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{{short description|Audio compression standard}}
The '''MPEG-4 Low Delay Audio Coder''' (aka '''AAC Low Delay''', or '''AAC-LD''') is designed to combine the advantages of perceptual audio coding with the low delay necessary for two-way communication. It is closely derived from the MPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) format.
The '''MPEG-4 Low Delay Audio Coder''' (a.k.a. '''AAC Low Delay''', or '''AAC-LD''') is [[audio compression (data)|audio compression]] standard designed to combine the advantages of perceptual audio coding with the low delay necessary for two-way communication. It is closely derived from the MPEG-2 [[Advanced Audio Coding]] (AAC) standard. It was published in [[MPEG-4 Part 3|MPEG-4 Audio]] Version 2 ([[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]/[[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] 14496-3:1999/Amd 1:2000)<ref name="mpeg4audio-iso-2-amd">{{Cite web | url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=31568 | title=ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999/Amd 1:2000 - Audio extensions | author=[[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] | publisher=ISO | year=2000 | access-date=2009-10-07}}</ref><ref name="mpeg4audio-version2">{{Citation | url=ftp://ftp.tnt.uni-hannover.de/pub/MPEG/audio/mpeg4/documents/w2803/w2803_n.pdf | title=ISO/IEC 14496-3:/Amd.1 - Final Committee Draft - MPEG-4 Audio Version 2 | author=[[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]/[[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 | date=July 1999 | access-date=2009-10-07 | archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120801161551/ftp://ftp.tnt.uni-hannover.de/pub/MPEG/audio/mpeg4/documents/w2803/w2803_n.pdf | archive-date=2012-08-01 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="mpeg4audio2">{{Cite web | url=http://140.130.175.70/html/mpeg4/sound.media.mit.edu/mpeg4/audio/general/index.html#aes108 | title=AES 108th Convention: MPEG-4 Version 2 Audio What is it about? | author=Heiko Purnhagen | publisher=Heiko Purnhagen | date=2000-02-19 | access-date=2009-10-07}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name="mpeg4audio-v2-fraunhofer">{{Citation | url=http://andrew.csie.ncyu.edu.tw/html/mpeg4/sound.media.mit.edu/mpeg4/audio/general/aes108_4-LowDelay.pdf | title=MPEG-4 Low Delay Audio Coding | author=Jurgen Herre, [[FhG|Fraunhofer Institut for Integrated Circuits]] | date=2000-03-08 | access-date=2009-10-07}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name="mpeg4audio-purnhagen">{{Cite web | url=http://140.130.175.70/html/mpeg4/sound.media.mit.edu/mpeg4/audio/index.html#mpeg4 | title=The MPEG Audio Web Page - MPEG-4 Audio (ISO/IEC 14496-3) | author=Heiko Purnhagen | date=2001-11-07 | access-date=2009-10-07}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> and in its later revisions.<ref name="mpeg4audio-iso-ld-aac">{{Cite web | url=http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=43025 | title=Low delay AAC profile - ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005/Amd 1:2007 | author=[[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] | publisher=ISO | year=2007 | access-date=2009-10-07}}</ref><ref name="mpeg4audio-iso-2">{{Cite web | url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=36083 | title=ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001 - Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 3: Audio | author=[[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] | publisher=ISO | year=2001 | access-date=2009-10-07}}</ref>


AAC-LD uses a version of the [[modified discrete cosine transform]] (MDCT) [[audio coding]] technique called the LD-MDCT.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Schnell |first1=Markus |last2=Schmidt |first2=Markus |last3=Jander |first3=Manuel |last4=Albert |first4=Tobias |last5=Geiger |first5=Ralf |last6=Ruoppila |first6=Vesa |last7=Ekstrand |first7=Per |last8=Bernhard |first8=Grill |title=MPEG-4 Enhanced Low Delay AAC - A New Standard for High Quality Communication |conference=125th AES Convention |date=October 2008 |publisher=[[Audio Engineering Society]] |url=https://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/iis/de/doc/ame/conference/AES-125-Convention_AAC-ELD-NewStandardForHighQualityCommunication_AES7503.pdf |website=[[Fraunhofer IIS]] |access-date=20 October 2019}}</ref> AAC-LD is widely used by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] as the [[voice-over-IP]] (VoIP) [[speech codec]] in [[FaceTime]].<ref name="AppleInsider standards 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/10/06/08/inside_iphone_4_facetime_video_calling.html|date=June 8, 2010|access-date=June 9, 2010|title=Inside iPhone 4: FaceTime video calling|publisher=[[Apple community#AppleInsider|AppleInsider]]|author=Daniel Eran Dilger}}</ref>
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=== Real time CODEC requirements ===

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==Real time CODEC requirements==
The most stringent requirements are a maximum algorithmic delay of only 20 ms and a good audio quality for all kind of audio signals including speech and music.
The most stringent requirements are a maximum algorithmic delay of only 20 ms and a good audio quality for all kind of audio signals including speech and music.
* The AAC-LD coding scheme bridges the gap between speech coding schemes and high quality audio coding schemes.
* The AAC-LD coding scheme bridges the gap between speech coding schemes and high quality audio coding schemes.
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Two-way communication with AAC-LD is possible on usual analog telephone lines and via ISDN connections. It can use a bit rate of 32 - 64&nbsp;kbit/s or higher.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/ff/amm/prod/kommunikation/komm/aaceld.html|title = AAC-ELD Family}}</ref> Compared to known speech coders, the codec is capable of coding both music and speech signals with good quality. Unlike speech coders, however, the achieved coding quality scales up with bitrate. Transparent quality can be achieved.
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<br style="clear:both" />
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[[Image:AAC_low-delay.png|frame|left|AAC Low Delay compared to normal AAC codecs and ITU speech audio compression systems.]]
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<br style="clear:both" />


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AAC-LD can also process stereo signals by using the advanced stereo coding tools of AAC. Thus it is possible to transmit a stereo signal with a bandwidth of 7&nbsp;kHz via one ISDN line or with a bandwidth of 15&nbsp;kHz via two ISDN lines.
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Two-way communication with AAC-LD is possible on usual analog telephone lines and via ISDN connections. Compared to known speech coders, the codec is capable of coding both music and speech signals with good quality. Unlike speech coders, however, the achieved coding quality scales up with bitrate. Transparent quality can be achieved.


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==See also==
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AAC LD can also process stereo signals by using the advanced stereo coding tools of AAC. Thus it is possible to transmit a stereo signal with a bandwidth of 7 kHz via one ISDN line or with a bandwidth of 15 kHz via two ISDN lines.

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=== See also ===
* [[Advanced Audio Coding]] (parent technology)
* [[Advanced Audio Coding]] (parent technology)
* [[Opus (audio format)|Opus]] an alternative codec for similar applications with lower delay and no licensing costs
* [[MP3]] (related older technology)
* [[MP3]] (related older technology)
* [[G.729]] ([[ITU-T]]'s teleconferencing audio codec)
* [[G.729]] ([[ITU-T]]'s teleconferencing audio codec)
* [[Ultra Low Delay Audio Coder]] ULD Audio codec (alternative technology also developed by Fraunhofer)

==References==
{{Reflist}}


{{Compression Formats}}
{{Compression formats}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:AAC-LD}}
[[Category:Audio codecs]]
[[Category:Audio codecs]]
[[Category:Computer file formats]]
[[Category:Computer file formats]]
[[Category:MPEG]]
[[Category:MPEG-4]]
[[Category:Lossy compression algorithms]]
[[Category:Lossy compression algorithms]]
[[Category:Open standards covered by patents]]

Latest revision as of 15:16, 23 April 2024

The MPEG-4 Low Delay Audio Coder (a.k.a. AAC Low Delay, or AAC-LD) is audio compression standard designed to combine the advantages of perceptual audio coding with the low delay necessary for two-way communication. It is closely derived from the MPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) standard. It was published in MPEG-4 Audio Version 2 (ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999/Amd 1:2000)[1][2][3][4][5] and in its later revisions.[6][7]

AAC-LD uses a version of the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) audio coding technique called the LD-MDCT.[8] AAC-LD is widely used by Apple as the voice-over-IP (VoIP) speech codec in FaceTime.[9]

Real time CODEC requirements

[edit]

The most stringent requirements are a maximum algorithmic delay of only 20 ms and a good audio quality for all kind of audio signals including speech and music.

  • The AAC-LD coding scheme bridges the gap between speech coding schemes and high quality audio coding schemes.

Two-way communication with AAC-LD is possible on usual analog telephone lines and via ISDN connections. It can use a bit rate of 32 - 64 kbit/s or higher.[10] Compared to known speech coders, the codec is capable of coding both music and speech signals with good quality. Unlike speech coders, however, the achieved coding quality scales up with bitrate. Transparent quality can be achieved.

AAC-LD can also process stereo signals by using the advanced stereo coding tools of AAC. Thus it is possible to transmit a stereo signal with a bandwidth of 7 kHz via one ISDN line or with a bandwidth of 15 kHz via two ISDN lines.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ ISO (2000). "ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999/Amd 1:2000 - Audio extensions". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
  2. ^ ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 (July 1999), ISO/IEC 14496-3:/Amd.1 - Final Committee Draft - MPEG-4 Audio Version 2 (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-01, retrieved 2009-10-07{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Heiko Purnhagen (2000-02-19). "AES 108th Convention: MPEG-4 Version 2 Audio What is it about?". Heiko Purnhagen. Retrieved 2009-10-07. [dead link‍]
  4. ^ Jurgen Herre, Fraunhofer Institut for Integrated Circuits (2000-03-08), MPEG-4 Low Delay Audio Coding (PDF), retrieved 2009-10-07 [dead link‍]
  5. ^ Heiko Purnhagen (2001-11-07). "The MPEG Audio Web Page - MPEG-4 Audio (ISO/IEC 14496-3)". Retrieved 2009-10-07. [dead link‍]
  6. ^ ISO (2007). "Low delay AAC profile - ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005/Amd 1:2007". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
  7. ^ ISO (2001). "ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001 - Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 3: Audio". ISO. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
  8. ^ Schnell, Markus; Schmidt, Markus; Jander, Manuel; Albert, Tobias; Geiger, Ralf; Ruoppila, Vesa; Ekstrand, Per; Bernhard, Grill (October 2008). MPEG-4 Enhanced Low Delay AAC - A New Standard for High Quality Communication (PDF). 125th AES Convention. Fraunhofer IIS. Audio Engineering Society. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  9. ^ Daniel Eran Dilger (June 8, 2010). "Inside iPhone 4: FaceTime video calling". AppleInsider. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
  10. ^ "AAC-ELD Family".
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