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'''[[Slovakia]]''' is a landlocked [[Central Europe]]an country with mountainous regions in the north and flat terrain in the south.
[[File:Slovakia topo.jpg|thumb|right|A [[topography|topographical]] map of Slovakia]]
[[File:Slovakia general relief map.svg|thumb|right|Map of Slovakia with the main mountain ranges]]

[[Slovakia]] is a landlocked [[Central Europe]]an country with mountainous regions in the north and flat terrain in the south.<ref name=Vaskovsk1981>{{Cite journal|title=The development of the natural landscape in Slovakia during the Quaternary|journal=[[Biuletyn Peryglacjalny]]|last=Vaškovský|first=Imrich|volume=28|pages=249–258|last2=Vaškovská|first2=Eugenia|year=1981}}</ref> During much of the [[Holocene]], Slovakia was much more forested than today.<ref name=Vaskovsk1981/> Decline of the forest occurred in as consequence of the [[Vlachs#Shepherd culture|Valachian colonization]] and the development of mining in the territory.<ref name=Vaskovsk1981/>

== Statistics ==
'''Land use:'''

''agricultural land'': 40.1%

''arable land'': 28.9%; permanent crops: 0.4%; permanent pasture: 10.8%

''forest'': 40.2%

''other'': 19.7% (2011 est.)

'''Natural resources''':

Lignite, small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese ore; salt; arable land

'''Natural Hazards''':

Flooding

'''Environment-international agreements:'''

''Party to'': Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, [[Desertification]], Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling.

''Signed, but not ratified'': none of the selected agreements

==Area==
==Area==
[[Image:SlovakiaOMCmap.png|thumb|300px|right|Slovakia's cities and main towns]]
[[Image:SlovakiaOMCmap.png|thumb|300px|right|Slovakia's cities and main towns]]


Slovakia lies between 49°36'48" and 47°44'21" northern latitude and 16°50'56" and 22°33'53" eastern longitude.
Slovakia lies between 49°36'48" and 47°44'21" northern latitude and 16°50'56" and 22°33'53" eastern longitude.


The northernmost point lies near the ''Beskydok'' mountain in the [[Beskides]], near the [[Oravská Polhora]] municipality on the border with Poland. The southernmost point lies near the [[Patince]] municipality on the [[Danube]], bordering Hungary. The westernmost point lies on the [[Morava River]] near [[Záhorská Ves]] at the Austrian border and the easternmost point is located near the summit of the [[Kremenec]] mountain near the village of [[Nová Sedlica]], at the tri-point area Slovakia-Ukraine-Poland.
The northernmost point is near Beskydok, a mountain on the border with Poland near the village of [[Oravská Polhora]] in the [[Beskids]]. The southernmost point is near the village of [[Patince]] on the [[Danube]] on the border with [[Hungary]]. The westernmost point is on the [[Morava (river)|Morava River]] near [[Záhorská Ves]] on the Austrian border. The easternmost point is close to the summit of [[Kremenec]], a mountain near the village of [[Nová Sedlica]] at the meeting point of Slovak, Polish, and Ukrainian borders.


[[File:Natural resources of Slovakia.png|thumb|300px|right|Natural resources of Slovakia. Mg — magneisum, Mn — manganese, Fe — iron ore, Cu — copper, Sb — antimony; PM — polymetals (Pb, Zn and similar metals); L — lignite, O — oil.]]
Slovakia borders [[Poland]] in the north (547 km), [[Ukraine]] in the east (98 km), [[Hungary]] in the south (669 km), [[Austria]] in the west (106 km) and the [[Czech Republic]] in the north-west (252 km), making up a total length of {{unit length|km|1672|1}}.<ref>Slovak Wikipedia: [http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovensko#Hranice]</ref>
[[Image:Gerlach south face B.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Gerlachovský štít|highest mountain]]]]
The highest point is at the summit of [[Gerlachovský štít]] in the [[High Tatras]], {{convert|2655|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}, the lowest point is the surface of the [[Bodrog|Bodrog River]] on the Hungarian border at {{convert|94|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}.


The surface area is 48.845 km². Out of these 31% is arable, 17% is pasture land, 41% forested and 3% plantations. The remaining 8% are desolated land, water areas or human structures and infrastructure.<ref>bedekr.cz: [http://www.bedekr.cz/staty/Evropa/Slovensko?det=cia_geo.html]</ref>
The country's area is {{convert|48845|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}. 31% is arable land, 17% pastures, 41% forests, 3% cultivated land. The remaining 8% is mostly covered with human structures and infrastructure, and partly with rocky mountain ridges and other unimproved land.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bedekr.cz/staty/Evropa/Slovensko?det=cia_geo.html| title = bedekr.cz| access-date = 2008-01-23| archive-date = 2020-11-27| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201127164236/http://www.bedekr.cz/staty/Evropa/Slovensko?det=cia_geo.html| url-status = dead}}</ref>


Slovakia borders [[Poland]] in the north - {{convert|547|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}, [[Ukraine]] in the east - {{convert|98|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}, Hungary in the south - {{convert|679|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}, [[Austria]] in the south-west - {{convert|106|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}, and the [[Czech Republic]] in the north-west - {{convert|252|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} for a total border length of {{convert|1672|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}.<ref>Slovak Wikipedia: [[:sk:Slovensko#Hranice]]</ref>
The highest point of the country is [[Gerlachovský štít]] in the High Tatras at 2655 m, the lowest point is the surface of the [[Bodrog]] river at the Hungarian border at 94 m.


The village of [[Veľké Slemence]] (Ukrainian: [[Mali Slementsi/Малі Селменці]], Hungarian: Szelmenc) is an anomaly, as it is a village with a majority of Hungarians, but it is split between [[Slovakia]] and [[Geography of Ukraine|Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veľké Slemence|url=https://www.google.se/maps/place/076+77+Ve%C4%BEk%C3%A9+Slemence,+Slovakien/@48.4999457,22.1121494,13z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x4738e00346025179:0x152a6a602ccc4f7f!8m2!3d48.509593!4d22.1470481|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Veľké Slemence|language=en}}</ref>
==Physical geography==
[[Image:Slovakia_topo.jpg|thumb|300px|Topography of Slovakia]]
===Geomorphological division===
{{seealso|Geomorphological division of Slovakia}}


=== National parks ===
Slovakia is formed by 2 main regions: the [[Carpathian Mountains]] and the [[Pannonian Basin]]
{{Main|List of national parks of Slovakia}}
[[File:Palcmanská Maša.JPG|thumb|right|[[Slovak Paradise National Park]]]]
There are 9 national parks in Slovakia, covering 6.5% of the Slovak land surface.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lamnia.sk/maco/turistika/np/index.php|title=Národné parky na Slovensku|publisher=lamnia.sk|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010135408/http://www.lamnia.sk/maco/turistika/np/index.php|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Name
!Established
!Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
|[[Tatra National Park, Slovakia|Tatra National Park]]
|1949
|738
|-
|[[Low Tatras National Park]]
|1978
|728
|-
|[[Veľká Fatra National Park]]
|2002
|404
|-
|[[Slovak Karst National Park]]
|2002
|346
|-
|[[Poloniny National Park]]
|1997
|298
|-
|[[Malá Fatra National Park]]
|1988
|226
|-
|[[Muránska planina National Park]]
|1998
|203
|-
|[[Slovak Paradise National Park]]
|1988
|197
|-
|[[Pieniny National Park (Slovakia)|Pieniny National Park]]
|1967
|38
|}


== Geographical features ==
Approximately two thirds of the country belong to the Carpathians and for most of the part to the Western Carpathians.


=== Tatra mountains ===
The Inner Western Carpathians begin in the south-west with the [[Little Carpathians]] and continue with other mountain ranges of the [[Fatra-Tatra Area]], including [[Lesser Fatra|Lesser]] and [[Greater Fatra]], [[Tatras]] and [[Low Tatras]]. South of this area lie the [[Slovenské stredohorie]] (Slovak Medium Mountains) and [[Slovak Ore Mountains]]. The [[Lučenec-Košice Depression]] more into the south separates them from the [[Matra-Slanec Area]], which lies predominantly in the Hungarian territory.
{{Main|Tatra Mountains}}
[[File:Slovakia topo.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|A [[topography|topographical]] map of Slovakia]]


The Tatra Mountains, with 29 peaks higher than {{convert|2500|m|0|abbr=off}} [[Sea level#AMSL|AMSL]], are the highest mountain range in the Carpathian Mountains. The Tatras occupy an area of {{convert|750|km2|0|abbr=out}}, of which the greater part {{convert|600|km2|0|abbr=out}} lies in Slovakia. They are divided into several parts.
The Outer Western Carpathians begin with the [[Slovak-Moravian Carpathians]] in the west, while [[Beskids]] are located along the Polish border and are divided in Slovakia into Western, Central and Eastern Beskids. Between the Central and Eastern Beskids in the north and Fatra-Tatra Area south lies the [[Podhale-Magura Area]], which is formed by small mountain ranges and relatively high basins. Slovakia also has part of the Eastern Carpathians in the north-east. The [[Low Beskids]] and [[Bukovské vrchy]] belong to the Outer, while the [[Vihorlat Mountains]] into the Inner Eastern Carpathians.


To the north, close to the Polish border, are the [[High Tatras]] which are a popular [[hiking]] and [[skiing]] destination and home to many scenic lakes and valleys as well as the highest point in Slovakia, the [[Gerlachovský štít]] at {{convert|2655|m|0}} and the country's highly symbolic mountain [[Kriváň (peak)|Kriváň]]. To the west are the [[Western Tatras]] with their highest peak of [[Bystrá (mountain)|Bystrá]] at {{convert|2248|m|0}} and to the east are the [[Belianske Tatras]], smallest by area.
Around one third of the country is part of the Pannonian Basin, which in Slovakia is divided into three parts. The lowlands around Morava River are part of the [[Vienna Basin]], while the [[Danubian Lowland]] in the south belongs to the [[Little Hungarian Plain]]. In the south-east there is the [[Eastern Slovak Lowland]], which belongs to the [[Great Hungarian Plain]].


Separated from the Tatras proper by the valley of the [[Váh]] river are the [[Low Tatras]], with their highest peak of [[Ďumbier]] at {{convert|2043|m|0}}.
===Climate===
[[Image:Slovensky raj-Stratenska pila.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Slovak Paradise National Park]]]]
Slovakia is located in the [[temperate]] zone within the continental climate, with warm, relatively dry summers and cold, humid winters. The average daily temperature ranges from 0°C (32°F) in January to 21°C (70°F) in summer. The annual average temperature varies from 6°C (43°F) in northern Slovakia to 11°C (52°F) in the south.<ref>bratislava.de (German): [http://www.bratislava.de/Start/Slowakei/Slowakei_Wetter/slowakei_wetter.html]</ref> Precipitation varies from 500 mm in the lowlands to 2000 mm in the mountains.<ref>MSN (German): [http://de.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554274/Slowakische_Republik.html]</ref>


The Tatra mountain range is represented as one of the three hills on the [[coat of arms of Slovakia]].
For monthly temperature averages, see [http://www.eurometeo.com/english/city/id_sk/clima_select/meteo_Slovakia]


===Protected areas===
=== Caves ===
{{seealso|Protected areas of Slovakia}}
{{Main|List of caves in Slovakia}}
[[File:Domica Cave 20.jpg|thumb|right|[[Domica]] Cave]]
Many attractive ecologically valuable regions are placed under some sort of protection. In 2003 around 23% of the country was protected under one of these: 9 national parks (12%), 14 protected landscape areas (10.5%), 181 protected sites, 383 nature reserves, 219 national nature reserves, 230 nature monuments and 60 nature monuments.<ref>Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic: [http://archiv.mpsr.sk/slovak/dok/nsprv_prilA/0.11.pdf]</ref>


Slovakia has hundreds of caves and caverns under its mountains, of which 30 are open to the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ssj.sk/sk/verejnosti-volne-pristupne-jaskyne|title=Verejnosti voľne prístupné jaskyne|publisher=ssj.sk |access-date=19 August 2017}}</ref> Most of the caves have [[stalagmite]]s rising from the ground and [[stalactite]]s hanging from above. There are currently five Slovak caves under [[UNESCO]]'s World Heritage Site status. They are [[Dobšiná Ice Cave]], [[Domica]], [[Gombasek Cave]], [[Jasovská Cave]] and [[Ochtinská Aragonite Cave]]. Other caves open to the public include [[Belianska Cave]], [[Demänovská Cave of Liberty]], [[Demänovská Ice Cave]] or [[Bystrianska Cave]].
===Rivers and lakes===
[[Image:Velke Hincovo pleso.jpg|thumbnail|right|Veľké Hincovo pleso in the High Tatras]]
Most of the country belongs to the drainage basin of the [[Danube]] ([[Black Sea]]). Only parts around the [[Poprad River]] and [[Dunajec]] in the north-west belong to the drainage basin of the [[Vistula]], which flows into the [[Baltic Sea]]. The boundary between the drainage basins is part of the European [[drainage divide]].


=== Rivers ===
The Danube is also the biggest river in the country, with the average flow near Bratislava being 2,025m³/s,<ref>Slovak Wikipedia: [http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunaj]</ref> and making up a long section of the border with Hungary. The former main arm and now the side arm of the Danube [[Little Danube]] leaves the river in Bratislava and flows back again in [[Komárno]], creating one of the biggest river islands in Europe called [[Žitný ostrov]] between them, with an area of app. 1,900 km². Major tributaries are [[Váh]], with 413 km the longest Slovak river, [[Hron]] and [[Ipeľ]]. In the extreme south-west [[Tisza]] forms around 5 km border with Hungary, with major tributaries from Slovakia being [[Bodrog]] and [[Hornád]] (which flows into [[Sajó]] first).
{{Main|List of rivers of Slovakia}}
[[File:Belá river (Slovakia).jpg|thumb|right|[[Belá (river)|Belá River]]]]


Most of the rivers arise in the Slovak mountains. Some only pass through Slovakia, while others make a natural border with surrounding countries (more than {{convert|620|km|mi|disp=sqbr}}). For example, the [[Dunajec]] ({{convert|17|km|disp=sqbr}}) to the north, the [[Danube River|Danube]] ({{convert|172|km|disp=sqbr}}) to the south or the [[Morava (river)|Morava]] ({{convert|119|km|disp=sqbr}}) to the West. The total length of the rivers on Slovak territory is {{convert|49774|km}}.
As for lakes, the greatest natural lake is the [[Veľké Hincovo pleso]] with 0.2 km². Biggest reservoirs and dams are the [[Orava (reservoir)|Orava reservoir]] ([[Orava River]] ,35 km²), [[Zemplínska šírava]] (canal of [[Laborec]], 33 km²) [[Liptovská Mara]] ([[Váh]], 22 km²) and [[Veľká Domáša]] ([[Ondava]], 14 km²).


The longest river in Slovakia is the [[Váh]] ({{convert|403|km|disp=sqbr}}), the shortest is the Čierna voda. Other important and large rivers are the [[Myjava (river)|Myjava]], the [[Nitra (river)|Nitra]] ({{convert|197|km|disp=sqbr}}), the [[Orava (river)|Orava]], the [[Hron]] ({{convert|298|km|disp=sqbr}}), the [[Hornád]] ({{convert|193|km|disp=sqbr}}), the [[Slaná river|Slaná]] ({{convert|110|km|disp=sqbr}}), the [[Ipeľ]] ({{convert|232|km|disp=sqbr}}, forming the border with Hungary), the [[Bodrog]], the [[Laborec]], the [[Latorica]] and the [[Ondava]].
===Resources===
Slovakia has only limited natural resources. They include copper, lead, zinc, salt, manganese ore, lignite and iron.<ref>[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554274_2/Slovakia.html MSN Encarta]</ref><ref name="cia">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lo.html CIA World Factbook]</ref> In the past, gold, silver and other precious ore were mined in the mining towns.


The biggest volume of discharge in Slovak rivers is during [[Spring (season)|spring]], when the snow melts from the mountains. The only exception is the Danube, whose discharge is the greatest during summer when the snow melts in the [[Alps]]. The Danube is the largest river that flows through Slovakia.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nie ste prihlásený. |url=http://www.slovakregion.sk/vodstvo-jazera-rieky-rybniky-slovenska |title=Vodstvo – Jazerá - rieky - rybníky Slovenska |publisher=Slovakregion.sk |access-date=10 September 2013}}</ref>
==Human geography==
===Economic geography===
[[Image:Bratislava Central Bank3.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[National Bank of Slovakia]] in Bratislava]]
{{main|Economy of Slovakia}}
The [[gross domestic product]] was at 1,66 trillion [[Slovak koruna|SKK]] (short scale) in 2006, equal to around 50 billion [[Euro]] or 71 billion [[U.S. dollar]]s,<ref>Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic: [http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=9606]</ref> what is around 8,800 Euro or 13,000 USD per capita. It is divided into the sectors as follows:<ref name="cia"/>
*Agriculture 3.6%
*Industry (raw materials, production, energy, water) 31.6%
*Services 64.8%


== Climate ==
The western regions are more developed than the eastern ones. The highest GDP per capita was 573,976 SKK in the [[Bratislava Region]], what was more than double of national average (251,814 SKK), while in the [[Prešov Region]] in the north-east it was only 152,786 SKK (60% of national average) (data as of 2004).<ref>Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic: [http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=9728]</ref>
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width =
| image1 = CulHer14Slovakia328.JPG
| width1 = 190
| caption1 = Summer in [[Spišské Podhradie]]
| image2 = Banská Štiavnica im Herbst.JPG
| width2 = 195
| caption2 = Winter in [[Banská Štiavnica]]; the town is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].
}}


The Slovak climate lies between the temperate and [[continental climate]] zones with relatively warm [[summer]]s and cold, cloudy and humid [[winter]]s. Temperature extremes are between {{convert|-41|and|40.3|C}} although temperatures below {{convert|-30|C}} are rare. The weather differs from the mountainous north to the plains in the south.
====Agriculture====
Cultivated fields occupy around 29 percent of Slovakia. Principal crops are wheat, barley, maize, sugar beets and potatoes. Viticulture is widespread in the southern areas, mainly in the Little Carpathians, Danubian Lowland and [[Tokaj (Slovakia)|Tokaj]] areas. Breeding of livestock, including pigs, cattle, sheep is also practised.<ref>MSN Encarta: [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554274_5/Slovakia.html]</ref>


The warmest region is [[Bratislava]] and Southern Slovakia where the temperatures may reach {{convert|30|C}} in summer, occasionally to {{convert|39|C}} in [[Hurbanovo]]. During night, the temperatures drop to {{convert|20|C}}. The daily temperatures in winter average in the range of {{convert|-5|C}} to {{convert|10|C}}. During night it may be freezing, but usually not below {{convert|-10|C}}.
====Industry====
Slovakia was partly industrialized in the 19th century, but became an industrialized country in the second half of the 20th century. The Communist government emphasized heavy and arms industry. After Velvet Revolution and independence from Czechoslovakia in 1993 it somewhat declined; today, main sectors are manufacturing, electrotechnical, chemical, petrol, steel, textile and food processing industries. In recent years the car-making industry is on the rise, with car plants built in Bratislava, [[Trnava]] and [[Žilina]]. Besides the aforementioned, other important industrial towns are Trenčín, Prešov and Košice.


In Slovakia, there are four [[season]]s, each season ([[Spring (season)|spring]], summer, [[autumn]] and [[winter]]) lasts three months. The dry continental air brings in the summer heat and winter frosts. In contrast, oceanic air brings rainfalls and reduces summer temperatures. In the lowlands and valleys, there is often fog, especially in winter.
====Energy====
[[Image:Mochovce part.jpg|thumbnail|right|Mochovce Nuclear Power Plant]]
Much of the energy supply, particularly oil and gas, is imported. In 2004, the most important source of energy was from nuclear power plants (55.7%), located in [[Bohunice Nuclear Power Plant|Jaslovské Bohunice]] and [[Mochovce Nuclear Power Plant|Mochovce]]. Another source of energy was from hydroelectric plants (13,9%), with the main one being the [[Gabčíkovo Dam]] on the Danube and other on the Váh, [[Sajó|Slaná]], Orava and Hornád rivers; other sources were coal (10,9%), natural gas (7,9%) and oil (2,4%).<ref>(German): [http://www.bfai.de/fdb-SE,MKT20070816123441,Google.html]</ref> In 2005 Slovakia consumed 24.93 billion [[Kilowatt-hour|kWh]] of electricity.<ref name="cia"/>


Spring starts with 21 March and is characterised by colder weather with an average daily temperature of {{convert|9|C}} in the first weeks and about {{convert|14|C}} in May and {{convert|17|C}} in June. In Slovakia, the weather and climate in the spring are very unstable.
====Transport====
{{main|Transport in Slovakia}}
'''Road transport'''<br/>
The road network in Slovakia is composed of 42,696 km of roads (except highways and expressways), of which 3,341 km were first-class roads, 3,734 km second-class roads, 10,401 km third-class roads and 25,220 km local roads (2000).<ref>Slovak Roads Administration: [http://www.ssc.sk/user/view_page.php?page_id=384]</ref> As of December 2007, there were 368 km of highways and 135 km of expressways.


Summer starts on 22 June and is usually characterised by hot weather with daily temperatures exceeding {{convert|30|C}}. July and August are the warmest months with temperatures up to about {{convert|37|to|40|C}}, especially in regions of southern Slovakia - in the urban area of Komárno, Hurbanovo or Štúrovo. Showers or thunderstorms may occur because of the summer monsoon called Medardova kvapka (Medard drop - 40 days of rain). Summer in Northern Slovakia is usually mild with temperatures around {{convert|25|C}} (less in the mountains).
'''Rail transport'''<br/>
The railway network includes as of 2006 3,662 km of railways, of which 3,512 km were in [[standard gauge]] (1435 mm), 100 km in broad gauge (1520 mm) and 50 km in narrow gauge (1000 or 750 mm).<ref name="cia"/> There are significant links from Bratislava to the Czech Republic, Austria and Hungary and the most important line in the country is from Bratislava to Košice via Žilina.


Autumn in Slovakia starts on 23 September and is mostly characterised by wet weather and wind, although the first weeks can be very warm and sunny. The average temperature in September is around {{convert|14|C}}, in November to {{convert|3|C}}. Late September and early October is a dry and sunny time of year (so-called [[Indian summer]]).
'''Water transport'''<br/>
The main Slovak waterway is the Danube, with 172 km. Other navigable rivers are lower parts of Váh, and few kilometres of Bodrog. Main ports are located in [[Port of Bratislava|Bratislava]] and [[Komárno]].


Winter starts on 21 December with temperatures around {{convert|-5|to|-10|C}}. In December and January, it is usually snowing, these are the coldest months of the year. At lower altitudes, snow does not stay the whole winter, it changes into the thaw and frost. Winters are colder in the mountains, where the snow usually lasts until March or April and the night temperatures fall to {{convert|-20|C}} and colder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slovensko.com/about/weather-climate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026021233/http://www.slovensko.com/about/weather-climate|archive-date=26 October 2007 |title=Based on the "Climate" article from |publisher=www.slovensko.com |access-date=10 September 2013}}</ref>
===Social geography===
{{main|Demographics of Slovakia}}
Around 5,391,000 people lived in Slovakia at the end of 2006. According to the 2001 census, 85.8% of the people were [[Slovaks]], 9.7% [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]], 1.7% [[Romani people|Roma]], 0.8% [[Czech people|Czechs]], 0.4% [[Rusyns]], 0.2% [[Ukrainians]] and others.<ref>[http://portal.statistics.sk/files/Sekcie/sek_600/Demografia/SODB/Tabulky/Tabulky_AJ_SODB/tab11.pdf]</ref>


=== Examples ===
As for the migration, in 2006 approximately 5,600 people immigrated into Slovakia, while 1,700 emigrated from Slovakia. There were 53,904 live births (fertility rate 1.24) and 53,301 deaths (9.9 deaths per 1000 inhabitants) (2006).<ref>Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic: [http://portal.statistics.sk/files/Sekcie/sek_600/Demografia/Obyvatelstvo/AJ_TAB_96_06.pdf]</ref>
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Bratislava (1981–2010)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|collapsed = Yes
|Jan record high C = 19.8
|Feb record high C = 19.1
|Mar record high C = 25.0
|Apr record high C = 30.3
|May record high C = 33.4
|Jun record high C = 36.3
|Jul record high C = 38.2
|Aug record high C = 39.3
|Sep record high C = 34.0
|Oct record high C = 30.0
|Nov record high C = 21.3
|Dec record high C = 17.9
|year record high C = 39.3
|Jan high C = 2.7
|Feb high C = 5.1
|Mar high C = 10.3
|Apr high C = 16.7
|May high C = 21.8
|Jun high C = 24.9
|Jul high C = 27.5
|Aug high C = 27.0
|Sep high C = 21.7
|Oct high C = 15.6
|Nov high C = 8.2
|Dec high C = 3.3
|year high C = 15.4
|Jan mean C = −0.4
|Feb mean C = 1.2
|Mar mean C = 5.5
|Apr mean C = 11.0
|May mean C = 16.0
|Jun mean C = 19.1
|Jul mean C = 21.3
|Aug mean C = 20.7
|Sep mean C = 15.9
|Oct mean C = 10.4
|Nov mean C = 4.9
|Dec mean C = 0.7
|year mean C = 10.5
|Jan low C = −3.4
|Feb low C = −2.3
|Mar low C = 1.3
|Apr low C = 5.4
|May low C = 10.2
|Jun low C = 13.4
|Jul low C = 15.4
|Aug low C = 15.0
|Sep low C = 11.0
|Oct low C = 6.1
|Nov low C = 1.8
|Dec low C = −1.9
|year low C = 6.0
|Jan record low C = −24.6
|Feb record low C = −20.0
|Mar record low C = −15.1
|Apr record low C = −4.4
|May record low C = −2.0
|Jun record low C = 3.0
|Jul record low C = 7.0
|Aug record low C = 5.0
|Sep record low C = -2.0
|Oct record low C = −8.0
|Nov record low C = −12.0
|Dec record low C = −20.0
|year record low C = −24.6
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 39
|Feb precipitation mm = 37
|Mar precipitation mm = 38
|Apr precipitation mm = 34
|May precipitation mm = 55
|Jun precipitation mm = 57
|Jul precipitation mm = 53
|Aug precipitation mm = 59
|Sep precipitation mm = 55
|Oct precipitation mm = 38
|Nov precipitation mm = 54
|Dec precipitation mm = 46
|year precipitation mm = 565
|Jan snow cm = 10.7
|Feb snow cm = 5.7
|Mar snow cm = 1.6
|Apr snow cm = 0.2
|May snow cm = 0.0
|Jun snow cm = 0.0
|Jul snow cm = 0.0
|Aug snow cm = 0.0
|Sep snow cm = 0.0
|Oct snow cm = 0.2
|Nov snow cm = 1.8
|Dec snow cm = 4.0
|year snow cm =
|Jan humidity = 83
|Feb humidity = 78
|Mar humidity = 71
|Apr humidity = 64
|May humidity = 67
|Jun humidity = 66
|Jul humidity = 64
|Aug humidity = 65
|Sep humidity = 73
|Oct humidity = 78
|Nov humidity = 83
|Dec humidity = 85
|year humidity = 73
|Jan sun = 65.1
|Feb sun = 81.9
|Mar sun = 151.9
|Apr sun = 204.0
|May sun = 263.5
|Jun sun = 270.0
|Jul sun = 275.9
|Aug sun = 269.7
|Sep sun = 207.0
|Oct sun = 142.6
|Nov sun = 60.0
|Dec sun = 46.5
|year sun = 2038.1
| Jan uv =1
| Feb uv =2
| Mar uv =3
| Apr uv =4
| May uv =6
| Jun uv =7
| Jul uv =7
| Aug uv =6
| Sep uv =4
| Oct uv =3
| Nov uv =1
| Dec uv =1
|source 1 = Pogodaiklimat.ru,<ref name = Pogodaiklimat.rubratislava>{{cite web
|url = http://pogodaiklimat.ru/climate2/11816.htm
|title = Pogodaiklimat.ru – Bratislava
|publisher = Pogodaiklimat.ru
|access-date = 20 March 2014}}</ref> Climatemps<ref name= ClimatempsBratislava>{{cite web
|url = http://www.bratislava.climatemps.com/
|title = Climate of Bratislava
|publisher = Climatemps
|access-date = 20 March 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190506011453/http://www.bratislava.climatemps.com/
|archive-date = May 6, 2019
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> and Weather Atlas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/slovakia/bratislava-climate|title=Bratislava, Slovakia - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast|publisher=Yu Media Group|website=Weather Atlas|language=en|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref>
|date = March 2014


}}
The average population density in Slovakia was 110/km². There are noticeable, but not extreme differences between regions. The most populated are Bratislava with surroundings, Danubian Lowland and the lower and middle Váh valley. Another agglomeration is located near the cities of [[Košice]] and [[Prešov]]. The least populated are the mountain regions in central Slovakia and the north-east of the country; in some districts the density is lower than 50-70/km².


{{Weather box
==References==
|width = auto
*''Part or whole of the information is based on the [[:de:Geographie der Slowakei|corresponding article]] on the German Wikipedia''
|location = Košice, Slovakia (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1980−present)
{{reflist|2}}
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|collapsed = Yes
|Jan record high C = 13.1
|Feb record high C = 16.5
|Mar record high C = 23.2
|Apr record high C = 28.7
|May record high C = 31.7
|Jun record high C = 34.6
|Jul record high C = 38.0
|Aug record high C = 36.1
|Sep record high C = 34.1
|Oct record high C = 26.6
|Nov record high C = 22.4
|Dec record high C = 13.3
|year record high C = 38.0
|Jan high C = 1.0
|Feb high C = 3.7
|Mar high C = 9.9
|Apr high C = 16.5
|May high C = 21.2
|Jun high C = 24.8
|Jul high C = 26.6
|Aug high C = 26.8
|Sep high C = 21.2
|Oct high C = 14.8
|Nov high C = 8.1
|Dec high C = 1.8
|Jan mean C = -2.6
|Feb mean C = -0.4
|Mar mean C = 4.5
|Apr mean C = 9.6
|May mean C = 14.6
|Jun mean C = 17.5
|Jul mean C = 19.3
|Aug mean C = 19.1
|Sep mean C = 14.8
|Oct mean C = 9.4
|Nov mean C = 3.0
|Dec mean C = -1.3
|Jan low C = -4.8
|Feb low C = -3.5
|Mar low C = 0.0
|Apr low C = 5.0
|May low C = 9.6
|Jun low C = 13.2
|Jul low C = 14.8
|Aug low C = 14.6
|Sep low C = 10.1
|Oct low C = 5.3
|Nov low C = 1.2
|Dec low C = -3.3
|Jan record low C = -25.9
|Feb record low C = -22.3
|Mar record low C = -16.4
|Apr record low C = -7.2
|May record low C = -2.0
|Jun record low C = 2.9
|Jul record low C = 5.6
|Aug record low C = 1.2
|Sep record low C = 0.3
|Oct record low C = -7.5
|Nov record low C = -13.5
|Dec record low C = -19.2
|year record low C = -25.9
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 25.7
|Feb precipitation mm = 26.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 23.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 42.4
|May precipitation mm = 69.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 87.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 93.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 66.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 50.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 51.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 40.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 36.1
|Jan precipitation days = 12.7
|Feb precipitation days = 10.8
|Mar precipitation days = 9.0
|Apr precipitation days = 10.8
|May precipitation days = 13.3
|Jun precipitation days = 13.4
|Jul precipitation days = 12.9
|Aug precipitation days = 9.7
|Sep precipitation days = 10.7
|Oct precipitation days = 11.0
|Nov precipitation days = 11.9
|Dec precipitation days = 14.2
| Jan humidity = 78
| Feb humidity = 72
| Mar humidity = 59
| Apr humidity = 51
| May humidity = 51
| Jun humidity = 55
| Jul humidity = 53
| Aug humidity = 53
| Sep humidity = 53
| Oct humidity = 61
| Nov humidity = 76
| Dec humidity = 82
| year humidity =
| Jan sun = 67
| Feb sun = 86
| Mar sun = 166
| Apr sun = 204
| May sun = 266
| Jun sun = 259
| Jul sun = 282
| Aug sun = 258
| Sep sun = 216
| Oct sun = 153
| Nov sun = 68
| Dec sun = 47
| year sun =
| source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organisation]]<ref name=KosiceWMO>{{cite web|url= http://worldweather.wmo.int/011/c01228.htm|title= World Weather Information Service – Košice|date=July 2011}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[Danish Meteorological Institute]] (humidity and sun 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI3kosice>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931-1960) | title = TJEKKIET - Kosice | page = 274 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 14 October 2019}}</ref><ref name ="extremes kosice">{{cite web
| url = https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/normales-records/1991-2020/kosice/valeurs/11968.html
|title=Normales et records pour la période 1991-2020 à Kosice
| publisher = infoclimat.fr
| access-date = February 18, 2022}}</ref>
}}


{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Hurbanovo
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|collapsed = Yes
|Jan record high C = 13.4
|Feb record high C = 20.8
|Mar record high C = 25.7
|Apr record high C = 30.0
|May record high C = 33.4
|Jun record high C = 34.8
|Jul record high C = 40.3
|Aug record high C = 38.0
|Sep record high C = 33.4
|Oct record high C = 27.6
|Nov record high C = 23.2
|Dec record high C = 19.0
|year record high C =
|Jan high C = 1.6
|Feb high C = 4.8
|Mar high C = 10.6
|Apr high C = 16.6
|May high C = 21.7
|Jun high C = 24.7
|Jul high C = 26.8
|Aug high C = 26.2
|Sep high C = 22.3
|Oct high C = 16.3
|Nov high C = 8.4
|Dec high C = 3.2
|year high C = 15.3
|Jan mean C = -1.5
|Feb mean C = 1.0
|Mar mean C = 5.4
|Apr mean C = 10.7
|May mean C = 15.6
|Jun mean C = 18.7
|Jul mean C = 20.2
|Aug mean C = 19.5
|Sep mean C = 15.5
|Oct mean C = 10.2
|Nov mean C = 4.7
|Dec mean C = 0.4
|year mean C = 10.0
|Jan low C = -4.7
|Feb low C = -2.5
|Mar low C = 0.9
|Apr low C = 5.0
|May low C = 9.6
|Jun low C = 12.7
|Jul low C = 13.8
|Aug low C = 13.5
|Sep low C = 10.1
|Oct low C = 5.4
|Nov low C = 1.4
|Dec low C = -2.5
|year low C = 5.2
|Jan record low C = -23.0
|Feb record low C = -22.4
|Mar record low C = -21.4
|Apr record low C = -5.3
|May record low C = -1.8
|Jun record low C = 2.2
|Jul record low C = 4.5
|Aug record low C = 4.5
|Sep record low C = -1.7
|Oct record low C = -1.6
|Nov record low C = -14.1
|Dec record low C = -21.0
|year record low C = -23.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 33.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 34.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 26.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 38.8
|May precipitation mm = 55.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 60.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 50.7
|Aug precipitation mm = 37.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 38.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 32.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 53.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 39.8
|year precipitation mm = 521.7
|Jan humidity = 83
|Feb humidity = 79
|Mar humidity = 72
|Apr humidity = 65
|May humidity = 66
|Jun humidity = 68
|Jul humidity = 66
|Aug humidity = 69
|Sep humidity = 74
|Oct humidity = 76
|Nov humidity = 82
|Dec humidity = 85
|year humidity = 74
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 6.9
|Feb precipitation days = 6.4
|Mar precipitation days = 5.9
|Apr precipitation days = 6.4
|May precipitation days = 8.3
|Jun precipitation days = 8.3
|Jul precipitation days = 7.1
|Aug precipitation days = 6.8
|Sep precipitation days = 5.6
|Oct precipitation days = 5.0
|Nov precipitation days = 7.8
|Dec precipitation days = 7.5
|year precipitation days = 82.0
|Jan sun = 61.9
|Feb sun = 85.0
|Mar sun = 134.3
|Apr sun = 178.8
|May sun = 229.0
|Jun sun = 237.4
|Jul sun = 259.4
|Aug sun = 236.8
|Sep sun = 184.3
|Oct sun = 143.7
|Nov sun = 69.1
|Dec sun = 51.6
|year sun = 1871.3
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name = NOAAHurbanovo>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/S1/11858.TXT
| title = Hurbanovo Climate Normals 1961-1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = March 3, 2015}}</ref> OGIMET<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=11858&ano=2021&mes=2&day=26&hora=12&min=0&ndays=30 |title=11858: Hurbanovo (Slovakia) |publisher=OGIMET |access-date=26 February 2021 |date=26 February 2021}}</ref>
|date=May 2013
}}

== Biodiversity ==
[[File:Vysoké Tatry, Dolina Bielej vody, cestou od Zeleného plesa na Jahňací štít (32).JPG|thumb|''[[Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica]]'' in the [[Tatra Mountains]]]]
Slovakia signed the Rio [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] on 19 May 1993, and became a party to the convention on 25 August 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124005746/http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/|archive-date=24 January 2011 |title=List of Parties |access-date=8 December 2012}}</ref> It has subsequently produced a [[Biodiversity action plan|National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan]], which was received by the convention on 2 November 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/sk/sk-nbsap-01-p1-en.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721013840/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/sk/sk-nbsap-01-p1-en.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2008 |title=National Biodiversity Strategy of Slovakia |access-date=8 December 2012}}</ref>

The biodiversity of Slovakia comprises [[animal]]s (such as annelids, arthropods, molluscs, nematodes and vertebrates), [[fungi]] ([[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Chytridiomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]] and [[Zygomycota]]), micro-organisms (including [[Mycetozoa]]), and [[plant]]s. The geographical position of Slovakia determines the richness of the diversity of fauna and flora. More than 11,000 plant species have been described throughout its territory, nearly 29,000 animal species and over 1,000 species of protozoa. [[Endemism|Endemic]] biodiversity is also common.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://geography.upol.cz/soubory/lide/smolova/RGSR/ucebnice/fg/biota.html|title=Regionální geografie Slovenska - elektronická učebnice|website=geography.upol.cz|access-date=28 September 2019}}</ref>

Slovakia is located in the biome of [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forest]]s and terrestrial ecoregions of [[Pannonian mixed forests]] and [[Carpathian montane conifer forests]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref> As the altitude changes, the vegetation associations and animal communities are forming height levels ([[oak]], [[beech]], [[spruce]], [[scrub pine]], [[alpine meadows]] and [[subsoil]]). Forests cover 44% of the territory of Slovakia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tasr.sk/|title=Tlačová agentúra Slovenskej republiky - TASR.sk|website=www.tasr.sk|access-date=28 September 2019}}</ref> The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 4.34/10, ranking it 129th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|doi-access=free}}</ref> In terms of forest stands, 60% are [[broadleaf trees]] and 40% are [[coniferous trees]]. The occurrence of animal species is strongly connected to the appropriate types of plant associations and biotopes.<ref name=":0"/>

Over 4,000 species of fungi have been recorded from Slovakia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng |title=Cybertruffle's Robigalia. Observations of fungi and their associated organisms |access-date=8 December 2012}}</ref><ref>Pavel Lizoň & Kamila Bacigálová, ''Huby – Fungi'' in F. Hindák [ed.] Checklist of Non-vascular and Vascular Plants of Slovakia (Bratislava, 1998), pp. 102–227.</ref> Of these, nearly 1,500 are [[lichen]]-forming species.<ref>Ivan Pišút, ''Lichenizované Huby (Lišajníky) – Lichen-forming Fungi (Lichens)'' in F. Hindák [ed.] Checklist of Non-vascular and Vascular Plants of Slovakia (Bratislava, 1998), pp. 229–295.</ref> Some of these fungi are undoubtedly endemic, but not enough is known to say how many. Of the lichen-forming species, about 40% have been classified as threatened in some way. About 7% are apparently extinct, 9% endangered, 17% vulnerable, and 7% rare. The conservation status of non-lichen-forming fungi in Slovakia is not well documented, but there is a red list for its larger fungi.<ref>Pavel Lizoň, ''Threatened macrofungi in Slovakia'' Biologia (Bratislava) 50: 9–12(1995).</ref>

==Lakes==
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a location to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
*[[:Category:Lakes of Slovakia|Lakes of Slovakia]]
*[[Baňur]]
*[[Hlboké (lake)|Hlboké]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{CIA World Factbook}}{{commons category|Geography of Slovakia}}
{{Slovakia topics}}
{{Geography of Europe}}
{{Geography of Europe}}
{{Danube}}
{{Danube}}
[[Category:Geography of Slovakia| ]]


[[Category:Geography of Slovakia| ]]
[[cs:Geografie Slovenska]]
[[de:Geographie der Slowakei]]
[[es:Geografía de Eslovaquia]]
[[fr:Géographie de la Slovaquie]]
[[it:Geografia della Slovacchia]]
[[pt:Geografia da Eslováquia]]
[[sq:Gjeografia e Sllovakisë]]

Latest revision as of 11:55, 26 May 2024

A topographical map of Slovakia
Map of Slovakia with the main mountain ranges

Slovakia is a landlocked Central European country with mountainous regions in the north and flat terrain in the south.[1] During much of the Holocene, Slovakia was much more forested than today.[1] Decline of the forest occurred in as consequence of the Valachian colonization and the development of mining in the territory.[1]

Statistics

[edit]

Land use:

agricultural land: 40.1%

arable land: 28.9%; permanent crops: 0.4%; permanent pasture: 10.8%

forest: 40.2%

other: 19.7% (2011 est.)

Natural resources:

Lignite, small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese ore; salt; arable land

Natural Hazards:

Flooding

Environment-international agreements:

Party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling.

Signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Area

[edit]
Slovakia's cities and main towns

Slovakia lies between 49°36'48" and 47°44'21" northern latitude and 16°50'56" and 22°33'53" eastern longitude.

The northernmost point is near Beskydok, a mountain on the border with Poland near the village of Oravská Polhora in the Beskids. The southernmost point is near the village of Patince on the Danube on the border with Hungary. The westernmost point is on the Morava River near Záhorská Ves on the Austrian border. The easternmost point is close to the summit of Kremenec, a mountain near the village of Nová Sedlica at the meeting point of Slovak, Polish, and Ukrainian borders.

Natural resources of Slovakia. Mg — magneisum, Mn — manganese, Fe — iron ore, Cu — copper, Sb — antimony; PM — polymetals (Pb, Zn and similar metals); L — lignite, O — oil.
The highest mountain

The highest point is at the summit of Gerlachovský štít in the High Tatras, 2,655 m (8,710.6 ft), the lowest point is the surface of the Bodrog River on the Hungarian border at 94 m (308.4 ft).

The country's area is 48,845 km2 (18,859 sq mi). 31% is arable land, 17% pastures, 41% forests, 3% cultivated land. The remaining 8% is mostly covered with human structures and infrastructure, and partly with rocky mountain ridges and other unimproved land.[2]

Slovakia borders Poland in the north - 547 km (339.9 mi), Ukraine in the east - 98 km (60.9 mi), Hungary in the south - 679 km (421.9 mi), Austria in the south-west - 106 km (65.9 mi), and the Czech Republic in the north-west - 252 km (156.6 mi) for a total border length of 1,672 km (1,038.9 mi).[3]

The village of Veľké Slemence (Ukrainian: Mali Slementsi/Малі Селменці, Hungarian: Szelmenc) is an anomaly, as it is a village with a majority of Hungarians, but it is split between Slovakia and Ukraine.[4]

National parks

[edit]
Main article: List of national parks of Slovakia
Slovak Paradise National Park

There are 9 national parks in Slovakia, covering 6.5% of the Slovak land surface.[5]

Name Established Area (km2)
Tatra National Park 1949 738
Low Tatras National Park 1978 728
Veľká Fatra National Park 2002 404
Slovak Karst National Park 2002 346
Poloniny National Park 1997 298
Malá Fatra National Park 1988 226
Muránska planina National Park 1998 203
Slovak Paradise National Park 1988 197
Pieniny National Park 1967 38

Geographical features

[edit]

Tatra mountains

[edit]
Main article: Tatra Mountains
A topographical map of Slovakia

The Tatra Mountains, with 29 peaks higher than 2,500 metres (8,202 feet) AMSL, are the highest mountain range in the Carpathian Mountains. The Tatras occupy an area of 750 square kilometres (290 sq mi), of which the greater part 600 square kilometres (232 sq mi) lies in Slovakia. They are divided into several parts.

To the north, close to the Polish border, are the High Tatras which are a popular hiking and skiing destination and home to many scenic lakes and valleys as well as the highest point in Slovakia, the Gerlachovský štít at 2,655 metres (8,711 ft) and the country's highly symbolic mountain Kriváň. To the west are the Western Tatras with their highest peak of Bystrá at 2,248 metres (7,375 ft) and to the east are the Belianske Tatras, smallest by area.

Separated from the Tatras proper by the valley of the Váh river are the Low Tatras, with their highest peak of Ďumbier at 2,043 metres (6,703 ft).

The Tatra mountain range is represented as one of the three hills on the coat of arms of Slovakia.

Caves

[edit]
Main article: List of caves in Slovakia
Domica Cave

Slovakia has hundreds of caves and caverns under its mountains, of which 30 are open to the public.[6] Most of the caves have stalagmites rising from the ground and stalactites hanging from above. There are currently five Slovak caves under UNESCO's World Heritage Site status. They are Dobšiná Ice Cave, Domica, Gombasek Cave, Jasovská Cave and Ochtinská Aragonite Cave. Other caves open to the public include Belianska Cave, Demänovská Cave of Liberty, Demänovská Ice Cave or Bystrianska Cave.

Rivers

[edit]
Main article: List of rivers of Slovakia
Belá River

Most of the rivers arise in the Slovak mountains. Some only pass through Slovakia, while others make a natural border with surrounding countries (more than 620 kilometres [390 mi]). For example, the Dunajec (17 kilometres [11 mi]) to the north, the Danube (172 kilometres [107 mi]) to the south or the Morava (119 kilometres [74 mi]) to the West. The total length of the rivers on Slovak territory is 49,774 kilometres (30,928 mi).

The longest river in Slovakia is the Váh (403 kilometres [250 mi]), the shortest is the Čierna voda. Other important and large rivers are the Myjava, the Nitra (197 kilometres [122 mi]), the Orava, the Hron (298 kilometres [185 mi]), the Hornád (193 kilometres [120 mi]), the Slaná (110 kilometres [68 mi]), the Ipeľ (232 kilometres [144 mi], forming the border with Hungary), the Bodrog, the Laborec, the Latorica and the Ondava.

The biggest volume of discharge in Slovak rivers is during spring, when the snow melts from the mountains. The only exception is the Danube, whose discharge is the greatest during summer when the snow melts in the Alps. The Danube is the largest river that flows through Slovakia.[7]

Climate

[edit]
Summer in Spišské Podhradie
Winter in Banská Štiavnica; the town is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Slovak climate lies between the temperate and continental climate zones with relatively warm summers and cold, cloudy and humid winters. Temperature extremes are between −41 and 40.3 °C (−41.8 and 104.5 °F) although temperatures below −30 °C (−22 °F) are rare. The weather differs from the mountainous north to the plains in the south.

The warmest region is Bratislava and Southern Slovakia where the temperatures may reach 30 °C (86 °F) in summer, occasionally to 39 °C (102 °F) in Hurbanovo. During night, the temperatures drop to 20 °C (68 °F). The daily temperatures in winter average in the range of −5 °C (23 °F) to 10 °C (50 °F). During night it may be freezing, but usually not below −10 °C (14 °F).

In Slovakia, there are four seasons, each season (spring, summer, autumn and winter) lasts three months. The dry continental air brings in the summer heat and winter frosts. In contrast, oceanic air brings rainfalls and reduces summer temperatures. In the lowlands and valleys, there is often fog, especially in winter.

Spring starts with 21 March and is characterised by colder weather with an average daily temperature of 9 °C (48 °F) in the first weeks and about 14 °C (57 °F) in May and 17 °C (63 °F) in June. In Slovakia, the weather and climate in the spring are very unstable.

Summer starts on 22 June and is usually characterised by hot weather with daily temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F). July and August are the warmest months with temperatures up to about 37 to 40 °C (99 to 104 °F), especially in regions of southern Slovakia - in the urban area of Komárno, Hurbanovo or Štúrovo. Showers or thunderstorms may occur because of the summer monsoon called Medardova kvapka (Medard drop - 40 days of rain). Summer in Northern Slovakia is usually mild with temperatures around 25 °C (77 °F) (less in the mountains).

Autumn in Slovakia starts on 23 September and is mostly characterised by wet weather and wind, although the first weeks can be very warm and sunny. The average temperature in September is around 14 °C (57 °F), in November to 3 °C (37 °F). Late September and early October is a dry and sunny time of year (so-called Indian summer).

Winter starts on 21 December with temperatures around −5 to −10 °C (23 to 14 °F). In December and January, it is usually snowing, these are the coldest months of the year. At lower altitudes, snow does not stay the whole winter, it changes into the thaw and frost. Winters are colder in the mountains, where the snow usually lasts until March or April and the night temperatures fall to −20 °C (−4 °F) and colder.[8]

Examples

[edit]
Climate data for Bratislava (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.8
(67.6) 		19.1
(66.4) 		25.0
(77.0) 		30.3
(86.5) 		33.4
(92.1) 		36.3
(97.3) 		38.2
(100.8) 		39.3
(102.7) 		34.0
(93.2) 		30.0
(86.0) 		21.3
(70.3) 		17.9
(64.2) 		39.3
(102.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.7
(36.9) 		5.1
(41.2) 		10.3
(50.5) 		16.7
(62.1) 		21.8
(71.2) 		24.9
(76.8) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.0
(80.6) 		21.7
(71.1) 		15.6
(60.1) 		8.2
(46.8) 		3.3
(37.9) 		15.4
(59.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.4
(31.3) 		1.2
(34.2) 		5.5
(41.9) 		11.0
(51.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		19.1
(66.4) 		21.3
(70.3) 		20.7
(69.3) 		15.9
(60.6) 		10.4
(50.7) 		4.9
(40.8) 		0.7
(33.3) 		10.5
(50.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.4
(25.9) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		1.3
(34.3) 		5.4
(41.7) 		10.2
(50.4) 		13.4
(56.1) 		15.4
(59.7) 		15.0
(59.0) 		11.0
(51.8) 		6.1
(43.0) 		1.8
(35.2) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		6.0
(42.8)
Record low °C (°F) −24.6
(−12.3) 		−20
(−4) 		−15.1
(4.8) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−2
(28) 		3.0
(37.4) 		7.0
(44.6) 		5.0
(41.0) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		−8
(18) 		−12
(10) 		−20
(−4) 		−24.6
(−12.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 39
(1.5) 		37
(1.5) 		38
(1.5) 		34
(1.3) 		55
(2.2) 		57
(2.2) 		53
(2.1) 		59
(2.3) 		55
(2.2) 		38
(1.5) 		54
(2.1) 		46
(1.8) 		565
(22.2)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 10.7
(4.2) 		5.7
(2.2) 		1.6
(0.6) 		0.2
(0.1) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.1) 		1.8
(0.7) 		4.0
(1.6) 		24.2
(9.5)
Average relative humidity (%) 83 78 71 64 67 66 64 65 73 78 83 85 73
Mean monthly sunshine hours 65.1 81.9 151.9 204.0 263.5 270.0 275.9 269.7 207.0 142.6 60.0 46.5 2,038.1
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 3 4 6 7 7 6 4 3 1 1 4
Source: Pogodaiklimat.ru,[9] Climatemps[10] and Weather Atlas[11]
Climate data for Košice, Slovakia (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1980−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.1
(55.6) 		16.5
(61.7) 		23.2
(73.8) 		28.7
(83.7) 		31.7
(89.1) 		34.6
(94.3) 		38.0
(100.4) 		36.1
(97.0) 		34.1
(93.4) 		26.6
(79.9) 		22.4
(72.3) 		13.3
(55.9) 		38.0
(100.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.0
(33.8) 		3.7
(38.7) 		9.9
(49.8) 		16.5
(61.7) 		21.2
(70.2) 		24.8
(76.6) 		26.6
(79.9) 		26.8
(80.2) 		21.2
(70.2) 		14.8
(58.6) 		8.1
(46.6) 		1.8
(35.2) 		14.7
(58.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.6
(27.3) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		4.5
(40.1) 		9.6
(49.3) 		14.6
(58.3) 		17.5
(63.5) 		19.3
(66.7) 		19.1
(66.4) 		14.8
(58.6) 		9.4
(48.9) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		9.0
(48.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.8
(23.4) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		0.0
(32.0) 		5.0
(41.0) 		9.6
(49.3) 		13.2
(55.8) 		14.8
(58.6) 		14.6
(58.3) 		10.1
(50.2) 		5.3
(41.5) 		1.2
(34.2) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		5.2
(41.3)
Record low °C (°F) −25.9
(−14.6) 		−22.3
(−8.1) 		−16.4
(2.5) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		2.9
(37.2) 		5.6
(42.1) 		1.2
(34.2) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−13.5
(7.7) 		−19.2
(−2.6) 		−25.9
(−14.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 25.7
(1.01) 		26.8
(1.06) 		23.6
(0.93) 		42.4
(1.67) 		69.4
(2.73) 		87.5
(3.44) 		93.5
(3.68) 		66.5
(2.62) 		50.1
(1.97) 		51.1
(2.01) 		40.2
(1.58) 		36.1
(1.42) 		612.9
(24.12)
Average precipitation days 12.7 10.8 9.0 10.8 13.3 13.4 12.9 9.7 10.7 11.0 11.9 14.2 140.4
Average relative humidity (%) 78 72 59 51 51 55 53 53 53 61 76 82 62
Mean monthly sunshine hours 67 86 166 204 266 259 282 258 216 153 68 47 2,072
Source 1: World Meteorological Organisation[12]
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute (humidity and sun 1931–1960)[13][14]
Climate data for Hurbanovo
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.4
(56.1) 		20.8
(69.4) 		25.7
(78.3) 		30.0
(86.0) 		33.4
(92.1) 		34.8
(94.6) 		40.3
(104.5) 		38.0
(100.4) 		33.4
(92.1) 		27.6
(81.7) 		23.2
(73.8) 		19.0
(66.2) 		40.3
(104.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.6
(34.9) 		4.8
(40.6) 		10.6
(51.1) 		16.6
(61.9) 		21.7
(71.1) 		24.7
(76.5) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.2
(79.2) 		22.3
(72.1) 		16.3
(61.3) 		8.4
(47.1) 		3.2
(37.8) 		15.3
(59.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3) 		1.0
(33.8) 		5.4
(41.7) 		10.7
(51.3) 		15.6
(60.1) 		18.7
(65.7) 		20.2
(68.4) 		19.5
(67.1) 		15.5
(59.9) 		10.2
(50.4) 		4.7
(40.5) 		0.4
(32.7) 		10.0
(50.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.7
(23.5) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		0.9
(33.6) 		5.0
(41.0) 		9.6
(49.3) 		12.7
(54.9) 		13.8
(56.8) 		13.5
(56.3) 		10.1
(50.2) 		5.4
(41.7) 		1.4
(34.5) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		5.2
(41.4)
Record low °C (°F) −23.0
(−9.4) 		−22.4
(−8.3) 		−21.4
(−6.5) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		2.2
(36.0) 		4.5
(40.1) 		4.5
(40.1) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−14.1
(6.6) 		−21.0
(−5.8) 		−23.0
(−9.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 33.9
(1.33) 		34.0
(1.34) 		26.6
(1.05) 		38.8
(1.53) 		55.3
(2.18) 		60.8
(2.39) 		50.7
(2.00) 		37.0
(1.46) 		38.9
(1.53) 		32.2
(1.27) 		53.7
(2.11) 		39.8
(1.57) 		521.7
(20.54)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.9 6.4 5.9 6.4 8.3 8.3 7.1 6.8 5.6 5.0 7.8 7.5 82.0
Average relative humidity (%) 83 79 72 65 66 68 66 69 74 76 82 85 74
Mean monthly sunshine hours 61.9 85.0 134.3 178.8 229.0 237.4 259.4 236.8 184.3 143.7 69.1 51.6 1,871.3
Source: NOAA[15] OGIMET[16]

Biodiversity

[edit]
Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica in the Tatra Mountains

Slovakia signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 19 May 1993, and became a party to the convention on 25 August 1994.[17] It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which was received by the convention on 2 November 1998.[18]

The biodiversity of Slovakia comprises animals (such as annelids, arthropods, molluscs, nematodes and vertebrates), fungi (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota and Zygomycota), micro-organisms (including Mycetozoa), and plants. The geographical position of Slovakia determines the richness of the diversity of fauna and flora. More than 11,000 plant species have been described throughout its territory, nearly 29,000 animal species and over 1,000 species of protozoa. Endemic biodiversity is also common.[19]

Slovakia is located in the biome of temperate broadleaf and mixed forests and terrestrial ecoregions of Pannonian mixed forests and Carpathian montane conifer forests.[20] As the altitude changes, the vegetation associations and animal communities are forming height levels (oak, beech, spruce, scrub pine, alpine meadows and subsoil). Forests cover 44% of the territory of Slovakia.[21] The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.34/10, ranking it 129th globally out of 172 countries.[22] In terms of forest stands, 60% are broadleaf trees and 40% are coniferous trees. The occurrence of animal species is strongly connected to the appropriate types of plant associations and biotopes.[19]

Over 4,000 species of fungi have been recorded from Slovakia.[23][24] Of these, nearly 1,500 are lichen-forming species.[25] Some of these fungi are undoubtedly endemic, but not enough is known to say how many. Of the lichen-forming species, about 40% have been classified as threatened in some way. About 7% are apparently extinct, 9% endangered, 17% vulnerable, and 7% rare. The conservation status of non-lichen-forming fungi in Slovakia is not well documented, but there is a red list for its larger fungi.[26]

Lakes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Vaškovský, Imrich; Vaškovská, Eugenia (1981). "The development of the natural landscape in Slovakia during the Quaternary". Biuletyn Peryglacjalny. 28: 249–258.
  2. ^ "bedekr.cz". Archived from the original on 2020-11-27. Retrieved 2008-01-23.
  3. ^ Slovak Wikipedia: sk:Slovensko#Hranice
  4. ^ "Veľké Slemence". Veľké Slemence. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  5. ^ "Národné parky na Slovensku". lamnia.sk. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  6. ^ "Verejnosti voľne prístupné jaskyne". ssj.sk. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  7. ^ Nie ste prihlásený. "Vodstvo – Jazerá - rieky - rybníky Slovenska". Slovakregion.sk. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  8. ^ "Based on the "Climate" article from". www.slovensko.com. Archived from the original on 26 October 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  9. ^ "Pogodaiklimat.ru – Bratislava". Pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  10. ^ "Climate of Bratislava". Climatemps. Archived from the original on May 6, 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  11. ^ "Bratislava, Slovakia - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
  12. ^ "World Weather Information Service – Košice". July 2011.
  13. ^ Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens. "TJEKKIET - Kosice" (PDF). Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931-1960) (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. p. 274. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
  14. ^ "Normales et records pour la période 1991-2020 à Kosice". infoclimat.fr. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
  15. ^ "Hurbanovo Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
  16. ^ "11858: Hurbanovo (Slovakia)". OGIMET. 26 February 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  17. ^ "List of Parties". Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  18. ^ "National Biodiversity Strategy of Slovakia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  19. ^ a b "Regionální geografie Slovenska - elektronická učebnice". geography.upol.cz. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
  20. ^ Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.
  21. ^ "Tlačová agentúra Slovenskej republiky - TASR.sk". www.tasr.sk. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
  22. ^ Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  23. ^ "Cybertruffle's Robigalia. Observations of fungi and their associated organisms". Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  24. ^ Pavel Lizoň & Kamila Bacigálová, Huby – Fungi in F. Hindák [ed.] Checklist of Non-vascular and Vascular Plants of Slovakia (Bratislava, 1998), pp. 102–227.
  25. ^ Ivan Pišút, Lichenizované Huby (Lišajníky) – Lichen-forming Fungi (Lichens) in F. Hindák [ed.] Checklist of Non-vascular and Vascular Plants of Slovakia (Bratislava, 1998), pp. 229–295.
  26. ^ Pavel Lizoň, Threatened macrofungi in Slovakia Biologia (Bratislava) 50: 9–12(1995).

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