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{{Short description|Type of intelligence-gathering ship}}
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[[Image:USS Liberty (AGTR-5).jpg|thumb|USS ''Liberty'' (AGTR-5)]]
[[Image:USS Liberty (AGTR-5) underway in Chesapeake Bay on 29 July 1967 (K-39927).jpg|thumb|{{USS|Liberty|AGTR-5|6}} [[spy ship]]]]
'''Technical research ships''' were used by the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] during the [[1960s]] to gather intelligence by monitoring the electronic communications of nations in various parts of the world. At the time these ships were active, the mission of the ships was covert and discussion of the true mission was prohibited ("classified information"). The mission of the ships was publicly given as conducting research into atmospheric and communications phenomena. However, the true mission was more or less an open secret and the ships were commonly referred to as "[[spy ship]]s".
'''Technical research ships''' were used by the [[United States Navy]] during the 1960s to gather [[Military intelligence|intelligence]] by monitoring, recording and analyzing [[wireless]] [[Telecommunication|electronic communications]] of nations in various parts of the world. At the time these ships were active, the mission of the ships was covert and discussion of the true mission was prohibited ("[[classified information]]"). The mission of the ships was publicly given as conducting research into atmospheric and communications phenomena. Their designation was AGTR – Auxiliary, General, Technical Research – but it was more or less an [[open secret]] that this was a euphemism and they were commonly referred to as "[[spy ship]]s".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Bill |date=June 2013 |title=Spy Ships: Cold War Warriors Created at NNS |url=https://www.explorermagazin.de/boote/nsahist.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110234617/https://www.explorermagazin.de/boote/nsahist.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2023 |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=Explorer Magazin |page=[1], 2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Polmar |first1=Norman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmnDEAAAQBAJ&dq=euphemism+spy+ships&pg=PA97 |title=Spy Ships: One Hundred Years of Intelligence Collection by Ships and Submarines |last2=Mathers |first2=Lee J. |publisher=Potomac Books, an imprint of the [[University of Nebraska Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=9781640124752 |location=Lincoln, NE |pages=97 |author-link=Norman Polmar |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>


== Function ==
⚫
These ships carried a crew of U.S. Navy personnel whose specialty was intercepting electronic communications and gathering intelligence from those communications (see [[SIGINT]], [[COMINT]], [[ELINT]]). In the 1960s those personnel had a U.S. Navy [[Naval rating|rating]] of Communications Technician, or CT.


⚫
These ships carried a crew of U.S. Navy personnel whose specialty was intercepting wireless electronic communications and gathering intelligence from those communications ([[signals intelligence]], [[Signals intelligence#COMINT|communications intelligence]], and [[Signals intelligence#ELINT|electronic signals intelligence]] ([[SIGINT]])). In the 1960s those personnel had a U.S. Navy [[Naval rating|rating]] of Communications Technician (later changed to [[Cryptologic Technician]]), or CT.
⚫
In order to transmit intelligence information that had been gathered back to United States for further processing and analysis, these ships had a special system named Technical Research Ship Special Communications, or TRSSCOM (pronounced tress-com). The system used a special gyro-stabilized 16-foot dish antenna, which can be seen aft of the main superstructure in the accompanying photographs of the ''Belmont'' and ''Liberty''. Radio signals were transmitted toward the moon, where the signals would bounce back toward the Earth and be received by a large 64-foot dish at the Naval Communications Station in [[Washington, D.C.]] Communications could occur only when the moon was visible simultaneously at the ship's location and in Washington. The gyro stabilization of the antenna kept the antenna pointed at the moon while the ship rolled and pitched on the surface of the ocean.


⚫
In order to transmit intelligence information that had been gathered back to United States for further processing and analysis, these ships had a special system named Technical Research Ship Special Communications, or TRSSCOM (pronounced tress-com).<ref name="Proceedings">{{cite journal |last=Holhaus |first=H. L. |title=Comment and Discussion |journal=[[Proceedings (magazine)|Proceedings]] |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]] |date=September 1977}}</ref> This [[EME (communications)|Earth-Moon-Earth (EME)]] communications system used a special [[gyroscope]]-stabilized {{convert|16|ft|m|adj=on}} [[parabolic antenna]], which can be seen aft of the main [[superstructure]] in the accompanying photographs of ''Belmont'' and ''Liberty''. Radio signals were transmitted toward the Moon, where they would bounce back toward the Earth and be received by a large {{convert|84|ft|m|adj=on}} parabolic antenna at a Naval Communications Station in [[Cheltenham, Maryland]] (near [[Washington, D.C.]]) or [[Wahiawa]], [[Hawaii]]. Communications could occur only when the Moon was visible simultaneously at the ship's location and in Cheltenham or Wahiawa. The gyro stabilization of the antenna kept the antenna pointed at the Moon while the ship rolled and pitched on the surface of the ocean.
⚫
These ships were classified as naval auxiliaries with a [[hull classification symbol|hull designation]] of AGTR, which stands for Auxiliary, General, Technical Research. Five of these ships were built with hull numbers of 1&ndash;5. The first three ships of this type (''Oxford'', ''Georgetown'', and ''Jamestown'') were converted from World War II-era [[Liberty ship]]s. The last two ships (''Belmont'' and ''Liberty'') were converted from [[Victory ship]]s. All of the technical research ships were decommissioned and stricken by 1970.


⚫
These ships were classified as naval auxiliaries with a [[Hull classification symbol|hull designation]] of AGTR, which stands for Auxiliary, General, Technical Research. Five of these ships were built with hull numbers of 1&ndash;5. The first three ships of this type (''Oxford'', ''Georgetown'', and ''Jamestown'') were converted from World War II-era [[Liberty ship]]s. The last two ships (''Belmont'' and ''Liberty'') were converted from [[Victory ship]]s.<ref name="Proceedings"/> The former Liberty ships' top speed of {{convert|11|kn|lk=in}} limited the first three AGTRs to missions of slow steaming on station with a minimum of transits.<ref name="Proceedings"/> Victory ships' sustained speed of {{convert|18|kn}} enabled ''Belmont'' to shadow [[Mediterranean Sea]] operations of the [[Soviet Navy|Soviet]] [[helicopter carrier]] {{ship|Soviet helicopter carrier|Moskva||2}} in 1969.<ref name="Proceedings"/> All of the technical research ships were [[Ship decommissioning|decommissioned]] and stricken by 1970.
The best-known of these ships were the [[USS Liberty (AGTR-5)|USS ''Liberty'']] and the [[USS Pueblo]], which was attacked and severely damaged by Israeli aircraft and ships in the Mediterranean on [[June 8]], [[1967]], resulting in the deaths of 34 Americans. See [[USS Liberty incident]].


One of these ships' crew received a [[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)|Presidential Unit Citation]] for heroism in combat. {{USS|Liberty|AGTR-5|6}} was [[USS Liberty incident|attacked]], severely damaged and 34 crew members killed by shelling, [[napalm]] bombing and torpedoing from [[Israel Defense Forces|Israeli]] jet fighter aircraft and [[motor torpedo boat]]s on June 8, 1967.
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For specifications of these ships, see [[Liberty ship]] and [[Victory ship]].

{{USS|Jamestown|AGTR-3|6}} was awarded a Meritorious Unit Commendation along with {{USS|Oxford|AGTR-1|6}}. The citation reads (in part) "For meritorious service from 1 November 1965 to 30 June 1969 while participating in combat support operations in Southeast Asia. Through research and the compilation of extremely valuable technical data, USS ''Jamestown'' and USS ''Oxford'' contributed most significantly to the overall security of the United States and other Free World forces operating in support of the Republic of Vietnam. Signed [[Elmo Zumwalt|E.R. Zumwalt]], Admiral, USN, [[Chief of Naval Operations]]."

⚫
For specifications of these ships, see Liberty ship and Victory ship.


==Ships of the AGTR type==
==Ships of the AGTR type==
:(dates of commissioning&ndash;decommissioning)
:(dates of commissioning&ndash;decommissioning)
*''Oxford'' class (Liberty ship type)
* {{sclass|Oxford|research ship|4}} (Liberty ship type)
**[[USS Oxford (AGTR-1)|USS ''Oxford'' (AGTR-1)]] • 1961&ndash;1969
**{{USS|Oxford|AGTR-1|6}} • 1961&ndash;1969
**[[USS Georgetown (AG-165)|USS ''Georgetown'' (AGTR-2)]] • 1963&ndash;1969
**{{USS|Georgetown|AGTR-2|6}} • 1963&ndash;1969
**[[USS Jamestown (AGTR-3)|USS ''Jamestown'' (AGTR-3)]] • 1963&ndash;1969
**{{USS|Jamestown|AGTR-3|6}} • 1963&ndash;1969

*''Belmont'' class (Victory ship type)
*''Belmont'' class (Victory ship type)
**[[USS Belmont (AGTR-4)|USS ''Belmont'' (AGTR-4)]] • 1964&ndash;1970
**{{USS|Belmont|AGTR-4|6}} • 1964&ndash;1970
**[[USS Liberty (AGTR-5)|USS ''Liberty'' (AGTR-5)]] • 1964&ndash;1968
**{{USS|Liberty|AGTR-5|6}} • 1964&ndash;1968
----


==Environmental research ship (AGER)==
[[Image:USS Pueblo (AGER-2).jpg|thumb|USS ''Pueblo'' (AGER-2)]]
⚫
[[File:USS Pueblo (AGER-2).jpg|thumb|USS ''Pueblo'']]
There were also three similar but smaller ships of a different type but with a similar mission. Those ships were "environmental research" ships, of type AGER. The best-known of those ships was the [[USS Pueblo (AGER-2)]], which was attacked and captured by [[North Korea]] on [[January 23]], [[1968]].
Three smaller ships, former Army Freight Supply (FS) ships converted by Navy to Light Cargo Ship (AKL) vessels and then to [[Banner-class environmental research ship]]s (AGER)<ref name="Proceedings"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/61/61idx.htm |title=Environmental Research Ship (AGER) Index |work=NavSource Photo Archives |access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref> had a similar mission. In contrast to the high freeboard of the AGTR Liberty and Victory hulls, the AGER decks were low and vulnerable to boarding from small craft. <ref name="Proceedings"/> {{USS|Pueblo|AGER-2|6}}, technically still in commission, has been held by [[North Korea]] since its attack and capture by on January 23, 1968.<ref>{{cite web |url={{Naval Vessel Register URL|id=AGER2}} |title=USS Pueblo (AGER 2) |work=Naval Vessel Register |publisher=United States Navy |access-date=2008-12-23}}</ref>


==Ships of the AGER type==
===Ships of the AGER type===
* {{USS|Banner|AGER-1|6}} (redesignated from AKL-25/T-AKL-25, ex Army FS-345)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/61/6101.htm |title=USS ''Banner'' (AGER-1) |work=NavSource Photo Archives |access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
*USS ''Banner'' (AGER-1)
* {{USS|Pueblo|AGER-2|6}} (redesignated from AKL-44, ex Army FS-344)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/61/6102.htm |title=USS ''Pueblo'' (AGER-2) |work=NavSource Photo Archives |access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
*[[USS Pueblo (AGER-2)|USS ''Pueblo'' (AGER-2)]]
* {{USS|Palm Beach|AGER-3|6}} (redesignated from AKL-45, ex U.S. Army FS-217)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/61/6103.htm |title=USS ''Palm Beach'' (AGER-3) |work=NavSource Photo Archives |access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
*USS ''Palm Beach'' (AGER 3)
----
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[[Image:USNSPvtJoseFValdez.jpg|thumb|USNS ''Pvt Jose F Valdez (T-AG 169)]]
Three of the technical research ships were operated as [[United States Naval Ship|USNS]] ships. This meant that a civilian crew operated the ship and a Navy detachment conducted the research operations.


==Ships of the AG type==
== Auxiliary General (AG) USNS ships ==

*[[USNS Pvt Jose F Valdez|USNS ''Pvt Jose F. Valdez'' (T-AG 169)]]
⚫
[[File:USNSPvtJoseFValdez.jpg|thumb|USNS ''Private Jose F. Valdez'']]
*USNS ''Lt. James E. Robinson'' (T-AG 170)
Three technical research ships were operated as [[United States Naval Ship|USNS]] ships with a [[Military Sea Transportation Service]] civilian crew and a Navy detachment conducting the mission operations. Two ships were Maritime Commission C1-M-AV1 types. One, {{USNS|LT. James E. Robinson|T-AG-170|6}}, was a VC2-S-AP2 (Victory) type that operated in this role December 1962-April 1964 before being reclassified AK‑274 and resuming cargo operations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/l33/lt_james_e_robinson.htm |title=Lt. James E. Robinson |work=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships |publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command |access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
*USNS ''Sgt. Joseph E. Muller'' (T-AG 171)

* {{USNS|Private Jose F. Valdez|T-AG-169|6}} (Maritime Commission C1-M-AV1 type)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/49/49169.htm |title=USNS Pvt. Jose F. Valdez (T-AG-169) |work=NavSource Photo Archives |access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
* {{USNS|LT. James E. Robinson|T-AG-170|6}} (Maritime Commission VC2-S-AP2 (Victory) type)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/13/130274.htm |title=USNS LT. James E. Robinson (T-AK-274) |work=NavSource Photo Archives |access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
* {{USNS|Sgt. Joseph E. Muller|T-AG-171|6}} (Maritime Commission C1-M-AV1 type)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/49/49171.htm |title=USNS Sgt. Joseph E. Muller (T-AG-171) |work=NavSource Photo Archives |access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
⚫
* [[Spy ship]]
* {{USS|Parche|SSN-683}} and {{USS|Jimmy Carter|SSN-23}}, nuclear submarines modified or designed for intelligence gathering.
* {{USS|Sphinx|ARL-24|6}}, modified for electronic surveillance in El Salvador and Nicaragua area (1985-1987).
* [[List of research vessels by country#United States|List of research vessels – United States]]
* [[Naval trawler]]


==References==
⚫
*[[Spy ship]]
{{reflist|30em}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://coldwar-c4i.net/SpecialProjectFleet/history.html The "Special Project Fleet" 1961-69, 1985-89 in America's Cold War Infrastructure by Al Grobmeier]

*Unofficial ship pages:
*Unofficial ship pages:
**[http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/6001.htm USS ''Oxford''] &mdash; Navsource Online
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20050307103804/http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/6001.htm USS ''Oxford''] &mdash; Navsource Online
**[http://www.ussoxford.com/ USS ''Oxford'']
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20051109063411/http://www.ussoxford.com/ USS ''Oxford'']
**[http://www.ussgeorgetown.com/ USS ''Georgetown'']
**[http://www.ussgeorgetown.com/ USS ''Georgetown''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105064900/http://www.ussgeorgetown.com/ |date=2014-01-05 }}
**[http://www.kilroy.cx/Vietnam/Jamestown.htm USS ''Jamestown'']
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20050507145713/http://www.kilroy.cx/Vietnam/Jamestown.htm USS ''Jamestown'']
**[http://www.geocities.com/ussjamestown/ USS ''Jamestown'']
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20091027090818/http://geocities.com/ussjamestown/ USS ''Jamestown'']
**[http://www.ussbelmont.com/ USS ''Belmont'']
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20050527124620/http://www.ussbelmont.com/ USS ''Belmont'']
**[http://www.ussliberty.org/ USS ''Liberty'' memorial]
**[http://www.ussliberty.org/ USS ''Liberty'' memorial]
**[http://home.cfl.rr.com/gidusko/liberty/ USS ''Liberty'']
**[http://www.gidusko.com/ USS ''Liberty'']

{{MARCOMships}}
{{WWII US ships}}
{{Victory ships}}


[[Category:Espionage techniques]]
[[Category:Espionage techniques]]
[[Category:Espionage devices]]
[[Category:Espionage devices]]
[[Category:International maritime incidents|Pueblo]]
[[Category:International maritime incidents|Pueblo]]
[[Category:Military history of the United States 1900-1999]]
[[Category:United States Navy in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Signals intelligence]]
[[Category:Ship types]]
[[Category:Ship types]]

Latest revision as of 07:49, 27 January 2024

USS Liberty spy ship

Technical research ships were used by the United States Navy during the 1960s to gather intelligence by monitoring, recording and analyzing wireless electronic communications of nations in various parts of the world. At the time these ships were active, the mission of the ships was covert and discussion of the true mission was prohibited ("classified information"). The mission of the ships was publicly given as conducting research into atmospheric and communications phenomena. Their designation was AGTR – Auxiliary, General, Technical Research – but it was more or less an open secret that this was a euphemism and they were commonly referred to as "spy ships".[1][2]

Function

[edit]

These ships carried a crew of U.S. Navy personnel whose specialty was intercepting wireless electronic communications and gathering intelligence from those communications (signals intelligence, communications intelligence, and electronic signals intelligence (SIGINT)). In the 1960s those personnel had a U.S. Navy rating of Communications Technician (later changed to Cryptologic Technician), or CT.

In order to transmit intelligence information that had been gathered back to United States for further processing and analysis, these ships had a special system named Technical Research Ship Special Communications, or TRSSCOM (pronounced tress-com).[3] This Earth-Moon-Earth (EME) communications system used a special gyroscope-stabilized 16-foot (4.9 m) parabolic antenna, which can be seen aft of the main superstructure in the accompanying photographs of Belmont and Liberty. Radio signals were transmitted toward the Moon, where they would bounce back toward the Earth and be received by a large 84-foot (26 m) parabolic antenna at a Naval Communications Station in Cheltenham, Maryland (near Washington, D.C.) or Wahiawa, Hawaii. Communications could occur only when the Moon was visible simultaneously at the ship's location and in Cheltenham or Wahiawa. The gyro stabilization of the antenna kept the antenna pointed at the Moon while the ship rolled and pitched on the surface of the ocean.

These ships were classified as naval auxiliaries with a hull designation of AGTR, which stands for Auxiliary, General, Technical Research. Five of these ships were built with hull numbers of 1–5. The first three ships of this type (Oxford, Georgetown, and Jamestown) were converted from World War II-era Liberty ships. The last two ships (Belmont and Liberty) were converted from Victory ships.[3] The former Liberty ships' top speed of 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph) limited the first three AGTRs to missions of slow steaming on station with a minimum of transits.[3] Victory ships' sustained speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) enabled Belmont to shadow Mediterranean Sea operations of the Soviet helicopter carrier Moskva in 1969.[3] All of the technical research ships were decommissioned and stricken by 1970.

One of these ships' crew received a Presidential Unit Citation for heroism in combat. USS Liberty was attacked, severely damaged and 34 crew members killed by shelling, napalm bombing and torpedoing from Israeli jet fighter aircraft and motor torpedo boats on June 8, 1967.

USS Jamestown was awarded a Meritorious Unit Commendation along with USS Oxford. The citation reads (in part) "For meritorious service from 1 November 1965 to 30 June 1969 while participating in combat support operations in Southeast Asia. Through research and the compilation of extremely valuable technical data, USS Jamestown and USS Oxford contributed most significantly to the overall security of the United States and other Free World forces operating in support of the Republic of Vietnam. Signed E.R. Zumwalt, Admiral, USN, Chief of Naval Operations."

For specifications of these ships, see Liberty ship and Victory ship.

Ships of the AGTR type

[edit]
(dates of commissioning–decommissioning)

Environmental research ship (AGER)

[edit]
USS Pueblo

Three smaller ships, former Army Freight Supply (FS) ships converted by Navy to Light Cargo Ship (AKL) vessels and then to Banner-class environmental research ships (AGER)[3][4] had a similar mission. In contrast to the high freeboard of the AGTR Liberty and Victory hulls, the AGER decks were low and vulnerable to boarding from small craft. [3] USS Pueblo, technically still in commission, has been held by North Korea since its attack and capture by on January 23, 1968.[5]

Ships of the AGER type

[edit]

Auxiliary General (AG) USNS ships

[edit]
USNS Private Jose F. Valdez

Three technical research ships were operated as USNS ships with a Military Sea Transportation Service civilian crew and a Navy detachment conducting the mission operations. Two ships were Maritime Commission C1-M-AV1 types. One, USNS LT. James E. Robinson, was a VC2-S-AP2 (Victory) type that operated in this role December 1962-April 1964 before being reclassified AK‑274 and resuming cargo operations.[9]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Lee, Bill (June 2013). "Spy Ships: Cold War Warriors Created at NNS" (PDF). Explorer Magazin. p. [1], 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  2. ^ Polmar, Norman; Mathers, Lee J. (2023). Spy Ships: One Hundred Years of Intelligence Collection by Ships and Submarines. Lincoln, NE: Potomac Books, an imprint of the University of Nebraska Press. p. 97. ISBN 9781640124752 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Holhaus, H. L. (September 1977). "Comment and Discussion". Proceedings. United States Naval Institute.
  4. ^ "Environmental Research Ship (AGER) Index". NavSource Photo Archives. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  5. ^ "USS Pueblo (AGER 2)". Naval Vessel Register. United States Navy. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
  6. ^ "USS Banner (AGER-1)". NavSource Photo Archives. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  7. ^ "USS Pueblo (AGER-2)". NavSource Photo Archives. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  8. ^ "USS Palm Beach (AGER-3)". NavSource Photo Archives. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  9. ^ "Lt. James E. Robinson". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  10. ^ "USNS Pvt. Jose F. Valdez (T-AG-169)". NavSource Photo Archives. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  11. ^ "USNS LT. James E. Robinson (T-AK-274)". NavSource Photo Archives. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  12. ^ "USNS Sgt. Joseph E. Muller (T-AG-171)". NavSource Photo Archives. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
[edit]
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