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{{Short description|Russian woman allegedly with psychic powers (1926–1990)}}
{{cleanup}}
{{Infobox person
|name=Nina Kulagina
|image=Ninel Kulagina.jpg
|birth_name=Ninel Sergeyevna Kulagina
|birth_place=[[Leningrad]], [[Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
|nationality=Russian
|known_for=Reported [[psychic]] ability
|birth_date={{birth date|1926|7|10|df=y}}
|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1990|04|11|1926|7|30}}
}}
'''Nina Kulagina''', ''Ninel Sergeyevna Kulagina'' ({{langx|ru|Нине́ль Серге́евна Кула́гина}}, born Ninel Mikhaylova<ref>{{cite book | first = M. H. H. | last = Chughtai |author2=S. G. Abbas | title = Life | publisher = Majlis-e-Milli | year = 1980 | page = 190}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first = Martin | last = Ebon | title = Psychic warfare: Threat Or Illusion? | publisher = McGraw-Hill | year = 1983 | isbn= 0-07-018860-2 | page = 70}}</ref>) (30 July 1926 – 11 April 1990) was a Russian woman who claimed to have [[psychic]] powers, particularly in [[psychokinesis]]. Academic research of her phenomenon was conducted in the [[USSR]] for the last 20 years of her life.


Kulagina was suspected of utilizing hidden [[magnet]]s and [[Invisible thread|threads]] to perform her feats.<ref name="Planer 1980">Planer, Felix (1980). ''Superstition''. Cassell. pp. 230-234. {{ISBN|0-304-30691-6}}</ref> She was caught cheating on more than one occasion according to the authors of several books and publications.<ref>Levy, Joel. (2002). ''K.I.S.S Guide to the Unexplained''. DK Publishing. p. 44. {{ISBN|978-0789489418}} "Tricks were employed by Russian housewife and psychic Ninel Kulagina, who was caught using invisible thread to lift tennis balls and hidden magnets to move saltshakers."</ref><ref>[[Mike Dash|Dash, Mike]]. (1997). ''Borderlands''. William Heinemann Ltd. {{ISBN|978-0434003358}} "The Russian psychic Ninel Kulagina, who in the 1960s, produced effects very similar to those of Tomczyk - moving a salt cellar and levitating a table tennis ball - was eventually caught by Soviet parapsychologists using concealed magnets and invisible thread to effect her tricks."</ref><ref name="Kravitz 1977">Kravitz, Jerome; Hillabrant, Walter. (1977). ''The Future is Now: Readings in Introductory Psychology''. F. E. Peacock Publishers. p. 301. {{ISBN|0875812155}} Quoting Martin Gardner: "Ninel has been caught cheating more than once by Soviet Establishment scientists."</ref> In 1987, Kulagina sued and won a partial victory in a defamation case brought against a Soviet government magazine that had accused her of fraud.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.randi.org/k---encyclopedia-of-claims.html |title=Encyclopedia of Claims: Kulagina, Nina |last=Randi |first=James |date=1995 |website=randi.org |publisher=James Randi Educational Foundation |accessdate=June 20, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Timeline">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231127152743/https://timeline.com/nina-kulagina-spy-psychic-5644ac54066d?gi=8798857f817b "This Russian woman’s psychic powers ignited a paranormal arms race between the U.S. and the USSR"]. timeline.com. Retrieved 26 November 2023.</ref><ref name="Skeptic">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231127151143/https://skepticsociety.ru/fenomen-ninel-kulaginoj-voprosy-i-otvety.html "The phenomenon of Ninel Kulagina: questions and answers"]. skepticsociety.ru. Retrieved 26 November 2023.</ref>
'''Nina Kulagina''' was a [[Russia]]n woman who purportedly had great [[psychic]] powers, particularly in [[psychokinesis]]. During the [[Cold War]], silent [[black-and-white]] films of her apparently moving objects on a table in front of her without touching them, supposedly demonstrating her abilities under controlled conditions for Soviet authorities, caused excitement to many believers in parapsychology around the world who believed that they represented the clearest evidence of the existence of psychic phenomena.


==Biography==
Nina claimed that in order to manifest the effect, she required a period of meditation to clear her mind of all thoughts. In this extended preparation time, some see scope for trickery. When she had obtained the focus required, she reported a sharp pain in her spine and the blurring of her eyesight.
Kulagina, who was born in 1926, joined the [[Red Army]] at age fourteen, entering its tank regiment during [[World War II]],<ref>{{cite book | first =Raymond | last = Buckland | title= The Fortune-Telling Book: The Encyclopedia of Divination and Soothsaying | url =https://archive.org/details/fortunetellingbo00buck | url-access =registration | publisher = Visible Ink Press | year = 2003 | page = [https://archive.org/details/fortunetellingbo00buck/page/317 317] | isbn = 1-57859-147-3}}</ref> but she was a [[housewife]] at the time that her alleged psychic abilities were studied and she entered international [[discourse]] in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite book | first = John L. | last = Randall | title = Parapsychology and the Nature of Life | url = https://archive.org/details/parapsychologyna0000unse | url-access = registration | publisher = Souvenir Press | year = 1975 | isbn= 0-285-62177-7 | page = [https://archive.org/details/parapsychologyna0000unse/page/185 185]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Soviet stare gets action: Woman's look puts mind over matter | work = The Hartford Courant | date = 1968-03-18 | page = 36 | accessdate = 2008-09-11 | url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/933034952.html?dids=933034952:933034952&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Mar+18%2C+1968&author=&pub=The+Hartford+Courant&desc=Soviet+Stare+Gets+Action&pqatl=google| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121102082741/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/933034952.html?dids=933034952:933034952&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Mar+18,+1968&author=&pub=The+Hartford+Courant&desc=Soviet+Stare+Gets+Action&pqatl=google| url-status = dead| archive-date = November 2, 2012}}</ref> During the [[Cold War]], silent [[black-and-white]] films were produced, in which she appeared to move objects on a table in front of her without touching them. These films were allegedly made under controlled conditions for [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] authorities and caused excitement for many psychic researchers around the world, some of whom believed that they represented clear evidence for the existence of psychic [[phenomena]]. According to reports from the Soviet Union, 40 scientists, two of whom were [[Nobel prize|Nobel]] laureates, studied Kulagina.<ref>{{cite news | first = Jeffrey | last = Mishlove | title = The Roots of Consciousness: Psychic Liberation Through History, Science, and Experience | publisher = Random House | year = 1975 | isbn = 0-394-73115-8 | page = [https://archive.org/details/rootsofconscious00mish/page/164 164] | url = https://archive.org/details/rootsofconscious00mish/page/164 }}</ref> In ''Investigating Psychics'', Larry Kettlekamp claims that Kulagina was filmed separating broken eggs that had been submerged in water, moving apart the whites and yolks, during which event such physical changes were recorded as accelerated and altered: [[Cardiac cycle|heartbeat]], [[Neural oscillation|brain waves]] and [[electromagnetic field]].<ref name="Kettlekamp">Kettlekamp, Larry. (1977) ''Investigating Psychics: Five Life Histories'' [[William Morrow & Company]], New York. 16-17. Reproduced, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=SdzuZ_ku3xkC&dq=%22Nelya+Mikhailova%22&pg=PA179 Understanding a Midsummer Night's Dream: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historical Documents]'' by Faith Nostbakken. [[Greenwood Publishing Group]], 2003. pp. 179-180. {{ISBN|0-313-32213-9}}</ref> To ensure that external electromagnetic impulses did not interfere, she was placed inside of a metal cage while she supposedly demonstrated an ability to remove a marked matchstick from a pile of matchsticks under a glass dome.<ref name="Spirit">{{cite book | first = Angelo | last = Parodi | title = Science and Spirit: What Physics Reveals about Mystical Belief | publisher = Pleasant Mount Press, Inc. |year = 2005 | isbn= 0-9767489-3-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_uEqifzpNEC&dq=%22Nelya+Mikhailova%22&pg=PA233 | page = 233}}</ref>


Kulagina claimed that she first recognized her ability, which she believed she had inherited from her mother, when she realized that items spontaneously moved around her when she was angry.<ref>{{cite book |first = Margaret M. | last = Bowater |author2=Diane Stein | title = All Women Are Psychics: Language of the Spirit | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_0DvlbswtXgC&dq=%22Nelya+Mikhailova%22&pg=RA1-PA127 | publisher = The Crossing Press | year = 1999 | isbn = 0-89594-979-2 | page = 126}}</ref> Kulagina said that in order to manifest the effect, she required a period of [[meditation]] to clear her mind of all thoughts. When she had obtained the focus required, she reported a sharp pain in her [[vertebral column|spine]] and the blurring of her eyesight. Reportedly, [[storm]]s interfered with her ability to perform psychokinetic acts.<ref name="Spirit"/>
⚫
One of Nina's most celebrated experiments, took place in the Leningrad laboratory on 10 March, 1970. Having initially studied the ability to move inanimate objects, scientists were curious to see if Nina?s abilities extended to cells, tissues, and organs. Sergeyev was one of many scientists present when Nina attempted to use her energy to stop the beating of a frog's heart floating in solution. She focused intently on the heart and made it beat faster, then slower, and using extreme intent of thought, reportedly stopped it.


⚫
One of Kulagina's most celebrated experiments took place in a [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] laboratory on 10 March 1970. Having initially studied the ability to move inanimate objects, scientists were curious to see if Kulagina's abilities extended to [[cell (biology)|cells]], [[Biological tissue|tissues]], and [[Organ (anatomy)|organs]]. Sergeyev was one of many scientists present when Kulagina attempted to use her energy to stop the beating of a [[frog]]'s heart floating in solution. He said that she focused intently on the heart and apparently made it beat faster, then slower, and using extreme intent of thought, stopped it.<ref>[[Thelma Moss|Moss, Thelma]] (1979). ''The Body Electric''. J. P. Tarcher. p. 79.</ref>
In the late seventies a near fatal heart attack forced Nina to scale back her activities. According to a report produced by Dr. Zverev her heart-beat was irregular, she had high blood sugar, and her endocrine system was disturbed. Long term, she suffered from pains in her arms and legs, could not coordinate properly, and experienced dizzyness. Puportedly, these symptoms were the result of her paranormal exertions, and limited her ability to demonstrate [[psychokinesis]] under controlled conditions.


==Dispute==
⚫
== Further Reading ==
Many individuals and organizations, such as the [[James Randi Educational Foundation]] and the [[CICAP|Italian Committee for the Investigation of Claims on the Paranormal]] (CICAP) express skepticism regarding claims of psychokinesis. [[Massimo Polidoro]] has written that the long preparation times and uncontrolled environments (such as hotel rooms) in which the experiments with Kulagina took place left much potential for trickery.<ref name="Polidoro2000">{{cite web | first=Massimo | last=Polidoro | author-link=Massimo Polidoro | url=http://www.cicap.org/en_artic/at101003.htm | title=Secrets of a Russian Psychic | publisher=[[CICAP]] | date=December 12, 2000 | accessdate=July 28, 2009 | archive-date=December 25, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225122623/https://www.cicap.org/en_artic/at101003.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Magicians and skeptics have argued that Kulagina's feats could easily be performed by one experienced in [[sleight of hand]], through means such as cleverly concealed or disguised threads, small pieces of [[Magnetism|magnetic]] metal, or mirrors and the [[Cold War]]-era [[Soviet Union]] had an obvious motive for falsifying or exaggerating results in the potential [[propaganda]] value in appearing to win a "Psi Race" analogous to the concurrent [[Space Race]] or [[arms race]].<ref name="Polidoro2000"/><ref>[http://www.randi.org/encyclopedia/Kulagina,%20Nina.html Kulagina, Nina] in ''An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural''. [[James Randi Educational Foundation]].</ref><ref>Couttie, Bob (1988). ''Forbidden Knowledge: The Paranormal Paradox''. Lutterworth Press. p. 141. {{ISBN|978-0-7188-2686-4}} "A piece of thread can be stretched between the hands and used to move objects across smooth tables. If, like the famous Russian psychic, Nina Kulagina, one works on a lighted table even a heavy thread will be lost in the glare, especially on film and photographs."</ref><ref>[[Gordon Stein|Stein, Gordon]] (1996). ''The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal''. Prometheus Books. p. 384. {{ISBN|978-1573920216}} "Nina Kulagina, Geller's Russian counterpart, used invisible thread to move matches across a table and to float Ping-Pong balls. The thread was manipulated by her husband in a side room. Any magician present would have recognized the method at once and simply passed a hand through the space where the thread went before Nina's husband could draw it out of the room."</ref>


In the 1960s, Russian journalist Vladimir Lvov published an article in ''[[Pravda]]''<ref name= "Planer 1980"/> which accused Kulagina of fraud. Lvov wrote that she performed one of her tricks by concealing a magnet on her body. The article also reported that Kulagina had been arrested for cheating the public out of five thousand [[ruble]]s.<ref name= "Planer 1980"/> Science writer [[Martin Gardner]] described Kulagina as a "pretty, plump, dark eyed little charlatan" who had been caught using tricks to move objects.<ref>[[Martin Gardner|Gardner, Martin]] (1983). ''Science: Good, Bad and Bogus''. Oxford University Press. p. 244. {{ISBN|0-19-286037-2}}</ref> According to Gardner, she was "caught cheating more than once by Soviet Establishment scientists."<ref name= "Kravitz 1977"/>
* Braude, Stephen. ''Unusual Powers of Mind Over Matter''. See [http://www.williamjames.com/Folklore/MINDOVER.htm]


In 1986, the magazine ''Man and Law'' published by the [[Ministry of Justice (Soviet Union)|Soviet Ministry of Justice]] accused Kulagina of fraud.<ref name="Skeptic"/> Kulagina sued the magazine journalists for defamation and won a partial victory on the suit a year later. The court ruled that the journalists did not have direct evidence of fraud. Kulagina was not present at the trial. The Russian [[Skeptic Society]] have noted that the trial's conclusion "does not say anything about whether Kulagina has been confirmed to have anomalous abilities".<ref name="Skeptic"/>
* Gris, Henry, and Dick, William. ''The New Soviet Psychic Discoveries''. London, Souvenir Press, 1979.


==See also==
* Inglis, Brian. ''The Paranormal ? An Encyclopedia of Psychic Phenomena''. Granada publishing, 1985, p112.


*[[Stanisława Tomczyk]]
* Ostrander, Sheila, & Schroeder, Lynn. ''Psychic Discoveries ? The Iron Curtain Lifted''. London, Souvenir Press, 1997 (1971).


==References==
* Spencer, John & Anne. ''The Poltergeist Phenomenon''. London, Headline 1997, pp227-8.
{{Reflist|30em}}


⚫
==Further reading==
{{Russia-bio-stub}}
*[[Martin Gardner]]. (1988). ''The New Age: Notes of a Fringe-Watcher''. Prometheus Books. {{ISBN|0-87975-644-6}}
⚫
[[Category:Russian people|Kulagina, Nina]]
*[[Paul Kurtz]]. (1985). ''A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology''. Prometheus Books. {{ISBN|0-87975-300-5}}
[[Category:Purported psychokineticists|Kulagina, Nina]]
*[[Massimo Polidoro]]. (2003). ''Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims''. Prometheus Books. {{ISBN|1-59102-086-7}}
*[[John G. Taylor|John Taylor]]. (1980). ''Science and the Supernatural: An Investigation of Paranormal Phenomena Including Psychic Healing, Clairvoyance, Telepathy, and Precognition by a Distinguished Physicist and Mathematician''. Temple Smith. {{ISBN|0-85117-191-5}}
*[[Annie Jacobsen]]. (2017). ''Phenomena. The secret history of the U.S. Government's investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokineses''. Back Bay Books. {{ISBN|978-0-316-34935-2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2009298|Nina Kulagina}}
*[http://www.mysteriouspeople.com/Nina_Kulagina.htm The Psychic Powers of Nina Kulagina] Comprehensive biography of Nina Kulagina
*[http://www.cicap.org/en_artic/at101003.htm Secrets of a Russian Psychic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225122623/https://www.cicap.org/en_artic/at101003.htm |date=2018-12-25 }} Magicians and parapsychologists describe mundane methods

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulagina, Nina}}

[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Telekinetics]]
⚫
[[Category:Russian psychics]]
[[Category:Soviet military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Soviet psychics]]

Latest revision as of 03:59, 15 November 2024

Nina Kulagina
Born
Ninel Sergeyevna Kulagina

(1926-07-10)10 July 1926
Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Died11 April 1990(1990-04-11) (aged 63)
NationalityRussian
Known forReported psychic ability

Nina Kulagina, Ninel Sergeyevna Kulagina (Russian: Нине́ль Серге́евна Кула́гина, born Ninel Mikhaylova[1][2]) (30 July 1926 – 11 April 1990) was a Russian woman who claimed to have psychic powers, particularly in psychokinesis. Academic research of her phenomenon was conducted in the USSR for the last 20 years of her life.

Kulagina was suspected of utilizing hidden magnets and threads to perform her feats.[3] She was caught cheating on more than one occasion according to the authors of several books and publications.[4][5][6] In 1987, Kulagina sued and won a partial victory in a defamation case brought against a Soviet government magazine that had accused her of fraud.[7][8][9]

Biography

[edit]

Kulagina, who was born in 1926, joined the Red Army at age fourteen, entering its tank regiment during World War II,[10] but she was a housewife at the time that her alleged psychic abilities were studied and she entered international discourse in the 1960s.[11][12] During the Cold War, silent black-and-white films were produced, in which she appeared to move objects on a table in front of her without touching them. These films were allegedly made under controlled conditions for Soviet authorities and caused excitement for many psychic researchers around the world, some of whom believed that they represented clear evidence for the existence of psychic phenomena. According to reports from the Soviet Union, 40 scientists, two of whom were Nobel laureates, studied Kulagina.[13] In Investigating Psychics, Larry Kettlekamp claims that Kulagina was filmed separating broken eggs that had been submerged in water, moving apart the whites and yolks, during which event such physical changes were recorded as accelerated and altered: heartbeat, brain waves and electromagnetic field.[14] To ensure that external electromagnetic impulses did not interfere, she was placed inside of a metal cage while she supposedly demonstrated an ability to remove a marked matchstick from a pile of matchsticks under a glass dome.[15]

Kulagina claimed that she first recognized her ability, which she believed she had inherited from her mother, when she realized that items spontaneously moved around her when she was angry.[16] Kulagina said that in order to manifest the effect, she required a period of meditation to clear her mind of all thoughts. When she had obtained the focus required, she reported a sharp pain in her spine and the blurring of her eyesight. Reportedly, storms interfered with her ability to perform psychokinetic acts.[15]

One of Kulagina's most celebrated experiments took place in a Leningrad laboratory on 10 March 1970. Having initially studied the ability to move inanimate objects, scientists were curious to see if Kulagina's abilities extended to cells, tissues, and organs. Sergeyev was one of many scientists present when Kulagina attempted to use her energy to stop the beating of a frog's heart floating in solution. He said that she focused intently on the heart and apparently made it beat faster, then slower, and using extreme intent of thought, stopped it.[17]

Dispute

[edit]

Many individuals and organizations, such as the James Randi Educational Foundation and the Italian Committee for the Investigation of Claims on the Paranormal (CICAP) express skepticism regarding claims of psychokinesis. Massimo Polidoro has written that the long preparation times and uncontrolled environments (such as hotel rooms) in which the experiments with Kulagina took place left much potential for trickery.[18] Magicians and skeptics have argued that Kulagina's feats could easily be performed by one experienced in sleight of hand, through means such as cleverly concealed or disguised threads, small pieces of magnetic metal, or mirrors and the Cold War-era Soviet Union had an obvious motive for falsifying or exaggerating results in the potential propaganda value in appearing to win a "Psi Race" analogous to the concurrent Space Race or arms race.[18][19][20][21]

In the 1960s, Russian journalist Vladimir Lvov published an article in Pravda[3] which accused Kulagina of fraud. Lvov wrote that she performed one of her tricks by concealing a magnet on her body. The article also reported that Kulagina had been arrested for cheating the public out of five thousand rubles.[3] Science writer Martin Gardner described Kulagina as a "pretty, plump, dark eyed little charlatan" who had been caught using tricks to move objects.[22] According to Gardner, she was "caught cheating more than once by Soviet Establishment scientists."[6]

In 1986, the magazine Man and Law published by the Soviet Ministry of Justice accused Kulagina of fraud.[9] Kulagina sued the magazine journalists for defamation and won a partial victory on the suit a year later. The court ruled that the journalists did not have direct evidence of fraud. Kulagina was not present at the trial. The Russian Skeptic Society have noted that the trial's conclusion "does not say anything about whether Kulagina has been confirmed to have anomalous abilities".[9]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Chughtai, M. H. H.; S. G. Abbas (1980). Life. Majlis-e-Milli. p. 190.
  2. ^ Ebon, Martin (1983). Psychic warfare: Threat Or Illusion?. McGraw-Hill. p. 70. ISBN 0-07-018860-2.
  3. ^ a b c Planer, Felix (1980). Superstition. Cassell. pp. 230-234. ISBN 0-304-30691-6
  4. ^ Levy, Joel. (2002). K.I.S.S Guide to the Unexplained. DK Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 978-0789489418 "Tricks were employed by Russian housewife and psychic Ninel Kulagina, who was caught using invisible thread to lift tennis balls and hidden magnets to move saltshakers."
  5. ^ Dash, Mike. (1997). Borderlands. William Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 978-0434003358 "The Russian psychic Ninel Kulagina, who in the 1960s, produced effects very similar to those of Tomczyk - moving a salt cellar and levitating a table tennis ball - was eventually caught by Soviet parapsychologists using concealed magnets and invisible thread to effect her tricks."
  6. ^ a b Kravitz, Jerome; Hillabrant, Walter. (1977). The Future is Now: Readings in Introductory Psychology. F. E. Peacock Publishers. p. 301. ISBN 0875812155 Quoting Martin Gardner: "Ninel has been caught cheating more than once by Soviet Establishment scientists."
  7. ^ Randi, James (1995). "Encyclopedia of Claims: Kulagina, Nina". randi.org. James Randi Educational Foundation. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
  8. ^ "This Russian woman’s psychic powers ignited a paranormal arms race between the U.S. and the USSR". timeline.com. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  9. ^ a b c "The phenomenon of Ninel Kulagina: questions and answers". skepticsociety.ru. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  10. ^ Buckland, Raymond (2003). The Fortune-Telling Book: The Encyclopedia of Divination and Soothsaying. Visible Ink Press. p. 317. ISBN 1-57859-147-3.
  11. ^ Randall, John L. (1975). Parapsychology and the Nature of Life. Souvenir Press. p. 185. ISBN 0-285-62177-7.
  12. ^ "Soviet stare gets action: Woman's look puts mind over matter". The Hartford Courant. 1968-03-18. p. 36. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
  13. ^ Mishlove, Jeffrey (1975). "The Roots of Consciousness: Psychic Liberation Through History, Science, and Experience". Random House. p. 164. ISBN 0-394-73115-8.
  14. ^ Kettlekamp, Larry. (1977) Investigating Psychics: Five Life Histories William Morrow & Company, New York. 16-17. Reproduced, Understanding a Midsummer Night's Dream: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historical Documents by Faith Nostbakken. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003. pp. 179-180. ISBN 0-313-32213-9
  15. ^ a b Parodi, Angelo (2005). Science and Spirit: What Physics Reveals about Mystical Belief. Pleasant Mount Press, Inc. p. 233. ISBN 0-9767489-3-2.
  16. ^ Bowater, Margaret M.; Diane Stein (1999). All Women Are Psychics: Language of the Spirit. The Crossing Press. p. 126. ISBN 0-89594-979-2.
  17. ^ Moss, Thelma (1979). The Body Electric. J. P. Tarcher. p. 79.
  18. ^ a b Polidoro, Massimo (December 12, 2000). "Secrets of a Russian Psychic". CICAP. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
  19. ^ Kulagina, Nina in An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural. James Randi Educational Foundation.
  20. ^ Couttie, Bob (1988). Forbidden Knowledge: The Paranormal Paradox. Lutterworth Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-7188-2686-4 "A piece of thread can be stretched between the hands and used to move objects across smooth tables. If, like the famous Russian psychic, Nina Kulagina, one works on a lighted table even a heavy thread will be lost in the glare, especially on film and photographs."
  21. ^ Stein, Gordon (1996). The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 384. ISBN 978-1573920216 "Nina Kulagina, Geller's Russian counterpart, used invisible thread to move matches across a table and to float Ping-Pong balls. The thread was manipulated by her husband in a side room. Any magician present would have recognized the method at once and simply passed a hand through the space where the thread went before Nina's husband could draw it out of the room."
  22. ^ Gardner, Martin (1983). Science: Good, Bad and Bogus. Oxford University Press. p. 244. ISBN 0-19-286037-2

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
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