treated Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923". Trop Biomed. 24 (1): 105–9. PMID 17568383.
  15. ^ Friedrich CL, Moyles D, Beveridge TJ, Hancock RE (2000). "Antibacterial action of structurally diverse cationic peptides on gram-positive bacteria". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44 (8): 2086–92. doi:10.1128/AAC.44.8.2086-2092.2000. PMC 90018. PMID 10898680.
  16. ^ Balkwill DL, Stevens SE (1980). "Effects of penicillin G on mesosome-like structures in Agmenellum quadruplicatum". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 17 (3): 506–9. doi:10.1128/aac.17.3.506. PMC 283817. PMID 6775592.
  17. ^ Culp, S. (1994). "Defending Robustness: The Bacterial Mesosome as a Test Case". PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association. 1994: 46–57. doi:10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193010. JSTOR 193010. S2CID 112215147.
  18. ^ Rasmussen, N. (2001). "Evolving Scientific Epistemologies and the Artifacts of Empirical Philosophy of Science: A Reply Concerning Mesosomes". Biology and Philosophy. 16 (5): 627–652. doi:10.1023/A:1012038815107. S2CID 142344737.
  19. ^ Allchin, D. (2000). "The Epistemology of Error" (PDF). Philosophy of Science Association Meetings, Vancouver, November. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2008-03-08.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Fritz H. Kayser, M.D. (2005). "Color Atlas of Medical Microbiology.Kayser, Medical Microbiology © 2005 Thieme". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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