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{{short description|Person who practices forest management}}
{{otheruses}}
{{other uses}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=June 2008}}
{{globalize|date=March 2011}}
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[[File:Sanpablotregua.JPG|thumb|Foresters of [[Southern University of Chile]] in the [[Valdivian forest]]s of San Pablo de Tregua, [[Chile]].]]
A '''forester''' is a person who practises [[forest management]] and [[forestry]], the science, art, and profession of managing [[forest]]s. Foresters engage in a broad range of activities including [[Restoration ecology|ecological restoration]] and management of [[Protected forest|protected areas]]. Foresters manage forests to provide a variety of objectives including direct extraction of [[Forest product|raw material]], [[outdoor recreation]], conservation, hunting and aesthetics. Emerging [[Forest management|management practices]] include managing forestlands for [[biodiversity]], [[carbon sequestration]] and air quality.


Foresters work for the [[timber industry]], government agencies, [[Conservation group|conservation groups]], local authorities, [[Urban area|urban]] parks boards, citizens' associations, and private [[Landowner|landowners]]. The forestry profession includes a wide diversity of jobs, with educational requirements ranging from college bachelor's degrees to PhDs for highly specialized work.
A '''forester''' is a person who practices [[forestry]], the science and profession of managing forests. Foresters engage in a broad range of activities including timber harvesting, ecological restoration, watershed management and the planning and management of protected areas. What these fields have in common is they manage terrestrial natural resource for the benefit of humans. The benefit can come in the form of direct extraction of raw material, recreation, conservation, hunting and fishing, aesthetics, realization of less tangible benefits such as clean air and improved water, and others.


Industrial foresters plan forest regeneration starting with careful harvesting. Urban foresters manage trees in [[Urban green space|urban green spaces]]. Foresters work in [[Plant nursery|tree nurseries]] growing [[Seedling|seedlings]] for woodland creation or regeneration projects. Foresters improve tree [[genetics]]. Forest engineers develop new building systems. Professional foresters [[Timber cruise|measure]] and [[Growth and yield modelling|model]] the growth of forests with tools like [[GIS|geographic information systems]]. Foresters may combat [[insect]] infestation, disease, forest and [[grassland]] [[wildfire]], but increasingly allow these natural aspects of forest [[Ecosystem|ecosystems]] to run their course when the likelihood of [[Epidemic|epidemics]] or risk of life or property are low. Increasingly, foresters participate in wildlife [[Conservation movement|conservation]] planning and [[Drainage basin|watershed]] protection. Foresters have been mainly concerned with timber management, especially [[reforestation]], forests at prime conditions, and fire control.
A '''forester''' is also a title used widely during [[Medieval]] times. The Forester usually held a position equal to a sheriff or local law enforcer. He was responsible for patrolling the woodlands on a lord or noble's property. His duties included negotiating deals for the sale of lumber and timber and to stop poachers from illegally killing animals in the forest. Many times wanted criminals would flee their arrest warrants and seek the safety of hiding in a forest. When this would occur it was the duty of the Forester to organize roving gangs of armed men to flush out the criminal and capture him. Often Foresters held titles of prominence in their local communities and also acted as barristers and arbitrators. Their pay was usually above average and they could stand to make a decent and profitable living.


Many people confuse the role of the forester with that of the [[logger]] or the [[lumberjack]], but most foresters are concerned not only with the harvest of timber, but also with the wise management of forests to (in the words of Gifford Pinchot) "provide the greatest good for the greatest number in the long term". Another notable forester, Jack Westoby, remarked that "forestry is concerned not with trees, but with how trees can serve people".
Many people confuse the role of the forester with that of the [[Lumberjack|logger]], but most foresters are concerned not only with the harvest of timber, but also with the [[Sustainable forestry|sustainable management]] of forests. The forester Jack C. Westoby remarked that "forestry is concerned not with trees, but with how trees can serve people".<ref>{{cite book |last=Westoby |first=Jack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRGKHAAACAAJ |title=The Purpose of Forests: Follies of Development |date=1987 |publisher=Basil Blackwell |isbn=0631171436 |location=Oxford |page=xii |access-date=27 December 2020}}</ref>


== Career ==
== Career ==


===USA===
===United States===
[[File:Glenn Casamassa, USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region Regional Forester - cropped.png|thumb|Forester Glenn Casamassa, [[U.S. Forest Service]] Regional Forester in the Pacific Northwest Region]]
The average salary of foresters in the United States in 2002, was $46,000. Beginning foresters with bachelor's degrees make considerably less. Those with master's degrees are able to command salaries closer to the average.
The median salary of foresters in the [[United States]] was $53,750, in 2008.<ref>[http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos048.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106205746/http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos048.htm|date=November 6, 2010}}</ref> Beginning foresters without bachelor's degrees make considerably less. Those with master's degrees are able to command salaries closer to the average. The [[Council for Higher Education Accreditation]] considers the [[Society of American Foresters]] as the principal [[Educational accreditation|accreditor]] for academic degree programs in professional forestry, both at a [[Bachelor's degree|Bachelor's]] and [[Master's degree|Master's]] level.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chea.org/userfiles/Recognition/SAF.pdf|title=COUNCIL FOR HIGHER EDUCATION ACCREDITATION|date=2015|website=www.chea.org}}</ref>


Usually a bachelor's degree is considered the minimum education required, but some individuals are able to secure a job without a college education based on their years of experience. Some states have a licensing requirement for foresters and most of those require at least a 4 year degree from a college.
Usually a bachelor's degree is considered the minimum education required, but some individuals are able to secure a job without a college education based on their experience. Some states have a licensing requirement for foresters, and most of those require at least a four-year degree.


Foresters are often employed by private industry, federal and state [[land management]] agencies, or private consulting firms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Choose forestry |url=http://www.safnet.org/fs/careerbro.pdf |website=Society of American Foresters |access-date=2022-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135450/http://www.safnet.org/fs/careerbro.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
===United Kingdom===
Salaries for newly qualified foresters start in the region of £24,000 (2007). Education to [[Bachelor's degree]] standard is normally required.


== Notable foresters ==
==Medieval foresters==
*[[Dietrich Brandis]] (1824-1907)
*[[Carl von Carlowitz]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]] (1619-1683)
*[[Aaron M. Cook]]
*[[John Evelyn]] (1620-1706)
*[[Georg Ludwig Hartig]] (1764-1837)
*[[Norman Jolly]] (1882-1954)
*[[Hamish Kimmins]]
*[[Aldo Leopold]] (1887-1948)
*[[Tim McKay]] (1947-2006)
*[[Philip Pannill]]
*[[Gifford Pinchot]] (1865-1946)
*[[Christian Ditlev Frederik, Count Reventlow]] (1748-1827)
*[[Roy Robinson, 1st Baron Robinson]] (1883-1952)
*[[Viktor Schauberger]] (1885-1958)
*[[William Schlich]]
*[[Jack Westoby]]
*[[Dr. Harry V. Wiant]]


'''Forester''' was a title used widely during [[Medieval]] times. The forester usually held a position equal to a sheriff or local law enforcer, and he could act as a barrister or arbiter. He was often based in a [[forester's lodge]], and was responsible for patrolling the woodlands on a lord or noble's property, hence the synonymous term 'woodward'. His duties included negotiating sales of lumber and timber and stopping poachers from illegally hunting. Frequently outlaws would take refuge in heavily wooded regions. When this occurred it was the duty of the forester to organize armed [[Posse comitatus (common law)|posse]]s to capture or disperse the criminals and during war time foresters were used as scouts to spy on enemy troop movement.
== External links ==
The pay and status of foresters was usually above average,<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://hkcarms.tripod.com/oc8.html|title = Medieval Occupations|access-date = 9 March 2015}}</ref> reflecting the responsibility of their role in a medieval environment and economy.
Notable forestry institutions

*[http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/ the Center for International Forestry Research]
==Notable foresters==
*[http://www.iufro.org/ the International Union of Forest Research Organizations]
<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
*[http://www.fao.org/forestry/index.jsp FAO Forestry Department]
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Margaret Stoughton Abell]] (1908–2004) - First American research forester in US Forest Service.
*[[Dietrich Brandis]] (1824–1907)
* [[Ralph E. Brock]] (1881–1959), first Black forester in the United States
* [[John Ednie Brown]] (1848–1899)
*[[Aimo Cajander]] (1879–1943) - Professor of forestry and Director-General of Forest and Park Service in Finland.
*[[Hans Carl von Carlowitz|Carl von Carlowitz]] (1645–1714) - Father of [[sustainable yield]] forestry
*[[Geoffrey Chaucer]] (1343–1400)
*[[Hugh Francis Cleghorn]] (1820–1895)
*[[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]] (1619–1683)
*[[John Evelyn]] (1620–1706)
*[[Bernhard Fernow]] (1851–1923)
*[[Douglas Hamilton]] (1820–1895)
*[[Georg Ludwig Hartig]] (1764–1837)
*[[Ralph Hosmer]] (1874–1963)
*[[Jens Hvass]]
*[[Norman Jolly]] (1882–1954)
*[[Charles Lane Poole]] (1885–1970)
*[[Aldo Leopold]] (1887–1948)
*[[Michel de Montaigne]] (1533–1592) ["Man of essays and wood"]
*[[John Muir]] (1838–1914) ["Father of National Parks"]
*[[Herman von Nördlinger]] (1818–1897)
*[[Gifford Pinchot]] (1865–1946)
*[[Christian Ditlev Frederik Reventlow]] (1748–1827)
*[[Roy Robinson, 1st Baron Robinson]] (1883–1952)
*[[Viktor Schauberger]] (1885–1958)
*[[Carl A. Schenck]] (1868–1955)
*[[Sir William P.D. Schlich]] (1840–1925)
*[[F.X. Schumacher]] (1892–1967)
*[[Richard St. Barbe Baker]] (1889–1982) Global Forester/Environmentalist
*[[Israel af Ström]] (1778–1856)
*[[Michael Taylor (forester)|Michael Taylor]] (b. 1966) - American Forester who discovered [[Hyperion (tree)]] and many tall redwood trees.
*[[T. B. Walker]] (1840–1928)
* Jack C. Westoby (1913–1988)<ref>[http://www.nzjf.org/free_issues/NZJF34_2_1989/CC73E8C4-6EFD-4668-9415-82F61BDFB217.pdf Leslie, Alf. 1989. "Obituary: Jack C. Westoby, C.M.G., 1913-1988," ''New Zealand Forestry'', August, p.28.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929221422/http://www.nzjf.org/free_issues/NZJF34_2_1989/CC73E8C4-6EFD-4668-9415-82F61BDFB217.pdf |date=2014-09-29 }} Accessed: May 7, 2012.</ref>
* [[Peter Wohlleben]] - German forester.
*[[Raphael Zon]] (1874–1956)
*[[Frank H. Wadsworth]] (1915–2022)
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Trees}}
*[[Arborist]]
*[[List of forest research institutes]]
*[[List of forestry universities and colleges]]
*[[Reeve (England)]]
*[[Society of American Foresters]]
*[[Institute of Chartered Foresters]]
*[[Verderer]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Foresters}}
*[http://safnet.org/education/forestry_degree_programs.pdf SAF Accredited Professional Forestry Degree Programs]
*[http://safnet.org/education/tech_rec011907.pdf SAF Recognized Forest Technology Degree Programs]
*[http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/ Center for International Forestry Research]
*[http://www.iufro.org/ International Union of Forest Research Organizations]
*[http://www.fao.org/forestry/index.jsp FAO Forestry Department] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219085954/http://www.fao.org/forestry/index.jsp |date=2006-02-19 }}
*[http://www.nationalforest.org/ The National Forest (England)]
*[http://www.nationalforest.org/ The National Forest (England)]
*[http://www.forestry.gov.uk/ Forestry Commission (Great Britain)]
*[http://www.forestry.gov.uk/ Forestry Commission (Great Britain)]
*[http://www.safnet.org/ The Society of American Foresters (USA)]


{{Forestry}}
===See also===
{{Forestry tools}}
*[[forestry]]
*[[Forestry Commission]]
*[[list of environment topics]]
*[[list of conservation topics]]
*[[Subaru Forester]]
*[[Fraternal Forestry]]


{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Forestry occupations]]
[[Category:Legal occupations]]


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[[Category:Foresters]]
[[Category:History of forestry]]
[[lt:Miškų urėdas]]
[[fi:Metsänhoitaja]]
[[sv:Jägmästare]]
[[pl:leśniczy]]

Latest revision as of 08:25, 18 July 2024

For other uses, see Forester (disambiguation).
Foresters of Southern University of Chile in the Valdivian forests of San Pablo de Tregua, Chile.

A forester is a person who practises forest management and forestry, the science, art, and profession of managing forests. Foresters engage in a broad range of activities including ecological restoration and management of protected areas. Foresters manage forests to provide a variety of objectives including direct extraction of raw material, outdoor recreation, conservation, hunting and aesthetics. Emerging management practices include managing forestlands for biodiversity, carbon sequestration and air quality.

Foresters work for the timber industry, government agencies, conservation groups, local authorities, urban parks boards, citizens' associations, and private landowners. The forestry profession includes a wide diversity of jobs, with educational requirements ranging from college bachelor's degrees to PhDs for highly specialized work.

Industrial foresters plan forest regeneration starting with careful harvesting. Urban foresters manage trees in urban green spaces. Foresters work in tree nurseries growing seedlings for woodland creation or regeneration projects. Foresters improve tree genetics. Forest engineers develop new building systems. Professional foresters measure and model the growth of forests with tools like geographic information systems. Foresters may combat insect infestation, disease, forest and grassland wildfire, but increasingly allow these natural aspects of forest ecosystems to run their course when the likelihood of epidemics or risk of life or property are low. Increasingly, foresters participate in wildlife conservation planning and watershed protection. Foresters have been mainly concerned with timber management, especially reforestation, forests at prime conditions, and fire control.

Many people confuse the role of the forester with that of the logger, but most foresters are concerned not only with the harvest of timber, but also with the sustainable management of forests. The forester Jack C. Westoby remarked that "forestry is concerned not with trees, but with how trees can serve people".[1]

Career

[edit]

United States

[edit]
Forester Glenn Casamassa, U.S. Forest Service Regional Forester in the Pacific Northwest Region

The median salary of foresters in the United States was $53,750, in 2008.[2] Beginning foresters without bachelor's degrees make considerably less. Those with master's degrees are able to command salaries closer to the average. The Council for Higher Education Accreditation considers the Society of American Foresters as the principal accreditor for academic degree programs in professional forestry, both at a Bachelor's and Master's level.[3]

Usually a bachelor's degree is considered the minimum education required, but some individuals are able to secure a job without a college education based on their experience. Some states have a licensing requirement for foresters, and most of those require at least a four-year degree.

Foresters are often employed by private industry, federal and state land management agencies, or private consulting firms.[4]

Medieval foresters

[edit]

Forester was a title used widely during Medieval times. The forester usually held a position equal to a sheriff or local law enforcer, and he could act as a barrister or arbiter. He was often based in a forester's lodge, and was responsible for patrolling the woodlands on a lord or noble's property, hence the synonymous term 'woodward'. His duties included negotiating sales of lumber and timber and stopping poachers from illegally hunting. Frequently outlaws would take refuge in heavily wooded regions. When this occurred it was the duty of the forester to organize armed posses to capture or disperse the criminals and during war time foresters were used as scouts to spy on enemy troop movement. The pay and status of foresters was usually above average,[5] reflecting the responsibility of their role in a medieval environment and economy.

Notable foresters

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Westoby, Jack (1987). The Purpose of Forests: Follies of Development. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. xii. ISBN 0631171436. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  2. ^ [1] Archived November 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "COUNCIL FOR HIGHER EDUCATION ACCREDITATION" (PDF). www.chea.org. 2015.
  4. ^ "Choose forestry" (PDF). Society of American Foresters. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
  5. ^ "Medieval Occupations". Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  6. ^ Leslie, Alf. 1989. "Obituary: Jack C. Westoby, C.M.G., 1913-1988," New Zealand Forestry, August, p.28. Archived 2014-09-29 at the Wayback Machine Accessed: May 7, 2012.
[edit]
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