Beijing National Stadium: Difference between revisions

Beijing National Stadium
Beijing National Stadium
Simplified Chinese	北京国家体育场
Traditional Chinese	北京國家體育場
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Běijīng Guójiā Tǐyùchǎng
Wade–Giles	Pěichīng Kwóchiā T'ǐyǜch'ǎng
Yale Romanization	Běijīng Gwójyā Tǐyùchǎng
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Bàk gìng Gwok gà Tái yuhk chèuhng
Jyutping	Bak1ging1 Gwok3gaa1 Tai2juk6coeng4
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ	Pak-kiaⁿ Kok-ka Thái-io̍k-tiûⁿ
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese	鸟巢
Traditional Chinese	鳥巢
Literal meaning	Bird's Nest
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Niǎo Cháo
Wade–Giles	Niǎo Ch'áo
Yale Romanization	Nyǎu Cháu
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Níuh Chàauh
Jyutping	Niu5 Caau4
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ	Chiáu Châu

National Stadium
国家体育场·鸟巢
Bird's Nest
	Exterior view of the stadium
Full name	National Stadium
Location	1 National Stadium South Road, Beijing, China
Public transit	8 15 Olympic Park ; 8 Olympic Sports Center
Executive suites	140
Capacity	80,000 (91,000 with temporary seats)
Record attendance	89,102 (Nigeria–Argentina Olympic football match, 23 August 2008)
Surface	Grass, All-weather running track
Construction
Broke ground	24 December 2003; 21 years ago
Built	2003–2008
Opened	28 June 2008; 16 years ago
Construction cost	CN¥2.3 billion
Architect	Herzog & de Meuron; ArupSport; China Architectural Design & Research Group; Ai Weiwei (Artistic consultant)
Structural engineer	Arup
Tenants
	China national football team (selected matches); China women's national football team (selected matches); China national basketball team (2009–2010)
Website
	n-s.cn

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Latest revision as of 02:40, 29 December 2024

The National Stadium^[3] (国家体育场), a.k.a. the Bird's Nest (鸟巢),^[4] is a stadium at Olympic Green in Chaoyang, Beijing, China. The National Stadium, covering an area of 204,000 square meters with 91,000 capacity, broke ground in December 2003, officially started construction in March 2004, and was completed in June 2008.^[5]

The National Stadium is owned and operated by a partnership company between Beijing Municipal State-owned Assets Management Co Ltd (58%) and CITIC Group (42%).^[6]

The stadium was designed for the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. It was also used during the 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics.

History

Located at the Olympic Green in Beijing, the stadium cost US$428 million. The design was awarded to a submission from the Swiss architecture firm Herzog & de Meuron in April 2003 after a bidding process that included 13 final submissions. The design, which originated from the study of Chinese ceramics, implemented steel beams in order to hide supports for the retractable roof; giving the stadium the appearance of a bird's nest. Leading Chinese artist Ai Weiwei was the artistic consultant on the project.^[7] The retractable roof was later removed from the design after inspiring the stadium's most recognizable aspect. Ground was broken on 24 December 2003 and the stadium officially opened on 28 June 2008. A shopping mall and a hotel are planned to be constructed to increase use of the stadium, which has had trouble attracting events, football and otherwise, after the Olympics.^[8]

Bidding

In 2001, before Beijing had been awarded the games, the city held a bidding process to select the best arena design. Multiple requirements including the ability for post-Olympics use, a retractable roof, and incredibly low maintenance costs, were required of each design.^[9] The entry list was narrowed to thirteen final designs.^[10] Of the final thirteen, Li Xinggang of China Architecture Design and Research Group (CADG), said after he placed the model of the "nest" proposal at the exhibition hall and saw the rival entries he thought to himself, "We will win this."^[9] The model was approved as the top design by a professional panel and later exhibited to the public. Once again, it was selected as the top design.^[9] The "nest scheme" design became official in April 2003.^[9]

Design

Why does a Chinese bowl or a Chinese window have this kind of pattern? Maybe the Chinese people like things to appear in this irregular way, but underneath there are very clear rules. The Bird's Nest developed in this way.

— Li Xinggang, head architect of CADG^[11]

Beijing National Stadium (BNS) was a joint venture among architects Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron of Herzog & de Meuron, project architect Stefan Marbach and CADG, which was led by chief architect Li Xinggang.^[12] During their first meeting in 2003, at Basel, the group decided to do something unlike Herzog and de Meuron had traditionally designed. "China wanted to have something new for this very important stadium," Li stated.^[12] In an effort to design a stadium that was "porous" while also being "a collective building, a public vessel",^[11] the team studied Chinese ceramics.^[13] This line of thought brought the team to the "nest scheme".^[11] The stadium consists of two independent structures, standing 50 feet apart:^[1] a red concrete seating bowl and the outer steel frame around it.^[11]

In an attempt to hide steel supports for the retractable roof, required in the bidding process, the team developed the "random-looking additional steel" to blend the supports into the rest of the stadium.^[11] Twenty-four trussed columns encase the inner bowl,^[14] each one weighing 1,000 tons.^[9] Despite the random appearance of the Stadium, each half is nearly symmetrical.^[15] After a collapse of a roof at the Charles de Gaulle Airport,^[9] Beijing reviewed all major projects. It was decided to eliminate the retractable roof, the original inspiration for the "nest" design,^[9] as well as 9,000 seats from the design.^[15] The removal of the elements helped to bring the project under the reduced construction budget of $290 million, from an original $500 million.^[9] With the removal of the retractable roof, the building was lightened, which helped it stand up to seismic activity; however, the upper section of the roof was altered to protect fans from weather.^[15] Enerpac was granted the contract to perform the stage lifting and lowering of the stadium roof as part of the construction process.^[16] China National Electric Engineering Co Ltd and China National Mechanical Engineering Corporation lifted and welded the steel structure. Due to the stadium's outward appearance, it was nicknamed "The Bird's Nest". The phrase was first used by Herzog & de Meuron, though the pair still believes "there should be many ways of perceiving a building."^[11] The use is a compliment Li explained, "In China, a bird's nest is very expensive, something you eat on special occasions."^[9]

Construction

Construction of the stadium proceeded in several distinct phases, the first phase involving the construction of a concrete supporting structure upon the concrete foundations laid for the construction site. This was followed by the phased installation of the curved steel frame surrounding the stadium, which is largely self-supporting. This phased installation involved the interconnection of sections of the curved steel frame constructed in Shanghai and transported to Beijing for assembly and welding. The entire structure of interconnected sections was welded together as the primary means of interconnection used to assemble the entire surrounding nest structure. Upon removal of the supporting columns used for the purpose of expediting the assembly of the interconnecting sections, the completed nest structure as a whole settled approximately 27 cm to attain full stability before the interior design and construction of the stadium could be installed and completed.^[17]

Completion

Ground was broken, at the Olympic Green,^[18] for Beijing National Stadium on 24 December 2003.^[19] At its height, 17,000 construction workers worked on the stadium.^[20] Portraits of 143 migrant workers at the construction site were featured in the book Workers (Gong Ren) by artist Helen Couchman. On 1 January 2008, The Times reported that 10 workers had died throughout construction; despite denial from the Chinese government.^[21] However, in a story the following week, Reuters, with the support of the Chinese government, reported that only two workers had died.^[20] All 121,000 tons of steel were made in China. On 14 May 2008 the grass field of 7,811 square meters was laid in 24 hours.^[22] The field is a modular turf system by GreenTech ITM.^[23] Building the Beijing Olympic Field Beijing National Stadium officially opened at a ceremony on 28 June 2008.^[24]

Features and events

The eastern and western stands of Beijing National Stadium are higher than northern and southern stands, in order to improve sightlines.^[25] A 24-hour-per-day rainwater collector is located near the stadium; after water is purified, it is used throughout and around the stadium.^[26]^[27] Pipes placed under the playing surface gather heat in the winter to warm the stadium and disperse heat in the summer to cool the stadium.^[28] The stadium's design originally planned to have capacity of 100,000 people; however, 9,000 were removed during a simplification of the design. The new total of 91,000 was shaved further when 11,000 temporary seats were removed after the 2008 Summer Olympics; decreasing the stadium's capacity to current 80,000.^[29]^[30] The farthest seat is 460 feet (140 meters) from center field.^[1]^[28] Temperature and airflow of every surface were optimized to increase ventilation.^[28]

Beijing National Stadium hosted the opening and closing ceremonies, athletic events, and football final of the 2008 Summer Olympics from 8 to 24 August 2008.^[3] The stadium also hosted the Opening and Closing ceremonies and athletic events of the 2008 Summer Paralympics from 6 to 17 September 2008.^[3] Though designed for track and field events of the Olympics, the stadium continued to host sporting events, such as football, afterwards.^[15] A shopping mall and a hotel, with rooms overlooking the field, are planned to help increase use after the Olympics.^[1] Li stated, "This will become the most important public space in Beijing."^[1]

Although ignored by the Chinese media, design consultant Ai Weiwei has voiced his anti-Olympics views and distanced himself from the project, saying, "I've already forgotten about it. I turn down all the demands to have photographs with it," and that it is part of a "pretend smile" of bad taste.^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]

Football

China men's and women's team has not played any matches since the opening of the stadium.

On its first anniversary, 8 August 2009, the stadium hosted a performance of the opera Turandot, and the 2009 Supercoppa Italiana (Italian Super Cup) final, the traditional curtain raiser to the Italian football league season.^[35] In August 2011, the Bird's Nest once again hosted the Supercoppa Italiana, the stadium's second in three years, and also in 2012.

The Beijing Guo’an football club was scheduled to play at the stadium, but later backed out of their agreement, citing the embarrassment of using an 80,000+ seat venue for games that routinely draw only slightly more than 10,000.^[8]^[36]

In July 2010, the stadium hosted a friendly football match between Football League Championship team Birmingham City and Beijing Guoan as a part of Birmingham's pre-season trip to China, homeland of the club's owner Carson Yeung. Birmingham City recorded a 1–0 victory in the game.^[37]

Arsenal and Manchester City played each other in the inaugural 'China Cup', a one-off match in Beijing's played on 27 July 2012. Manchester City won the match with a score of 2–0.^[38]

On 25 July 2016 Manchester City were scheduled to meet Manchester United as part of the 2016 International Champions Cup. However the game was cancelled due to heavy rain soaking the pitch, poor pitch conditions due to fungus and the pitch being relaid with turf.^[39]^[40]

On 22 July 2017, Arsenal and Chelsea played against each other in a friendly match.^[41]

After China became the host of the 2023 AFC Asian Cup on 4 June 2019 which the stadium was originally intended as the Beijing venue, but it was replaced by Workers' Stadium on 4 January 2020. However, on 14 May 2022, AFC announced that China would not be able to host the tournament due to the exceptional circumstances caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.^[42]

Other sports events

The stadium hosted the 2009 Race of Champions motor racing carnival.^[43] In 2014 and 2015, the FIA Formula E Championship motor racing series hosted the Beijing ePrix at the Beijing Olympic Park.

On 1 November 2010, the IAAF announced that the 2015 World Championships in Athletics would take place at the Beijing National Stadium.^[44] and the event will return to the same stadium in 2027.^[45]

On 29 July 2017, the stadium hosted Monster Jam and the Stadium Super Trucks, marking the first Chinese race for both racing series. Chinese driver Li Ya Tao was among the ten drivers competing in the Stadium Super Truck race.^[46]

On 4 November 2017, the stadium hosted the League of Legends World Championship 2017 Finals.^[47]

Concerts

Jackie Chan was the first artist to hold a pop concert at the stadium on 2 April 2009.

"King of Chinese Pop" Wang Leehom held the first solo pop concert at the stadium on 14 April 2012 for a sold-out crowd of 90,000 fans.^[48] Taiwanese band Mayday performed at the stadium for two nights from 29 to 30 April 2012, as part of their Mayday No Where Tour. They were the first band ever to hold two-day concerts at the stadium. They returned in August 2013 to hold one show as part of their Mayday Now Here Tour. They came back to the stadium to hold their three shows of their Just Rock It!!! World Tour in August 2016 and five shows of their Mayday Life Tour in August 2017 and 2018. They returned in August 2019 to hold three shows of their Just Rock It!!! World Tour to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the release of their first album in 1999.

Korean pop artists under S.M. Entertainment including Kangta, BoA, TVXQ, Super Junior (Super Junior-M), Girls' Generation, SHINee, f(x), EXO, Zhang Liyin, and Tasty performed at the stadium for the first time on 19 October 2013 as part of the SMTown Live World Tour III.

Chinese pop star Jason Zhang held the Future Live concert at the stadium on 11 August 2018.

Chinese pop and rock star Hua Chenyu was the first solo artist under 30 to hold a concert, let alone two, on 8 September 2018, to 9 September 2018.

Since 2014, the finals for the Chinese singing competition The Voice of China and Sing! China, based on the hit international singing competition The Voice, were held at the stadium. The finals were usually held on either 7 October or on a Sunday of the Golden Week to commemorate the event.

Pageants

In 4th quarter of 2017, this stadium is also open for both local & international pageant events.

Post-Olympics legacy

On 12 January 2009 the venue's owners announced plans for the stadium to anchor a shopping and entertainment complex. These plans, having been developed by operator CITIC Group, were projected to take three to five years to achieve. The stadium also continues to function as a tourist attraction, while hosting sports and entertainment events.^[36] However, by 2013 the stadium had fallen into visual disrepair and was criticized as appearing rusty and neglected by visitors to Beijing.

In 2009, the stadium was the site of a Pit Stop for the double-length penultimate leg in the 14th season of The Amazing Race.^[49] In 2010, an Olympic-themed Detour was held here in the fifth leg of the first season of The Amazing Race: China Rush.^[50] Later in 2016, the first leg of the third season of The Amazing Race China featured a Roadblock where a team member reenacted a dancing segment from the opening ceremony.^[51]

The National Stadium was intended to be a Monument of New China, expected to be visited by millions of tourists and showcased through an array of media representations.^[52]

In spite of the lack of significant events, the stadium appears to be quite profitable, drawing some 20,000 to 30,000 people a day at the price of a 50 yuan admission.^[53] In 2010 it was used as a snow theme park.^[54] The venue costs approximately $9 million to maintain per year.^[8]^[36]

The stadium was used for the finals of the 2017 League of Legends World Championship.^[55] This included performances by Jay Chou.

The stadium was used to host "The Great Journey", an art performance marking the 100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party on 1 July 2021.^[56]

2022 Winter Olympics

The stadium was used for the opening and closing ceremonies of 2022 Winter Olympics and 2022 Winter Paralympics. It is the only stadium to host both the Summer and Winter Olympics and Paralympics opening and closing ceremonies.^[8]

The Beijing National Stadium at night during the Summer Olympics
Inside of the stadium during the 2008 Summer Olympics
Interior view of the stadium
2008 Summer Olympics flame
2008 Summer Olympics flame
Detail of the exterior
Architectural detail of the stadium's exterior
Entrance during the 2008 Summer Olympics
Beijing National Stadium at night
Golden hall, the lounge for national leaders
Silver hall, the lounge for IOC officials

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Sources

Pasternack, Alex (2008). "National Stadium". Architectural Record. Clifford A. Pearson: 92–9. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2008.

External links

Beijing2008.cn profile
Beijing National Stadium Official site Archived 25 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Chinese)

39°59′30″N 116°23′26″E / 39.99167°N 116.39056°E / 39.99167; 116.39056

Preceded by Olympic Stadium Athens	Summer Olympics Opening and closing ceremonies venue (Olympic Stadium) 2008	Succeeded by Olympic Stadium London
Preceded by Olympic Stadium Athens	Summer Olympics Athletics competitions Main venue 2008	Succeeded by Olympic Stadium London
Preceded by Olympic Stadium Athens	Summer Olympics Men's football gold medal match venue 2008	Succeeded by Wembley Stadium London
Preceded by Olympic Stadium Athens	Summer Paralympics Opening and closing ceremonies venue (Olympic Stadium) 2008	Succeeded by Olympic Stadium London
Preceded by Olympic Stadium Athens	Summer Olympics Athletics competitions Main venue 2008	Succeeded by Olympic Stadium London
Preceded by Luzhniki Stadium Moscow	World Championships in Athletics Main venue 2015	Succeeded by London Stadium London
Preceded by Staples Center Los Angeles	League of Legends World Championship Final venue 2017	Succeeded by Incheon Munhak Stadium Incheon
Preceded by Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Pyeongchang	Winter Olympics Opening and closing ceremonies venue (Olympic Stadium) 2022	Succeeded by San Siro, Milan (opening) Verona Arena, Verona (closing)
Preceded by Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Pyeongchang	Winter Paralympics Opening and closing ceremonies venue (Olympic Stadium) 2022	Succeeded by Verona Arena, Verona (opening) Stadio Olimpico Del Ghiaccio, Cortina (closing)

[AR98-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Pasternack 2008, pp. 98

[2] "Bird's Nest Beijing: Beijing National Stadium, How to Visit Bird's Nest, Location".

[OffSite-3] "The National Stadium". Competition Venues. The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Archived from the original on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2008.

[4] "鸟巢 - 鸟巢官网,国家体育场,国家体育馆,奥运-国家体育场官方网站". www.n-s.cn. Retrieved 16 November 2023.

[5] "2015京台基礎教育論壇校長峰會 2015 Beijing–Taiwan Basic Education Forum Principal Summit" (PDF). 臺中市政府 Taichung City Government. Retrieved 16 November 2023.

[6] "国家体育场："鸟巢"--嵊州新闻网". Zhejiang Online. Retrieved 16 November 2023.

[7] "China's New Faces: Ai Weiwei". BBC News. 3 March 2005. Archived from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2010.

[LAT022209-8] Demick, Barbara (22 February 2009). "Beijing's Olympic building boom becomes a bust". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2009.

[Syndrome-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Lubow, Arthur (6 May 2006). "The China Syndrome". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2008.

[10] "Presentation of Competation". Beijing Municipal Commission of Urban Planning. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.

[AR94-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Pasternack 2008, pp. 94

[AR93-12] Pasternack 2008, pp. 93

[AR93-94-13] Pasternack 2008, pp. 93–4

[14] Pasternack 2008, pp. 94, 7

[AR97-15] Pasternack 2008, pp. 97

[16] "The Engineer". Enerpac Helps the Beijing's 'Bird Nest' to Stand on its own two feet. 13 March 2007. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2011.

[17] National Geographic Megastructures. Beijing National Stadium. 8 April 2014. [1] Archived 27 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine.

[18] Goldberger, Paul (2 June 2008). "Out of the Blocks". The Sky Line. The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.

[19] "Milestones in the construction of the Bird's Nest". National Stadium. The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. 28 June 2008. Archived from the original on 24 August 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2008.

[ReuDie-20] Mulvenney, Nick; Alex Richardson (28 January 2008). "Beijing says 2 died in Bird's Nest construction". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2008.

[21] "China hushes up Olympic deaths". The Times. London. 20 January 2008. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.

[22] "Asia's first mobile turf installed in world's biggest 'nest'". National Stadium. The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. 29 June 2008. Archived from the original on 26 August 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.

[23] ttps://www.canr.msu.edu Archived 24 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine › C...PDF

[24] "Newly completed National Stadium welcomes guests". National Stadium. The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. 28 June 2008. Archived from the original on 26 August 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2008.

[25] "Architect: After-Games use is taken into consideration". National Stadium. The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. 28 June 2008. Archived from the original on 24 August 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.

[26] "Bird's Nest welcomes rain". National Stadium. The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. 29 June 2008. Archived from the original on 24 August 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.

[27] "A green Bird's Nest". National Stadium. The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. 22 May 2008. Archived from the original on 24 August 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.

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v t e Venues of the 2008 Summer Olympics (Beijing)
New venues	Beijing National Stadium Beijing National Aquatics Center Beijing National Indoor Stadium Beijing Shooting Range Hall Wukesong Indoor Stadium Laoshan Velodrome Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park China Agricultural University Gymnasium Peking University Gymnasium Beijing Science and Technology University Gymnasium Beijing University of Technology Gymnasium Olympic Green Tennis Center
Existing venues	Olympic Sports Centre Olympic Sports Center Gymnasium Workers' Stadium Workers Indoor Arena Capital Indoor Stadium Fengtai Softball Field Ying Tung Natatorium Laoshan Mountain Bike Course Beijing Shooting Range Clay Target Field Beijing Institute of Technology Gymnasium Beihang University Gymnasium
Temporary venues	Olympic Green Convention Center Olympic Green Hockey Field Olympic Green Archery Field Wukesong Baseball Field Chaoyang Park Beach Volleyball Ground BMX Field Triathlon Venue Urban Road Cycling Course
Venues outside Beijing	Qingdao International Sailing Centre Shanghai Stadium Qinhuangdao Olympic Sports Center Stadium Hong Kong Equestrian Venues Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium

v t e Olympic venues in athletics
19th century	1896: Marathon (city), Panathenaic Stadium
20th century	1900: Croix-Catelan Stadium 1904: Francis Field 1908: White City Stadium 1912: Stockholm Olympic Stadium 1920: Olympisch Stadion 1924: Stade Yves-du-Manoir 1928: Olympic Stadium 1932: Olympic Stadium, Riverside Drive at Griffith Park 1936: Avus Motor Road, Olympic Stadium 1948: Empire Stadium 1952: Olympic Stadium 1956: Melbourne Cricket Ground 1960: Arch of Constantine, Raccordo Anulare, Stadio Olimpico, Via Appia Antica, Via Cristoforo Colombo 1964: Fuchu City, Karasuyama-machi, National Stadium, Sasazuka-machi, Shinjuku 1968: Estadio Olímpico Universitario, Zócalo 1972: Olympiastadion 1976: Montreal Botanical Garden, Olympic Stadium, Streets of Montreal 1980: Grand Arena, Streets of Moscow 1984: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Santa Monica College, Streets of Los Angeles, Streets of Santa Monica 1988: Seoul Olympic Stadium, Streets of Seoul 1992: Estadi Olímpic de Monjuïc, Marathon course, Mataró, Walking course 1996: Marathon course, Olympic Stadium, Walking course
21st century	2000: Marathon course, North Sydney, Olympic Stadium 2004: Marathon (city), Olympic Stadium, Panathenaic Stadium, Stadium at Olympia 2008: Beijing National Stadium, Olympic Green Promenade Walking course, Streets of Beijing Marathon course 2012: Marathon Course, Olympic Stadium 2016: Estádio Olímpico João Havelange, Pontal, Sambódromo 2020: Japan National Stadium, Odori Park 2024: Stade de France, Champs-Élysées 2028: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, BMO Stadium, Grand Park 2032: Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre, Alexandra Headland

v t e Summer Olympic stadiums
19th century	Panathenaic Stadium (Athens 1896) Vélodrome de Vincennes (Paris 1900)
20th century	Francis Olympic Field (St Louis 1904) White City Stadium (London 1908) Stockholm Olympic Stadium (Stockholm 1912) Olympisch Stadion (Antwerp 1920) Stade Yves-du-Manoir (Paris 1924) Olympic Stadium (Amsterdam 1928) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (Los Angeles 1932) Olympiastadion (Berlin 1936) Wembley Stadium (London 1948) Helsinki Olympic Stadium (Helsinki 1952) Melbourne Cricket Ground (Melbourne 1956) Stadio Olimpico (Rome 1960) National Stadium (Tokyo 1964) Estadio Olímpico Universitario (Mexico City 1968) Olympiastadion (Munich 1972) Olympic Stadium (Montreal 1976) Luzhniki Stadium (Moscow 1980) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (Los Angeles 1984) Seoul Olympic Stadium (Seoul 1988) Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys (Barcelona 1992) Centennial Olympic Stadium (Atlanta 1996) Stadium Australia (Sydney 2000)
21st century	Olympic Stadium (Athens 2004) Beijing National Stadium (Beijing 2008) London Stadium (London 2012) Estádio Olímpico Nilton Santos/Maracanã Stadium (Rio de Janeiro 2016) Japan National Stadium (Tokyo 2020) Stade de France (Paris 2024) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum/SoFi Stadium (Los Angeles 2028) Lang Park (Brisbane 2032)

v t e Notable buildings and structures in Beijing from the modern era
Ten Great Buildings	Beijing railway station Cultural Palace of Nationalities Diaoyutai State Guesthouse Great Hall of the People Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution Minzu Hotel National Museum of China Workers' Stadium 1959–2020 2023–present
Olympic Green	Beijing National Stadium Beijing National Aquatics Center Beijing National Indoor Stadium Beijing Olympic Tower China National Convention Center Digital Beijing Building National Tennis Center
Tiananmen Square	Chairman Mao Memorial Hall Monument to the People's Heroes National Centre for the Performing Arts
Museums	Beijing Planetarium Capital Museum China Aviation Museum China Railway Museum China Science and Technology Museum Museum of the Chinese Communist Party Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance Against Japanese Aggression National Art Museum of China
Transportation	Beijing Capital International Airport Beijing South railway station Beijing West railway station Beijing Daxing International Airport
CBD	Beijing TV Centre Beijing Yintai Centre CCTV Headquarters CCTV Tower The China World Trade Center Fortune Plaza Jing Guang Centre China Zun
Other government buildings	National Library of China Workers Indoor Arena
Others	IAP Meteorological Tower New Beijing Poly Plaza Galaxy SOHO Wangjing SOHO Leeza SOHO

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
Geographic	Structurae StadiumDB