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{{short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Ceanothus integerrimus 01.jpg
| image_caption = Ceanothus integerrimus
|image = Ceanothus integerrimus 04.jpg
| name = ''Ceanothus integerrimus''
|genus = Ceanothus
⚫
|species = integerrimus
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
⚫
|authority = [[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]] & [[George Arnott Walker-Arnott|Arn.]]
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
|synonyms =
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
*''Ceanothus andersonii'' <small>Parry</small>
| familia = [[Rhamnaceae]]
*''Ceanothus californicus'' <small>Keller ex K.Brandegee</small>
| genus = ''[[Ceanothus]]'' L.
*''Ceanothus californicus'' <small>Kellogg</small>
⚫
| species = '''''C. integerrimus'''''
| binomial = ''Ceanothus integerrimus''
*''Ceanothus macrothyrsus'' <small>(Torr.) Greene</small>
*''Ceanothus mogollonicus'' <small>Greene</small>
⚫
| binomial_authority = [[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]] & [[George Arnott Walker Arnott|Arn.]]
*''Ceanothus myrianthus'' <small>Greene</small>
⚫
}}
*''Ceanothus nevadensis'' <small>Kellogg</small>
*''Ceanothus peduncularis'' <small>Greene</small>
*''Ceanothus puberulus'' <small>Greene</small>
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2706754
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|accessdate=14 December 2014}}</ref>
⚫
|}}


'''''Ceanothus integerrimus''''' ('''Deer Brush''') is a woody [[shrub]] in the family [[Rhamnaceae]], native to the western [[United States]], in [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]], [[California]], [[Oregon]], and [[Washington]]. It grows in [[chaparral]] mountain shrub regions, in hardwood forests of the west, and in fir, spruce, and Ponderosa Pine communities, being most abundant in chaparral in California [8], [4].
'''''Ceanothus integerrimus''''', known by the common name '''deer brush''', is a species of woody [[shrub]] in the family [[Rhamnaceae]], native to the western [[United States]] in [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]], [[California]], [[Oregon]], and [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]. It grows in [[California montane chaparral and woodlands|montane chaparral and woodlands]] regions, in hardwood forests, and in fir, spruce, and [[Ponderosa pine]] [[plant community|plant communities]], being most abundant in the [[California chaparral and woodlands]] and [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]].<ref name="Oakley">[Oakley]</ref><ref name="Jepson">[Jepson]</ref>


==Description==
It is a [[deciduous]] shrub from 1-4 m tall with an open ascending to erect branch habit [4]. It is a drought tolerant phanerophyte. Nitrogen fixing [[actinomycete]] bacteria form root nodules on ''Ceanothus'' roots [2], [5].
''Ceanothus integerrimus'' is a [[deciduous]] shrub from {{convert|1|-|4|m|ft}} tall with an open ascending to erect branch habit.<ref name="Jepson">[Jepson]</ref> It is a drought-tolerant phanerophyte. Nitrogen-fixing [[actinomycete]] bacteria form root nodules on ''Ceanothus'' roots.<ref>[Gibbens]</ref><ref name="Howard">[Howard]</ref> Its stems are round yellow to pale green in color with either small soft to straight stiff sharp hairs parallel to or in contact with the surface of the stem,.<ref name="Jepson">[Jepson]</ref><ref>[Munz]</ref>


⚫
The [[leaf|leaves]] are glossy, deciduous and 2.5–8&nbsp;cm long. Leaves grow alternately on stems. The leaf petioles are less than 15&nbsp;mm in length and the stipules are also deciduous. The leaf blade is lanceolate, elliptical or oblong to widely ovate in shape. Leaves can have one to two ribs from the base; they are also generally thin and have an acute to obtuse tip. Leaf margins are either entire or slightly dentate, more so towards the leaf tip. Leaf surfaces are light green and are ciliate or contain hairs visible only by magnification. The lower leaves are also hairy and lighter in color.<ref name="Jepson">[Jepson]</ref>
Its stems are round yellow to a pale green in color with either small soft to straight stiff sharp hairs parallel to or in contact with the surface of the stem [4], [6].


⚫
The [[flower]]s are white or blue and rarely pink in color. They are produced in raceme clusters of 15 centimeters or less and contain both male and female organs. The [[fruit]] is a sticky valved [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] about 4–5&nbsp;mm in diameter with a slight crest; the seed is ejected from the capsule after splitting.<ref name="Jepson">[Jepson]</ref>
⚫
The [[leaf|leaves]] are glossy, deciduous and 2.5-8 cm long. Leaves grow alternately on stems. The leaf petioles are less than 15 mm in length and the stipules are also deciduous. The leaf blade is lanceolate, elliptical or oblong to widely ovate in shape. Leaves can have one to two ribs from the base; they are also generally thin and have an acute to obtuse tip. Leaf margins are either entire or slightly dentate, more so towards the leaf tip. Leaf surfaces are light green and are ciliate or contain hairs visible only by magnification. The lower leaves are also hairy and lighter in color [4].


⚫
It regenerates by seed, shoot formation from the crown and stem, and also by layering when branches come in contact with soil.<ref name="Howard">[Howard]</ref><ref name="Griffin">[Griffin]</ref> It has been suggested that some ''Ceanothus'' species do not resprout from the root after the crown has burned as a result of fire where most other species are able to regenerate.<ref>[Raven]</ref> Pollination of flowers is primarily by [[bee]]s.
⚫
The [[flower]]s are white or blue and rarely pink in color. They are produced in raceme clusters of 15 centimeters or less and contain both male and female organs. The [[fruit]] is a sticky valved [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] about 4-5 mm in diameter with a slight crest; the seed is ejected from the capsule after splitting.


⚫
Seed production occurs after about four years of age. High densities of seeds occur in the upper soil of ''Ceanothus'' communities. Seeds remain viable up to 24 years or more. [[Seed dormancy]] is broken by the removal of the seed coat by fire [[scarification]] or physical disturbance.<ref name="Howard">[Howard]</ref><ref name="Griffin">[Griffin]</ref> Seeds germinate best at about 1&nbsp;inch soil depth in shady areas in the spring following fire scarification.<ref name="Howard">[Howard]</ref><ref name="Griffin">[Griffin]</ref>
⚫
It regenerates by seed, shoot formation from the crown and stem, and also by layering when branches come in contact with soil [3], [5]. It has been suggested that some ''Ceanothus'' species do not respout from the root after the crown has burned as a result of fire where most other species are able to regenerate [10]. Pollination of flowers is primarily by [[bee]]s.


===Varieties===
⚫
Seed production occurs after about four years of age. High densities of seeds occur in the upper soil of ''Ceanothus'' communities. Seeds remain viable up to 24 years or more. Seed dormancy is broken by the removal of the seed coat by fire scarification or physical disturbance [3], [5]. Seeds germinate best at about 1 inch soil depth in shady areas in the spring following fire scarification [3], [5].
⚫
There are four weakly defined [[variety (biology)|varieties]] of ''Ceanothus integerrimus''. Identification is primarily by leaf morphology and flower color:<ref name="Jepson">[Jepson]</ref><ref name="Howard">[Howard]</ref><ref name="Griffin">[Griffin]</ref>
⚫
*''Ceanothus integerrimus'' var. ''californicus''.<ref>(Kellogg) Benson</ref> Leaves elliptic, lanceolate or oblong to ovate in shape and are three ribbed, from the leaf base. Leaf surfaces have small hairs and the undersides are less hairy than the surface. Flowers generally white or blue.
⚫
*''Ceanothus integerrimus'' var. ''integerrimus''.
⚫
*''Ceanothus integerrimus'' var. ''macrothyrsus''.<ref>(Torrey) Benson</ref> Leaf blades oblong or ovate. Leaf bases are three ribbed at the base. Leaf surfaces are pubescent on both the surface and undersides. Flowers are white.
⚫
*''Ceanothus integerrimus'' var. ''puberulus''.<ref>(Greene) Abrams</ref> Leaf blades elliptical or lanceolate and oblong to obovate in shape. Leaf base is three ribbed from the leaf base. Leaves are also pubescent on both sides. Flowers white.


⚫
''Ceanothus integerrimus'' hybridizes with [[Ceanothus tomentosus|''Ceanothus tomentosus'' (Lemmon's ceanothus)]] and [[Ceanothus cordulatus|''Ceanothus cordulatus'' (mountain whitethorn)]].
⚫
There are four weakly defined [[variety (biology)|varieties]] of ''C. integerrimus''; identification is primarily by leaf morphology and flower color [3, 4, 5]:
⚫
*''Ceanothus integerrimus'' var. ''californicus'' (Kellogg) Benson. Leaves elliptic, lanceolate or oblong to ovate in shape and are three ribbed, from the leaf base. Leaf surfaces have small hairs and the undersides are less hairy than the surface. Flowers generally white or blue.
⚫
*''Ceanothus integerrimus'' var. ''integerrimus''.
⚫
*''Ceanothus integerrimus'' var. ''macrothyrsus'' (Torrey) Benson. Leaf blades oblong or ovate. Leaf bases are three ribbed at the base. Leaf surfaces are pubescent on both the surface and undersides. Flowers are white.
⚫
*''Ceanothus integerrimus'' var. ''puberulus'' (Greene) Abrams. Leaf blades elliptical or lanceolate and oblong to obovate in shape. Leaf base is three ribbed from the leaf base. Leaves are also pubescent on both sides. Flowers white.


⚫
==Ecology==
⚫
''C. integerrimus'' hybridizes with ''C. tomentosus'' (Lemmon's Ceanothus) and ''C. cordulatus'' (Wooly Leaf Ceanothus).
⚫
[[Image:Ceanothus integerrimus 04.jpg|thumb|Flowering ''Ceanothus integerrimus'', in [[Yosemite National Park]]]]
⚫
''C. integerrimus'' is an important part of forest regeneration after [[wildfire]]s by providing nitrogen.<ref>[Debano]</ref> It does this by creating nitrogen rich patches in the soil. The nitrogen source is created by its root association with nitrogen fixing bacteria.<ref name="Oakley"/>


⚫
Deer and specifically [[mule deer]] feed on ''C. integerrimus''. [[Porcupine]]s and [[New World quail|quail]] have also been observed eating the stems and seeds.<ref>[Russell]</ref> Nutritionally leaves are a good source of protein and stems and leaves also contain high levels of calcium. However, nutritional quality of leaves is seasonal and appears to be best from fall to early spring.<ref name="Howard">[Howard]</ref>
⚫
===Ecology===
⚫
[[Image:Ceanothus integerrimus 04.jpg|thumb|Flowering Deer Brush in [[Yosemite National Park]]]]
⚫
''C. integerrimus'' is an important part of forest regeneration after fires by providing nitrogen [1]. It does this by creating nitrogen rich patches in the soil. The nitrogen source is created by its root association with nitrogen fixing bacteria [8].


⚫
==Uses==
⚫
Deer and specifically [[Mule Deer]] feed on ''C. integerrimus''. [[Porcupine]]s and [[New World quail|quail]] have also been observed eating the stems and seeds [11]. Nutritionally leaves are a good source of protein and stems and leaves also contain high levels of calcium. However, nutritional quality of leaves is seasonal and appears to be best from fall to early spring [5].
[[Indigenous peoples of California]] use the branches to treat women after childbirth.<ref>[Moerman]</ref> The [[Miwok]] Indians of [[Northern California]] also use the branches of this plant in [[Basket weaving|weaving]] complex [[basket]]s.<ref name="Howard">[Howard]</ref> The [[Maidu#Local divisions|Concow tribe]] call the tree '''hē′-bē''' ([[Konkow language]]).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chesnut | first1 =Victor King | author1-link=Victor King Chesnut |title=Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLkUAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=24 August 2012|year=1902|publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office|Government Printing Office]]|page = 404}}</ref>


[[Cattle]] [[ranchers]] will claim that cattle do immensely well on this plant during their seasonal [[grazing]].
⚫
===Uses===
Medicinal uses of ''C. intergerrimus'' branches among North American Indians of California are used in treating women after childbirth [7]. Miwok Indians of California also use the branches of this plant in making baskets [5].


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
⚫
# Debano, L. F. & Conrad, C. E. (1978). The Effect of Fire on Nutrients in the Chaparral Ecosystem. ''Ecology'' 59 (3): 489-497.

⚫
# Gibbens, R. R. P. & Schultz, A. M. (1963). Brush manipulation on a deer winter range. ''California Fish and Game'' 49 (2): 95-118. [5976].
===Bibliography===
⚫
# Griffin, James R. (1982). Pine seedlings, native ground cover, and Lolium multiflorum on Marble-Cone burn, Santa Lucia Range, CA. ''Madrono'' 29 (3): 177-188.
⚫
# Debano, L. F. & Conrad, C. E. (1978). The Effect of Fire on Nutrients in the Chaparral Ecosystem. ''Ecology'' 59 (3): 489–497.
⚫
# [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Ceanothus%20integerrimus Jepson Flora Project: ''Ceanothus integerrimus'']
⚫
# Gibbens, R. R. P. & Schultz, A. M. (1963). Brush manipulation on a deer winter range. ''California Fish and Game'' 49 (2): 95–118. [5976].
⚫
# Griffin, James R. (1982). Pine seedlings, native ground cover, and Lolium multiflorum on Marble-Cone burn, Santa Lucia Range, CA. ''Madrono'' 29 (3): 177–188.
⚫
# [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Ceanothus%20integerrimus Jepson Flora Treatment: ''Ceanothus integerrimus'']
# Howard, Janet L. (1997). System ''Ceanothus integerrimus'' In: Fire Effects Information [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. [http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/].
# Howard, Janet L. (1997). System ''Ceanothus integerrimus'' In: Fire Effects Information [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. [http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/].
# Munz, P. A. & Keck, D. D. (1959). ''A California Flora with Supplement'' p. 973. University of California Press, Berkely, Los Angeles.
# Munz, P. A. & Keck, D. D. (1959). ''A California Flora with Supplement'' p.&nbsp;973. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles.
# Moerman, D. ''Native American Ethnobotany''. Timber Press, Oregon: 1988.
# Moerman, D. ''Native American Ethnobotany''. Timber Press, Oregon: 1988.
# Oakley B. B., North, M. P., & Franklin, J. F. (2003). The effects of fire on soil nitrogen associated with patches of the actinorhizal shrub ''Ceanothus cordulatus''. ''Plant and Soil'' 254: 35-46.
# Oakley B. B., North, M. P., & Franklin, J. F. (2003). The effects of fire on soil nitrogen associated with patches of the actinorhizal shrub ''Ceanothus cordulatus''. ''Plant and Soil'' 254: 35–46.
# Oswald, V. H. & Ahart, L. (1994). ''Manual of the Vascular Plants of Butte County, California'' p.192. Native Plant Society, Sacramento.
# Oswald, V. H. & Ahart, L. (1994). ''Manual of the Vascular Plants of Butte County, California'' p.&nbsp;192. Native Plant Society, Sacramento.
# Raven, P. H. & Axelrod, D. I. (1977). ''Origin and relationships of the California Flora''. University of California Publications in Botany 72. Sacramento: University of California Press.
# Raven, P. H. & Axelrod, D. I. (1977). ''Origin and relationships of the California Flora''. University of California Publications in Botany 72. Sacramento: University of California Press.
# Russell, C. P. (1932). Seasonal Migration of Mule Deer. ''Ecological Monographs'' 2:1 pp.1-46.
# Russell, C. P. (1932). Seasonal Migration of Mule Deer. ''Ecological Monographs'' 2:1 pp.&nbsp;1–46.


==External links==
{{Commons|Ceanothus integerrimus}}
{{Commons}}
*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CEIN3 USDA Plant Profiles: ''Ceanothus integerrimus'']
*[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?6586,6589,6619 Jepson Interchange – ''Ceanothus integerrimus'']
*[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Ceanothus+integerrimus ''''Ceanothus integerrimus'''' – Photo Gallery]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q5055724}}
⚫
[[Category:Rhamnaceae]]
⚫
[[Category:Flora of California]]


[[Category:Flora of Washington]]
[[Category:Ceanothus|integerrimus]]
⚫
[[Category:Flora of Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Flora of Oregon]]
[[Category:Flora of Oregon]]
[[Category:Flora of Arizona]]
[[Category:Flora of Arizona]]
[[Category:Flora of New Mexico]]
[[Category:Flora of New Mexico]]
[[Category:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)]]
⚫
[[Category:Flora of California]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]]
[[Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status]]

Latest revision as of 22:47, 20 April 2024

Ceanothus integerrimus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rhamnaceae
Genus: Ceanothus
Species:
C. integerrimus
Binomial name
Ceanothus integerrimus
Synonyms[1]
  • Ceanothus andersonii Parry
  • Ceanothus californicus Keller ex K.Brandegee
  • Ceanothus californicus Kellogg
  • Ceanothus macrothyrsus (Torr.) Greene
  • Ceanothus mogollonicus Greene
  • Ceanothus myrianthus Greene
  • Ceanothus nevadensis Kellogg
  • Ceanothus peduncularis Greene
  • Ceanothus puberulus Greene

Ceanothus integerrimus, known by the common name deer brush, is a species of woody shrub in the family Rhamnaceae, native to the western United States in Arizona, New Mexico, California, Oregon, and Washington. It grows in montane chaparral and woodlands regions, in hardwood forests, and in fir, spruce, and Ponderosa pine plant communities, being most abundant in the California chaparral and woodlands and Sierra Nevada.[2][3]

Description

[edit]

Ceanothus integerrimus is a deciduous shrub from 1–4 metres (3.3–13.1 ft) tall with an open ascending to erect branch habit.[3] It is a drought-tolerant phanerophyte. Nitrogen-fixing actinomycete bacteria form root nodules on Ceanothus roots.[4][5] Its stems are round yellow to pale green in color with either small soft to straight stiff sharp hairs parallel to or in contact with the surface of the stem,.[3][6]

The leaves are glossy, deciduous and 2.5–8 cm long. Leaves grow alternately on stems. The leaf petioles are less than 15 mm in length and the stipules are also deciduous. The leaf blade is lanceolate, elliptical or oblong to widely ovate in shape. Leaves can have one to two ribs from the base; they are also generally thin and have an acute to obtuse tip. Leaf margins are either entire or slightly dentate, more so towards the leaf tip. Leaf surfaces are light green and are ciliate or contain hairs visible only by magnification. The lower leaves are also hairy and lighter in color.[3]

The flowers are white or blue and rarely pink in color. They are produced in raceme clusters of 15 centimeters or less and contain both male and female organs. The fruit is a sticky valved capsule about 4–5 mm in diameter with a slight crest; the seed is ejected from the capsule after splitting.[3]

It regenerates by seed, shoot formation from the crown and stem, and also by layering when branches come in contact with soil.[5][7] It has been suggested that some Ceanothus species do not resprout from the root after the crown has burned as a result of fire where most other species are able to regenerate.[8] Pollination of flowers is primarily by bees.

Seed production occurs after about four years of age. High densities of seeds occur in the upper soil of Ceanothus communities. Seeds remain viable up to 24 years or more. Seed dormancy is broken by the removal of the seed coat by fire scarification or physical disturbance.[5][7] Seeds germinate best at about 1 inch soil depth in shady areas in the spring following fire scarification.[5][7]

Varieties

[edit]

There are four weakly defined varieties of Ceanothus integerrimus. Identification is primarily by leaf morphology and flower color:[3][5][7]

  • Ceanothus integerrimus var. californicus.[9] Leaves elliptic, lanceolate or oblong to ovate in shape and are three ribbed, from the leaf base. Leaf surfaces have small hairs and the undersides are less hairy than the surface. Flowers generally white or blue.
  • Ceanothus integerrimus var. integerrimus.
  • Ceanothus integerrimus var. macrothyrsus.[10] Leaf blades oblong or ovate. Leaf bases are three ribbed at the base. Leaf surfaces are pubescent on both the surface and undersides. Flowers are white.
  • Ceanothus integerrimus var. puberulus.[11] Leaf blades elliptical or lanceolate and oblong to obovate in shape. Leaf base is three ribbed from the leaf base. Leaves are also pubescent on both sides. Flowers white.

Ceanothus integerrimus hybridizes with Ceanothus tomentosus (Lemmon's ceanothus) and Ceanothus cordulatus (mountain whitethorn).

Ecology

[edit]
Flowering Ceanothus integerrimus, in Yosemite National Park

C. integerrimus is an important part of forest regeneration after wildfires by providing nitrogen.[12] It does this by creating nitrogen rich patches in the soil. The nitrogen source is created by its root association with nitrogen fixing bacteria.[2]

Deer and specifically mule deer feed on C. integerrimus. Porcupines and quail have also been observed eating the stems and seeds.[13] Nutritionally leaves are a good source of protein and stems and leaves also contain high levels of calcium. However, nutritional quality of leaves is seasonal and appears to be best from fall to early spring.[5]

Uses

[edit]

Indigenous peoples of California use the branches to treat women after childbirth.[14] The Miwok Indians of Northern California also use the branches of this plant in weaving complex baskets.[5] The Concow tribe call the tree hē′-bē (Konkow language).[15]

Cattle ranchers will claim that cattle do immensely well on this plant during their seasonal grazing.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  2. ^ a b [Oakley]
  3. ^ a b c d e f [Jepson]
  4. ^ [Gibbens]
  5. ^ a b c d e f g [Howard]
  6. ^ [Munz]
  7. ^ a b c d [Griffin]
  8. ^ [Raven]
  9. ^ (Kellogg) Benson
  10. ^ (Torrey) Benson
  11. ^ (Greene) Abrams
  12. ^ [Debano]
  13. ^ [Russell]
  14. ^ [Moerman]
  15. ^ Chesnut, Victor King (1902). Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California. Government Printing Office. p. 404. Retrieved 24 August 2012.

Bibliography

[edit]
  1. Debano, L. F. & Conrad, C. E. (1978). The Effect of Fire on Nutrients in the Chaparral Ecosystem. Ecology 59 (3): 489–497.
  2. Gibbens, R. R. P. & Schultz, A. M. (1963). Brush manipulation on a deer winter range. California Fish and Game 49 (2): 95–118. [5976].
  3. Griffin, James R. (1982). Pine seedlings, native ground cover, and Lolium multiflorum on Marble-Cone burn, Santa Lucia Range, CA. Madrono 29 (3): 177–188.
  4. Jepson Flora Treatment: Ceanothus integerrimus
  5. Howard, Janet L. (1997). System Ceanothus integerrimus In: Fire Effects Information [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. [1].
  6. Munz, P. A. & Keck, D. D. (1959). A California Flora with Supplement p. 973. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles.
  7. Moerman, D. Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press, Oregon: 1988.
  8. Oakley B. B., North, M. P., & Franklin, J. F. (2003). The effects of fire on soil nitrogen associated with patches of the actinorhizal shrub Ceanothus cordulatus. Plant and Soil 254: 35–46.
  9. Oswald, V. H. & Ahart, L. (1994). Manual of the Vascular Plants of Butte County, California p. 192. Native Plant Society, Sacramento.
  10. Raven, P. H. & Axelrod, D. I. (1977). Origin and relationships of the California Flora. University of California Publications in Botany 72. Sacramento: University of California Press.
  11. Russell, C. P. (1932). Seasonal Migration of Mule Deer. Ecological Monographs 2:1 pp. 1–46.
[edit]
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