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{{Short description|Volunteer group dedicated to preventing illegal crossings of the United States border}} |
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The '''Minuteman Civil Defense Corps''' aka the '''Minuteman Project''' is an initiative by a group of private citizens in the [[United States]] to monitor that country's border with [[Mexico]] for the entry of [[illegal immigrant]]s. Participants in the project, which began in [[April 2005]], hope to help prevent illegal immigration by alerting the [[United States Border Patrol]] when they spot people trying to cross the border illegally. Organizers suggest that over 1,000 volunteers will patrol the U.S. border between [[Naco, Arizona|Naco]] and [[Douglas, Arizona|Douglas]] in [[Cochise County, Arizona|Cochise County]], a span of twenty-three miles (37 km) along the [[Arizona]]–[[Sonora]] border. Some law enforcement officials stated that they fear the project will lead to [[vigilante]] violence. Others welcome the assistance. |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}} |
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{{Infobox militant organization |
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|logo = File:Minuteman Civil Defense Corps coat of arms.jpg |
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|leader = [[Chris Simcox]]<br />[[J. T. Ready]] |
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|dates = April 1, 2005 – March 22, 2010 |
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|area = [[Arizona]], [[California]] and [[Texas]] |
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|ideology = [[American nationalism]]<br />[[Libertarian conservatism]]<br />[[Survivalism]] |
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|size = 900 volunteers |
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}} |
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The '''Minuteman Civil Defense Corps''' was a volunteer group at one time headed by [[Chris Simcox]] (an Arizona newspaper publisher) and dedicated to preventing illegal crossings of the [[Mexico–United States border|United States border with Mexico]]. Arguing that the government was insufficiently concerned with securing the border,<ref>{{cite web|title = About Us|url = http://www.minutemanhq.com/hq/aboutus.php|access-date = July 9, 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060705222056/http://www.minutemanhq.com/hq/aboutus.php|archive-date = July 5, 2006|url-status = live}}</ref> they organized several state chapters, with the intention of providing law enforcement agencies with evidence of [[Immigration law in the United States|immigration law]] violations.<ref>{{cite web|title=MM Brochure|url=http://www.minutemanhq.com/pdf_files/minutemanbrochure.pdf|access-date=July 22, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719053619/http://www.minutemanhq.com/pdf_files/minutemanbrochure.pdf|archive-date=July 19, 2006|url-status = live}}</ref> The group was one of several that emerged for the proliferation of civilian border patrol groups at the US-Mexico border. Arguably, the emergence of these groups can be linked to the increasing [[criminalization]] and [[Securitization (international relations)|securitization]] of immigration. Simcox stated that the group merely reported incidents to law enforcement, and did not directly confront immigrants. There was a [[standard operating procedure]] (SOP) that was to be followed by Minutemen volunteers, with rules including not speaking to, approaching, gesturing towards or having physical contact in any way with any suspected border crossers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.minutemanhq.com/hq/sop.php |title=Standard Operating Procedure for Minuteman Civil Defense Corps |access-date=October 12, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016161839/http://www.minutemanhq.com/hq/sop.php |archive-date=October 16, 2006 |url-status = live}}</ref> According to Anthony Ramirez of the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'', the organization "has been criticized as being a [[Conservatism in the United States|right-wing]] [[Militia organizations in the United States|militia]]".<ref name=NYT>{{Cite news| last =Ramirez| first =Anthony| title =Angry Exchanges, To and Fro, at Rally| newspaper =NY Times| date =June 4, 2006| url =https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/nyregion/04protest.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/R/Ramirez,%20Anthony| access-date =October 20, 2018| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174134/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/nyregion/04protest.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FPeople%2FR%2FRamirez%2C%20Anthony| archive-date =August 23, 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> |
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The group takes its name from the [[Minutemen (militia)|minutemen]] who fought in the [[American Revolution]]. Its principal director is [[James Gilchrist]], with [[Chris Simcox]] serving as [[Spokesperson|spokesman]]. It describes itself as "a citizens' [[Neighborhood Watch]] along our border." |
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== History and activities == |
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On [[April 2]], Minuteman Project volunteers near Naco reported the illegal immigration of eighteen people, resulting in the offenders being arrested by authorities. As of [[April 6]], 531 volunteers had been positioned, for some period of time, along the patrolled region. |
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Chris Simcox founded the Civil Homeland Defense organization, being the first antecedent of the group to patrol the borders, but were |
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disbanded after his first arrest. April 1, 2005, the group renaming the group Minuteman Civil Defense Corps was a militia organization concerned with border security that invokes the image of [[Minuteman|Revolutionary War]] militiamen and traces his motivation to "protect the american borders",ready at a moment's notice to fight for America's freedom. Although the majority of the group's members are [[White people|Caucasians]], some [[Mexican Americans]] work to patrol the borders as well, deeply the organization's call to protect legal immigration as a measure to protect American society and resources, approximately 900 volunteers patrol a twenty-three-mile section of the Arizona-Mexico border.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/minuteman-civil-defense-corps|title=Minuteman Civil Defense Corps|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia|access-date=June 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/2003/08/10/034n3soc.php?printver=1&fly=|title=Exige México indagar detención a cargo de vigilantes en Arizona|work=La Jornada|access-date=June 26, 2020}}</ref> |
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The MCDC is often confused with or thought to be affiliated with [[The Minuteman Project Inc.]], but the two groups are wholly distinct. The militants have been accused of racial profiling, however, approaching persons of color, asking whether they speak English, asking where they live, and questioning them while not quizzing Caucasians in the same areas.<ref name=MCDC>{{Cite news| last =Gilchrist| first =Jim| title =The Minuteman Project is a separate and distinct organization| newspaper =Immigration Headliner News| date =November 7, 2007| url =http://www.minutemanproject.com/newsmanager/templates/mmp.asp?articleid=231&zoneid=1| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080109210610/http://www.minutemanproject.com//newsmanager//templates/mmp.asp?articleid=231&zoneid=1|url-status = dead| archive-date =January 9, 2008}}</ref> The group was originally co-founded by American [[neo-Nazi]], [[J. T. Ready]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Walker |first=Hunter |url=http://www.politicker.com/2012/05/04/minuteman-founder-doesnt-want-to-be-confused-with-alleged-murderer/ |title=Minuteman Founder Doesn't Want To Be Confused With Alleged Murderer |publisher=Politicker |access-date=May 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505025627/http://www.politicker.com/2012/05/04/minuteman-founder-doesnt-want-to-be-confused-with-alleged-murderer/ |archive-date=May 5, 2012 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2012/investigating-deaths-undocumented-immigrants-border|title=INVESTIGATING DEATHS OF UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRANTS ON THE BORDER|work=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]}}</ref> |
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==Background== |
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The Minuteman Civil Defense Corps web site spells out a "standard operating procedure" for Minutemen, which includes directives such as "Minutemen are courteous to everyone with whom they come into contact, and never discriminate against anyone for any reason." The group holds up an American ideal as part of its appeal for volunteers; illegal immigration is portrayed as the reason for the loss of high-paying manufacturing jobs, health care crises in emergency rooms on the borders, education problems in border state districts, and other socio-economic problems.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ellingwood, Ken.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53331742|title=Hard line : life and death on the U.S.-Mexico border|date=2004|publisher=Pantheon Books|isbn=0-375-42243-9|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=53331742}}</ref> |
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The U.S. - Mexico border is perhaps the most frequently illegally crossed border in the world. Difference in living standards on different sides of border is the primary driving force behind the immigration. The U.S. Border Patrol is apparently underfinanced and understaffed to effectively fight illegal immigration ( with an average of 4 agents per mile of the border ), and Mexican government, receiving tens of billons of dollars each year in expatriate remittances, stops one step short from actually encouraging illegal immigration. [http://www.theamericanresistance.com/articles/art2005jan01.html] As a result, a large percentage of the 2,000-mile border is left virtually unprotected, except by a small number of patrolling American agents. |
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=== Arrested members === |
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It is estimated that over a million Mexicans cross the U.S. border illegally each year. Border Patrol protection is concentrated around big cities, which means that the flow of illegal immigrants is diverted into mountainous and desert areas, leading to a significant number of [[Immigrant deaths along the U.S.-Mexico border|deaths]]. Attempts to complete the construction of the [[United States Mexico barrier]] have faced stiff opposition from Mexican government, various American-based Chicano organizations, and agricultural companies enjoying the cheap labor of illegal immigrants. Instead these organizations call for more open borders, i.e. legalization of large-scale immigration, between the United States and Mexico. |
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The first time that Simcox was arrested by [[federal park ranger]]s on a stretch along the [[Arizona]]-Mexico border. Simcox was armed with a [[Semi-automatic pistol|single pistol]], [[Scanner radio|police scanner radios]], and was charged with a misdemeanor, subsequently serving a year on probation. His principal objective was clear, stop the illegal Mexican border crossings.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-U_lIHsTfEC&q=Civil+Homeland+Defense+organization+arizona&pg=PA87|title=The Secretary second stage: Re-thinking the department of Homeland Security´s organization and policY direction: Part I and II|work=Diane Publishing.co|publisher=DIANE |isbn=978-1-4223-2375-5|access-date=June 26, 2020}}</ref> |
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On March 15, 2010, Minuteman Civil Defense Corps President Carmen Mercer sent an e-mail to the group's members in which she stated, |
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Meanwhile, many American citizens, particularly from southwestern states, are rather unsympathetic towards illegal immigrants, feeling that they drive down the salaries for unskilled jobs and contribute to higher unemployment rates among American citizens. |
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{{Quotation|"For eight long years we Minutemen played nice; yet for the past eight years we firmly expressed our opinions and desires for the border to be secured. This muster will be completely different. President [[Barack Obama]] and [[John McCain]] have left us no choice. This March we return to the border locked, loaded and ready to stop each and every individual we encounter along the frontier that is now more dangerous than the frontier of [[Afghanistan]]."}} After receiving what she described as a "dramatic" response from members who promised to return to the border armed, Mercer called for the dissolution of the group on March 23 citing her concern of being held responsible should members fail to follow the proper "rules of engagement".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sonorannews.com/archives/2010/100331/ftpgMinuteman.html |title=Minuteman Civil Defense Corps announces dissolution/ March 31, 2010 / Sonoran News |publisher=Sonorannews.com |date=March 31, 2010 |access-date=September 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104941/http://www.sonorannews.com/archives/2010/100331/ftpgMinuteman.html |archive-date=July 16, 2011 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2010/top-minuteman-group-announces-breakup|title=Top Minuteman group announces breakup|work=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=June 28, 2020}}</ref> |
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On June 8, 2016, Minuteman Civil Defense Corps co-founder Chris Simcox was found guilty of child molestation,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/jun/8/chris-simcox-minuteman-civil-defense-corps-co-foun/ |title={title} |website=[[The Washington Times]] |access-date=June 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608221415/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/jun/8/chris-simcox-minuteman-civil-defense-corps-co-foun/ |archive-date=June 8, 2016 |url-status = live}}</ref> |
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and on July 11, 2016, was sentenced to serve 19.5 years in an Arizona prison.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-arizona-minuteman-idUSKCN0ZR2ON |title={title} |newspaper=Reuters |date=July 11, 2016 |access-date=July 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501111059/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-arizona-minuteman-idUSKCN0ZR2ON |archive-date=May 1, 2017 |url-status = live}}</ref> One of the founders J.T. Ready had twice been caught in 2011 forcibly detaining immigrants,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/jt-ready|title=J.T. Ready|work=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=June 28, 2020}}</ref> and was under investigation by the FBI, who were looking into a potential domestic terrorism situation involving immigrants found shot to death in the desert.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nick R. Martin |url=http://tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com/2012/05/fbi_jt_ready_domestic_terrorism.php |title=FBI Targeted JT Ready In Domestic Terrorism Investigation |publisher=Talking Points Memo |date=May 4, 2012 |access-date=May 6, 2012}}</ref> |
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== References == |
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The U.S. Border Patrol Local 2544, which covers the [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]] sector of the border, has endorsed the Minuteman Project. "We want to make it clear – because we've had a lot of questions about this – we have not had one single complaint from a rank-and-file agent in this sector about the Minutemen," reportedly said a statement on the local border portral site which appears to have since been removed. "Every report we've received indicates these people are very supportive of the rank-and-file agents; they're courteous. Many of them are retired firefighters, cops, and other professionals, and they're not causing us any problems whatsoever." [http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=43910] |
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{{reflist}} |
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On [[April 28]], California governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] praised the Minuteman Project during an interview on "[[John and Ken|The John and Ken Show]]" on Los Angeles radio station [[KFI]], saying that the group had been doing "a terrific job". [http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/04/29/MNGT1CHITT1.DTL] He reiterated his supportive comments the following day, noting that the Minutemen would be welcome to patrol the border between California and Mexico. Some illegal immigrant activists strongly criticized Schwarzenegger for his comments. For example, Mark Silverman, the Director of Immigration Policy for the [[Immigrant Legal Resource Center]], said, "Governor Schwarzenegger has stooped and catered to the worst sentiments of division, fear and racism." [http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/04/30/MNGONCI5FL1.DTL] |
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* {{official|url=http://www.minutemanhq.com/hq/}} |
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{{Immigration to the United States}} |
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==Controversy== |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Organizations based in Arizona]] |
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===Criticism=== |
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[[Category:Mexico–United States border]] |
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The project has generated additional controversy. Without referring to the group by name, [[United States President]] [[George W. Bush]], expressed dislike for "vigilante" justice in a spring 2005 speech. [[President of Mexico|Mexican President]] [[Vicente Fox]] also criticized the group. |
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[[Category:Right-wing militia organizations in the United States]] |
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Organizers and supporters sought to reassure opponents that the group would only be reporting incidents to law enforcement, not directly confronting immigrants. The volunteers viewed themselves as calling attention to what they claim is a lack of attention to [[Illegal immigrant|illegal immigration]] in the U.S. |
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[[Category:2005 establishments in Arizona]] |
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===Accusations of racism=== |
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Hector Carreon of the controversial Chicano nationalist organization [[Nation of Aztlán]] writes, "The Minutemen and its leadership have proven themselves to be nothing less than a gang of anti-Mexican racists and their actions have the potential of alienating Mexico, its government and the millions of Americans of Mexican descent on this side of the border." [http://aztlan.net/mexico_usa_border_tensions.htm] |
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Coinciding with the April 2005 operation, fliers from a [[white nationalist]] group called [[National Alliance]] were distributed in Douglas, [[Nogales, Arizona|Nogales]], and [[Bisbee, Arizona|Bisbee]]. The former National Alliance chairman, [[Erich Gliebe]] stated these fliers were distributed specifically to bolster the Minuteman Project. Critics of the Minuteman Project contend the organization is supported by white supremacists. Supporters of the Minuteman dismiss this argument as a weak tactic being used to try to delegitimize the project by trying to imply that because some white supremacists groups have supported the organization, that the whole organization must have racist motives. Minuteman supporters have argued that opponents of the organization have struggled to find legitimate reasons to oppose the group, and have launched blind accusations of racism. |
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===T-shirt incident=== |
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On [[April 6]], three Minuteman Project volunteers convinced a 26-year-old man to hold a [[T-shirt]] and pose for a photograph and a video with one of the volunteers. The T-shirt, which was also worn by volunteer Bryan Barton, read "Bryan Barton caught me crossing the border and all I got was this lousy T-shirt" |
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The volunteer encountered the suspect near a main highway while off duty from patrolling. Believing the man to be in distress from exposure and lack of fluids and food, the volunteer gave him a bowl of cereal and milk. He then contacted the Border Patrol. The volunteer shook the suspect's hand, held up a lettered T-shirt to commemorate the event, and gave the man $20 as the [[U.S. Border Patrol]] arrived and took the suspect into custody. Critics of the MMP raised questions about the incident, but an investigation by the Cochise County Sheriff's office cleared the volunteer of any wrongdoing. The Border Patrol and the Mexican consul agreed that no crime had been committed (except that of the illegal immigrant). |
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Project organizers, however, said they have a more restrictive policy that no contact at all can be made with suspects. Project volunteers are only allowed to observe suspected aliens and then report those observations to the Border Patrol. The project co-founder, Chris Simcox, said, "The volunteer's actions were admirable, justified and undeniably humane, but unfortunately they jeopardized our established procedures and overall purpose of passively monitoring the border. It's unfortunate, but we had to dismiss him from further participation." |
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The ACLU issued a press release concerning this incident. [http://www.aclu.org/ImmigrantsRights/ImmigrantsRights.cfm?ID=17965&c=22] |
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Barton since has launched a political campaign for a San Diego congressional district, and video of the actual incident can be viewed and downloaded at his campaign site. [http://www.votebarton.com/videos/bryan_barton_border_crossing.WMV] |
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===Counter-watchdog groups=== |
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Various media representatives and [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU) observers are also in the patrol zone attempting to observe Minutemen volunteers at work. The South East Arizona Republican Club reported that they witnessed ACLU observers using marijuana in addition to honking horns and flashing lights to warn would-be illegal entrants of the presence of Minutemen. [http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=43867] |
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===Garden Grove Incident=== |
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On May 25th, 2005 James Gilchrist spoke in [[Garden Grove, California]] to the [[California Coalition for Immigration Reform]] at the Garden Grove Women's Club. According to reports approximately 300 protesters attended to protest Gilchrist's appearance. Hal Netkin, a Minuteman supporter who was leaving the speech, drove through a crowd of protesters who had surrounded his van. Protesters alleged that Netkin drove through the crowd unprovoked and struck two people. Minuteman supporters and the Garden Grove Police said that protesters rocked and banged the vehicle, and that the two protesters fell as the van approached them. The two attended local hospitals for minor injuries, while Netkin was temporarily held and released without being cited. [http://www.nbc4.tv/news/4537046/detail.html] After reviewing videotape of the incident, the Garden Grove Police said that Netkin's actions were justified. Five protestors were arrested for unruly action. Critics have accused the police of partiality and of not carrying out justice for releasing Netkin so quickly. Supporters have said that Netkin had no other choice due to the violent and threatening actions of the protesters.[http://euphoricreality.net/journal/2005/05/26/410/] |
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*[http://www.minutemanproject.com Minuteman Project website] |
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*[http://www.minuteman-project.com Minuteman Project parody] |
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*[http://swarmtheminutemen.com S.W.A.R.M. the Minutemen] |
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*[http://www.latimes.com/news/local/orange/la-me-gilchrist27may27,1,5255848.story?coll=la-editions-orange ''Los Angeles Times'' article on the Garden Grove Incident] |
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[[Category:U.S. immigration history]] |
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Latest revision as of 06:16, 7 July 2024
| Minuteman Civil Defense Corps | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Leader | Chris Simcox J. T. Ready |
| Dates of operation | April 1, 2005 – March 22, 2010 |
| Active regions | Arizona, California and Texas |
| Ideology | American nationalism Libertarian conservatism Survivalism |
| Size | 900 volunteers |
The Minuteman Civil Defense Corps was a volunteer group at one time headed by Chris Simcox (an Arizona newspaper publisher) and dedicated to preventing illegal crossings of the United States border with Mexico. Arguing that the government was insufficiently concerned with securing the border,[1] they organized several state chapters, with the intention of providing law enforcement agencies with evidence of immigration law violations.[2] The group was one of several that emerged for the proliferation of civilian border patrol groups at the US-Mexico border. Arguably, the emergence of these groups can be linked to the increasing criminalization and securitization of immigration. Simcox stated that the group merely reported incidents to law enforcement, and did not directly confront immigrants. There was a standard operating procedure (SOP) that was to be followed by Minutemen volunteers, with rules including not speaking to, approaching, gesturing towards or having physical contact in any way with any suspected border crossers.[3] According to Anthony Ramirez of the New York Times, the organization "has been criticized as being a right-wing militia".[4]
History and activities
[edit]Chris Simcox founded the Civil Homeland Defense organization, being the first antecedent of the group to patrol the borders, but were disbanded after his first arrest. April 1, 2005, the group renaming the group Minuteman Civil Defense Corps was a militia organization concerned with border security that invokes the image of Revolutionary War militiamen and traces his motivation to "protect the american borders",ready at a moment's notice to fight for America's freedom. Although the majority of the group's members are Caucasians, some Mexican Americans work to patrol the borders as well, deeply the organization's call to protect legal immigration as a measure to protect American society and resources, approximately 900 volunteers patrol a twenty-three-mile section of the Arizona-Mexico border.[5][6]
The MCDC is often confused with or thought to be affiliated with The Minuteman Project Inc., but the two groups are wholly distinct. The militants have been accused of racial profiling, however, approaching persons of color, asking whether they speak English, asking where they live, and questioning them while not quizzing Caucasians in the same areas.[7] The group was originally co-founded by American neo-Nazi, J. T. Ready.[8][9]
The Minuteman Civil Defense Corps web site spells out a "standard operating procedure" for Minutemen, which includes directives such as "Minutemen are courteous to everyone with whom they come into contact, and never discriminate against anyone for any reason." The group holds up an American ideal as part of its appeal for volunteers; illegal immigration is portrayed as the reason for the loss of high-paying manufacturing jobs, health care crises in emergency rooms on the borders, education problems in border state districts, and other socio-economic problems.[10]
Arrested members
[edit]The first time that Simcox was arrested by federal park rangers on a stretch along the Arizona-Mexico border. Simcox was armed with a single pistol, police scanner radios, and was charged with a misdemeanor, subsequently serving a year on probation. His principal objective was clear, stop the illegal Mexican border crossings.[11]
On March 15, 2010, Minuteman Civil Defense Corps President Carmen Mercer sent an e-mail to the group's members in which she stated,
"For eight long years we Minutemen played nice; yet for the past eight years we firmly expressed our opinions and desires for the border to be secured. This muster will be completely different. President Barack Obama and John McCain have left us no choice. This March we return to the border locked, loaded and ready to stop each and every individual we encounter along the frontier that is now more dangerous than the frontier of Afghanistan."
After receiving what she described as a "dramatic" response from members who promised to return to the border armed, Mercer called for the dissolution of the group on March 23 citing her concern of being held responsible should members fail to follow the proper "rules of engagement".[12][13]
On June 8, 2016, Minuteman Civil Defense Corps co-founder Chris Simcox was found guilty of child molestation,[14] and on July 11, 2016, was sentenced to serve 19.5 years in an Arizona prison.[15] One of the founders J.T. Ready had twice been caught in 2011 forcibly detaining immigrants,[16] and was under investigation by the FBI, who were looking into a potential domestic terrorism situation involving immigrants found shot to death in the desert.[17]
References
[edit]- ^ "About Us". Archived from the original on July 5, 2006. Retrieved July 9, 2006.
- ^ "MM Brochure" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2006. Retrieved July 22, 2006.
- ^ "Standard Operating Procedure for Minuteman Civil Defense Corps". Archived from the original on October 16, 2006. Retrieved October 12, 2006.
- ^ Ramirez, Anthony (June 4, 2006). "Angry Exchanges, To and Fro, at Rally". NY Times. Archived from the original on August 23, 2018. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
- ^ "Minuteman Civil Defense Corps". Encyclopaedia. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
- ^ "Exige México indagar detención a cargo de vigilantes en Arizona". La Jornada. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
- ^ Gilchrist, Jim (November 7, 2007). "The Minuteman Project is a separate and distinct organization". Immigration Headliner News. Archived from the original on January 9, 2008.
- ^ Walker, Hunter. "Minuteman Founder Doesn't Want To Be Confused With Alleged Murderer". Politicker. Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ "INVESTIGATING DEATHS OF UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRANTS ON THE BORDER". Southern Poverty Law Center.
- ^ Ellingwood, Ken. (2004). Hard line : life and death on the U.S.-Mexico border (1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-375-42243-9. OCLC 53331742.
- ^ The Secretary second stage: Re-thinking the department of Homeland Security´s organization and policY direction: Part I and II. DIANE. ISBN 978-1-4223-2375-5. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ "Minuteman Civil Defense Corps announces dissolution/ March 31, 2010 / Sonoran News". Sonorannews.com. March 31, 2010. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
- ^ "Top Minuteman group announces breakup". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
- ^ "{title}". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on June 8, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
- ^ "{title}". Reuters. July 11, 2016. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved July 2, 2017.
- ^ "J.T. Ready". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
- ^ Nick R. Martin (May 4, 2012). "FBI Targeted JT Ready In Domestic Terrorism Investigation". Talking Points Memo. Retrieved May 6, 2012.