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{{Short description|Highway in California}}
{{Infobox road|state=CA|type=CA
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2019}}
|previous_type=CA
{{Infobox road
|next_type=CA
|state=CA
|type=SR
|route=91
|route=91
|section=391
|length_mi=65
|map={{maplink-road|frame-height=240|from=California State Route 91.map}}
|length_round=2|length_ref=<ref>[http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/structur/strmaint/brlog2.htm January 1, 2006 California Log of Bridges on State Highways]</ref>
|map_custom=yes
|map=California State Route 91.svg
|map_notes=SR&nbsp;91 highlighted in red, with relinquished portions in pink
|alternate_name=Gardena Freeway<br>Artesia Freeway<br>Riverside Freeway
|length_mi=59.047
|maint=[[California Department of Transportation|Caltrans]]
|length_notes= Portions of SR&nbsp;91 have been relinquished to or are otherwise maintained by local or other governments, and are not included in the length.
|length_ref=<ref name=trucklist/>
|history=1930s as a highway; 1964 as number
|tourist=[[File:California Scenic State.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] Riverside Freeway<ref>{{Caltrans scenic|access-date=March 27, 2019}}</ref>
|direction_a=West
|direction_a=West
|terminus_a=[[Vermont Avenue]] in [[Gardena, California|Gardena]]<ref name="CAhighwaycode">{{cite web|url= http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=SHC&division=1.&title=&part=&chapter=2.&article=3.|title=Article 3 of Chapter 2 of Division 1 of the California Streets and Highways Code|work=[[California Office of Legislative Counsel]]|date=February 9, 2019}}</ref>
|junction={{plainlist
|*{{Jct|state=CA|I|110}} in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]
*{{jct|state=CA|I|710}} in [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]]
*{{jct|state=CA|SR|19}} in [[Bellflower, California|Bellflower]]
*{{Jct|state=CA|I|605}} in [[Cerritos, California|Cerritos]]
*{{jct|state=CA|I|5}} at the [[Buena Park, California|Buena Park]]–[[Fullerton, California|Fullerton]] border
*{{Jct|state=CA|SR|57}} in [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]]
*{{Jct|state=CA|SR|55}} in [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]]
*{{Jct|state=CA|SR-Toll|241}} in [[Yorba Linda, California|Yorba Linda]]
*{{Jct|state=CA|SR|71}} in [[Corona, California|Corona]]
*{{jct|state=CA|I|15}} in [[Corona, California|Corona]]
}}
|direction_b=East
|direction_b=East
|terminus_b={{jct|state=CA|I|215|SR|60}} in [[Riverside, California|Riverside]]
|section=391
|counties=[[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]], [[Orange County, California|Orange]], [[Riverside County, California|Riverside]]
|next_route=92
|previous_type=CA
|previous_route=90
|previous_route=90
|next_type=SR
|cities=
|next_route=92
|starting_terminus=Vermont Ave. in [[Torrance, California|Torrance]]
|browse_route = US&nbsp;91, SR&nbsp;91
|junction=[[Image:I-110 (CA).svg|24px]] [[Interstate 110 (California)|I-110]] in [[Carson, California|Carson]]<br>[[Image:I-710 (CA).svg|24px]] [[Interstate 710 (California)|I-710]] in [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]]<br>[[Image:I-605 (CA).svg|24px]] [[Interstate 605 (California)|I-605]] in [[Bellflower, California|Bellflower]]<br>[[Image:I-5 (CA).svg|20px]] [[Interstate 5 (California)|I-5]] in [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]]<br>[[Image:California 57.svg|20px]] [[California State Route 57|SR 57]] in [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]]<br>[[Image:California 55.svg|20px]] [[California State Route 55|SR 55]] in [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]]<br>[[Image:California 241.svg|24px]] [[California State Route 241|SR 241]] in [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]]<br>[[Image:California 71.svg|20px]] [[California State Route 71|SR 71]] in [[Corona, California|Corona]]<br>[[Image:I-15 (CA).svg|20px]] [[Interstate 15 (California)|I-15]] in [[Corona, California|Corona]]
|ending_terminus=[[Image:I-215 (CA).svg|24px]][[Image:California 60.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 215 (California)|I-215]]/[[California State Route 60|SR 60]] in [[Riverside, California|Riverside]]
}}
}}


'''State Route 91''', also known as simply '''The 91''', is a major east-west [[freeway]] located entirely within [[Southern California]] and serving several regions of the [[Greater Los Angeles]] metropolitan area. Specifically, it runs from [[Vermont Avenue]] in [[Gardena, California|Gardena]], just west of the junction with the Harbor Freeway ([[Interstate 110 (California)|Interstate 110]]), east to [[Riverside, California|Riverside]] at the junction with the [[Pomona Freeway|Pomona]] ([[State Route 60 (California)|State Route 60]] west of 91), [[Moreno Valley Freeway|Moreno Valley]] (State Route 60 east of the 91), and [[Escondido Freeway|Escondido]] ([[Interstate 215 (California)|I-215]]) freeways.
'''State Route 91''' ('''SR&nbsp;91''') is a major east–west [[state highway]] in the U.S. state of [[California]] that serves several regions of the [[Greater Los Angeles]] urban area. A freeway throughout its entire length, it officially runs from [[Vermont Avenue]]<ref name="CAhighwaycode"/> in [[Gardena, California|Gardena]], just west of the junction with the Harbor Freeway ([[Interstate 110 (California)|Interstate 110]], I-110), east to [[Riverside, California|Riverside]] at the junction with the [[Pomona Freeway|Pomona]] ([[California State Route 60|SR&nbsp;60]] west of SR&nbsp;91) and [[Moreno Valley Freeway|Moreno Valley]] (SR&nbsp;60 and [[Interstate 215 (California)|I-215]] east of SR&nbsp;91) freeways.


Though signs along the portion from Vermont Avenue west to [[California State Route 1|Pacific Coast Highway (SR&nbsp;1)]] in [[Hermosa Beach, California|Hermosa Beach]] along [[Artesia Boulevard]] are still signed as SR&nbsp;91, the [[California Department of Transportation]] (Caltrans) no longer controls this portion of the highway, as this segment was relinquished to local jurisdictions in 2003.<ref name="CAhighwaycode"/>
==Route==
From the Harbor Freeway to its intersection with the Long Beach Freeway in northern [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]], SR 91 is named the Gardena Freeway. Between the Long Beach Freeway and its intersection with the [[Santa Ana Freeway]] at the [[Fullerton, California|Fullerton]]-[[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]] border, it is named the Artesia Freeway. From the Santa Ana Freeway to its eastern terminus at the intersection of the Pomona, Moreno Valley, and Escondido Freeways, it is named the [[Riverside Freeway]].


SR&nbsp;91 inherited its route number from the mostly decommissioned [[U.S. Route 91]] (US&nbsp;91), which passed through the [[Inland Empire (California)|Inland Empire]] in a northeasterly direction on its way to [[Las Vegas]], [[Salt Lake City]], and points beyond. Those segments of US&nbsp;91 are now parallel to, or have been replaced altogether by, [[Interstate 15 in California|I-15]].
===Gardena Freeway===
The '''Gardena Freeway''' is a short [[freeway]] in southern [[Los Angeles County, California]]. It is the westernmost freeway portion of State Route 91. It begins just west of the Harbor Freeway at the intersection with [[Vermont Avenue]] in the eastern edge of the city of [[Gardena, California|Gardena]], proceeding eastward approximately six miles (10 km) until it intersects the Long Beach Freeway. Thereafter, SR 91 is known as the Artesia Freeway.


==Route description==
Until [[1991]], the Gardena Freeway was known as the '''Redondo Beach Freeway'''. The name change reflected the successful efforts of the cities of [[Torrance, California|Torrance]] and [[Redondo Beach, California|Redondo Beach]] to block the extension of the freeway westward to its intended terminus at the cancelled '''Pacific Coast Freeway''' in Redondo Beach.
From the [[Harbor Freeway]] (I-110) to its interchange with the [[Long Beach Freeway]] (I-710) in northern [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]], SR&nbsp;91 is named the Gardena Freeway. Between the Long Beach Freeway and its interchange with the [[Santa Ana Freeway]] (I-5) in [[Buena Park, California|Buena Park]], it is named the Artesia Freeway. From the Santa Ana Freeway to its eastern terminus at the interchange of the Pomona, Moreno Valley, and Escondido Freeways, it is named the Riverside Freeway.


[[Control city|Control cities]] on the route vary by location. Heading westbound, between SR 60/I-215 and the Orange County line, the control city is [[Beach Cities]]. With SR 241 heading towards [[Irvine, California|Irvine]], [[Laguna Beach, California|Laguna Beach]], and the rest of south Orange County, the control city becomes [[Los Angeles]] between the Orange–Riverside county line and I-5. I-5 directs travelers to Los Angeles so between I-5 and Pioneer Boulevard, the control city is [[Artesia, California|Artesia]]. Between Pioneer Boulevard and SR 1, the control city becomes Beach Cities again besides Carmenita Road in Cerritos, the control city is in [[Long Beach]]. Heading eastbound, the control city for the entire route is [[Riverside, California|Riverside]]. The Beach Cities control city may have to do with SR&nbsp;91's former western terminus in Hermosa Beach.

SR&nbsp;91 is part of the [[California Freeway and Expressway System]],<ref name="cafes">{{CAFESystem}}</ref> and is part of the [[National Highway System (United States)|National Highway System]],<ref name=fhwa-nhs>{{FHWA NHS map|region=losangeles|access-date=October 8, 2017}}<br>{{FHWA NHS map|region=riverside|access-date=October 8, 2017}}</ref> a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the [[Federal Highway Administration]].<ref name=NHS-FHWA>{{FHWA NHS}}</ref> SR&nbsp;91 is part of the [[State Scenic Highway System (California)|State Scenic Highway System]] from [[California State Route 55|SR 55]] to the east city limit of [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]], in the western part of the [[Santa Ana Canyon]],<ref name="caltransscenic">{{Caltrans scenic|access-date=October 8, 2017}}</ref> and is eligible for the system through the canyon to [[Interstate 15 in California|Interstate 15]].<ref name="scenic">{{CA scenic}}</ref>

===Gardena Freeway===
The '''Gardena Freeway''' is a [[freeway]] in southern [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]]. It is the westernmost freeway portion of State Route 91. It begins just west of the [[Interstate 110 and State Route 110 (California)|Harbor Freeway]] at the intersection with [[Vermont Avenue]] in the eastern edge of the city of [[Gardena, California|Gardena]], proceeding eastward approximately six miles (10&nbsp;km) until it intersects the Long Beach Freeway. Thereafter, SR&nbsp;91 is known as the Artesia Freeway.

Until 1991, the Gardena Freeway was known as the '''Redondo Beach Freeway'''. The name change reflected the successful efforts of the cities of [[Torrance, California|Torrance]] and [[Redondo Beach, California|Redondo Beach]] to block the extension of the freeway westward to its intended terminus at the cancelled '''Pacific Coast Freeway''' in Redondo Beach. In 1997, the California government dedicated the portion of SR&nbsp;91 between Alameda Street and Central Avenue to former assemblyman Willard H. Murray Jr.


===Artesia Freeway===
===Artesia Freeway===
The '''Artesia Freeway''' is a [[freeway]] in southeastern [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] and northwestern [[Orange County, California]]. It is signed as State Route 91 for its entire length. It runs east-west from its western terminus at the Long Beach Freeway in northern [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]] to its eastern terminus at the [[Santa Ana Freeway]] at the [[Fullerton, California|Fullerton]]-[[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]] border. (SR 91 continues west of the Long Beach Freeway as the Gardena Freeway, and east of the Santa Ana Freeway as the [[Riverside Freeway]].) The "Artesia Freeway" name originally was assigned to the entire length of SR 91 west of the Santa Ana Freeway in the early 1970s since it was, in sense, the freeway realignment of SR 91 from the paralleling '''Artesia Boulevard'''.
The '''Artesia Freeway''' is a [[freeway]] in southeastern [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] and northwestern [[Orange County, California|Orange County]]. It runs east–west from its western terminus at the Long Beach Freeway in northern [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]] to its eastern terminus at the [[Santa Ana Freeway]] in [[Buena Park, California|Buena Park]]. (SR&nbsp;91 continues west of the Long Beach Freeway as the Gardena Freeway, and east of the Santa Ana Freeway as the Riverside Freeway.) The "Artesia Freeway" name originally was assigned to the entire length of SR&nbsp;91 west of the Santa Ana Freeway in the early 1970s since it was, in sense, the freeway realignment of SR&nbsp;91 from the paralleling '''Artesia Boulevard'''.

During the [[1984 Summer Olympics]], a {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} stretch of the highway was home to the [[Cycling at the 1984 Summer Olympics|cycling men's road team time trial event]].<ref>{{cite book |author= Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee |year= 1985 |url= http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1984/1984v1pt1.pdf |title= Official Report of the Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles, 1984 |publisher= Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee |volume= 1, part 1 |pages= 113–6 |isbn= 978-0-9614512-0-2 |access-date= September 5, 2010 |archive-date= November 2, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101102235952/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1984/1984v1pt1.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref>

As the only freeway to link [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]], [[Orange County, California|Orange]], and [[Riverside County, California|Riverside]] counties, SR&nbsp;91 is one of the most heavily congested routes in Southern California.

===Riverside Freeway===
[[File:Ca-91 E near Ca-71.JPG|thumb|Eastbound SR&nbsp;91 just before SR 71 in February 2008 before the toll lane extension]]
[[File:Route 91 Express Lanes Eastbound Entrance.jpg|thumb|Eastbound SR&nbsp;91 at SR 55 (right) and [[91 Express Lanes]] (left) in June 2022]]
[[File:CA91 cl 30-4 east lg.jpg|thumb|Easterly view approaching SR 57 in October 2011]]

Between the [[Santa Ana Freeway]], [[Interstate 5 in California|Interstate 5]] (I-5), in [[Buena Park, California|Buena Park]] and the 91 Freeway's eastern terminus at a junction with [[Interstate 215 (California)|Interstate 215]] and [[California State Route 60|State Route 60]] in [[Riverside, California|Riverside]], the 91 Freeway's assigned name is the '''[[Riverside Freeway]]'''. Past the I-215/SR 60/SR 91 junction, the Riverside Freeway continues as I-215.

The freeway through the [[Santa Ana Canyon]] is paralleled by the [[91/Perris Valley Line]] of [[Metrolink (California)|Metrolink]]. Named after SR 91, the line also connects Los Angeles to Orange and Riverside counties.

A [[weigh station]] for both directions is located between the [[Imperial Highway]] and Yorba Linda Boulevard/Weir Canyon Road exits.

In 2003, Caltrans permanently closed off the Coal Canyon Road westbound and eastbound exits and entrances for environmental purposes; however, there are still traces of unmaintained road where the former exit lay, showing evidence that the ramps still exist, available to use as runaway ramps or for emergency stops.

In 2015, Caltrans permanently closed off the Grand Boulevard eastbound exit and westbound entrance to accommodate the widening of the freeway. If the ramps had stayed open, more businesses and houses would have been demolished. The ramps were scrapped with the widening and there is no emergency exit.

The Riverside Freeway first opened in 1963 signed as [[U.S. Route 91 (California)|U.S. Route 91]] and [[U.S. Route 395 (California)|U.S. Route 395]] and the last section was built in 1975.

===91 Express Lanes===
The 91 Express Lanes are {{convert|18|mi|km|adj=on}} [[High-occupancy toll|high-occupancy toll lanes]] (HOT lanes) contained entirely within the [[Central reservation|median]] of the Riverside Freeway in [[Orange County, California|Orange]] and [[Riverside County, California|Riverside]] counties. The 91 Express Lanes run from the junction of SR&nbsp;91 with the [[California State Route 55|SR 55]] Freeway (Costa Mesa Freeway) in [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]] to its junction with [[Interstate 15 in California|I-15]] in [[Corona, California|Corona]]. Before the extension in 2017, they ended at the Riverside County line. With the extension of the toll lanes, the HOV lane between I-15 and Green River Road was converted into a HOT lane. The primary purpose of the toll lanes is to provide a faster output for drivers due to the congestion the highway experiences during peak hours, and to promote carpooling. The toll lanes opened in 1995 and when they opened, it was the country's first fully-automated toll collection system to feature value pricing.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.91expresslanes.com/general-info | title=General Info |publisher= 91 Express Lanes | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828023529/https://www.91expresslanes.com/general-info/ | archive-date=August 28, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The 91 Express Lanes consist of two primary lanes in each direction, separated from the main lanes of the Riverside Freeway with white, {{convert|3|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}}, plastic lane markers (as opposed to concrete barriers or a similar solid barrier, or even just double white lines separating many other California HOT lanes). Entry and exit points for the 91 Express Lanes are only located at their west and east ends, and at the Orange–Riverside county line where the toll road originally terminated before 2017.<ref name="91FAQ">{{cite web |url=https://www.91expresslanes.com/faqs/ |title= Frequently Asked Questions |publisher= 91 Express Lanes |access-date= August 14, 2022}}</ref>

All tolls are collected using an [[open road tolling]] system, and therefore there are no toll booths to receive cash. Each vehicle is required to carry a [[FasTrak]] transponder.<ref name="91FAQ"/> The 91 Express Lanes use a [[variable pricing]] system based on the time of day. The road is not truly [[congestion pricing|congestion priced]] because toll rates come from a preset schedule and are not based on actual congestion. {{As of|July 2022}}, the highest toll rate on the tollway, charged 2:00&nbsp;pm to 3:00&nbsp;pm eastbound on Fridays, is $14.24 to travel the entire length ($8.60 on the Orange County segment, plus $5.65 on the Riverside County segment).<ref name="91Tolls">{{cite web |url=https://www.91expresslanes.com/general-info/toll-schedules/ |title= Toll Schedules |publisher= 91 Express Lanes |access-date= August 14, 2022}}</ref> The highest toll in the morning rush hour, charged 7:00&nbsp;am to 7:59&nbsp;am westbound Monday to Thursday, is $15.35 ($9.40 on the Riverside County segment, plus $5.95 on the Orange County segment).<ref name="91Tolls"/> Carpools with three or more people are charged 50&nbsp;percent of the posted toll when traveling eastbound from 4:00&nbsp;pm to 6:00&nbsp;pm on weekdays, and travel toll-free at all other times, if they use the designated carpool lane at the toll collection points. Drivers without any FasTrak tag will be assessed a toll violation regardless of whether they qualified for the carpool discounts.<ref name="91FAQ"/>


A toll policy is published which states the criteria where tolls will be raised. The policy is designed to "a) reduce the likelihood of congestion by diverting traffic to other hours with available capacity; b) maintain free flow travel speed in the 91 Express Lanes; c) maintain travel time savings; d) accommodate projected growth in travel demand and; e) ensure that the toll road generates sufficient revenue to effectively operate the toll lanes and maintain a strong debt service position."{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}<!--direct quotation MUST be specifically cited.--> Changes to the toll schedule require ten days notification to the public and the OCTA board. Once tolls are changed during the super peak period, they may not be changed again for six months. All tolls increase annually due to inflation.<ref name="91Policy">{{cite web |author= 91 Express Lanes |url= http://www.91expresslanes.com/policies.asp |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110307145714/http://www.91expresslanes.com/policies.asp |url-status= dead |archive-date= March 7, 2011 |publisher= 91 Express Lanes (Orange County Transportation Authority) |title= Toll Policy |date= July 14, 2003 |access-date= August 29, 2011 }}</ref> Despite this, the toll lanes are generally free flowing during most peak hour conditions.<ref>{{cite news |first= Peter |last= Samuel |date= February 22, 2006 |title= California's 91XL Max Tolls Going to 85c/mile |url= http://tollroadsnews.info/artman/publish/article_1277.shtml |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080522090853/http://tollroadsnews.info/artman/publish/article_1277.shtml |archive-date= May 22, 2008 |work= TollRoadNews}}</ref>
As the only freeway to link [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]], [[Orange County, California|Orange]], and [[Riverside County, California|Riverside]] counties, the 91 is one of the most heavily congested routes in Southern California.


==History==
==History==
===Original US 91: Barstow to Nevada===
{| class="infobox" width="230px"
{{Infobox road small
!style="background: #ccf;"|<big>Major cities</big><br><small>'''Bolded cities''' are officially-designated [[control city|control cities]] for signs</small>
|state=CA
|-
|type=US
|
|route=91
*'''[[Beach Cities]]''' (westbound; via Artesia Blvd)
|header_type=historic
*'''[[Redondo Beach]]''' (westbound; via Artesia Blvd)
|length_mi=
*'''[[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]]''' (westbound; via [[Interstate 710 (California)|I-710]])
|length_round=
*'''[[Artesia, California|Artesia]]''' (westbound)
|length_ref=
*'''[[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]''' (westbound; via [[Interstate 5 in California|I-5]])
|established={{start date|1926}}
*'''[[Riverside, California|Riverside]]''' (eastbound)
|deleted={{end date|1974}}
|}
|direction_a=South
|location=[[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]] to [[Nevada]] state line near [[Primm, Nevada|Primm]]
}}
The [[Arrowhead Trail (auto trail)|Arrowhead Trail]], an [[auto trail]] connecting [[Salt Lake City]] with [[Los Angeles]], initially took a longer route via present [[US 95]] and former [[US 66 (CA)|US 66]] between Las Vegas and [[Needles, California|Needles]], as the more direct [[Old Spanish Trail (trade route)|Old Spanish Trail]] was in very poor condition.<ref>{{cite book |author= Automobile Blue Book |year= 1917 |title= Automobile Blue Book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt0NAAAAYAAJ |volume= 8 |page= 501 |location= Chicago |publisher= Automobile Blue Book |via= [[Google Books]] |author-link= Automobile Blue Book }}</ref><ref>{{cite map|author=Clason Map Company|author-link=Clason Map Company|url=http://usautotrails.com/CaliforniaPage/ClasonsCaliforniaPage/image1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916015429/http://usautotrails.com/CaliforniaPage/ClasonsCaliforniaPage/image1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 16, 2020 |title=Touring Atlas of the United States |year=1925 |publisher=Clawson Map Company }}</ref> The "[[Silver Lake, San Bernardino County, California|Silver Lake]] cutoff", which would save about 90 miles (145&nbsp;km),<ref>{{cite news |work= [[Van Nuys News]] |title= Auto Club News |date= December 21, 1923}} p. 11</ref> was proposed by 1920,<ref>{{cite news |work= [[Los Angeles Times]] |title= Brice Canyon, Zion Canyon National Park, Utah |date= December 26, 1920 |page= VIII1}}</ref> and completed in 1925 as an [[oiled road]] by [[San Bernardino County, California|San Bernardino County]].<!--did the Arrowhead Trail move to the Old Spanish Trail in 1924? did the 1925 route bypass Silver Lake?--><ref>{{cite web |first=Eric Charles |last=Nystrom |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/moja/adminhist/adhi2a.htm |title=From Neglected Space to Protected Place: An Administrative History of Mojave National Preserve |date=March 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817190414/http://www.nps.gov/archive/moja/adminhist/adhi2a.htm |archive-date=August 17, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work= Los Angeles Times |title= State Takes Over Cut-off to Nevada Line |date= October 25, 1925 |page= G12}}</ref> The [[Bureau of Public Roads]] and the state of [[Nevada]] both urged its inclusion in the state highway system, the former as part of the [[federal aid]] highway connecting Salt Lake City and Los Angeles,<ref name=1925report>{{cite book |author1= California Highway Advisory Committee |first2= Arthur Hastings |last2= Breed |name-list-style= amp |title= Report of a Study of the State Highway System of California |publisher= California State Printing Office |year= 1925 |page= 97}}</ref> and the state legislature did that in 1925,<ref>{{cite CAstat|year=1925|ch=369|p=670}}</ref> with it becoming an extension of [[Legislative Route 31 (California pre-1964)|Route 31]]. (Across the state line, [[Nevada State Route 6 (1919–1976)|State Route 6]] continued through Las Vegas to [[Arizona]].) The initial plan for the [[U.S. Highway system]] simply stated that Route No. 91 would run from Las Vegas "to an intersection with Route No. 60" (which became US 66 in 1926),<ref name="1925 list">{{cite book |type= Report |author = Joint Board on Interstate Highways |year = 1925 |chapter = Appendix VI: Descriptions of the Interstate Routes Selected, with Numbers Assigned |chapter-url = https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Report_of_Joint_Board_on_Interstate_Highways_October_30,_1925#56 |title = Report of Joint Board on Interstate Highways, October 30, 1925, Approved by the Secretary of Agriculture, November 18, 1925 |location= Washington, DC |publisher= [[United States Department of Agriculture]] |page = 56 |id= {{OCLC|733875457|55123355|71026428}} |via = [[Wikisource]] |access-date = November 14, 2017 }}</ref> but in 1926 the cutoff was chosen, ending at US 66 at [[Daggett, California|Daggett]], just east of Barstow.<ref name="1926 map">{{cite map |author1= [[Bureau of Public Roads]] |author2= [[American Association of State Highway Officials]] |date= November 11, 1926 |title= United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_System_of_Highways_Adopted_for_Uniform_Marking_by_the_American_Association_of_State_Highway_Officials.jpg |scale= 1:7,000,000 |location= Washington, DC |publisher= [[United States Geological Survey]] |oclc= 32889555 |access-date= November 7, 2013 |via= [[Wikimedia Commons]] |name-list-style= amp}}</ref><!--looks like they erroneously drew it along the railroad alignment--><ref name="1927 log">{{cite journal |title= United States Numbered Highways |journal= [[American Highways]] |date= April 1927}}</ref> (The roadway south from Las Vegas later became part of US 95.) The route was added to the federal-aid secondary system in 1926,<ref>{{cite news |work= Los Angeles Times |title= Silver Lake Cut-off to Get Federal Aid |date= February 14, 1926 |page= G5}}</ref> which helped pay for a mid-1930s widening and paving, including some realignments (parts of the old road are now known as Arrowhead Trail).<!--more details? Mountain Pass to Nevada was all bypassed, as were other significant portions--> The new routing generally followed the present [[Interstate 15 in California|I-15]], except through [[Baker, California|Baker]] (where it used Baker Boulevard) and into Barstow (where it followed former [[California State Route 58|SR 58]] to First Avenue, ending at Main Street, which carried US 66).<ref>{{cite map|author=United States Geological Survey|author-link=United States Geological Survey|url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/CA/CA_125k/ |title=Barstow |year=1934 |scale=1:125000 |location=Reston, VA |publisher=United States Geological Survey }} {{cite map|author=United States Geological Survey |url=http://cricket.csuchico.edu/spcfotos/maps/topo_search.html |title=Avawatz Mountains |year=1933 |scale=1:250000 |location=Reston, VA |publisher=United States Geological Survey }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{cite map|author=United States Geological Survey |url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/CA/CA_125k/ |title=Ivanpah |year=1942 |scale=1:250000 |location=Reston, VA |publisher=United States Geological Survey }}</ref><!--this may need some better sources-->


===SR 18: former extension of US 91 through Santa Ana Canyon to Long Beach===
Although the 91 is an east-west road, it inherited its odd (as opposed to even) route number from the now mostly decommissioned [[U.S. Route 91 (California)|U.S. Route 91]] (U.S. 91) which passed through the [[Inland Empire (California)|Inland Empire]] in a northeasterly direction on its way to [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], [[Salt Lake City, Utah|Salt Lake City]], and points beyond. Those segments of U.S. 91 are now parallel to, or have been replaced altogether by, [[Interstate 15 (California)|Interstate 15]] (I-15).
US 91 was extended southwest to [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]] in the late 1940s.<ref>{{cite map |author= Rand McNally |author-link= Rand McNally |url= http://www.broermapsonline.org/members/NorthAmerica/UnitedStates/Southwest/randmcnally_ra_1946_019.html |title= Road Atlas |year= 1946 |location= Chicago |publisher= Rand McNally}}</ref> Beginning at Barstow, the extension [[overlap (road)|overlap]]ped [[U.S. Route 66 in California|US 66]] over [[Cajon Pass]] to [[San Bernardino, California|San Bernardino]]. From San Bernardino west through [[Riverside, California|Riverside]] and [[Santa Ana Canyon]] to [[Olive, California|Olive]], the state took over a mostly paved [[county highway]]<ref name=1925report/><ref>{{cite book |first= Ben |last= Blow |title= California Highways: A Descriptive Record of Road Development by the State and by Such Counties as Have Paved Highways |year= 1920 |url= https://archive.org/details/californiahighwa00blowrich |via= Archive.org |pages= [https://archive.org/details/californiahighwa00blowrich/page/194 194]–195, 200}}</ref> in 1931 as part of an extension of [[Legislative Route 43 (California pre-1964)|Route 43]] to [[Newport Beach, California|Newport Beach]] via [[Santa Ana, California|Santa Ana]].<ref>{{cite CAstat|year=1931|ch=82|p=102}} "State Highway Route 43, Waterman canyon via Santa Ana canyon to Newport Beach."</ref> Two branches leading west from Route 43 near Olive along mostly constructed county roads were added in 1933: '''Route 175''' along Orangethorpe Avenue and Artesia Boulevard from near the mouth of the canyon west to [[Legislative Route 60 (California pre-1964)|Route 60]] (now [[California State Route 1|SR 1]]) in [[Hermosa Beach, California|Hermosa Beach]] (unconstructed through [[Compton, California|Compton]] until the mid-1950s<ref>{{cite map |author= H.M. Gousha Company |author-link= H.M. Gousha Company |url= http://members.cox.net/mkpl5/hist2/LA-1941.jpg |title= Los Angeles and Vicinity |year= 1941 |publisher= H.M. Gousha Company |access-date= February 9, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110629040400/http://members.cox.net/mkpl5/hist2/LA-1941.jpg |archive-date= June 29, 2011 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=1955la/><ref>[[National Bridge Inventory]] database, 2006: the bridge over [[Compton Creek]] and [[Alameda Street]] is dated 1956.{{full citation needed|date=October 2015}}</ref>), and '''Route 178''' along Lincoln Avenue and Carson Street from Olive west to [[Legislative Route 168 (California pre-1964)|Route 168]] (now [[California State Route 19|SR 19]]) in [[Lakewood, California|Lakewood]].<ref>{{cite CAstat|year=1933|ch=767|p=2040}} "State Highway Route 60 near Hermosa Beach to State Highway Route 43 in Santa Ana Canyon via Artesia Avenue." "Cerritos Avenue to State Highway Route 43 near Olive via Anaheim."</ref><ref>{{cite CAstat|year=1935|ch=29|p=277, 278, 286}} "Route 31 is from: (a) San Bernardino to the Nevada State line near Calada, via Barstow. (b) Route 26 near Colton to Route 9 near San Bernardino via Mt. Vernon Avenue." "Route 43 is from Newport Beach to Route 31 at Victorville, via Santa Ana Canyon, San Bernardino, Waterman Canyon, "Crest Drive" into Bear Valley, Big Bear Lake and Baldwin Lake. Route 43 includes a highway around Big Bear Lake." "Route 175 is from Route 60 near Hermosa Beach to Route 43 in Santa Ana Canyon via Artesia Avenue." "Route 178 is from Cerritos Avenue to Route 43 near Olive via Anaheim."</ref> When state routes were marked in 1934, Route 175 became '''Sign Route 14''', and [[California State Route 18|Sign Route 18]] included all of Route 178 and most of Route 43 into the [[San Bernardino Mountains]].<ref>{{cite map |author= Rand McNally & Company |url= http://members.cox.net/mkpl2/hist/droz-laca33n.jpg |title= Los Angeles & Vicinity |year= 1933 |location= Chicago |publisher= Rand McNally & Company |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110726002930/http://members.cox.net/mkpl2/hist/droz-laca33n.jpg |archive-date= July 26, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite map |author= H.M. Gousha Company |url= http://www.socalregion.com/highways/maps/1935-los-angeles/ |title= Los Angeles and Vicinity |year= 1935 |publisher= h.M. Gousha Company}}</ref><!--shows SR 10 on SR 14 east of Buena Park&nbsp;— how temporary was this?--> When US 91 was extended to Long Beach, it overlapped SR 18 from San Bernardino to Lakewood, where it turned south along [[California State Route 19|SR 19]] to the [[Los Alamitos Traffic Circle]]. There it turned west along [[U.S. Route 101 Alternate (Long Beach, California)|US 101 Alternate]] to near downtown Long Beach, where it ended at [[California State Route 15 (pre-1964)|SR 15]] ([[Atlantic Avenue (Los Angeles County)|Atlantic Avenue]]), at a terminus shared with [[U.S. Route 6 in California|US 6]]. (This routing along SR 19 and US 101 Alt. also became an extension of SR 18.)<ref name=1955la>{{cite map |author= H.M. Gousha Company |url= http://members.cox.net/mkpl2/hist/map-ca1955-la.jpg |title= Enlarged Map of the Los Angeles District |year= 1955 |publisher= H.M. Gousha Company |access-date= November 29, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110726003121/http://members.cox.net/mkpl2/hist/map-ca1955-la.jpg |archive-date= July 26, 2011 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite map |author= H.M. Gousha Company |url= http://geocities.com/usend3039/LongBeach/map_LB-1953.jpg |title= Long Beach |year= 1953 |publisher= H.M. Gousha Company |access-date= July 5, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091027185444/http://geocities.com/usend3039/LongBeach/map_LB-1953.jpg |archive-date= October 27, 2009 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref>


In 1935, the state improved the alignment between Fairmont Boulevard and Gypsum Canyon Road, including a bypass of the old road, which curved along the south slope of the canyon, east of Weir Canyon Road.<!--was anything more bypassed west of there? I'm missing topos from there--><ref>{{cite news |work= Los Angeles Times |title= Old Canyon Road Now Being Improved |date= April 21, 1935 |page= E4}}</ref> In the late 1930s, the [[Prado Dam]] project resulted in the bypassing of a longer section, replacing Prado Road, an abandoned road curving to the east end of the dam, Pomona Rincon Road, Auto Center Drive, Pomona Road, and Yorba Street with the present Green River Road, Palisades Drive, part of SR&nbsp;91, and 6th Street.<ref name=Prado>{{cite map |author= United States Geological Survey |url= http://maps.csuchico.edu:9001/StyleServer/calcrgn?browser=win_ie&cat=Maps&item=/CA_2610.sid&wid=520&hei=500&style=default/view.xsl |title= Prado |scale= 1:31680 |year= 1933 |location= Reston, VA |publisher= United States Geological Survey |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120209133916/http://maps.csuchico.edu:9001/StyleServer/calcrgn?browser=win_ie&cat=Maps&item=%2FCA_2610.sid&wid=520&hei=500&style=default%2Fview.xsl |archive-date= February 9, 2012 }} "routes usually traveled" as of 1941</ref><ref name=Corona>{{cite map |author= United States Geological Survey |url= http://maps.csuchico.edu:9001/StyleServer/calcrgn?browser=win_ie&cat=Maps&item=/CA_866.sid&wid=520&hei=500&style=default/view.xsl |title= Corona and Vicinity |scale= 1:31680 |year= 1933 |location= Reston, VA |publisher= United States Geological Survey |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120209133757/http://maps.csuchico.edu:9001/StyleServer/calcrgn?browser=win_ie&cat=Maps&item=%2FCA_866.sid&wid=520&hei=500&style=default%2Fview.xsl |archive-date= February 9, 2012 }} "routes usually traveled" as of 1941</ref>
Prior to 1991, the Gardena Freeway was known as the '''Redondo Beach Freeway''', referring to [[Caltrans]]' original intention for the freeway portion of the route to continue all the way to the never-built Pacific Coast Freeway.


===SR 14: present SR&nbsp;91 to Hermosa Beach===
Also, before 1997, the 91 continued all the way to [[State Route 1 (California)|State Route 1]] in [[Hermosa Beach, California|Hermosa Beach]]. At that time, the route became discontinuous in [[Gardena, California|Gardena]], the portion between Vermont Ave. and ''[[Western Avenue (Los Angeles)|Western Ave.]]'' being turned over to the city. In 2003, the western portion, from SR 1 to Western Ave. was relinquished to the local jurisdictions. The first segment of the freeway was made in 1965 signed as US 91, and the last segment was made in 1975.
Before the present freeway was constructed, SR 14 ran along Gould Avenue, Redondo Beach Boulevard, Compton Boulevard, Alameda Street, Artesia Avenue, La Habra Boulevard, Firestone Boulevard and Orangethorpe Avenue.<ref>{{cite map |url=http://www.socalregion.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/los_angeles_1939.jpg |title=Map of Los Angeles and Vicinity |year=1939}}{{full citation needed|date=October 2015}}</ref> In the [[1964 state highway renumbering (California)|1964 renumbering]], SR 14 was renumbered to SR&nbsp;91.


Prior to 1991, the Gardena Freeway was known as the '''Redondo Beach Freeway''', referring to [[Caltrans]]'s original intention for the freeway portion of the route to continue all the way to the never-built Pacific Coast Freeway.
==91 Express Lanes==
{{main|91 Express Lanes}}
By the early 1990s, rapid development of the areas of the [[Inland Empire (California)|Inland Empire]] around Riverside had made the Riverside Freeway&mdash;which is the sole freeway connecting the working class, bedroom communities and industrial areas of the Inland Empire to the wealthy suburbs and commercial centers of Orange County&mdash;one of the most congested in the Greater Los Angeles region. In response, a private consortium created the [[91 Express Lanes]], a fully automated, [[RFID]]-activated [[tollway]] contained entirely within the median of the existing Riverside Freeway. This route operates between the Orange/Riverside county line and the [[Costa Mesa Freeway]] interchange in eastern [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]]. Opening in 1995, the 91 Express Lanes were the first privately funded tollway built in the United States since the 1940s, and the first fully automated tollway in the world. In 2003, their ownership and operation was taken over by the [[Orange County Transportation Authority]].


Before 1997, Caltrans controlled maintenance of SR&nbsp;91 up to [[California State Route 1|State Route 1]] in [[Hermosa Beach, California|Hermosa Beach]]. The portion between [[Vermont Avenue]] and [[Western Avenue (Los Angeles)|Western Avenue]] was relinquished to [[Gardena, California|Gardena]] in 1997. In 2003, the western portion, from SR 1 to Western Avenue, was relinquished to the cities that the road goes through.
==Future==


The first segment of the freeway was built in 1965 as US 91, and the last segment was built in 1975. Despite the relinquishments, however, [[Artesia Boulevard]] between I-110 and SR 1 is still signed off as SR&nbsp;91.
Testing evaluations are slated to begin in the winter of 2007 for a tunnel proposal, currently called the [[Irvine-Corona Expressway]] proposal. One concept for this project specifies a set of three tunnels—two for cars and one for both trucks and high-speed [[light rail]]—that would stretch for 12 miles, burrowing beneath the [[Santa Ana Mountains|Santa Ana mountain range]], and carrying up to 70,000 cars a day between California’s [[Riverside County, California|Riverside]] and [[Orange County, California|Orange]] counties.<ref>
{{Citation
| last=Dixon
| first=Chris
| author-link=Chris Dixon
| title=Will Longest U.S. Underground Expressway See the Light?
| newspaper=[[Popular Mechanics]]
| year=2007
| date=November, 2007
| url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/transportation/4224670.html?nav=RSS20}}
</ref> The proposed tunnel project would essentially parallel the 91 freeway and would reduce traffic congestion that has already prompted the need for constructing the [[91 Express Lanes]]. If completed, the Irvine-Corona Expressway would be the longest traffic tunnel in North America.


===Construction of the 91 Express Lanes===
== State law ==
Due to rapid population growth and the decline in the availability of affordable housing closer to job centers in [[Orange County, California|Orange County]], new residential development began in earnest in western [[Riverside County, California|Riverside County]] from the 1980s through today. This development is occurring in or around existing cities such as Riverside, Corona, Moreno Valley, Lake Elsinore, Murrieta, and Temecula. This development also led to the incorporation of the cities of Wildomar, Menifee, Eastvale, and Jurupa Valley.


As there are very few direct routes between Orange and Riverside counties because of the [[Santa Ana Mountains]] that separate them, the Riverside Freeway is subject to high traffic volumes, composed primarily of commuters traveling between their jobs in Orange County and their homes in Riverside County (often referred to by traffic reporters as "The Corona Crawl").<ref>{{cite web |first= Brian J. |last= McCabe |date= October 2004|title= Hot or Not: Are New Toll Lanes a Fair Price to Pay for Driving?
'''Legal Definition of Route 91:''' [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/California_Streets_and_Highways_Code%2C_Chapter_2%2C_Article_3%2C_Section_301-635#Route_91 California Streets and Highways Code, Chapter 2, Article 3, Section 391]
|url= http://www.americancity.org/article.php?id_article=20 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080210002931/http://americancity.org/article.php?id_article=20 |archive-date=February 10, 2008 |work= The Next American City}}</ref> Typical peak period delays were 30–40 minutes in each direction in the ten miles (16&nbsp;km) of the tollway before construction.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ceenve.calpoly.edu/sullivan/SR91/final_rpt/execsumm.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061126073118/http://ceenve.calpoly.edu/sullivan/SR91/final_rpt/execsumm.pdf |archive-date= November 26, 2006 |title= Evaluating the Impacts of the SR&nbsp;91 Variable-Toll Express Lane Facility Final Report |date= May 1998 }}{{full citation needed|date=October 2015}}</ref>
{{CAFESAlt|shield=California blank wide.svg|route=91|sec=253.51}}

{{CAScenicAlt|route=91|sec=263.5}}
[[File:91 WEST and 710.jpg|thumb|left| Westbound Artesia Freeway (SR&nbsp;91) at the interchange with the Long Beach Freeway (I-710) in August 2013]]

Solutions to the traffic problem were limited. The chosen solution was to create a toll road in the median of the freeway. This original section of the 91 Express Lanes operated between the [[Costa Mesa Freeway]] ([[California State Route 55|SR 55]]) interchange in eastern [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]] and the Orange–Riverside county line, a distance of about {{convert|10|mi|km}}. The project was developed in partnership with the [[California Department of Transportation]] (Caltrans) by California Private Transportation Company (CPTC), which formally transferred ownership of the facility to the State of California prior to opening the project to traffic on December 27, 1995. Caltrans then leased the toll road back to CPTC for a 35-year operating period. The new lanes have been officially designated a part of the state highway system.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.nctimes.com/articles/2005/12/26/news/californian/122505203232.txt |title= Highway 91 Toll Lanes Turn 10 |work= The Californian / North County Times |date= December 26, 2005 |access-date= September 24, 2011}}</ref> The [[California Highway Patrol]] (CHP) is responsible for providing police services at CPTC's expense. Maintenance and operational costs for the facility are also the responsibility of CPTC.

In April 2002, the [[Orange County Transportation Authority]] (OCTA) reached an agreement in concept to purchase the private toll road project for $207.5 million. The OCTA took possession of the toll road on January 3, 2003, marking the first time the 91 Express Lanes was managed by public officials. Within a few months, OCTA turned the lanes into the HOT / tollway hybrid that it is today.<ref>{{cite web |author= Orange County Transportation Authority |date= March 12, 2007 |url= http://www.octa.net/presentation/031207/91lanes.pdf |title= 91 Express Lanes History |publisher= Orange County Transportation Authority |access-date= October 9, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070928062449/http://www.octa.net/presentation/031207/91lanes.pdf |archive-date= September 28, 2007}}</ref> One of the primary investors in CPTC, [[Cofiroute USA]], continues to manage and operate the lanes under a management contract with OCTA.<ref>{{cite book |author= Orange County Transportation Authority |year=2007 |title= The Amazing True Tales from the 91 Express Lanes |type= Annual report |url= http://www.octa.net/91annual07b/test.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120324085527/http://www.octa.net/91annual07b/test.pdf |archive-date= March 24, 2012 |publisher= Orange County Transportation Authority}}</ref>

Opening in 1995, the 91 Express Lanes was the first privately funded tollway built in the United States since the 1940s, and the first fully automated tollway in the world.

The express lanes have been controversial because of a non-compete agreement that the state made with CPTC. The clause, which was negotiated by Caltrans and never was brought to the legislature, prevented any improvements along {{convert|30|mi|km}} of the Riverside Freeway to ensure profit for the express lanes. This includes restricting the state from widening the free lanes or building mass transit near the freeway. CPTC filed a lawsuit against Caltrans over freeway widening related to the interchange with the [[California State Route 241|Eastern Transportation Corridor]], which was dismissed once the purchase with OCTA was finalized.<ref>{{cite journal |first= Willard T. |last= Price |title= An Odyssey of Privatizing Highways: The Evolving Case of SR&nbsp;91 |volume= 5 |issue= 4 |page= 259 |journal= Public Works Management & Policy |date= April 2001 |doi= 10.1177/1087724X0154001 |s2cid= 154129775 }}</ref> Following the settlement, an additional lane was added for a {{convert|5|mi|km|adj=on}} segment eastbound from SR 241 to SR 71.

However, as a result of the controversy, more toll road advocates favor creating local agencies similar to transportation corridor agencies to build and maintain future tollways. New toll roads would be financed with tax-exempt bonds on a stand-alone basis, meaning that taxpayers would not be responsible for repaying any debt if toll revenues fall short. Also, there would be a less restrictive non-compete clause: they would be compensated only for any revenue loss caused by improvements near the toll roads.<ref>{{cite web | title = Alternatives to Non-Compete Clauses in Toll Development Agreements | author1 = K. R. Persad | author2 = C. M. Walton | author3 = J. Wilke | publisher = Center for Transportation Research | date = October 2005 | url = https://ctr.utexas.edu/wp-content/uploads/pubs/0_5020_1.pdf}}</ref>

In the mid-2010s, the [[Riverside County Transportation Commission]] extended the 91 Express Lanes east from their previous terminus at the Orange–Riverside county line to the I-15 interchange in [[Corona, California|Corona]]; this extension opened to traffic on March 20, 2017.<ref name="sr91project">{{cite web |url= http://sr91project.info/home.php |title= SR&nbsp;91 Fast-Forward Project |publisher= Riverside County Transportation Commission |access-date= May 26, 2017}}</ref> Both Orange and Riverside County transportation agencies co-manage the 91 Express Lanes.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.ocregister.com/articles/lanes-332894-express-county.html |title= 91 Toll Lanes Could Be Extended to Corona |work= Orange Country Register |date= August 21, 2013 |access-date= July 9, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-california-commute-20150804-story.html|title=On 91 Freeway, a $2-billion effort to keep up with increasing traffic|last=Weikel|first=Dan|date=August 4, 2015|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=June 5, 2016}}</ref>

==Future==
In 2005, evaluations were made about the feasibility of constructing two tunnels through the [[Santa Ana Mountains]] which could carry 72,000 cars per day and allow for a commuter rail service between [[Corona, California|Corona]] and [[Irvine, California|Irvine]]. The financial and technical evaluations found that in the current financial environment, building the tunnels would not be financially or technologically feasible. Additional study of the Irvine Corona Expressway tunnel project has been deferred until such time as financial considerations improve and/or technological advancements warrant reexamination.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Orange County Transportation Authority |author2=Riverside County Transportation Commission |name-list-style=amp |url=http://www.octa.net/ice.aspx |publisher=Orange County Transportation Authority |title=Irvine-Corona Expressway |access-date=October 9, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010145914/http://octa.net/ice.aspx |archive-date=October 10, 2012 }}</ref> If built, the Irvine-Corona Expressway would follow a similar route to the 91 Freeway and is designed to reduce the growing traffic congestion on SR&nbsp;91 that prompted the construction of the [[91 Express Lanes]]. If completed, the Irvine-Corona Expressway is projected to be the longest traffic tunnel in North America, approximately {{convert|11.5|mi|km}}. One tunnel would be a reversible two-lane freeway for autos and trucks, the direction reversed based on time of day. It would carry westbound traffic in the morning hours, and eastbound traffic during the afternoon and early evening hours. The second tunnel would be slated exclusively for [[light rail]] commuter train service. The proposed tunnels are opposed by environmental groups, cities in Orange County near the terminus of the proposed road, and by the [[Irvine Company]], which believes that the tunnel is not necessary and distracts from short-term solutions such as freeway widening.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.nctimes.com/articles/2005/12/13/news/californian/121205212424.txt |title= Orange County OKs More Study of Tunnel |work= The Californian / North County Times |date= December 13, 2005 |access-date= September 24, 2011}}</ref>

Numerous other projects by the Orange County Transportation Authority are currently underway or in the planning phases for distant completion, some as far out as the year 2030.<ref>{{cite web |author= Orange County Transportation Authority |year= 2008 |title= A Better 91 |url= http://www.octa.net/abetter91.aspx |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090210212747/http://www.octa.net/abetter91.aspx |archive-date= February 10, 2009 |publisher= Orange County Transportation Authority}}</ref>


==Exit list==
==Exit list==
{{CAinttop|exit|post_ref=<br><ref name=trucklist /><ref name=bridgelog>{{Caltrans bridgelog|date=July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=California Department of Transportation |publisher=California Department of Transportation |url=http://traffic-counts.dot.ca.gov/2006all.htm |title=All Traffic Volumes on CSHS |year=2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721033203/http://traffic-counts.dot.ca.gov/2006all.htm |archive-date=July 21, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= California Department of Transportation |publisher= California Department of Transportation |url= http://traffic-counts.dot.ca.gov/1999all.htm |title= All Traffic Volumes on CSHS |year= 1999 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120209171824/http://traffic-counts.dot.ca.gov/1999all.htm |archive-date= February 9, 2012 }} (the last year before it was updated to remove the relinquished part)</ref>|exit_ref=<br><ref>{{cite web |first= AS |last= Chand |date= September 16, 2016 |publisher= California Department of Transportation |work= [[California Numbered Exit Uniform System]] |url= http://www.dot.ca.gov/trafficops/exit/docs/91.pdf |title= SR&nbsp;91 |access-date= October 8, 2017 }}</ref>
{| class=wikitable
}}
!County
{{CAint|exit
!Location
|county=Los Angeles
![[Postmile]]<ref name="bridge log">[http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/structur/strmaint/brlog2.htm July, 2007 California Log of Bridges on State Highways]</ref>
|cspan=30
![[Exit number|#]]<ref>[[Cal-NExUS]] [http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/traffops/signtech/calnexus/index.htm Interchange Exit Numbering]</ref>
|county_note=LA 0.00-R20.74
!Destinations
|location1=Hermosa Beach
!Notes
|location2=Redondo Beach
|-
|lspan=2
|rowspan=25|[[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]]
|postmile=0.00<ref name="West end" group=lower-alpha>Postmiles are measured from SR&nbsp;91's original western end at SR 1, before that segment east to Vermont Avenue was deleted and relinquished to local control.</ref>
|[[Gardena, California|Gardena]]
|pmspan=2
|
|exit=
|
|espan=6
|[[Vermont Avenue]]
|road=Gould Avenue
|[[At-grade intersection]]; western terminus of SR 91
|notes=Continuation beyond SR 1
|-
}}
|[[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]
{{CAint
|[[Los Angeles County, California|LA]] 6.36
|mile=none
|6
|{{Jct|state=CA|I|110|name1=Harbor Freeway|city1=San Pedro|city2=Los Angeles|to2=to|I|405}}
|road={{Jct|state=CA|SR|1|name1=[[Pacific Coast Highway (California)|Pacific Coast Highway]], [[Sepulveda Boulevard]]}}
|notes=Original western terminus of SR 91
|No exit number eastbound
}}
|-
{{CAint
|rowspan=3|[[Carson, California|Carson]]
|location1=Lawndale
|LA R6.90
|location2=Redondo Beach
|7A
|type=
|Main Street
|postmile=<ref name="West end" group=lower-alpha/>
|
|road={{Jct|state=CA|road|Redondo Beach Boulevard|I|405|to2=1|dir2=north|road|[[Hawthorne Boulevard (Los Angeles County)|Hawthorne Boulevard]] north}}
|-
|notes=
|LA R7.44
}}
|7B
{{CAint
|Avalon Boulevard
|location1=Redondo Beach
|
|location2=Torrance
|-
|type=incomplete
|LA R8.43
|postmile=2.47<ref name="West end" group=lower-alpha/>
|8
|road={{Jct|state=CA|SR|107|name1=[[Hawthorne Boulevard (Los Angeles County)|Hawthorne Boulevard]]}}
|Central Avenue
|notes=No left turn eastbound
|
}}
|-
{{CAint
|rowspan=4|[[Compton, California|Compton]]
|location=Torrance
|LA R9.15
|postmile=3.07<ref name="West end" group=lower-alpha/>
|9
|road={{Jct|state=CA|I|405|name1=[[Interstate 405 (California)|San Diego Freeway]]|city1=Long Beach|city2=Santa Monica}}
|Wilmington Avenue
|notes=Interchange; former [[California State Route 7 (1934–1964)|SR 7]] south; I-405 north exit 40, south exit 40A
|
}}
|-
{{CAint
|LA R9.80
|location1=Gardena
|10A
|location2=Los Angeles
|Acacia Avenue
|type=trans
|Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
|postmile=6.01
|-
|road=[[Vermont Avenue]]
|LA R10.28
|notes=West end of state maintenance; west end of Gardena Freeway<ref name=namedFreeways>{{cite web |author= California Department of Transportation |year= 2014 |title= Named Freeways, Highways, Structures and Other Appurtenances in California |url= http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tsip/hseb/products/Named_Freeways_Final.pdf |publisher= California Department of Transportation |access-date= June 20, 2015}}</ref>
|10B
}}
|Alamenda Street
{{CAint|exit
|Signed as exit 10 westbound; no westbound entrance
|location=Los Angeles
|-
|postmile=R6.34
|LA R10.39
|exit=6
|10C
|road={{Jct|state=CA|I|110|name1=[[Harbor Freeway]]|city1=San Pedro|city2=Los Angeles|to2=to|I|405}}
|Santa Fe Avenue
|notes=No exit number eastbound; exits to I-110 south provides direct access to I-405; I-110 north exits 10A-B, south exit 10
|Signed as exit 10 westbound; no westbound entrance
}}
|-
{{CAint|exit
|rowspan=6|[[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]]
|location=Carson
|LA R11.10
|lspan=2
|11
|type=incomplete
|Long Beach Boulevard
|postmile=R6.90
|
|exit=7A
|-
|road=[[Main Street (Los Angeles)|Main Street]]
|LA R11.63
|notes=No westbound entrance
|12A
}}
|{{Jct|state=CA|I|710|name1=Long Beach Freeway|city1=Long Beach|city2=Pasadena}}
{{CAint|exit
|Signed as exits 12A (south) and 12B (north) eastbound
|postmile=R7.43
|-
|exit=7B
|LA R12.09
|road=[[Avalon Boulevard]]
|12B
|notes=
|Atlantic Avenue
}}
|Signed as exit 12C eastbound
{{CAint|exit
|-
|location1=Carson
|LA R13.09
|location2=Compton
|13
|postmile=R8.44
|Cherry Avenue
|exit=8
|
|road=[[Central Avenue (Los Angeles)|Central Avenue]]
|-
|notes=
|LA R13.59
}}
|14A
{{CAint|exit
|Paramount Boulevard
|location=Compton
|
|lspan=3
|-
|postmile=R9.16
|LA R14.10
|exit=9
|14B
|Downey Avenue
|road=Wilmington Avenue
|notes=
|
}}
|-
{{CAint|exit
|rowspan=3|[[Bellflower, California|Bellflower]]
|type=incomplete
|LA R14.61
|postmile=R9.80
|15A
|exit=10A
|{{Jct|state=CA|SR|19|name1=Lakewood Boulevard}}
|road=Acacia Avenue
|Signed as exit 15 eastbound
|notes=Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
|-
}}
|LA R15.10
{{CAint|exit
|15B
|type=incomplete
|Clark Avenue
|postmile=R10.27
|Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
|postmile2=R10.41
|-
|exit=10
|LA R15.61
|road=Santa Fe Avenue, [[Alameda Street]] ([[California State Route 47|SR&nbsp;47]] south)
|16
|notes=Signed as exits 10B (Alameda Street) and 10C (Santa Fe Avenue) eastbound; no westbound entrance
|[[Bellflower Boulevard]] - [[Bellflower, CA|Bellflower]]
}}
|
{{CAint|exit
|-
|location=Long Beach
|rowspan=7|[[Cerritos, California|Cerritos]]
|lspan=5
|LA R16.95
|postmile=R11.10
|17
|exit=11
|{{Jct|state=CA|I|605|name1=San Gabriel River Freeway|city1=Irwindale|city2=Seal Beach}}
|road=[[Long Beach Boulevard (California)|Long Beach Boulevard]]
|Signed as exit 17B westbound
|notes=
|-
}}
|LA R17.08
{{CAint|exit
|17A
|postmile=R11.68
|Studebaker Road
|exit=12A
|Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
|type=trans
|-
|road={{Jct|state=CA|I|710|name1=[[Long Beach Freeway]]|city1=Long Beach|city2=Pasadena}}
|LA R18.09
|notes=Signed as exits 12A (south) and 12B (north) eastbound; I-710 exits 8A-B; east end of Gardena Freeway; west end of Artesia Freeway<ref name=namedFreeways/>
|18
}}
|Pioneer Boulevard - [[Artesia, CA|Artesia]]
{{CAint|exit
|
|postmile=R12.09
|-
|exit=12B
|LA R18.67
|road=[[Atlantic Boulevard (Los Angeles County)|Atlantic Avenue]]
|19A
|notes=Signed as exit 12C eastbound; former [[California State Route 15 (pre-1964)|SR 15]]
|Norwalk Boulevard
}}
|
{{CAint|exit
|-
|postmile=R13.09
|LA R19.17<br>LA R19.43
|exit=13
|19B
|road=[[Garfield Avenue (Los Angeles County)|Cherry Avenue]]
|Artesia Boulevard, Bloomfield Avenue
|notes=
|No eastbound entrance
}}
|-
{{CAint|exit
|LA R19.81
|postmile=R13.59
|19C
|exit=14A
|Park Plaza Drive
|road=Paramount Boulevard
|Eastbound exit and entrance
|notes=
|-
}}
|LA R20.45
{{CAint|exit
|20
|location1=Long Beach
|Carmenita Road
|location2=Bellflower
|No eastbound entrance
|postmile=R14.10
|-
|exit=14B
|rowspan=23|[[Orange County, California|Orange]]
|road=Downey Avenue
|[[La Palma, California|La Palma]]
|notes=
|[[Orange County, California|ORA]] R0.54<br>ORA R0.85
}}
|21
{{CAint|exit
|Orangethorpe Avenue, Valley View Street
|location=Bellflower
|Signed as exit 22 westbound
|lspan=3
|-
|postmile=R14.62
|rowspan=2|[[Buena Park, California|Buena Park]]
|exit=15A
|ORA R1.85
|road={{Jct|state=CA|SR|19|name1=[[Lakewood Boulevard]]}}
|23A
|notes=Signed as exit 15 eastbound
|Knott Avenue
}}
|
{{CAint|exit
|-
|type=incomplete
|ORA R2.61
|postmile=R15.11
|23B
|exit=15B
|{{Jct|state=CA|SR|39|name1=Beach Boulevard|city1=Buena Park}}
|road=Clark Avenue
|
|notes=Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
|-
}}
|rowspan=18|[[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]]
{{CAint|exit
|ORA R3.53
|postmile=R15.61
|24
|exit=16
|{{Jct|state=CA|I|5|dir1=south|name1=[[Santa Ana Freeway]]|city1=Santa Ana}}
|road=Bellflower Boulevard
|Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
|notes=Former [[Legislative Route 169 (California 1933-1945)|Legislative Route 169]]
|-
}}
|ORA R3.53
{{CAint|exit
|24
|location=Cerritos
|{{Jct|state=CA|I|5|dir1=north|name1=[[Santa Ana Freeway]]|city1=Los Angeles}}
|lspan=2
|Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
|postmile=R16.94
|-
|exit=17
|ORA R3.85
|road={{Jct|state=CA|I|605|name1=[[San Gabriel River Freeway]]}}
|23C
|notes=Signed as exit 17B westbound; I-605 exit 7A
|Magnolia Avenue, Orangethorpe Avenue
}}
|Eastbound exit is part of exit 24
{{CAint|exit
|-
|type=incomplete
|ORA 1.23
|postmile=R17.09
|26
|exit=17A
|Brookhurst Street
|road=Studebaker Road
|
|notes=Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
|-
}}
|ORA 2.23
{{CAint|exit
|27
|location=Artesia
|Euclid Street
|postmile=R18.09
|
|exit=18
|-
|road=Pioneer Boulevard
|ORA 3.26<br>ORA 3.51
|notes=Former [[California State Route 35 (pre-1964)|SR 35]]
|28
}}
|Harbor Boulevard, Lemon Street, Anaheim Boulevard
{{CAint|exit
|
|location=Cerritos
|-
|lspan=5
|ORA 4.26
|postmile=R18.65
|29
|exit=19A
|East Street, Raymond Avenue
|road=Norwalk Boulevard
|
|notes=
|-
}}
|ORA 5.26
{{CAint|exit
|30A
|type=incomplete
|State College Boulevard
|postmile=R19.17
|Signed as exit 30 westbound
|postmile2=R19.43
|-
|exit=19B
|ORA 6.12
|road=Bloomfield Avenue, [[Artesia Boulevard]]
|30B
|notes=No eastbound entrance; Artesia Boulevard not signed eastbound
|{{Jct|state=CA|SR|57|name1=Orange Freeway|city1=Santa Ana|city2=Pomona}}
}}
|Signed as exit 31 westbound
{{CAint|exit
|-
|type=incomplete
|ORA 7.37
|postmile=R19.81
|31
|exit=19C
|Kraemer Boulevard, Glassell Street
|road=Shoemaker Avenue
|Signed as exit 32 westbound
|notes=Eastbound exit and eastbound entrance, both via Park Plaza Drive
|-
}}
|ORA 8.39
{{CAint|exit
|33
|type=incomplete
|Tustin Avenue
|postmile=R20.16
|
|exit=—
|-
|road=183rd Street
|ORA R9.20
|notes=Westbound entrance only
|34
}}
|{{Jct|state=CA|SR|55|dir1=south|name1=Costa Mesa Freeway|city1=Newport Beach}}
{{CAint|exit
|
|type=incomplete
|-
|postmile=R20.45
|ORA R9.20
|exit=20
|
|road=Carmenita Road
|[[Image:California 91.svg|25x20px]] [[91 Express Lanes]] (western terminus)
|Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
|notes=Exits only; eastbound entrance is via Orangethrope Avenue; westbound entrance is via 183rd Street
}}
|-
{{CAint|exit
|ORA R10.09
|county=Orange
|35
|cspan=28
|Lakeview Avenue
|county_note=ORA R0.00-R18.91
|
|location1=La Palma
|-
|location2=Buena Park
|ORA R11.54
|postmile=R0.49
|36
|postmile2=R0.85
|{{Jct|state=CA|SR|90|dir1=west|name1=[[Imperial Highway]]}}
|exit=21
|
|road=Orangethorpe Avenue, Valley View Street
|-
|notes=Signed as exit 22 westbound
|ORA R14.43
}}
|39
{{CAint|exit
|Weir Canyon Road, Yorba Linda Boulevard
|location=Buena Park
|
|lspan=2
|-
|postmile=R1.84
|ORA R15.90
|exit=23A
|40
|road=Knott Avenue
|{{Jct|state=CA|SR|241|dir1=south|name1=[[Eastern Toll Road]]|city1=Irvine}}
|notes=
|Signed as exit 41B westbound
}}
|-
{{CAint|exit
|ORA R16.40
|postmile=R2.62
|41
|exit=23B
|Gypsum Canyon Road
|road={{Jct|state=CA|SR|39|name1=[[Beach Boulevard (Orange County, California)|Beach Boulevard]]}}
|Signed as exit 41A westbound
|notes=
|-bgcolor=#e7e7e7
}}
|
{{CAint|exit
|ORA R17.95
|location1=Buena Park
|42
|location2=Fullerton
|Coal Canyon Road
|lspan=2
|Closed since 2003 for environmental reasons<ref>{{cite news | title=Discover a showery 20-foot cascade in Coal Canyon, Orange County's premier wildlife corridor | url=http://www.sdreader.com/php/roamshow.php?id=20050331 | date=2005-03-31 | accessdate=2007-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=CALIF: Wildlife Highway Under Busy 91 Freeway Links Vital Habitats | first=Janet | last=Wilson | publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=2004-04-19}}</ref>
|type=incomplete
|-
|postmile=R3.64
|rowspan=2|
|exit=24
|rowspan=2|ORA R18.90<br>[[Riverside County, California|RIV]] 0.00
|road={{Jct|state=CA|I|5|dir1=south|name1=[[Santa Ana Freeway]]|city1=Santa Ana}}
|rowspan=2|
|notes=Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; I-5 north exit 113C
|rowspan=2|[[Image:California 91.svg|25x20px]] [[91 Express Lanes]] (eastern terminus)
}}
|rowspan=2|Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
{{CAint|exit
|-
|type=hov
|rowspan=25|[[Riverside County, California|Riverside]]
|postmile=none
|-
|exit=♦
|
|road={{Jct|state=CA|I|5|dir1=south}}
|RIV R1.03
|notes=[[High-occupancy vehicle lane|HOV]] access only; eastbound exit and westbound entrance
|44
}}
|Green River Road
{{CAint|exit
|
|type=trans
|-
|location=Fullerton
|rowspan=8|[[Corona, California|Corona]]
|lspan=2
|RIV R2.09
|postmile=none
|45
|place=East end of Artesia Freeway; west end of Riverside Freeway<ref name=namedFreeways/>
|{{Jct|state=CA|SR|71|dir1=north|name1=Chino Valley Freeway|city1=Ontario|city2=Pomona}}
}}
|
{{CAint|exit
|-
|RIV R3.71
|postmile=R3.73
|exit=23C
|47
|road={{Jct|state=CA|road|Magnolia Avenue, Orangethorpe Avenue|to2=yes|I|5}}
|Serfas Club Drive, Auto Center Drive
|notes=Eastbound exit is part of exit 24; Orangethorpe Avenue not signed eastbound; provides access to I-5 southbound from the westbound 91 and to I-5 northbound from the eastbound 91
|
}}
|-
{{CAint|exit
|RIV 4.16
|location1=Anaheim
|48
|location2=Fullerton
|6th Street, Maple Street
|lspan=5
|
|type=hov
|-
|postmile=none
|RIV 5.38
|exit=♦
|49A
|road={{Jct|state=CA|I|5|dir1=north}}
|Lincoln Avenue
|notes=[[High-occupancy vehicle lane|HOV]] access only; westbound exit and eastbound entrance
|Signed as exit 49 westbound
}}
|-
{{CAint|exit
|RIV 5.99
|type=incomplete
|49B
|postmile=R3.85
|Grand Boulevard
|exit=24
|Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
|road={{Jct|state=CA|I|5|dir1=north|name1=Santa Ana Freeway|city1=Los Angeles}}
|-
|notes=Westbound exit and eastbound entrance; I-5 south exit 114B
|RIV 6.34
}}
|50
{{CAint|exit
|Main Street
|postmile=1.23
|Former [[SR 31 (CA)|SR 31]]
|exit=26
|-
|road=Brookhurst Street
|RIV 7.54
|notes=
|51
}}
|{{Jct|state=CA|I|15|name1=Corona Freeway|city1=Barstow|city2=San Diego}}
{{CAint|exit
|
|postmile=2.23
|-
|exit=27
|RIV 9.18
|road=Euclid Street
|53
|notes=
|McKinley Street
}}
|Signed as exits 53A (south) and 53B (north) westbound
{{CAint|exit
|-
|postmile=3.26
|rowspan=15|[[Riverside, California|Riverside]]
|postmile2=3.51
|RIV 10.81
|exit=28
|54
|road=[[Harbor Boulevard]], Lemon Street, Anaheim Boulevard
|Pierce Street
|notes=Harbor Boulevard was former [[California State Route 72|SR 72]]
|Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
}}
|-
{{CAint|exit
|RIV 11.10
|location=Anaheim
|55A
|lspan=11
|Magnolia Avenue
|postmile=4.26
|
|exit=29
|-
|road=East Street, Raymond Avenue
|RIV 11.99
|notes=
|55B
}}
|La Sierra Avenue
{{CAint|exit
|
|postmile=5.26
|-
|exit=30
|RIV 13.04
|road=State College Boulevard
|56
|notes=Signed as exit 30A eastbound; former [[California State Route 250|SR 250]]
|Tyler Street
}}
|
{{CAint|exit
|-
|type=hov
|RIV 14.08
|postmile=none
|58
|exit=♦
|Van Buren Boulevard - [[Arlington, California|Arlington]]
|road={{Jct|state=CA|SR|57|dir1=North}}
|
|notes=HOV access only; eastbound exit and westbound entrance
|-
}}
|RIV 15.63
{{CAint|exit
|59
|postmile=6.12
|Adams Street, Auto Center Drive
|exit=31
|
|road={{Jct|state=CA|SR|57|name1=[[Orange Freeway]]|city1=Santa Ana|city2=Pomona}}
|-
|notes=Signed as exit 30B eastbound; SR 57 north exits 5A-B, south exit 5
|RIV 16.65
}}
|60
{{CAint|exit
|Madison Street
|postmile=7.36
|
|exit=32
|-
|road=Kraemer Boulevard, Glassell Street
|RIV 17.82
|notes=Signed as exit 31 eastbound
|61
}}
|Arlington Avenue
{{CAint|exit
|
|postmile=8.40
|-
|exit=33
|RIV 18.41
|road=Tustin Avenue
|62
|notes=
|Central Avenue - [[Magnolia Center]]
}}
|
{{CAint|exit
|-
|postmile=none
|RIV 20.00
|type=etc
|63
|exit=—
|14th Street
|road=91 Express Lanes
|
|notes=West end of 91 Express Lanes
|-
}}
|RIV 20.45<br>RIV 20.53
{{CAint|exit
|64
|postmile=R9.19
|University Avenue, Mission Inn Avenue - [[Downtown Riverside, California|Downtown Riverside]]
|exit=34
|
|road={{Jct|state=CA|SR|55|dir1=south|name1=[[Costa Mesa Freeway]]|city1=Newport Beach}}
|-
|notes=Left exit westbound; SR 55 north exits 18A-B
|RIV 21.47
}}
|65A
{{CAint|exit
|Spruce Street, Poplar Street
|type=etc
|Signed as exit 65 eastbound
|postmile=none
|-
|exit=—
|RIV 21.68
|road={{Jct|state=CA|SR|55|dir1=south}}
|65B
|notes=Express Lanes access only; westbound exit and eastbound entrance
|{{Jct|state=CA|I|215|dir1=south|name2=[[Moreno Valley Freeway]]|city1=San Diego|CA|60|dir2=east|city2=Indio}}
}}
|
{{CAint|exit
|-
|postmile=R10.09
|RIV 21.68
|exit=35
|65C
|road=Lakeview Avenue
|{{Jct|state=CA|SR|60|dir1=west|name1=[[Pomona Freeway]]|city1=Los Angeles}}
|notes=
|
}}
|-
{{CAint|exit
|RIV 21.68
|postmile=R11.54
|65D
|exit=36
|{{Jct|state=CA|I|215|dir1=north|name1=[[Riverside Freeway]]|city1=San Bernardino|city2=Barstow}}
|road={{Jct|state=CA|SR|90|dir1=west|name1=[[Imperial Highway]]}}
|
|notes=
|}
}}
{{CAint|exit
|location1=Anaheim
|location2=Yorba Linda
|lspan=5
|postmile=R14.43
|exit=39
|road=Weir Canyon Road, Yorba Linda Boulevard
|notes=
}}
{{CAint|exit
|type=toll
|postmile=R15.93
|pmspan=2
|exit=40
|road={{Jct|state=CA|SR-Toll|241|dir1=south|name1=[[Eastern Toll Road (California)|Eastern Toll Road]]|city1=Irvine}}
|notes=Signed as exit 41B westbound; SR 241 north exits 39A-B
}}
{{CAint|exit
|type=unbuilt
|mile=none
|exit=—
|road={{Jct|state=CA|SR-Toll|241|dir1=south}}
|notes=Express Lanes access only; westbound exit and eastbound entrance; scheduled to be completed by 2027<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irvinestandard.com/2023/regional-improvements-making-headway|title=Regional improvements making headway|work=Irvine Standard|last=Berg|first=Tom|date=August 1, 2023|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{CAint|exit
|postmile=R16.40
|exit=41
|road=Gypsum Canyon Road
|notes=Signed as exit 41A westbound
}}
{{CAint|exit
|type=closed
|postmile=R17.95
|exit=42
|road=Coal Canyon Road
|notes=Closed in 2003 for environmental reasons<ref>{{cite news |title= Wildlife Highway Under Busy 91 Freeway Links Vital Habitats |first= Janet |last= Wilson |work= Los Angeles Times |date= April 19, 2004 |page=B1 }}</ref>
}}
{{CAint|exit
|county=Riverside
|cspan=26
|county_note=RIV R0.00-21.66
|location=Corona
|lspan=11
|postmile=R1.03
|exit=44
|road=Green River Road
|notes=
}}
{{CAint|exit
|postmile=R2.09
|exit=45
|road={{Jct|state=CA|SR|71|dir1=north|name1=[[Chino Valley Freeway]]|city1=Ontario|city2=Pomona}}
|notes=
}}
{{CAint|exit
|postmile=R3.71
|exit=47
|road=Serfas Club Drive, Auto Center Drive
|notes=
}}
{{CAint|exit
|postmile=4.16
|exit=48
|road=Maple Street, West Sixth Street
|notes=Former [[U.S. Route 91 in California|US 91]] / [[California State Route 71|SR 71]] south
}}
{{CAint|exit
|postmile=5.38
|exit=49
|road=Lincoln Avenue
|notes=Formerly exit 49A eastbound
}}
{{CAint|exit
|type=closed
|postmile=6.02
|exit=49B
|road=[[Grand Boulevard (Corona)|Grand Boulevard]]
|notes=Closed in 2015 due to freeway widening<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sr91project.info/project-segments/lincoln-avenue-to-grand-boulevard/view/b|title=Lincoln Avenue to Grand Boulevard|date=April 22, 2024 }}</ref>
}}
{{CAint|exit
|postmile=6.34
|exit=50
|road=Main Street
|notes=Former [[California State Route 31|SR 31]]
}}
{{CAint|exit
|type=etc
|postmile=7.45
|pmspan=3
|exit=—
|road={{Jct|state=CA|I-Express|15}}
|notes=Express Lanes access only; eastbound exit and westbound entrance; exit to I-15 south express lanes opened in 2017<ref name="sr91project"/> and exit to I-15 north express lanes opened in 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=I-15 To 91 Interchange Express Lanes Open At Last: What To Know |url=https://patch.com/california/lakeelsinore-wildomar/i-15-91-interchange-express-lanes-open-last-what-know |website=Lake Elsinore-Wildomar Patch |date=November 21, 2023 |publisher=Patch Media |access-date=November 22, 2023}}</ref>
}}
{{CAint|exit
|type=etc
|mile=none
|exit=—
|road=91 Express Lanes
|notes=East end of 91 Express Lanes; opened in 2017<ref name="sr91project"/>
}}
{{CAint|exit
|mile=none
|exit=51
|road={{Jct|state=CA|I|15|name1=[[Ontario Freeway]]|city1=Barstow|city2=Ontario|city3=San Diego}}
|notes=I-15 north exit 96 northbound, south exits 96A-B
}}
{{CAint|exit
|postmile=9.18
|exit=53
|road=McKinley Street
|notes=Signed as exits 53A (south) and 53B (north) westbound
}}
{{CAint|exit
|location=Riverside
|lspan=15
|type=incomplete
|postmile=10.81
|exit=54
|road=Pierce Street, Riverwalk Parkway
|notes=Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
}}
{{CAint|exit
|postmile=11.10
|exit=55A
|road=Magnolia Avenue
|notes=Former [[U.S. Route 91 in California|US 91]]
}}
{{CAint|exit
|postmile=11.99
|exit=55B
|road=La Sierra Avenue
|notes=
}}
{{CAint|exit
|postmile=13.04
|exit=56
|road=Tyler Street
|notes=
}}
{{CAint|exit
|postmile=14.08
|exit=58
|road=Van Buren Boulevard
|notes=
}}
{{CAint|exit
|postmile=15.63
|exit=59
|road=Adams Street, Auto Center Drive
|notes=
}}
{{CAint|exit
|postmile=16.65
|exit=60
|road=Madison Street
|notes=
}}
{{CAint|exit
|postmile=17.82
|exit=61
|road=Arlington Avenue
|notes=
}}
{{CAint|exit
|postmile=18.41
|exit=62
|road=Central Avenue, Riverside Plaza Avenue
|notes=
}}
{{CAint|exit
|postmile=20.00
|exit=63
|road=14th Street
|notes=
}}
{{CAint|exit
|postmile=20.45
|postmile2=20.53
|exit=64
|road=University Avenue, Mission Inn Avenue&nbsp;– [[Downtown Riverside, California|Downtown Riverside]]
|notes=Former [[U.S. Route 60 in California|US 60]] / [[U.S. Route 395 in California|US 395]]
}}
{{CAint|exit
|type=incomplete
|postmile=21.47
|exit=65A
|road=Spruce Street
|notes=Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; westbound exit and entrance via Poplar Street, and eastbound exit and entrance via La Cadena Drive, demolished in 2005 due to reconstruction
}}
{{CAint|exit
|postmile=21.66
|pmspan=3
|exit=65B
|road={{Jct|state=CA|I|215|name1=[[Escondido Freeway]]|dir1=south|SR|60|dir2=east|name2=Moreno Valley Freeway|city1=San Diego|city2=Indio}}
|notes=Eastern terminus; I-215 was former [[Interstate 15E (California)|I-15E]] / [[U.S. Route 91 in California|US 91]] north / [[U.S. Route 395 in California|US 395]]; SR 60 east exit 53A; I-215 north exit 34B; Riverside Freeway north follows I-215 north
|nspan=3
}}
{{CAint|exit
|mile=none
|exit=65C
|road={{Jct|state=CA|SR|60|dir1=west|name1=Pomona Freeway|city1=Los Angeles}}
|notes=none
}}
{{CAint|exit
|type=trans
|mile=none
|exit=—
|road={{Jct|state=CA|I|215|dir1=north|name1=Riverside Freeway north|city1=San Bernardino}}
|notes=none
}}
{{jctbtm|col=6|keys=closed,etc,hov,incomplete,trans,unbuilt}}
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==See also==
*{{portal-inline|California Roads}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{LA Freeways}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.westcoastroads.com/california/ca-091.html California @ WestCoastRoads.com - State Route 91]
{{commons category|California State Route 91}}
{{AttachedKML|display=title,inline}}
*[http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/sr91 Caltrans: Route 91 highway conditions]
{{CASR external links|SR|91}}
*[http://www.cahighways.org/089-096.html#091 California Highways: SR 91]
*[http://www.octa.net/91%20express.asp 91 Express Lanes]
*{{official website|http://www.91expresslanes.com/|name=91 Express Lanes official website}}
*[http://www.6091215.dot.ca.gov/ The 60/91/215 Freeway Improvement Project]
*[http://www.aaroads.com/california/ca-091.html California @ AARoads - California 91]
*[http://www.cahighways.org/089-096.html#091 California Highways: SR&nbsp;91]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150507032231/http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist8/projects/riverside/6091215/index.htm 60/91/215 Improvement Project]
*[http://www.asphaltplanet.ca/CA/CA/91/index.html California Highway 91 @ Asphaltplanet.ca]

{{compact state detail browse|type=US|route=91|statebefore=Terminus<br>(historical)|statebeforelink=no|state=California<br>(historical)|stateafter=[[U.S. Route 91 in Nevada|Nevada]]<br>(historical)|stateafterlink=no}}
{{1984 Summer Olympic venues}}
{{Olympic venues cycling}}


[[Category:State highways in California|091]]
[[Category:State highways in California|091]]
[[Category:Southern California freeways|091]]
[[Category:Southern California freeways|091]]
[[Category:Los Angeles County, California|State Route 091]]
[[Category:Roads in Los Angeles County, California|State Route 091]]
[[Category:Transportation in Orange County, California|State Route 091]]
[[Category:Roads in Orange County, California|State Route 091]]
[[Category:Riverside County, California|State Route 091]]
[[Category:Roads in Riverside County, California|State Route 091]]
[[Category:State Scenic Highway System (California)|091]]

[[Category:Venues of the 1984 Summer Olympics]]
[[de:California State Route 91]]
[[Category:Olympic cycling venues]]
[[Category:U.S. Route 91|California State Route 091]]

Latest revision as of 19:41, 25 December 2024

State Route 91 marker
State Route 91
Map
SR 91 highlighted in red, with relinquished portions in pink
Route information
Maintained by Caltrans
Length59.047 mi[1] (95.027 km)
Portions of SR 91 have been relinquished to or are otherwise maintained by local or other governments, and are not included in the length.
History1930s as a highway; 1964 as number
Tourist
routes
Riverside Freeway[2]
Major junctions
West endVermont Avenue in Gardena[3]
Major intersections
East end I-215 / SR 60 in Riverside
Location
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
CountiesLos Angeles, Orange, Riverside
Highway system
SR 90US 91, SR 91 SR 92

State Route 91 (SR 91) is a major east–west state highway in the U.S. state of California that serves several regions of the Greater Los Angeles urban area. A freeway throughout its entire length, it officially runs from Vermont Avenue[3] in Gardena, just west of the junction with the Harbor Freeway (Interstate 110, I-110), east to Riverside at the junction with the Pomona (SR 60 west of SR 91) and Moreno Valley (SR 60 and I-215 east of SR 91) freeways.

Though signs along the portion from Vermont Avenue west to Pacific Coast Highway (SR 1) in Hermosa Beach along Artesia Boulevard are still signed as SR 91, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) no longer controls this portion of the highway, as this segment was relinquished to local jurisdictions in 2003.[3]

SR 91 inherited its route number from the mostly decommissioned U.S. Route 91 (US 91), which passed through the Inland Empire in a northeasterly direction on its way to Las Vegas, Salt Lake City, and points beyond. Those segments of US 91 are now parallel to, or have been replaced altogether by, I-15.

Route description

[edit]

From the Harbor Freeway (I-110) to its interchange with the Long Beach Freeway (I-710) in northern Long Beach, SR 91 is named the Gardena Freeway. Between the Long Beach Freeway and its interchange with the Santa Ana Freeway (I-5) in Buena Park, it is named the Artesia Freeway. From the Santa Ana Freeway to its eastern terminus at the interchange of the Pomona, Moreno Valley, and Escondido Freeways, it is named the Riverside Freeway.

Control cities on the route vary by location. Heading westbound, between SR 60/I-215 and the Orange County line, the control city is Beach Cities. With SR 241 heading towards Irvine, Laguna Beach, and the rest of south Orange County, the control city becomes Los Angeles between the Orange–Riverside county line and I-5. I-5 directs travelers to Los Angeles so between I-5 and Pioneer Boulevard, the control city is Artesia. Between Pioneer Boulevard and SR 1, the control city becomes Beach Cities again besides Carmenita Road in Cerritos, the control city is in Long Beach. Heading eastbound, the control city for the entire route is Riverside. The Beach Cities control city may have to do with SR 91's former western terminus in Hermosa Beach.

SR 91 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System,[4] and is part of the National Highway System,[5] a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration.[6] SR 91 is part of the State Scenic Highway System from SR 55 to the east city limit of Anaheim, in the western part of the Santa Ana Canyon,[7] and is eligible for the system through the canyon to Interstate 15.[8]

Gardena Freeway

[edit]

The Gardena Freeway is a freeway in southern Los Angeles County. It is the westernmost freeway portion of State Route 91. It begins just west of the Harbor Freeway at the intersection with Vermont Avenue in the eastern edge of the city of Gardena, proceeding eastward approximately six miles (10 km) until it intersects the Long Beach Freeway. Thereafter, SR 91 is known as the Artesia Freeway.

Until 1991, the Gardena Freeway was known as the Redondo Beach Freeway. The name change reflected the successful efforts of the cities of Torrance and Redondo Beach to block the extension of the freeway westward to its intended terminus at the cancelled Pacific Coast Freeway in Redondo Beach. In 1997, the California government dedicated the portion of SR 91 between Alameda Street and Central Avenue to former assemblyman Willard H. Murray Jr.

Artesia Freeway

[edit]

The Artesia Freeway is a freeway in southeastern Los Angeles County and northwestern Orange County. It runs east–west from its western terminus at the Long Beach Freeway in northern Long Beach to its eastern terminus at the Santa Ana Freeway in Buena Park. (SR 91 continues west of the Long Beach Freeway as the Gardena Freeway, and east of the Santa Ana Freeway as the Riverside Freeway.) The "Artesia Freeway" name originally was assigned to the entire length of SR 91 west of the Santa Ana Freeway in the early 1970s since it was, in sense, the freeway realignment of SR 91 from the paralleling Artesia Boulevard.

During the 1984 Summer Olympics, a 25 km (16 mi) stretch of the highway was home to the cycling men's road team time trial event.[9]

As the only freeway to link Los Angeles, Orange, and Riverside counties, SR 91 is one of the most heavily congested routes in Southern California.

Riverside Freeway

[edit]
Eastbound SR 91 just before SR 71 in February 2008 before the toll lane extension
Eastbound SR 91 at SR 55 (right) and 91 Express Lanes (left) in June 2022
Easterly view approaching SR 57 in October 2011

Between the Santa Ana Freeway, Interstate 5 (I-5), in Buena Park and the 91 Freeway's eastern terminus at a junction with Interstate 215 and State Route 60 in Riverside, the 91 Freeway's assigned name is the Riverside Freeway. Past the I-215/SR 60/SR 91 junction, the Riverside Freeway continues as I-215.

The freeway through the Santa Ana Canyon is paralleled by the 91/Perris Valley Line of Metrolink. Named after SR 91, the line also connects Los Angeles to Orange and Riverside counties.

A weigh station for both directions is located between the Imperial Highway and Yorba Linda Boulevard/Weir Canyon Road exits.

In 2003, Caltrans permanently closed off the Coal Canyon Road westbound and eastbound exits and entrances for environmental purposes; however, there are still traces of unmaintained road where the former exit lay, showing evidence that the ramps still exist, available to use as runaway ramps or for emergency stops.

In 2015, Caltrans permanently closed off the Grand Boulevard eastbound exit and westbound entrance to accommodate the widening of the freeway. If the ramps had stayed open, more businesses and houses would have been demolished. The ramps were scrapped with the widening and there is no emergency exit.

The Riverside Freeway first opened in 1963 signed as U.S. Route 91 and U.S. Route 395 and the last section was built in 1975.

91 Express Lanes

[edit]

The 91 Express Lanes are 18-mile (29 km) high-occupancy toll lanes (HOT lanes) contained entirely within the median of the Riverside Freeway in Orange and Riverside counties. The 91 Express Lanes run from the junction of SR 91 with the SR 55 Freeway (Costa Mesa Freeway) in Anaheim to its junction with I-15 in Corona. Before the extension in 2017, they ended at the Riverside County line. With the extension of the toll lanes, the HOV lane between I-15 and Green River Road was converted into a HOT lane. The primary purpose of the toll lanes is to provide a faster output for drivers due to the congestion the highway experiences during peak hours, and to promote carpooling. The toll lanes opened in 1995 and when they opened, it was the country's first fully-automated toll collection system to feature value pricing.[10]

The 91 Express Lanes consist of two primary lanes in each direction, separated from the main lanes of the Riverside Freeway with white, 3-foot-high (0.91 m), plastic lane markers (as opposed to concrete barriers or a similar solid barrier, or even just double white lines separating many other California HOT lanes). Entry and exit points for the 91 Express Lanes are only located at their west and east ends, and at the Orange–Riverside county line where the toll road originally terminated before 2017.[11]

All tolls are collected using an open road tolling system, and therefore there are no toll booths to receive cash. Each vehicle is required to carry a FasTrak transponder.[11] The 91 Express Lanes use a variable pricing system based on the time of day. The road is not truly congestion priced because toll rates come from a preset schedule and are not based on actual congestion. As of July 2022, the highest toll rate on the tollway, charged 2:00 pm to 3:00 pm eastbound on Fridays, is $14.24 to travel the entire length ($8.60 on the Orange County segment, plus $5.65 on the Riverside County segment).[12] The highest toll in the morning rush hour, charged 7:00 am to 7:59 am westbound Monday to Thursday, is $15.35 ($9.40 on the Riverside County segment, plus $5.95 on the Orange County segment).[12] Carpools with three or more people are charged 50 percent of the posted toll when traveling eastbound from 4:00 pm to 6:00 pm on weekdays, and travel toll-free at all other times, if they use the designated carpool lane at the toll collection points. Drivers without any FasTrak tag will be assessed a toll violation regardless of whether they qualified for the carpool discounts.[11]

A toll policy is published which states the criteria where tolls will be raised. The policy is designed to "a) reduce the likelihood of congestion by diverting traffic to other hours with available capacity; b) maintain free flow travel speed in the 91 Express Lanes; c) maintain travel time savings; d) accommodate projected growth in travel demand and; e) ensure that the toll road generates sufficient revenue to effectively operate the toll lanes and maintain a strong debt service position."[citation needed] Changes to the toll schedule require ten days notification to the public and the OCTA board. Once tolls are changed during the super peak period, they may not be changed again for six months. All tolls increase annually due to inflation.[13] Despite this, the toll lanes are generally free flowing during most peak hour conditions.[14]

History

[edit]

Original US 91: Barstow to Nevada

[edit]
U.S. Route 91 marker
U.S. Route 91
LocationLong Beach to Nevada state line near Primm
Existed1926 (1926)–1974 (1974)

The Arrowhead Trail, an auto trail connecting Salt Lake City with Los Angeles, initially took a longer route via present US 95 and former US 66 between Las Vegas and Needles, as the more direct Old Spanish Trail was in very poor condition.[15][16] The "Silver Lake cutoff", which would save about 90 miles (145 km),[17] was proposed by 1920,[18] and completed in 1925 as an oiled road by San Bernardino County.[19][20] The Bureau of Public Roads and the state of Nevada both urged its inclusion in the state highway system, the former as part of the federal aid highway connecting Salt Lake City and Los Angeles,[21] and the state legislature did that in 1925,[22] with it becoming an extension of Route 31. (Across the state line, State Route 6 continued through Las Vegas to Arizona.) The initial plan for the U.S. Highway system simply stated that Route No. 91 would run from Las Vegas "to an intersection with Route No. 60" (which became US 66 in 1926),[23] but in 1926 the cutoff was chosen, ending at US 66 at Daggett, just east of Barstow.[24][25] (The roadway south from Las Vegas later became part of US 95.) The route was added to the federal-aid secondary system in 1926,[26] which helped pay for a mid-1930s widening and paving, including some realignments (parts of the old road are now known as Arrowhead Trail). The new routing generally followed the present I-15, except through Baker (where it used Baker Boulevard) and into Barstow (where it followed former SR 58 to First Avenue, ending at Main Street, which carried US 66).[27]

SR 18: former extension of US 91 through Santa Ana Canyon to Long Beach

[edit]

US 91 was extended southwest to Long Beach in the late 1940s.[28] Beginning at Barstow, the extension overlapped US 66 over Cajon Pass to San Bernardino. From San Bernardino west through Riverside and Santa Ana Canyon to Olive, the state took over a mostly paved county highway[21][29] in 1931 as part of an extension of Route 43 to Newport Beach via Santa Ana.[30] Two branches leading west from Route 43 near Olive along mostly constructed county roads were added in 1933: Route 175 along Orangethorpe Avenue and Artesia Boulevard from near the mouth of the canyon west to Route 60 (now SR 1) in Hermosa Beach (unconstructed through Compton until the mid-1950s[31][32][33]), and Route 178 along Lincoln Avenue and Carson Street from Olive west to Route 168 (now SR 19) in Lakewood.[34][35] When state routes were marked in 1934, Route 175 became Sign Route 14, and Sign Route 18 included all of Route 178 and most of Route 43 into the San Bernardino Mountains.[36][37] When US 91 was extended to Long Beach, it overlapped SR 18 from San Bernardino to Lakewood, where it turned south along SR 19 to the Los Alamitos Traffic Circle. There it turned west along US 101 Alternate to near downtown Long Beach, where it ended at SR 15 (Atlantic Avenue), at a terminus shared with US 6. (This routing along SR 19 and US 101 Alt. also became an extension of SR 18.)[32][38]

In 1935, the state improved the alignment between Fairmont Boulevard and Gypsum Canyon Road, including a bypass of the old road, which curved along the south slope of the canyon, east of Weir Canyon Road.[39] In the late 1930s, the Prado Dam project resulted in the bypassing of a longer section, replacing Prado Road, an abandoned road curving to the east end of the dam, Pomona Rincon Road, Auto Center Drive, Pomona Road, and Yorba Street with the present Green River Road, Palisades Drive, part of SR 91, and 6th Street.[40][41]

SR 14: present SR 91 to Hermosa Beach

[edit]

Before the present freeway was constructed, SR 14 ran along Gould Avenue, Redondo Beach Boulevard, Compton Boulevard, Alameda Street, Artesia Avenue, La Habra Boulevard, Firestone Boulevard and Orangethorpe Avenue.[42] In the 1964 renumbering, SR 14 was renumbered to SR 91.

Prior to 1991, the Gardena Freeway was known as the Redondo Beach Freeway, referring to Caltrans's original intention for the freeway portion of the route to continue all the way to the never-built Pacific Coast Freeway.

Before 1997, Caltrans controlled maintenance of SR 91 up to State Route 1 in Hermosa Beach. The portion between Vermont Avenue and Western Avenue was relinquished to Gardena in 1997. In 2003, the western portion, from SR 1 to Western Avenue, was relinquished to the cities that the road goes through.

The first segment of the freeway was built in 1965 as US 91, and the last segment was built in 1975. Despite the relinquishments, however, Artesia Boulevard between I-110 and SR 1 is still signed off as SR 91.

Construction of the 91 Express Lanes

[edit]

Due to rapid population growth and the decline in the availability of affordable housing closer to job centers in Orange County, new residential development began in earnest in western Riverside County from the 1980s through today. This development is occurring in or around existing cities such as Riverside, Corona, Moreno Valley, Lake Elsinore, Murrieta, and Temecula. This development also led to the incorporation of the cities of Wildomar, Menifee, Eastvale, and Jurupa Valley.

As there are very few direct routes between Orange and Riverside counties because of the Santa Ana Mountains that separate them, the Riverside Freeway is subject to high traffic volumes, composed primarily of commuters traveling between their jobs in Orange County and their homes in Riverside County (often referred to by traffic reporters as "The Corona Crawl").[43] Typical peak period delays were 30–40 minutes in each direction in the ten miles (16 km) of the tollway before construction.[44]

Westbound Artesia Freeway (SR 91) at the interchange with the Long Beach Freeway (I-710) in August 2013

Solutions to the traffic problem were limited. The chosen solution was to create a toll road in the median of the freeway. This original section of the 91 Express Lanes operated between the Costa Mesa Freeway (SR 55) interchange in eastern Anaheim and the Orange–Riverside county line, a distance of about 10 miles (16 km). The project was developed in partnership with the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) by California Private Transportation Company (CPTC), which formally transferred ownership of the facility to the State of California prior to opening the project to traffic on December 27, 1995. Caltrans then leased the toll road back to CPTC for a 35-year operating period. The new lanes have been officially designated a part of the state highway system.[45] The California Highway Patrol (CHP) is responsible for providing police services at CPTC's expense. Maintenance and operational costs for the facility are also the responsibility of CPTC.

In April 2002, the Orange County Transportation Authority (OCTA) reached an agreement in concept to purchase the private toll road project for $207.5 million. The OCTA took possession of the toll road on January 3, 2003, marking the first time the 91 Express Lanes was managed by public officials. Within a few months, OCTA turned the lanes into the HOT / tollway hybrid that it is today.[46] One of the primary investors in CPTC, Cofiroute USA, continues to manage and operate the lanes under a management contract with OCTA.[47]

Opening in 1995, the 91 Express Lanes was the first privately funded tollway built in the United States since the 1940s, and the first fully automated tollway in the world.

The express lanes have been controversial because of a non-compete agreement that the state made with CPTC. The clause, which was negotiated by Caltrans and never was brought to the legislature, prevented any improvements along 30 miles (48 km) of the Riverside Freeway to ensure profit for the express lanes. This includes restricting the state from widening the free lanes or building mass transit near the freeway. CPTC filed a lawsuit against Caltrans over freeway widening related to the interchange with the Eastern Transportation Corridor, which was dismissed once the purchase with OCTA was finalized.[48] Following the settlement, an additional lane was added for a 5-mile (8.0 km) segment eastbound from SR 241 to SR 71.

However, as a result of the controversy, more toll road advocates favor creating local agencies similar to transportation corridor agencies to build and maintain future tollways. New toll roads would be financed with tax-exempt bonds on a stand-alone basis, meaning that taxpayers would not be responsible for repaying any debt if toll revenues fall short. Also, there would be a less restrictive non-compete clause: they would be compensated only for any revenue loss caused by improvements near the toll roads.[49]

In the mid-2010s, the Riverside County Transportation Commission extended the 91 Express Lanes east from their previous terminus at the Orange–Riverside county line to the I-15 interchange in Corona; this extension opened to traffic on March 20, 2017.[50] Both Orange and Riverside County transportation agencies co-manage the 91 Express Lanes.[51][52]

Future

[edit]

In 2005, evaluations were made about the feasibility of constructing two tunnels through the Santa Ana Mountains which could carry 72,000 cars per day and allow for a commuter rail service between Corona and Irvine. The financial and technical evaluations found that in the current financial environment, building the tunnels would not be financially or technologically feasible. Additional study of the Irvine Corona Expressway tunnel project has been deferred until such time as financial considerations improve and/or technological advancements warrant reexamination.[53] If built, the Irvine-Corona Expressway would follow a similar route to the 91 Freeway and is designed to reduce the growing traffic congestion on SR 91 that prompted the construction of the 91 Express Lanes. If completed, the Irvine-Corona Expressway is projected to be the longest traffic tunnel in North America, approximately 11.5 miles (18.5 km). One tunnel would be a reversible two-lane freeway for autos and trucks, the direction reversed based on time of day. It would carry westbound traffic in the morning hours, and eastbound traffic during the afternoon and early evening hours. The second tunnel would be slated exclusively for light rail commuter train service. The proposed tunnels are opposed by environmental groups, cities in Orange County near the terminus of the proposed road, and by the Irvine Company, which believes that the tunnel is not necessary and distracts from short-term solutions such as freeway widening.[54]

Numerous other projects by the Orange County Transportation Authority are currently underway or in the planning phases for distant completion, some as far out as the year 2030.[55]

Exit list

[edit]

Except where prefixed with a letter, postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964, based on the alignment that existed at the time, and do not necessarily reflect current mileage. R reflects a realignment in the route since then, M indicates a second realignment, L refers to an overlap due to a correction or change, and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary (for a full list of prefixes, see California postmile § Official postmile definitions).[1] Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted. The numbers reset at county lines; the start and end postmiles in each county are given in the county column.

CountyLocationPostmile
[1][56][57][58]
Exit
[59]
DestinationsNotes
Los Angeles
LA 0.00-R20.74
Hermosa BeachRedondo Beach line0.00[a]Gould AvenueContinuation beyond SR 1
SR 1 (Pacific Coast Highway, Sepulveda Boulevard)Original western terminus of SR 91
LawndaleRedondo Beach line[a]

Redondo Beach Boulevard to I-405 north / Hawthorne Boulevard north
Redondo BeachTorrance line2.47[a] SR 107 (Hawthorne Boulevard)No left turn eastbound
Torrance3.07[a] I-405 (San Diego Freeway) – Long Beach, Santa MonicaInterchange; former SR 7 south; I-405 north exit 40, south exit 40A
GardenaLos Angeles line6.01Vermont AvenueWest end of state maintenance; west end of Gardena Freeway[60]
Los AngelesR6.346
I-110 (Harbor Freeway) to I-405 – San Pedro, Los Angeles
No exit number eastbound; exits to I-110 south provides direct access to I-405; I-110 north exits 10A-B, south exit 10
CarsonR6.907AMain StreetNo westbound entrance
R7.437BAvalon Boulevard
CarsonCompton lineR8.448Central Avenue
ComptonR9.169Wilmington Avenue
R9.8010AAcacia AvenueEastbound exit and westbound entrance
R10.27–
R10.41
10Santa Fe Avenue, Alameda Street (SR 47 south)Signed as exits 10B (Alameda Street) and 10C (Santa Fe Avenue) eastbound; no westbound entrance
Long BeachR11.1011Long Beach Boulevard
R11.6812A I-710 (Long Beach Freeway) – Long Beach, PasadenaSigned as exits 12A (south) and 12B (north) eastbound; I-710 exits 8A-B; east end of Gardena Freeway; west end of Artesia Freeway[60]
R12.0912BAtlantic AvenueSigned as exit 12C eastbound; former SR 15
R13.0913Cherry Avenue
R13.5914AParamount Boulevard
Long BeachBellflower lineR14.1014BDowney Avenue
BellflowerR14.6215A SR 19 (Lakewood Boulevard)Signed as exit 15 eastbound
R15.1115BClark AvenueWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
R15.6116Bellflower BoulevardFormer Legislative Route 169
CerritosR16.9417 I-605 (San Gabriel River Freeway)Signed as exit 17B westbound; I-605 exit 7A
R17.0917AStudebaker RoadWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
ArtesiaR18.0918Pioneer BoulevardFormer SR 35
CerritosR18.6519ANorwalk Boulevard
R19.17–
R19.43
19BBloomfield Avenue, Artesia BoulevardNo eastbound entrance; Artesia Boulevard not signed eastbound
R19.8119CShoemaker AvenueEastbound exit and eastbound entrance, both via Park Plaza Drive
R20.16183rd StreetWestbound entrance only
R20.4520Carmenita RoadExits only; eastbound entrance is via Orangethrope Avenue; westbound entrance is via 183rd Street
Orange
ORA R0.00-R18.91
La PalmaBuena Park lineR0.49–
R0.85
21Orangethorpe Avenue, Valley View StreetSigned as exit 22 westbound
Buena ParkR1.8423AKnott Avenue
R2.6223B SR 39 (Beach Boulevard)
Buena ParkFullerton lineR3.6424
I-5 south (Santa Ana Freeway) – Santa Ana
Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; I-5 north exit 113C

I-5 south
HOV access only; eastbound exit and westbound entrance
FullertonEast end of Artesia Freeway; west end of Riverside Freeway[60]
R3.7323C
Magnolia Avenue, Orangethorpe Avenue to I-5
Eastbound exit is part of exit 24; Orangethorpe Avenue not signed eastbound; provides access to I-5 southbound from the westbound 91 and to I-5 northbound from the eastbound 91
AnaheimFullerton line
I-5 north
HOV access only; westbound exit and eastbound entrance
R3.8524
I-5 north (Santa Ana Freeway) – Los Angeles
Westbound exit and eastbound entrance; I-5 south exit 114B
1.2326Brookhurst Street
2.2327Euclid Street
3.26–
3.51
28Harbor Boulevard, Lemon Street, Anaheim BoulevardHarbor Boulevard was former SR 72
Anaheim4.2629East Street, Raymond Avenue
5.2630State College BoulevardSigned as exit 30A eastbound; former SR 250

SR 57 north
HOV access only; eastbound exit and westbound entrance
6.1231 SR 57 (Orange Freeway) – Santa Ana, PomonaSigned as exit 30B eastbound; SR 57 north exits 5A-B, south exit 5
7.3632Kraemer Boulevard, Glassell StreetSigned as exit 31 eastbound
8.4033Tustin Avenue
91 Express LanesWest end of 91 Express Lanes
R9.1934
SR 55 south (Costa Mesa Freeway) – Newport Beach
Left exit westbound; SR 55 north exits 18A-B

SR 55 south
Express Lanes access only; westbound exit and eastbound entrance
R10.0935Lakeview Avenue
R11.5436
SR 90 west (Imperial Highway)
AnaheimYorba Linda lineR14.4339Weir Canyon Road, Yorba Linda Boulevard
R15.9340

SR 241 Toll south (Eastern Toll Road) – Irvine
Signed as exit 41B westbound; SR 241 north exits 39A-B


SR 241 Toll south
Express Lanes access only; westbound exit and eastbound entrance; scheduled to be completed by 2027[61]
R16.4041Gypsum Canyon RoadSigned as exit 41A westbound
R17.9542Coal Canyon RoadClosed in 2003 for environmental reasons[62]
Riverside
RIV R0.00-21.66
CoronaR1.0344Green River Road
R2.0945
SR 71 north (Chino Valley Freeway) – Ontario, Pomona
R3.7147Serfas Club Drive, Auto Center Drive
4.1648Maple Street, West Sixth StreetFormer US 91 / SR 71 south
5.3849Lincoln AvenueFormerly exit 49A eastbound
6.0249BGrand BoulevardClosed in 2015 due to freeway widening[63]
6.3450Main StreetFormer SR 31
7.45
I-15 Express Lanes
Express Lanes access only; eastbound exit and westbound entrance; exit to I-15 south express lanes opened in 2017[50] and exit to I-15 north express lanes opened in 2023[64]
91 Express LanesEast end of 91 Express Lanes; opened in 2017[50]
51 I-15 (Ontario Freeway) – Barstow, Ontario, San DiegoI-15 north exit 96 northbound, south exits 96A-B
9.1853McKinley StreetSigned as exits 53A (south) and 53B (north) westbound
Riverside10.8154Pierce Street, Riverwalk ParkwayEastbound exit and westbound entrance
11.1055AMagnolia AvenueFormer US 91
11.9955BLa Sierra Avenue
13.0456Tyler Street
14.0858Van Buren Boulevard
15.6359Adams Street, Auto Center Drive
16.6560Madison Street
17.8261Arlington Avenue
18.4162Central Avenue, Riverside Plaza Avenue
20.006314th Street
20.45–
20.53
64University Avenue, Mission Inn Avenue – Downtown RiversideFormer US 60 / US 395
21.4765ASpruce StreetEastbound exit and westbound entrance; westbound exit and entrance via Poplar Street, and eastbound exit and entrance via La Cadena Drive, demolished in 2005 due to reconstruction
21.6665B

I-215 south (Escondido Freeway) / SR 60 east (Moreno Valley Freeway) – San Diego, Indio
Eastern terminus; I-215 was former I-15E / US 91 north / US 395; SR 60 east exit 53A; I-215 north exit 34B; Riverside Freeway north follows I-215 north
65C
SR 60 west (Pomona Freeway) – Los Angeles

I-215 north (Riverside Freeway north) – San Bernardino
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
  1. ^ a b c d Postmiles are measured from SR 91's original western end at SR 1, before that segment east to Vermont Avenue was deleted and relinquished to local control.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c California Department of Transportation. "State Truck Route List". Sacramento: California Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (XLS file) on September 5, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  2. ^ California Department of Transportation (August 2019). "Officially Designated State Scenic Highways and Historic Parkways" (XLSX). Sacramento: California Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
  3. ^ a b c "Article 3 of Chapter 2 of Division 1 of the California Streets and Highways Code". California Office of Legislative Counsel. February 9, 2019.
  4. ^ "Article 2 of Chapter 2 of Division 1". California Streets and Highways Code. Sacramento: California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  5. ^ Federal Highway Administration (March 25, 2015). National Highway System: Los Angeles, CA (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
    Federal Highway Administration (March 25, 2015). National Highway System: Riverside–San Bernardino, CA (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
  6. ^ Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderly, Kevin (June 20, 2012). "What is the National Highway System?". National Highway System. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
  7. ^ California Department of Transportation (August 2019). "Officially Designated State Scenic Highways and Historic Parkways" (XLSX). Sacramento: California Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
  8. ^ "Article 2.5 of Chapter 2 of Division 1". California Streets & Highways Code. Sacramento: California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  9. ^ Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee (1985). Official Report of the Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles, 1984 (PDF). Vol. 1, part 1. Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee. pp. 113–6. ISBN 978-0-9614512-0-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 2, 2010. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  10. ^ "General Info". 91 Express Lanes. Archived from the original on August 28, 2018.
  11. ^ a b c "Frequently Asked Questions". 91 Express Lanes. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  12. ^ a b "Toll Schedules". 91 Express Lanes. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  13. ^ 91 Express Lanes (July 14, 2003). "Toll Policy". 91 Express Lanes (Orange County Transportation Authority). Archived from the original on March 7, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Samuel, Peter (February 22, 2006). "California's 91XL Max Tolls Going to 85c/mile". TollRoadNews. Archived from the original on May 22, 2008.
  15. ^ Automobile Blue Book (1917). Automobile Blue Book. Vol. 8. Chicago: Automobile Blue Book. p. 501 – via Google Books.
  16. ^ Clason Map Company (1925). Touring Atlas of the United States (Map). Clawson Map Company. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020.
  17. ^ "Auto Club News". Van Nuys News. December 21, 1923. p. 11
  18. ^ "Brice Canyon, Zion Canyon National Park, Utah". Los Angeles Times. December 26, 1920. p. VIII1.
  19. ^ Nystrom, Eric Charles (March 2003). "From Neglected Space to Protected Place: An Administrative History of Mojave National Preserve". National Park Service. Archived from the original on August 17, 2009.
  20. ^ "State Takes Over Cut-off to Nevada Line". Los Angeles Times. October 25, 1925. p. G12.
  21. ^ a b California Highway Advisory Committee & Breed, Arthur Hastings (1925). Report of a Study of the State Highway System of California. California State Printing Office. p. 97.
  22. ^ California State Assembly. "An act authorizing and directing the California highway commission to acquire necessary rights of way, and to construct and maintain a highway, which is hereby declared to be a state highway, extending from Barstow...to a point...on the boundary line between the state of California and the state of Nevada...which said highway is commonly known and referred to as the Arrowhead trail". Forty-sixth Session of the Legislature. Statutes of California. State of California. Ch. 369 p. 670.
  23. ^ Joint Board on Interstate Highways (1925). "Appendix VI: Descriptions of the Interstate Routes Selected, with Numbers Assigned". Report of Joint Board on Interstate Highways, October 30, 1925, Approved by the Secretary of Agriculture, November 18, 1925 (Report). Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture. p. 56. OCLC 733875457, 55123355, 71026428. Retrieved November 14, 2017 – via Wikisource.
  24. ^ Bureau of Public Roads & American Association of State Highway Officials (November 11, 1926). United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials (Map). 1:7,000,000. Washington, DC: United States Geological Survey. OCLC 32889555. Retrieved November 7, 2013 – via Wikimedia Commons.
  25. ^ "United States Numbered Highways". American Highways. April 1927.
  26. ^ "Silver Lake Cut-off to Get Federal Aid". Los Angeles Times. February 14, 1926. p. G5.
  27. ^ United States Geological Survey (1934). Barstow (Map). 1:125000. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey. United States Geological Survey (1933). Avawatz Mountains (Map). 1:250000. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey.[permanent dead link] United States Geological Survey (1942). Ivanpah (Map). 1:250000. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey.
  28. ^ Rand McNally (1946). Road Atlas (Map). Chicago: Rand McNally.
  29. ^ Blow, Ben (1920). California Highways: A Descriptive Record of Road Development by the State and by Such Counties as Have Paved Highways. pp. 194–195, 200 – via Archive.org.
  30. ^ California State Assembly. "An act establishing certain additional state highways and classifying them as secondary highways". Forty-ninth Session of the Legislature. Statutes of California. State of California. Ch. 82 p. 102. "State Highway Route 43, Waterman canyon via Santa Ana canyon to Newport Beach."
  31. ^ H.M. Gousha Company (1941). Los Angeles and Vicinity (Map). H.M. Gousha Company. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  32. ^ a b H.M. Gousha Company (1955). Enlarged Map of the Los Angeles District (Map). H.M. Gousha Company. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  33. ^ National Bridge Inventory database, 2006: the bridge over Compton Creek and Alameda Street is dated 1956.[full citation needed]
  34. ^ California State Assembly. "An act to amend sections 2, 3 and 5 and to add two sections to be numbered 6 and 7 to an act entitled 'An act to provide for the acquisition of rights of way for and the construction, maintenance..." Fiftieth Session of the Legislature. Statutes of California. State of California. Ch. 767 p. 2040. "State Highway Route 60 near Hermosa Beach to State Highway Route 43 in Santa Ana Canyon via Artesia Avenue." "Cerritos Avenue to State Highway Route 43 near Olive via Anaheim."
  35. ^ California State Assembly. "An act to establish a Streets and Highways Code, thereby consolidating and revising the law relating to public ways and all appurtenances thereto, and to repeal certain acts and parts of acts specified herein". Fifty-first Session of the Legislature. Statutes of California. State of California. Ch. 29 p. 277, 278, 286. "Route 31 is from: (a) San Bernardino to the Nevada State line near Calada, via Barstow. (b) Route 26 near Colton to Route 9 near San Bernardino via Mt. Vernon Avenue." "Route 43 is from Newport Beach to Route 31 at Victorville, via Santa Ana Canyon, San Bernardino, Waterman Canyon, "Crest Drive" into Bear Valley, Big Bear Lake and Baldwin Lake. Route 43 includes a highway around Big Bear Lake." "Route 175 is from Route 60 near Hermosa Beach to Route 43 in Santa Ana Canyon via Artesia Avenue." "Route 178 is from Cerritos Avenue to Route 43 near Olive via Anaheim."
  36. ^ Rand McNally & Company (1933). Los Angeles & Vicinity (Map). Chicago: Rand McNally & Company. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011.
  37. ^ H.M. Gousha Company (1935). Los Angeles and Vicinity (Map). h.M. Gousha Company.
  38. ^ H.M. Gousha Company (1953). Long Beach (Map). H.M. Gousha Company. Archived from the original on October 27, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
  39. ^ "Old Canyon Road Now Being Improved". Los Angeles Times. April 21, 1935. p. E4.
  40. ^ United States Geological Survey (1933). Prado (Map). 1:31680. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on February 9, 2012. "routes usually traveled" as of 1941
  41. ^ United States Geological Survey (1933). Corona and Vicinity (Map). 1:31680. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on February 9, 2012. "routes usually traveled" as of 1941
  42. ^ Map of Los Angeles and Vicinity (Map). 1939.[full citation needed]
  43. ^ McCabe, Brian J. (October 2004). "Hot or Not: Are New Toll Lanes a Fair Price to Pay for Driving?". The Next American City. Archived from the original on February 10, 2008.
  44. ^ "Evaluating the Impacts of the SR 91 Variable-Toll Express Lane Facility Final Report" (PDF). May 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 26, 2006.[full citation needed]
  45. ^ "Highway 91 Toll Lanes Turn 10". The Californian / North County Times. December 26, 2005. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
  46. ^ Orange County Transportation Authority (March 12, 2007). "91 Express Lanes History" (PDF). Orange County Transportation Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2007. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
  47. ^ Orange County Transportation Authority (2007). The Amazing True Tales from the 91 Express Lanes (PDF) (Annual report). Orange County Transportation Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 24, 2012.
  48. ^ Price, Willard T. (April 2001). "An Odyssey of Privatizing Highways: The Evolving Case of SR 91". Public Works Management & Policy. 5 (4): 259. doi:10.1177/1087724X0154001. S2CID 154129775.
  49. ^ K. R. Persad; C. M. Walton; J. Wilke (October 2005). "Alternatives to Non-Compete Clauses in Toll Development Agreements" (PDF). Center for Transportation Research.
  50. ^ a b c "SR 91 Fast-Forward Project". Riverside County Transportation Commission. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
  51. ^ "91 Toll Lanes Could Be Extended to Corona". Orange Country Register. August 21, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
  52. ^ Weikel, Dan (August 4, 2015). "On 91 Freeway, a $2-billion effort to keep up with increasing traffic". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
  53. ^ Orange County Transportation Authority & Riverside County Transportation Commission. "Irvine-Corona Expressway". Orange County Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
  54. ^ "Orange County OKs More Study of Tunnel". The Californian / North County Times. December 13, 2005. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
  55. ^ Orange County Transportation Authority (2008). "A Better 91". Orange County Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on February 10, 2009.
  56. ^ California Department of Transportation (July 2007). "Log of Bridges on State Highways". Sacramento: California Department of Transportation.
  57. ^ California Department of Transportation (2006). "All Traffic Volumes on CSHS". California Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011.
  58. ^ California Department of Transportation (1999). "All Traffic Volumes on CSHS". California Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on February 9, 2012. (the last year before it was updated to remove the relinquished part)
  59. ^ Chand, AS (September 16, 2016). "SR 91" (PDF). California Numbered Exit Uniform System. California Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
  60. ^ a b c California Department of Transportation (2014). "Named Freeways, Highways, Structures and Other Appurtenances in California" (PDF). California Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
  61. ^ Berg, Tom (August 1, 2023). "Regional improvements making headway". Irvine Standard. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
  62. ^ Wilson, Janet (April 19, 2004). "Wildlife Highway Under Busy 91 Freeway Links Vital Habitats". Los Angeles Times. p. B1.
  63. ^ "Lincoln Avenue to Grand Boulevard". April 22, 2024.
  64. ^ "I-15 To 91 Interchange Express Lanes Open At Last: What To Know". Lake Elsinore-Wildomar Patch. Patch Media. November 21, 2023. Retrieved November 22, 2023.
[edit]
KML is from Wikidata


U.S. Route 91
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