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{{Short description|Family of fishes}}
{{otheruses}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox
| name = Snapper
| image = Paddletail melb aquarium.jpg
| image = Paddletail melb aquarium.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = [[Humpback red snapper]], ''Lutjanus gibbus''
| image_caption = [[Humpback red snapper]], ''Lutjanus gibbus''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| taxon = Lutjanidae
| authority = [[Theodore Nicholas Gill|T. N. Gill]], 1861<ref name = VDLEF>{{cite journal | author1 = Richard van der Laan | author2 = William N. Eschmeyer | author3 = Ronald Fricke | name-list-style = amp |year=2014 | title = Family-group names of Recent fishes | url = https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3882.1.1/10480 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3882 | issue =2 | pages = 001–230| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 | pmid = 25543675 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| subdivision = see text
| ordo = [[Perciformes]]
| familia = '''Paridae'''
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
''[[Aphareus (genus)|Aphareus]]''<br>
''[[Aprion]]''<br>
''[[Apsilus]]''<br>
''[[Etelis]]''<br>
''[[Hemilutjanus]]''<br>
''[[Hoplopagrus]]''<br>
''[[Lipocheilus]]''<br>
''[[Lutjanus]]''<br>
''[[Macolor]]''<br>
''[[Ocyurus]]''<br>
''[[Paracaesio]]''<br>
''[[Pinjalo]]''<br>
''[[Pristipomoides]]''<br>
''[[Randallichthys]]''<br>
''[[Rhomboplites]]''<br>
''[[Symphorus]]''
}}
}}
'''Snapper''' are a family of [[perciform]] [[fish]], mainly marine but with some members living in [[estuary|estuaries]], and entering fresh water to feed. Some are important food fish. One of the best known is the [[red snapper (fish)|red snapper]].


'''Lutjanidae''' or '''snappers''' are a family of [[perciform]] [[fish]], mainly marine, but with some members inhabiting [[estuary|estuaries]], feeding in fresh water. The family includes about 113 species. Some are important food fish. One of the best known is the [[red snapper (fish)|red snapper]].
Snapper are found in the tropical and subtropical regions of all the oceans. They can grow to about a meter in length. Most feed on [[crustacean]]s or other fish, though a few are plankton-feeders. They can be kept in [[aquaria]], but mostly grow too fast to be popular aquarium fish. They live at depths of up to 450 m.


Snappers inhabit tropical and subtropical regions of all oceans. Some snappers grow up to about {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length, and one specific snapper, the [[cubera snapper]], grows up to {{cvt|1.52|m}} in length.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.mountthis.net/2017/02/cubera-snapper.html|title=Cubera Snapper|website=blog.mountthis.net|access-date=2017-02-15}}</ref> Most are active [[carnivores]], feeding on [[crustacean]]s or other fish,<ref name=fishes>{{cite web|last1=Bray|first1=Dianne|title=LUTJANIDAE|url=http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/family/308|website=Fishes of Australia|access-date=29 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009084753/http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/family/308|archive-date=9 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> though a few are [[plankton]]-feeders. They can be kept in [[aquarium|aquaria]], but mostly grow too fast to be popular aquarium fish. Most species live at depths reaching {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} near coral reefs, but some species are found up to {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep.<ref name=fishes />
About 100 [[species]] of snapper are currently recognised, divided into about 16 [[genus|genera]]. A very large number of fish [[species]] have "snapper" in their common name; most but not all of these are members of the family Lutjanidae. Almost all the 60 or so species in the genus ''[[Lutjanus]]'' have common names including the word "snapper".


[[File:Five-lined snapper.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Five-lined snapper (''Lutjanus quinquelineatus''), northeast coast of Taiwan]]
Unrelated to the fish, the word "snapper" is also used for snapping turtles, as for the [http://www.chelydra.org/snapping_turtle_identification.html common snapper] and the [http://www.chelydra.org/alligator_snapping_turtle_identification.html alligator snapper].


As with other fish, snappers harbour [[parasite]]s. A detailed study conducted in [[New Caledonia]] has shown that [[coral reef]]-associated snappers harbour about nine species of parasites per fish species.<ref name="JustineBeveridge2012">{{cite journal|last1=Justine|first1=Jean-Lou|last2=Beveridge|first2=Ian|last3=Boxshall|first3=Geoffrey A|last4=Bray|first4=Rodney A|last5=Miller|first5=Terrence L|last6=Moravec|first6=František|last7=Trilles|first7=Jean-Paul|last8=Whittington|first8=Ian D|title=An annotated list of fish parasites (Isopoda, Copepoda, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda, Nematoda) collected from Snappers and Bream (Lutjanidae, Nemipteridae, Caesionidae) in New Caledonia confirms high parasite biodiversity on coral reef fish|journal=Aquatic Biosystems|volume=8|issue=1|year=2012|pages=22|issn=2046-9063|doi=10.1186/2046-9063-8-22| pmid = 22947621 | pmc = 3507714|doi-access=free |bibcode=2012AqBio...8...22J }} {{open access}}</ref>


==Timeline==
----
Gibola
==Species==
<timeline>
* Genus ''[[Aphareus (genus)|Aphareus]]''
ImageSize = width:700px height:auto barincrement:15px
** [[Small toothed jobfish]], ''[[Aphareus furca]]'' <small>([[Bernard Germain Étienne De La Ville, Comte De Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1801)</small>.
PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px
** [[Rusty jobfish]], ''[[Aphareus rutilans]]'' <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1830</small>.

* Genus ''[[Aprion]]''
Period = from:-65.5 till:10
** [[Green jobfish]], ''[[Aprion virescens]]'' <small>[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1830</small>.
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
* Genus ''[[Apsilus]]''
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:-65.5
** [[Mangrove snapper|Black snapper]], ''[[Apsilus dentatus]]'' <small>Guichenot, 1853</small>.
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-65.5
** [[African forktail snapper]], ''[[Apsilus fuscus]]'' <small>[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1830</small>.
TimeAxis = orientation:hor
* Genus ''[[Etelis]]''
AlignBars = justify
** [[Ruby snapper]], ''[[Etelis carbunculus]]'' <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1828</small>.

** [[Flame snapper]], ''[[Etelis coruscans]]'' <small>[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1862</small>.
Colors =
** [[Queen snapper]], ''[[Etelis oculatus]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1828)</small>.
#legends
** [[Scarlet snapper]], ''[[Etelis radiosus]]'' <small>Anderson, 1981</small>.
id:CAR value:claret
* Genus ''[[Hoplopagrus]]''
id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196)
** [[Mexican barred snapper]], ''[[Hoplopagrus guentherii]]'' <small>[[Theodore Gill|Gill]], 1862</small>.
id:HER value:teal
* Genus ''[[Lipocheilus]]''
id:HAD value:green
** [[Tang's snapper]], ''[[Lipocheilus carnolabrum]]'' <small>(Chan, 1970)</small>.
id:OMN value:blue
* Genus ''[[Lutjanus]]''
id:black value:black
** [[Yellow-banded snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus adetii]]'' <small>([[François Louis de la Porte, comte de Castelnau|Castelnau]], 1873)</small>.
id:white value:white
** [[African red snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus agennes]]'' <small>[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1863</small>.
id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258)
** ''[[Lutjanus alexandrei]]'' <small>Moura & Lindeman, 2007.</small><ref>{{cite journal | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 1422 | year = 2007 | pages = 31-43 | title = A new species of snapper (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) from Brazil, with comments
id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32)
on the distribution of Lutjanus griseus and L. apodus | author = Moura & Lindeman}}</ref>
id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37)
** [[Ambiguous snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus ambiguus]]'' <small>([[Felipe Poey|Poey]], 1860)</small>.
id:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42)
** [[Mutton snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus analis]]'' <small>([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1828)</small>.
id:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48)
** [[Schoolmaster snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus apodus]]'' <small>([[Johann Julius Walbaum|Walbaum]], 1792)</small>.
id:neogene value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1)
** [[Mullet snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus aratus]]'' <small>([[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1864)</small>.
id:miocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0)
** [[Mangrove red snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus argentimaculatus]]'' <small>([[Peter Forsskål|Forsskål]], 1775)</small>.
id:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68)
** [[Yellow snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus argentiventris]]'' <small>([[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]], 1869)</small>.
id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5)
** [[Bengal snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus bengalensis]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1790)</small>.
id:pleistocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68)
** [[Two-spot banded snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus biguttatus]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1830)</small>.
id:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88)
** [[Indonesian snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus bitaeniatus]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1830)</small>.
** [[Two-spot red snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus bohar]]'' <small>([[Peter Forsskål|Forsskål]], 1775)</small>.
BarData=
** [[Moluccan snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus boutton]]'' <small>([[Bernard Germain Étienne De La Ville, Comte De Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1802)</small>.
bar:eratop
** [[Blackfin snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus buccanella]]'' <small>([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1828)</small>.
bar:space
** [[Red snapper (fish)|Northern red snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus campechanus]]'' <small>([[Felipe Poey|Poey]], 1860)</small>.
bar:periodtop
** [[Spanish flag snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus carponotatus]]'' <small>([[John Richardson (naturalist)|Richardson]], 1842)</small>.
bar:space
** [[Blueline snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus coeruleolineatus]]'' <small>([[Eduard Rüppell|Rüppell]], 1838)</small>.
bar:NAM1
** [[Colorado snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus colorado]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Gilbert, 1882</small>.

** [[Cubera snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus cyanopterus]]'' <small>([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1828)</small>.
bar:space
** [[Checkered snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus decussatus]]'' <small>([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1828)</small>.
bar:period
** [[African brown snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus dentatus]]'' <small>([[André Marie Constant Duméril|Duméril]], 1861)</small>.
bar:space
** [[Sunbeam snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus dodecacanthoides]]'' <small>([[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1854)</small>.
bar:era
** [[Blackspot snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus ehrenbergii]]'' <small>([[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]], 1869)</small>.

** [[Guinea snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus endecacanthus]]'' <small>[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1863</small>.
PlotData=
** [[Crimson snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus erythropterus]]'' <small>[[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1790</small>.
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25
** [[Golden African snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus fulgens]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1830)</small>.
shift:(7,-4)
** [[Dory snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus fulviflamma]]'' <small>([[Peter Forsskål|Forsskål]], 1775)</small>.
** [[Blacktail snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus fulvus]]'' <small>([[Johann Reinhold Forster|Forster]], 1801)</small>.
bar:periodtop
** [[Freshwater snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus fuscescens]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1830)</small>.
from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:[[Paleocene]]
** [[Humpback red snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus gibbus]]'' <small>([[Peter Forsskål|Forsskål]], 1775)</small>.
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:[[Eocene]]
** [[Papuan black snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus goldiei]]'' <small>(Macleay, 1882)</small>.
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:[[Oligocene]]
** [[Gorean snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus goreensis]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1830)</small>.
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:[[Miocene]]
** [[Mangrove snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus griseus]]'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small>.
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:[[Plio.]]
** [[Yellowfin red snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus guilcheri]]'' <small>Fourmanoir, 1959</small>.
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:[[Pleist.]]
** [[Spotted rose snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus guttatus]]'' <small>([[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1869)</small>.
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:[[Holocene|H.]]
** [[Golden snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus inermis]]'' <small>([[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]], 1869)</small>.

** [[Dog snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus jocu]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]] & [[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider]], 1801)</small>.
bar:eratop
** [[John's snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus johnii]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1792)</small>.
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[Paleogene]]
** [[Jordan's snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus jordani]]'' <small>(Gilbert, 1898)</small>.
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:[[Neogene]]
** [[Bluestripe snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus kasmira]]'' <small>([[Peter Forsskål|Forsskål]], 1775)</small>.
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:[[Quaternary|Q.]]
** [[Yellowstreaked snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus lemniscatus]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1828)</small>.

** [[Lunartail snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus lunulatus]]'' <small>(Park, 1797)</small>.
PlotData=
** [[Bigeye snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus lutjanus]]'' <small>[[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1790</small>.
align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left
** [[Indian snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus madras]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1831)</small>.

** [[Mahogany snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus mahogoni]]'' <small>([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1828)</small>.
color:eocene bar:NAM1 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: [[Apsilus]]
** [[Malabar blood snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus malabaricus]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]] & [[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider]], 1801)</small>.

** [[Pygmy snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus maxweberi]]'' <small>(Popta, 1921)</small>.
PlotData=
** [[Samoan snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus mizenkoi]]'' <small>Allen & Talbot, 1985</small>.
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25
** [[Onespot snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus monostigma]]'' <small>([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1828)</small>.

** [[Bluestriped snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus notatus]]'' <small>([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1828)</small>.
bar:period
** [[Pacific cubera snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus novemfasciatus]]'' <small>[[Theodore Gill|Gill]], 1862</small>.
from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:[[Paleocene]]
** [[Spotstripe snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus ophuysenii]]'' <small>([[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1860)</small>.
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:[[Eocene]]
** [[Pacific red snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus peru]]'' <small>(Nichols & Murphy, 1922)</small>.
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:[[Oligocene]]
** [[Southern red snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus purpureus]]'' <small>[[Felipe Poey|Poey]], 1876</small>.
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:[[Miocene]]
** [[Five-lined snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus quinquelineatus]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1790)</small>.
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:[[Plio.]]
** [[Blubberlip snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus rivulatus]]'' <small>([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1828)</small>.
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:[[Pleist.]]
** [[Yellow-lined snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus rufolineatus]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1830)</small>.
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:[[Holocene|H.]]
** [[Russell's snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus russellii]]'' <small>([[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1849)</small>.

** [[Humphead snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus sanguineus]]'' <small>([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1828)</small>.
bar:era
** [[Emperor red snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus sebae]]'' <small>([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1816)</small>.
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[Paleogene]]
** [[Black-banded snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus semicinctus]]'' <small>[[Jean René Constant Quoy|Quoy]] & [[Joseph Paul Gaimard|Gaimard]], 1824</small>.
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:[[Neogene]]
** [[Star snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus stellatus]]'' <small>Akazaki, 1983</small>.
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:[[Quaternary|Q.]]
** [[Lane snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus synagris]]'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small>.

** [[Timor snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus timorensis]]'' <small>([[Jean René Constant Quoy|Quoy]] & [[Joseph Paul Gaimard|Gaimard]], 1824)</small>.
</timeline>
** [[Blue and gold snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus viridis]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1846)</small>.

** [[Brownstripe red snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus vitta]]'' <small>([[Jean René Constant Quoy|Quoy]] & [[Joseph Paul Gaimard|Gaimard]], 1824)</small>.
==Systematics==
** [[Silk snapper]], ''[[Lutjanus vivanus]]'' <small>([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1828)</small>.
Lutjanidae is subdivided into four [[subfamilies]] and 17 [[genera]] with around 110 species, as follows:<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages= 457–458 |publisher=Wiley |isbn= 978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ }}</ref><ref name = CofF>{{Cof family | family = Lutjanidae | access-date = 4 May 2021}}</ref><ref name = VDLEF/>
* Genus ''[[Macolor]]''

** [[Midnight snapper]], ''[[Macolor macularis]]'' <small>Fowler, 1931</small>.
** [[Black and white snapper]], ''[[Macolor niger]]'' <small>([[Peter Forsskål|Forsskål]], 1775)</small>.
* subfamily [[Apsilinae]] <small>[[G. David Johnson|Johnson]], 1980</small>
** genus ''[[Apsilus]]'' <small>[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1830</small>
* Genus ''[[Ocyurus]]''
** [[Yellowtail snapper]], ''[[Ocyurus chrysurus]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1791)</small>.
** genus ''[[Lipocheilus]]'' <small>[[William D. Anderson Jr|Anderson]], [[P.K. Talwar|Talwar]] & Johnson, 1977</small>
* Genus ''[[Paracaesio]]''
** genus ''[[Paracaesio]]'' <small>[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1875</small>
** [[Japanese snapper]], ''[[Paracaesio caerulea]]'' <small>(Katayama, 1934)</small>.
** genus ''[[Parapristipomoides]]'' <small>[[Harry T. Kami|Kami]], 1963</small>
** [[Vanuatu snapper]], ''[[Paracaesio gonzalesi]]'' <small>Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979</small>.
* subfamily [[Etelinae]] <small>Gill, 1893</small>
** [[Saddle-back snapper]], ''[[Paracaesio kusakarii]]'' <small>Abe, 1960</small>.
** genus ''[[Aphareus (fish)|Aphareus]]'' <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1870</small>
** ''[[Paracaesio paragrapsimodon]]'' <small>Anderson & Kailola, 1992</small>.
** genus ''[[Aprion]]'' <small>Valenciennes, 1830</small>
** [[Dirty ordure snapper]], ''[[Paracaesio sordida]]'' <small>Abe & Shinohara, 1962</small>.
** genus ''[[Etelis]]'' <small>Cuvier, 1828</small>
** [[Cocoa snapper]], ''[[Paracaesio stonei]]'' <small>Raj & Seeto, 1983</small>.
** genus ''[[Pristipomoides]]'' <small>Bleeker, 2020</small>
** ''[[Paracaesio waltervadi]]'' <small>Anderson & Collette, 1992</small>.
** genus ''[[Randallichthys]]'' <small>Anderson, Kami & Johnson, 1977</small>
** [[Yellowtail blue snapper]], ''[[Paracaesio xanthura]]'' <small>([[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1869)</small>.
* subfamily [[Lutjaninae]] <small>Gill, 1861</small>
** genus ''[[Hoplopagrus]]'' <small>Gill, 1861</small>
* Genus ''[[Parapristipomoides]]''
** [[Scalemouth jobfish]], ''[[Parapristipomoides squamimaxillaris]]'' <small>(Kami, 1973)</small>.
** genus ''[[Lutjanus]]'' <small>[[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1790</small>
* Genus ''[[Pinjalo]]''
** genus ''[[Macolor]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1860</small>
** [[Slender pinjalo]], ''[[Pinjalo lewisi]]'' <small>Randall, Allen & Anderson, 1987</small>.
** genus ''[[Ocyurus]]'' <small>Gill, 1862</small>
** [[Pinjalo]], ''[[Pinjalo pinjalo]]'' <small>([[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1850)</small>.
** genus ''[[Pinjalo (genus)|Pinjalo]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1873</small>
** genus ''[[Rhomboplites]]'' <small>Gill, 1862</small>
* Genus ''[[Pristipomoides]]''
** [[Wenchman]], ''[[Pristipomoides aquilonaris]]'' <small>([[George Brown Goode|Goode]] & [[Tarleton Hoffman Bean|Bean]], 1896)</small>.
* subfamily [[Paradicichthyinae]] <small>[[Gilbert Percy Whitley|Whitley]], 1930</small>
** [[Ornate jobfish]], ''[[Pristipomoides argyrogrammicus]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1832)</small>.
** genus ''[[Symphorichthys]]'' <small>[[Ian Stafford Ross Munro|Munro]], 1967</small>
** [[Goldflag jobfish]], ''[[Pristipomoides auricilla]]'' <small>([[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]], Evermann & Tanaka, 1927)</small>.
** genus ''[[Symphorus]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1872</small>

** [[Crimson jobfish]], ''[[Pristipomoides filamentosus]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1830)</small>.
Some authorities classify the [[Caesionidae]], the fusiliers, within the Lutjanidae as a fifth subfamily but the 5th Edition of ''[[Fishes of the World]]'' retains this grouping as a distinct family pending more work being conducted on its relationships.<ref name = Nelson5/>
** [[Golden eye jobfish]], ''[[Pristipomoides flavipinnis]]'' <small>Shinohara, 1963</small>.

** [[Slender wenchman]], ''[[Pristipomoides freemani]]'' <small>Anderson, 1966</small>.
{{clr}}
** [[Cardinal snapper]], ''[[Pristipomoides macrophthalmus]]'' <small>([[Johannes Peter Müller|Müller]] & Troschel, 1848)</small>.
<gallery style="text-align:center;" mode="packed">
** [[Goldbanded jobfish]], ''[[Pristipomoides multidens]]'' <small>(Day, 1871)</small>.
Image:Aphareus furca Maldives.JPG|''[[Aphareus furca]]''
** [[Lavender jobfish]], ''[[Pristipomoides sieboldii]]'' <small>([[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1854)</small>.
Image:Aprion virescens.jpg|''[[Aprion virescens]]''
** [[Sharptooth jobfish]], ''[[Pristipomoides typus]]'' <small>[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1852</small>.
Image:Apsilus dentatus - pone.0010676.g081.png|''[[Apsilus dentatus]]''
** [[Oblique-banded snapper]], ''[[Pristipomoides zonatus]]'' <small>([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1830)</small>.
Image:Etelis radiosus.jpg|''[[Etelis radiosus]]''
* Genus ''[[Randallichthys]]''
Image:Kash.snapper.jpg|''[[Lutjanus kasmira]]''
** [[Randall's snapper]], ''[[Randallichthys filamentosus]]'' <small>(Fourmanoir, 1970)</small>.
Image:Macolor macularis Landaagiraavaru.JPG|''[[Macolor macularis]]''
* Genus ''[[Rhomboplites]]''
Image:2006-10-06 18 - Yellowtail Snapper.JPG|''[[Ocyurus chrysurus]]''
** [[Vermilion snapper]], ''[[Rhomboplites aurorubens]]'' <small>([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1829)</small>.
Image:Umeiro2013121501.jpg|''[[Paracaesio xanthura]]''
* Genus ''[[Symphorichthys]]''
Image:Pipin u0.gif|''[[Pinjalo pinjalo]]''
** [[Sailfin snapper]], ''[[Symphorichthys spilurus]]'' <small>([[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1874)</small>.
Image:Pristipomoides aquilonaris - pone.0010676.g086.png|''[[Pristipomoides aquilonaris]]''
* Genus ''[[Symphorus]]''
Image:Fish4422 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|''[[Rhomboplites aurorubens]]''
** [[Chinamanfish]], ''[[Symphorus nematophorus]]'' <small>([[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1860)</small>.
Image:Symphorichthys_spirulus_by_Line1.jpg | ''[[Symphorichthys spilurus]]''
** Guico Alessandro A. and Mary June Libo-on ''[[For life]]''
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Paulin, Chris D. "Pagrus auratus, a new combination for the species known as "snapper" in Australasian waters (Pisces: Sparidae)". ''New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research'', 1990, 24:259-265. http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjmfr/1990/26.php
* {{FishBase family | family = Lutjanidae | month = January | year = 2006}}
<references/>


{{Taxonbar|from=Q849160}}
[[Category:Lutjanidae| ]]
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Lutjanidae| ]]
[[de:Schnapper]]
[[Category:Commercial fish]]
[[fr:Paridae]]
[[Category:Acanthuriformes families]]
[[lt:Rifešeriai]]
[[nl:Snappers]]
[[pl:Lucjanowate]]
[[pt:Paridae]]
LAND SNAPPERS ARE DREADED AND INVADING THE PECONINC, CONTACT ME WITH ANY INFO 555-DANOWSKI!!!!

Latest revision as of 09:58, 19 October 2024

Lutjanidae
Humpback red snapper, Lutjanus gibbus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Acanthuriformes
Family: Lutjanidae
T. N. Gill, 1861[1]
Subfamilies

see text

Lutjanidae or snappers are a family of perciform fish, mainly marine, but with some members inhabiting estuaries, feeding in fresh water. The family includes about 113 species. Some are important food fish. One of the best known is the red snapper.

Snappers inhabit tropical and subtropical regions of all oceans. Some snappers grow up to about 1 m (3.3 ft) in length, and one specific snapper, the cubera snapper, grows up to 1.52 m (5 ft 0 in) in length.[2] Most are active carnivores, feeding on crustaceans or other fish,[3] though a few are plankton-feeders. They can be kept in aquaria, but mostly grow too fast to be popular aquarium fish. Most species live at depths reaching 100 m (330 ft) near coral reefs, but some species are found up to 500 m (1,600 ft) deep.[3]

Five-lined snapper (Lutjanus quinquelineatus), northeast coast of Taiwan

As with other fish, snappers harbour parasites. A detailed study conducted in New Caledonia has shown that coral reef-associated snappers harbour about nine species of parasites per fish species.[4]

Timeline

[edit]

Gibola

QuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneHolocenePleist.Plio.MioceneOligoceneEocenePaleoceneApsilusQuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneHolocenePleist.Plio.MioceneOligoceneEocenePaleocene

Systematics

[edit]

Lutjanidae is subdivided into four subfamilies and 17 genera with around 110 species, as follows:[5][6][1]

Some authorities classify the Caesionidae, the fusiliers, within the Lutjanidae as a fifth subfamily but the 5th Edition of Fishes of the World retains this grouping as a distinct family pending more work being conducted on its relationships.[5]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
  2. ^ "Cubera Snapper". blog.mountthis.net. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
  3. ^ a b Bray, Dianne. "LUTJANIDAE". Fishes of Australia. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  4. ^ Justine, Jean-Lou; Beveridge, Ian; Boxshall, Geoffrey A; Bray, Rodney A; Miller, Terrence L; Moravec, František; Trilles, Jean-Paul; Whittington, Ian D (2012). "An annotated list of fish parasites (Isopoda, Copepoda, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda, Nematoda) collected from Snappers and Bream (Lutjanidae, Nemipteridae, Caesionidae) in New Caledonia confirms high parasite biodiversity on coral reef fish". Aquatic Biosystems. 8 (1): 22. Bibcode:2012AqBio...8...22J. doi:10.1186/2046-9063-8-22. ISSN 2046-9063. PMC 3507714. PMID 22947621. Open access icon
  5. ^ a b J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 457–458. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  6. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Lutjanidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
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