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{{for|the enemy of [[Batman]]|Snowman (comics)}}
{{Superherobox| <!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Comics-->
{{Infobox comics character <!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Comics-->
image=[[Image:Byrna Brilyant.jpg|75px]]
|character_name = Blue Snowman
|caption=
|image = Blue_Snowman_by_Pelletier.jpg
|comic_color=background:#8080ff
|imagesize =
|publisher=[[DC Comics]]
|caption = The Blue Snowman in ''Sensational Wonder Woman Special'' #1 (2022); illustration by [[Paul Pelletier]], inks by [[Norm Rapmund]], colors by Adriano Lucas.
|debut=''Sensation Comics'' #59
|publisher = [[DC Comics]]
|creators=[[William Moulton Marston]]
|debut = ''[[Sensation Comics]]'' #59 (November 1946)
|character_name=Blue Snowman
|creators = [[William Moulton Marston]], [[H.G. Peter|Harry G. Peter]]
|alliance_color=background:#c0c0ff
|real_name=Byrna Brilyant
|real_name = Byrna Brilyant
|alliances = {{Plainlist|
|status=Unknown
|alliances=[[Villainy Inc.]]
*[[Villainy Inc.]]
*[[Godwatch]]
|previous_alliances=
*Ice Pack
|aliases=
}}
|relatives=
|powers = Uses cryogenic weapons capable of generating extreme cold, ice and snow<br>Exo-suit provides enhanced strength and invulnerability
|powers=Used a telescopic snow ray to create and reverse blizzards
|}}
}}
The '''Blue Snowman''' is a fictional character appearing in [[DC Comics]] publications and related media, commonly as a recurring adversary of the superhero [[Wonder Woman]]. Created by writer [[William Moulton Marston]] and artist [[H.G. Peter|Harry G. Peter]], the character debuted in 1946 in ''[[Sensation Comics]]'' #59 as a high-tech extortionist named '''Byrna Brilyant''' who used a fearsome costumed persona (known then only as '''the Snow Man''') to coerce money out of innocent victims.


Brilyant's [[Golden Age of Comics|Golden Age]] gender identity was presented as that of a woman who disguised herself as an ostensibly male supervillain to deflect criminal suspicion – a [[genderplay]] trope Marston incorporated into several other foes he created to battle Wonder Woman,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Daniels |first=Les |title=Wonder Woman: The Complete History |publisher=Chronicle Books LLC |year=2000 |page=34}}</ref> including [[Doctor Poison]] and [[Hypnota]]. The 2021 relaunch ''[[Infinite Frontier]]'' portrays the [[Modern Age of Comics|Modern Age]] Byrna Brilyant as [[Gender fluidity|Genderfluid]], their Blue Snowman stylings part of their flexible gender-presentation.<ref>DeLuca, Jude. "History of Violence: WONDER WOMAN, The Blue Snowman, and "Gender Issues"". ''Comicosity'', 15 February 2021, https://www.comicosity.com/history-of-violence-wonder-woman-the-blue-snowman-and-gender-issues/. Accessed 19 August 2022.</ref>
'''Blue Snowman''' (a.k.a., '''Blue Snow Man''') is a fictional supervillain who appeared in the [[DC Comics]] adventures of [[Wonder Woman]] as a woman disguised as a man who uses the invention of "blue snow," a special form of precipitation that freezes everything it touches.


In her first appearance in 1946, Brilyant's alter ego dressed in a bulky blue robe, complete with jowlish blue head mask and blue [[Bowler hat|derby]]. A later appearance in 1948 (in ''[[Wonder Woman (comic book)|Wonder Woman]]'' #28) changed her name from the Snow Man to the Blue Snowman, keeping the head mask and hat, but replacing the robe with a bulbous metallic bodysuit, similar in silhouette to that of the advertising mascot the [[Michelin Man]]. The Golden Age Blue Snowman's primary weapon was a giant cannon which could fire a "snow ray" producing "blue snow," a form of precipitation freezing anything it touches. The Modern Age Blue Snowman not only continues to sport a derby, but also wears an advanced exo-suit of blue [[mecha]]-style armor fashioned to look like the round features of a children's [[snowman]]. This armor is outfitted with weaponry capable of firing a cryogenic blast that can freeze anything in its path, similar to the ice guns wielded by fellow DC Comics rogues [[Mr. Freeze]] and [[Captain Cold]].
She battled [[Wonder Woman]] and was a member of [[Villainy Inc.]]

==Publication history==
Blue Snowman first appeared in ''Sensation Comics'' #59 and was created by [[William Moulton Marston]] and [[H.G. Peter]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jimenez |first1=Phil |last2=Wells |first2=John |title=The Essential Wonder Woman Encyclopedia |date=2010 |publisher=Del Rey |isbn=978-0345501073 |page=68}}</ref>


==Fictional character biography==
==Fictional character biography==
===Earth-Two version===
[[Image:SensationComics59.jpg|150px|Blue Snowman debuts in ''Sensation Comics'' #59|left|thumb]]
'''Byrna Brilyant's''' scientist father died while working on his invention of "blue snow," a special form of precipitation that freezes everything it touches. This invention was intended to "serve humanity," although precisely how seems rather vague. Thinking to put her father's work to more profitable use, Byrna creates the masculine identity of the '''Blue Snow Man''' and unleashes the petrifying power of blue snow upon the farming community of Fair Weather Valley, demanding each farmer's "life savings" in return for the chemical antidote that will free crops, livestock, and people from the snow's effects. The Blue Snow Man is discovered in "his" mountain sanctuary by [[Wonder Woman]], who forces "him" to defrost the valley.
Byrna Brilyant's scientist father died while working on his invention of "blue snow", a special form of precipitation that freezes everything it touches. This invention was intended to "serve humanity", although precisely how seems rather vague. Thinking to put her father's work to more profitable use, Byrna creates the masculine identity of the '''Snow Man''' and unleashes the petrifying power of blue snow upon the farming community of Fair Weather Valley, demanding each farmer's "life savings" in return for the chemical antidote that will free crops, livestock, and people from the snow's effects. The Blue Snow Man is discovered in "his" mountain sanctuary by [[Wonder Woman]], who forces "him" to defrost the valley.<ref>''Sensation Comics'' #59 (November 1946). DC Comics.</ref>


The Blue Snow Man, like many of Wonder Woman's enemies, is sentenced to prison on the Amazon penal colony Transformation Island, but in 1948 she and seven other female super-villains escape and pool their talents as [[Villainy Inc.]]; led by the Saturnian slaver [[Eviless]], the evil eight are again defeated by Wonder Woman.
Like many of Wonder Woman's enemies, Brilyant is sentenced to prison on the Amazon penal colony Transformation Island, but in 1948 she and seven female super-villains escape and pool their talents as [[Villainy Inc.]] Led by the Saturnian slaver [[Eviless]], the evil eight are again defeated by Wonder Woman. In this appearance, she calls herself the '''Blue Snow Man'''.<ref>''Wonder Woman'' #28 (March 1948). DC Comics.</ref>


Byrna, also known as the Blue Snow Man, retained her male appearance and name in this second appearance, but what if anything is to be made of her choice of criminal identities is unknown.
Byrna retained her male appearance and name in this second appearance, but what, if anything, is to be made of her choice of criminal identities is unknown.

===Post-Crisis===
After all of the Golden Age Wonder Woman stories were erased from history by the ''[[Crisis on Infinite Earths]]'' crossover, Blue Snowman fell into obscurity for many years. Sometime later, the Blue Snowman reappeared as she is pursued and defeated by [[Power Girl]] and [[Doctor Mid-Nite]]. She were accidentally killed and devoured by a giant alien bug that [[Vartox]] brought to Earth to impress Power Girl.<ref>''Power Girl'' (vol. 2) #7 (February 2010). DC Comics.</ref> In this version, Byrna uses a robotic suit of armor that is capable of creating snow. She is mentioned as "an old Wonder Woman foe", suggesting that her battles with Wonder Woman had occurred in the past. She was also mentioned as having worked with the Ice Pack, which did not exist in that continuity.

===The New 52===
In 2011, "[[The New 52]]" rebooted the DC universe. Blue Snowman is first seen when appearing briefly after battling Wonder Woman and her ally Hessia alongside her robot minions.<ref>''Superman/Wonder Woman'' #4 (March 2014). DC Comics.</ref>

===DC Rebirth===
In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called ''[[DC Rebirth]]'' which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "The New 52". Blue Snowman's origin is altered. At some point, Byrna Brilyant came into contact with [[Veronica Cale]], who had equipped Brilyant with an Exo-Mecha suit. This suit enabled Brilyant to attack Washington D.C., with blue snow, though the suit was eventually destroyed by Wonder Woman which in turn rendered Brilyant comatose.<ref>''Wonder Woman'' (vol. 5) #41 (2018). DC Comics.</ref>

===Infinite Frontier===
In DC's 2021 relaunch known as ''[[Infinite Frontier]]'', which made further alterations to the continuity, Blue Snowman makes an appearance, wearing the post-Crisis version of the suit, ambushing Wonder Woman and Steve Trevor during their [[Valentine's Day]] date. Having encased both Wonder Woman's and Steve Trevor's arms in blue ice, the villain went to finish Steve off, at which point Wonder Woman knocked off Snowman's helmet. Steve was surprised to discover that Blue Snowman was a woman, but Byrna corrected that assumption by coming out as [[Non-binary gender#Terms, definitions, and identities|gender-fluid]]. Wonder Woman decided to let Byrna leave, hoping that this new insight will bring them peace.<ref>''DC Love is a Battlefield'' #1 (2021). DC Comics.</ref>

Two days before [[Christmas]], [[Harley Quinn]] tracks Blue Snowman down for help in curing [[Poison Ivy (character)|Poison Ivy]]'s mysterious viral infection. The two ultimately cure Blue Snowman with a magical staff after getting permission from [[Hawkman]] and invite them to stay for Christmas.<ref>'' 'Tis the Season to be Freezin' '' #1 (2022). DC Comics.</ref>


==Powers and abilities==
==Powers and abilities==
The Blue Snow Man possessed no superhuman powers; she relied upon a "telescopic snow ray" which she used to create petrifying blizzards and a "defroster ray" to reverse their effect.
Blue Snowman possesses no superhuman powers, but has a genius-level intellect. They wield an exoskeletal armor and various ice-generating technology.


==See also==
==Other versions==
===The Legend of Wonder Woman===
Blue Snowman was set to appear in the second volume to ''The Legend of Wonder Woman'', a retelling of Wonder Woman's origins by Renae de Liz and Ray Dillon. However, DC cancelled the project under unknown circumstances. De Liz later posted preliminary artwork featuring Blue Snowman on [[Twitter]].<ref>{{cite tweet|user=RenaeDeLiz|author=Renae De Liz|number=809578290407153664|date=16 December 2016|title=As a love letter to the fans of ''Legend of Wonder Woman'' who patiently awaited Part 2, here's an icy villain for ya :)}}</ref>


===Sensational Wonder Woman===
In the digital-first anthology series ''Sensational Wonder Woman'', Blue Snowman first appears in the story "Ice Blue", where she receives funding from Veronica Cale to enhance her blue snow technology.<ref>''Sensational Wonder Woman'' #7-8 (2021). DC Comics.</ref> Blue Snowman later appears in "The Queen's Hive", where she, Giganta, Dr. Poison, and [[Silver Swan (comics)|Silver Swan]] serve as [[Queen Bee (comics)|Queen Bee]]'s generals.<ref>''Sensational Wonder Woman'' #11-12 (2021). DC Comics.</ref> The Blue Snowman later attacks a city but is stopped by Wonder Woman with the help of Will, one of her young fans. After the fight Wonder Woman suggests that Byrna might find better self satisfaction and respect if she used her talents to help others instead of bullying them.<ref>''Sensational Wonder Woman Special'' #1 (2022). DC Comics.</ref>

===Tales from Earth-6===
Blue Snowman was re-imagined as "Frosteen" in this anthology special celebrating [[Stan Lee]]. In the story, Frosteen battled Maria Mendoza, the version of Wonder Woman that Lee created for DC's ''[[Just Imagine...]]'' line.<ref>''Tales from Earth-6: A Celebration of Stan Lee'' #1 (2023). DC Comics.</ref>

==In other media==
===Television===
* Blue Snowman makes a non-speaking appearance in the ''[[Harley Quinn (TV series)|Harley Quinn]]'' episode "Getting Ice Dick, Don't Wait Up" as a member of the "cold boys".{{cn|date=June 2024}}
* Byrna Brilyant makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the ''[[My Adventures with Superman]]'' episode "Most Eligible Superman".

===Video games===
Blue Snowman appears as a boss in ''[[Justice League: Cosmic Chaos]]'', voiced by [[Vanessa Marshall]].<ref name="btva">{{cite web |title=Blue Snowman Voice - ''DC's Justice League: Cosmic Chaos'' (Video Game) |url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/video-games/DCs-Justice-League-Cosmic-Chaos/Blue-Snowman/ |access-date=October 14, 2024 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref>

===Miscellaneous===
* Blue Snowman appears in ''[[DC Super Friends]]'' #16 as a member of the Ice Pack.<ref>''DC Super Friends'' #16 (August 2009). DC Comics.</ref>
* Blue Snowman appears in ''[[Batman: The Brave and the Bold (comics)|All-New Batman: The Brave and the Bold]]'' #4.<ref>''All-New Batman: The Brave and the Bold'' #4. DC Comics.</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Wonder Woman enemies]]
* [[List of Wonder Woman enemies]]

==References==
<references/>


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.dcuguide.com/who.php?name=bluesnowman The Unofficial Blue Snowman Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905225816/http://www.dcuguide.com/who.php?name=bluesnowman |date=2006-09-05 }}
*[http://www.gayleague.com/gay/characters/display.php?id=88 Gay League Profile]
*[http://www.dcuguide.com/who.php?name=bluesnowman The Unofficial Blue Snowman Biography]


{{Wonder Woman}}
[[Category:Fictional terrorists]]

[[Category:Comics characters introduced in 1946]]
[[Category:Characters created by William Moulton Marston]]
[[Category:Characters created by H. G. Peter]]
[[Category:DC Comics female supervillains]]
[[Category:DC Comics LGBTQ supervillains]]
[[Category:DC Comics supervillains]]
[[Category:DC Comics supervillains]]
[[Category:Fictional humanoids]]
[[Category:Fictional non-binary people]]
[[Category:Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities]]
[[Category:Fictional cross-dressers]]
[[Category:Fictional snowmen]]
[[Category:Golden Age supervillains]]
[[Category:Golden Age supervillains]]
[[Category:LGBT supervillains]]
[[Category:Wonder Woman characters]]

[[tl:Blue Snowman]]

Latest revision as of 14:41, 23 October 2024

Blue Snowman
The Blue Snowman in Sensational Wonder Woman Special #1 (2022); illustration by Paul Pelletier, inks by Norm Rapmund, colors by Adriano Lucas.
Publication information
PublisherDC Comics
First appearanceSensation Comics #59 (November 1946)
Created byWilliam Moulton Marston, Harry G. Peter
In-story information
Alter egoByrna Brilyant
Team affiliations
AbilitiesUses cryogenic weapons capable of generating extreme cold, ice and snow
Exo-suit provides enhanced strength and invulnerability

The Blue Snowman is a fictional character appearing in DC Comics publications and related media, commonly as a recurring adversary of the superhero Wonder Woman. Created by writer William Moulton Marston and artist Harry G. Peter, the character debuted in 1946 in Sensation Comics #59 as a high-tech extortionist named Byrna Brilyant who used a fearsome costumed persona (known then only as the Snow Man) to coerce money out of innocent victims.

Brilyant's Golden Age gender identity was presented as that of a woman who disguised herself as an ostensibly male supervillain to deflect criminal suspicion – a genderplay trope Marston incorporated into several other foes he created to battle Wonder Woman,[1] including Doctor Poison and Hypnota. The 2021 relaunch Infinite Frontier portrays the Modern Age Byrna Brilyant as Genderfluid, their Blue Snowman stylings part of their flexible gender-presentation.[2]

In her first appearance in 1946, Brilyant's alter ego dressed in a bulky blue robe, complete with jowlish blue head mask and blue derby. A later appearance in 1948 (in Wonder Woman #28) changed her name from the Snow Man to the Blue Snowman, keeping the head mask and hat, but replacing the robe with a bulbous metallic bodysuit, similar in silhouette to that of the advertising mascot the Michelin Man. The Golden Age Blue Snowman's primary weapon was a giant cannon which could fire a "snow ray" producing "blue snow," a form of precipitation freezing anything it touches. The Modern Age Blue Snowman not only continues to sport a derby, but also wears an advanced exo-suit of blue mecha-style armor fashioned to look like the round features of a children's snowman. This armor is outfitted with weaponry capable of firing a cryogenic blast that can freeze anything in its path, similar to the ice guns wielded by fellow DC Comics rogues Mr. Freeze and Captain Cold.

Publication history

[edit]

Blue Snowman first appeared in Sensation Comics #59 and was created by William Moulton Marston and H.G. Peter.[3]

Fictional character biography

[edit]

Earth-Two version

[edit]

Byrna Brilyant's scientist father died while working on his invention of "blue snow", a special form of precipitation that freezes everything it touches. This invention was intended to "serve humanity", although precisely how seems rather vague. Thinking to put her father's work to more profitable use, Byrna creates the masculine identity of the Snow Man and unleashes the petrifying power of blue snow upon the farming community of Fair Weather Valley, demanding each farmer's "life savings" in return for the chemical antidote that will free crops, livestock, and people from the snow's effects. The Blue Snow Man is discovered in "his" mountain sanctuary by Wonder Woman, who forces "him" to defrost the valley.[4]

Like many of Wonder Woman's enemies, Brilyant is sentenced to prison on the Amazon penal colony Transformation Island, but in 1948 she and seven female super-villains escape and pool their talents as Villainy Inc. Led by the Saturnian slaver Eviless, the evil eight are again defeated by Wonder Woman. In this appearance, she calls herself the Blue Snow Man.[5]

Byrna retained her male appearance and name in this second appearance, but what, if anything, is to be made of her choice of criminal identities is unknown.

Post-Crisis

[edit]

After all of the Golden Age Wonder Woman stories were erased from history by the Crisis on Infinite Earths crossover, Blue Snowman fell into obscurity for many years. Sometime later, the Blue Snowman reappeared as she is pursued and defeated by Power Girl and Doctor Mid-Nite. She were accidentally killed and devoured by a giant alien bug that Vartox brought to Earth to impress Power Girl.[6] In this version, Byrna uses a robotic suit of armor that is capable of creating snow. She is mentioned as "an old Wonder Woman foe", suggesting that her battles with Wonder Woman had occurred in the past. She was also mentioned as having worked with the Ice Pack, which did not exist in that continuity.

The New 52

[edit]

In 2011, "The New 52" rebooted the DC universe. Blue Snowman is first seen when appearing briefly after battling Wonder Woman and her ally Hessia alongside her robot minions.[7]

DC Rebirth

[edit]

In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called DC Rebirth which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "The New 52". Blue Snowman's origin is altered. At some point, Byrna Brilyant came into contact with Veronica Cale, who had equipped Brilyant with an Exo-Mecha suit. This suit enabled Brilyant to attack Washington D.C., with blue snow, though the suit was eventually destroyed by Wonder Woman which in turn rendered Brilyant comatose.[8]

Infinite Frontier

[edit]

In DC's 2021 relaunch known as Infinite Frontier, which made further alterations to the continuity, Blue Snowman makes an appearance, wearing the post-Crisis version of the suit, ambushing Wonder Woman and Steve Trevor during their Valentine's Day date. Having encased both Wonder Woman's and Steve Trevor's arms in blue ice, the villain went to finish Steve off, at which point Wonder Woman knocked off Snowman's helmet. Steve was surprised to discover that Blue Snowman was a woman, but Byrna corrected that assumption by coming out as gender-fluid. Wonder Woman decided to let Byrna leave, hoping that this new insight will bring them peace.[9]

Two days before Christmas, Harley Quinn tracks Blue Snowman down for help in curing Poison Ivy's mysterious viral infection. The two ultimately cure Blue Snowman with a magical staff after getting permission from Hawkman and invite them to stay for Christmas.[10]

Powers and abilities

[edit]

Blue Snowman possesses no superhuman powers, but has a genius-level intellect. They wield an exoskeletal armor and various ice-generating technology.

Other versions

[edit]

The Legend of Wonder Woman

[edit]

Blue Snowman was set to appear in the second volume to The Legend of Wonder Woman, a retelling of Wonder Woman's origins by Renae de Liz and Ray Dillon. However, DC cancelled the project under unknown circumstances. De Liz later posted preliminary artwork featuring Blue Snowman on Twitter.[11]

Sensational Wonder Woman

[edit]

In the digital-first anthology series Sensational Wonder Woman, Blue Snowman first appears in the story "Ice Blue", where she receives funding from Veronica Cale to enhance her blue snow technology.[12] Blue Snowman later appears in "The Queen's Hive", where she, Giganta, Dr. Poison, and Silver Swan serve as Queen Bee's generals.[13] The Blue Snowman later attacks a city but is stopped by Wonder Woman with the help of Will, one of her young fans. After the fight Wonder Woman suggests that Byrna might find better self satisfaction and respect if she used her talents to help others instead of bullying them.[14]

Tales from Earth-6

[edit]

Blue Snowman was re-imagined as "Frosteen" in this anthology special celebrating Stan Lee. In the story, Frosteen battled Maria Mendoza, the version of Wonder Woman that Lee created for DC's Just Imagine... line.[15]

In other media

[edit]

Television

[edit]
  • Blue Snowman makes a non-speaking appearance in the Harley Quinn episode "Getting Ice Dick, Don't Wait Up" as a member of the "cold boys".[citation needed]
  • Byrna Brilyant makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the My Adventures with Superman episode "Most Eligible Superman".

Video games

[edit]

Blue Snowman appears as a boss in Justice League: Cosmic Chaos, voiced by Vanessa Marshall.[16]

Miscellaneous

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Daniels, Les (2000). Wonder Woman: The Complete History. Chronicle Books LLC. p. 34.
  2. ^ DeLuca, Jude. "History of Violence: WONDER WOMAN, The Blue Snowman, and "Gender Issues"". Comicosity, 15 February 2021, https://www.comicosity.com/history-of-violence-wonder-woman-the-blue-snowman-and-gender-issues/. Accessed 19 August 2022.
  3. ^ Jimenez, Phil; Wells, John (2010). The Essential Wonder Woman Encyclopedia. Del Rey. p. 68. ISBN 978-0345501073.
  4. ^ Sensation Comics #59 (November 1946). DC Comics.
  5. ^ Wonder Woman #28 (March 1948). DC Comics.
  6. ^ Power Girl (vol. 2) #7 (February 2010). DC Comics.
  7. ^ Superman/Wonder Woman #4 (March 2014). DC Comics.
  8. ^ Wonder Woman (vol. 5) #41 (2018). DC Comics.
  9. ^ DC Love is a Battlefield #1 (2021). DC Comics.
  10. ^ 'Tis the Season to be Freezin' #1 (2022). DC Comics.
  11. ^ Renae De Liz [@RenaeDeLiz] (16 December 2016). "As a love letter to the fans of Legend of Wonder Woman who patiently awaited Part 2, here's an icy villain for ya :)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  12. ^ Sensational Wonder Woman #7-8 (2021). DC Comics.
  13. ^ Sensational Wonder Woman #11-12 (2021). DC Comics.
  14. ^ Sensational Wonder Woman Special #1 (2022). DC Comics.
  15. ^ Tales from Earth-6: A Celebration of Stan Lee #1 (2023). DC Comics.
  16. ^ "Blue Snowman Voice - DC's Justice League: Cosmic Chaos (Video Game)". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved October 14, 2024. A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.
  17. ^ DC Super Friends #16 (August 2009). DC Comics.
  18. ^ All-New Batman: The Brave and the Bold #4. DC Comics.
[edit]