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{{Short description|Infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II}}
{{cleanup-rewrite}}
{{about|the historic [[Royal Italian Army]] 27th Infantry Division "Brescia"|the historic [[Italian Army]] brigade|Mechanized Brigade "Brescia"}}
The '''27th Truck-Moveable Division "Brescia"''' (Italian: 27 Divisione Autotrasportabile "Brescia") was organized from the [[Italian 27 Infantry Division Sila|27th Infantry Division "Sila"]] prior to the start of [[World War II]].
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 27th Infantry Division "Brescia"
| image = 27a Divisione Fanteria Brescia.png
| image_size = 160
| caption = 27th Infantry Division "Brescia" insignia
| dates = 1939–1943
| country = {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}
| branch = {{army|Kingdom of Italy}}
| type = [[Infantry]]
| garrison = [[Catanzaro]]
| role =
| size = [[Division (military)|Division]]
| command_structure = [[XXI Army Corps (Italy)|XXI Army Corps]]
| equipment =
<!-- Commanders -->
| Past Commanders =
| ceremonial_chief =
| colonel_of_the_regiment =
| notable_commanders =
<!-- Insignia -->
|identification_symbol=[[File:Mostrina - 19°, 20° "Brescia".png|30px]] [[File:World War II - Mostrina - 55° Rgt. Artiglieria "Brescia".png|30px]] [[File:World War II - Mostrina - XXVII Btg. Genio Divisione "Brescia".png|30px]] [[File:World War II - Mostrina - Sanità Divisione "Brescia".png|30px]] [[File:World War II - Mostrina - Sussistenza Divisione "Brescia".png|30px]] [[File:World War II - Mostrina - Battaglioni mitraglieri.png|30px]]<br/>Brescia Division [[Italian Army gorget patches#Royal Italian Army|gorget patches]]
<!-- Culture and history -->
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| battles = [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]
[[World War II]]
*[[Siege of Tobruk]]
*[[Battle of Gazala]]
*[[Battle of Mersa Matruh]]
*[[First Battle of El Alamein]]
*[[Second Battle of El Alamein]]
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
}}


The '''27th Infantry Division "Brescia"''' ({{langx|it|27ª Divisione di fanteria "Brescia"}}) was an [[infantry]] [[Division (military)|division]] of the [[Royal Italian Army]] during [[World War II]]. The Brescia was named after the city of [[Brescia]] in [[Lombardy]]. The Brescia was classified as an auto-transportable division, meaning it had some motorized transport, but not enough to move the entire division at once.
The Tobruk siege ring in 1941 was mainly held by the Italian "Ariete" Armoured and "Trieste" Motorized Divisions (the XX Motorised Corps), and the "Pavia", "Bologna", and "Brescia" Infantry Divisions (the XXI Infantry Corps). Not to be outdone by the Germans in the fighting the "Brescia" Division, who brought flame-thrower parties and tanks stormed the Australian defences on 1 May 1941, and the Australian soldiers bunkered along the R4, R5, R6, and R7 strongpoints were eliminated, while forcing the survivors to surrender. The 7th Bersaglieri Regiment then bunkered along the captured concrete emplacements but was later ordered in late August to Ain Gazala to rest and refit. (About 7 AM on 13 May an Australian attack or raid was made in the Italian sector but the 7th Bersaglieri troops allowed no penetration of their lines.)


The Brescia had its recruiting area and [[regimental depot]]s in [[Calabria]] and its headquarters in [[Catanzaro]]. Its two infantry regiments were based in Catanzaro (19th) and [[Reggio Calabria]] (20th), with the division's artillery regiment based in Catanzaro. The division's [[regimental depot]]s were shared with the [[61st Infantry Division "Sirte"]], which was based in [[Misrata]] in [[Italian Libya|Libya]] and recruited its men from and trained them in Calabria. Shortly after its formation the division was sent to [[Zawiya, Libya|Zawiya]] in [[Italian Libya]]. It participated in the [[Western Desert campaign]] and was destroyed during the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]].<ref name="Regio Esercito">{{cite web |title=27ª Divisione di fanteria "Brescia" |url=http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/fanteria/rediv27.htm |publisher=Regio Esercito |access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ufficio Storico">{{cite book |title=Bollettino dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico N.II-3 e 4 2002 |date=2002 |publisher=Ministero della Difesa - Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito - Ufficio Storico |location=Rome |page=261 |url=https://issuu.com/rivista.militare1/docs/bollettino-ii-n.3-4-2002-testo |access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref>
The Italian commanders in the division were persistent and sent out another strong fighting patrol of "Brescia" infantry on 16 May. In the ensuing night attack, three Australian concrete strongpoints were taken. Although the ''Australian Official History'' describes losing three positions to German attackers an Italian narrative has recorded:


== History ==
''On the night of 16 May, 1941, two platoons of the 3rd Combat Sappers Company in unison with assault groups of the "Brescia" Infantry Division, which had been sent as reinforcements on the 11th of the month, started the assault. With total disregard to danger and with accustomed stealthness the combat sappers open three paths in the wire fencing in front of each assault group . They use explosive chages in tubes. Fighting side by side with the raiders, and in fierce hand-to-hand combat, they inflict heavy losses on the enemy conquering the objectives.'' [http://www.guastatori.it/1941-1945/xxxii_btg.htm]
After the [[Second Italian War of Independence]] the [[Austrian Empire]] had to cede the [[Lombardy]] region of the [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]] to the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]]. After taking control of the region the government of Sardinian ordered the [[Royal Sardinian Army]] on 29 August 1859 to raise five infantry brigades and one grenadier brigade in Lombardy. Subsequently on 1 November 1859 the Brigade "Brescia" was activated with the re-raised 19th Infantry Regiment and [[20th Infantry Regiment "Brescia"|20th Infantry Regiment]].<ref>{{cite book | publisher = Enrico Voghera |title=Annuario militare del regno d'Italia | volume = I |date=1909 |location=Rome |page=390}}</ref>


=== World War I ===
During [[World War I]] the brigade fought initially on the [[Italian front (World War I)|Italian front]], but in April 1918 it was transferred together with the [[22nd Infantry Division "Cacciatori delle Alpi"|Brigade "Alpi"]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Brigata "Alpi" |url=http://www.frontedelpiave.info/public/modules/Fronte_del_Piave_article/Fronte_del_Piave_view_article.php?id_a=414 |website=Fronte del Piave |access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref> [[54th Infantry Division "Napoli"|Brigade "Napoli"]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Brigata "Napoli" |url=http://www.frontedelpiave.info/public/modules/Fronte_del_Piave_article/Fronte_del_Piave_view_article.php?id_a=445 |website=Fronte del Piave |access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref> and [[5th Infantry Division "Cosseria"|Brigade "Salerno"]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Brigata "Salerno" |url=http://www.frontedelpiave.info/public/modules/Fronte_del_Piave_article/Fronte_del_Piave_view_article.php?id_a=452 |website=Fronte del Piave |access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref> to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] in [[France]]. There the brigades fought in the [[Third Battle of the Aisne]], [[Second Battle of the Marne]], Battle of Saint-Thierry, and the [[Hundred Days Offensive]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Brigata "Brescia" |url=http://www.frontedelpiave.info/public/modules/Fronte_del_Piave_article/Fronte_del_Piave_view_article.php?id_a=427 |website=Fronte del Piave |access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref>


On 6 November 1926 the brigade assumed the name of XXVII Infantry Brigade with the [[16th Infantry Regiment "Savona"]], 19th Infantry Regiment "Brescia", and [[20th Infantry Regiment "Brescia"]]. The brigade was the infantry component of the 27th Territorial Division of Catanzaro, which also included the 12th Artillery Regiment. In 1934 the division changed its name to 27th Infantry Division "[[La Sila|Sila]]".<ref name="Regio Esercito"/><ref name='19° "Brescia"'>{{cite web |title=19° Reggimento di fanteria "Brescia" |url=http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/fanteria/rgt/rgt19.htm |publisher=Regio Esercito |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref name='20° "Brescia"'>{{cite web |title=20° Reggimento di fanteria "Brescia" |url=http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/fanteria/rgt/rgt20.htm |publisher=Regio Esercito |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>


=== Second Italo-Ethiopian War ===
== Order of Battle June 1940 ==
In late summer 1935 the division was sent to [[Eritrea]] for the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] and in October 1935 participated in the capture of [[Mek'ele]]. From 4 November 1935 it was stationed in the [[Adigrat]] and in December 1935 it fought in the Ādī K’edawīt - Doghea pass area. The division undertook reconnaissance raids towards Ziban Debrī Bota and Celecot. On 19 January 1936 the Sila broke through the Ethiopian defenses and captured several towns in [[Tembien Province]]. It did not participate in the nearby [[First Battle of Tembien]] and acted only in the final stages of [[Battle of Amba Aradam]], capturing Āmba Ālagē on 26 February 1936. In March 1936, the Sila moved to Finarwa - Sek'ot'a region where it stayed until the end of war.<ref name="Regio Esercito"/>


=== World War II ===
27th Truck-Moveable Division "Brescia"
On 27 April 1939 the division transferred the 16th Infantry Regiment "Savona" and [[12th Artillery Regiment "Sila"]] to the newly activated [[55th Infantry Division "Savona"]] and on the same date the XXVII Infantry Brigade was dissolved with its two remaining regiments came under direct command of the division, which changed its name to 27th Infantry Division "Brescia". In summer 1939 the division was transferred to [[Zawiya, Libya|Zawiya]] in [[Italian Libya|Libya]]. On 12 September 1939 the [[48th Infantry Division "Taro"]] was activated and housed in the barracks of the Brescia in mainland Italy. During the [[Italian invasion of France]] from 10-25 June 1940 the Brescia was deployed along the [[French Tunisia]]n-Libyan border. After the signing of the [[Franco-Italian Armistice]] on 24 June 1940 the Brescia returned to its base and took up coastal defense duties to the west of Tripoli.<ref name="Regio Esercito"/>
* 19th Infantry Regiment "Brescia"

* 20th Infantry Regiment "Brescia"
After the British [[Western Desert Force]] had crushed the [[10th Army (Italy)|10th Army]] in Eastern Libya during [[Operation Compass]] the Brescia's 55th Artillery Regiment "Brescia", the infantry regiments' support weapons companies, and the 27th Anti-tank Company were sent in late December 1940 to shore up the Italian strongpoint at [[Tobruk]], where the 55th Artillery Regiment "Brescia" was attached to the [[61st Infantry Division "Sirte"]]. The "Sirte" division and the 55th Artillery Regiment "Brescia" were overrun and destroyed on 21-22 January 1941 during the [[British capture of Tobruk]].<ref name="Regio Esercito"/>
* 55th Artillery Regiment

* 27th Mixed Engineer Battalion
In early March, 1941 the division consolidated at [[El Agheila]] and, together with German forces, started a counter-attack on 24 March 1941, which defeated British troops at [[Brega]] on 31 March 1941. The division entered [[Ajdabiya]] on 2 April 1941 and was tasked with the defense of the Axis communication lines. In April 1941 the division received the [[1st Fast Artillery Regiment "Eugenio di Savoia"]] from the [[1st Cavalry Division "Eugenio di Savoia"]] to replace the destroyed 55th Artillery Regiment "Brescia".<ref name="Regio Esercito"/>

==== Siege of Tobruk ====
On 12 April 1941 Italian and German forces commenced the [[Siege of Tobruk]] and the Brescia together with the German 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion of the [[21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|21st Panzer Division]] advanced to the port of [[Bardia]], where several hundred British prisoners and a large quantity of allied materiel was taken. As the attack on Tobruk was stalling and General [[Erwin Rommel]] was forced to order the Brescia to return to reinforce the siege of Tobruk. During the night of 30 April 1941 an Italo-German force attacked the Tobruk defenses and the [[132nd Armored Division "Ariete"]] and the Brescia captured seven strong points (R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090225212634/http://www.guastatori.it/1941-1945/xxxii_btg.htm XXXII BATTAGLIONE GUASTATORI]</ref> During the night of 3 May the Australians counterattacked, but the Italian [[102nd Motorized Division "Trento"]] and [[17th Infantry Division "Pavia"]] and German [[panzergrenadiers]] repelled the attack<ref>The Forgotten Axis: Germany's Partners and Foreign Volunteers in World War II, J. Lee Ready, p. 310, McFarland & Co., 1987</ref><ref>That magnificent 9th: An Illustrated History of The 9th Australian Division, Mark Johnston, p. 38, Allen and Unwin, 2002</ref> On the night of 16 May the Brescia retaliated with the help of two platoons of the [[32nd Alpine Engineer Regiment|XXXII Sappers Battalion]] and breached the defensive perimeter of the Australian 2/9th and 2/10th Battalions. With the obstacles removed, the Brescia troops captured the strongoints S8, S9 and S10.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090225212634/http://www.guastatori.it/1941-1945/xxxii_btg.htm XXXII BATTAGLIONE GUASTATORI]</ref> The Australians fought back and the commanding officer of the XXXII Mixed Engineer Battalion Colonel Emilio Caizzo was killed during a satchel attack and awarded posthumously Italy's highest military honor the [[Gold Medal of Military Valor]].<ref>[http://www.awm.gov.au/cms_images/histories/19/chapters/07.pdf Maughan (1966), p.250]</ref> Among the objectives initially selected during the planning of the British offensive [[Operation Brevity]] was the recapture of S8 and S9.<ref>{{citation | title = Tobruk 1941: The Desert Siege | first = Timothy | last = Hall | page = 183 | publisher = Methuen | location = North Ryde, Australia | date = 1984 | isbn = 9780454006674 }}</ref>

On 24 May the Brescia, which had taken over the western front of Tobruk, repelled an attacking Australian infantry force, which was supported by tanks. On 2 August, another attack was launched to recover the lost strong points, but the attacking forces from the Australian 2/43rd Battalion and 2/28th Battalions were repulsed. This was the last Australian effort to recover the lost fortifications.

==== Operation Crusader ====
On 27 November 1941 the British offensive [[Operation Crusader]] reached the siege ring around [[Tobruk]] and for the next 13 days the battle to break the siege raged. The Brescia, as part of the besieging forces, held out with the other Axis forces until 8-9 December 1941, when the order to retreat to [[Ain el Gazala]] was given.<ref>[http://comandosupremo.com/bologna-division.html/5 The Bologna Division: 19 November – 10 December, 1941 By David Aldea & Joseph Peluso, Comando Supremo: Italy at War.]</ref> The Brescia's last action at Tobruk was a fight with the British [[70th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|70th Division]] and Polish [[Polish Independent Carpathian Rifle Brigade|Carpathian Rifle Brigade]] for control of the White Knoll position.

On 11 December a retreating battalion of the Brescia came within 50 yards of the [[23rd Battalion (New Zealand)|23rd New Zealand Battalion]] and was cut down by machine gun fire. The Axis forces retreated to Ain el Gazala, where on 15 December, the Brescia held its ground against the [[2nd New Zealand Division]] and Carpathian Rifle Brigade, allowing a strong Italo-German armored force to counterattack and overrun the 1st British Battalion, [[The Buffs]].<ref>[http://comandosupremo.com/bologna-division.html/5 The Bologna Division: 19 November – 10 December, 1941 By David Aldea & Joseph Peluso, Comando Supremo: Italy at War.]</ref>{{dubious|date=July 2015}}. On 18 December British forces outflanked the Brescia in the south and so the division had to retreat to [[Ajdabiya]], where it arrived on 22 December 1941.

==== Battle of Gazala ====
In January 1942 the Brescia was defending a front around Qabr al Fārigh, south-west of [[Derna, Libya|Derna]]. It moved its positions forward to Qabr al Fārigh (south of [[Derna, Libya]] in April 1942. During the [[Battle of Gazala]], the Brescia played an important role in the capture of 6,000 prisoners on 16 June 1942, after the [[101st Motorized Division "Trieste"]] and [[15th Panzer Division]] had destroyed the British 2nd and 4th Armoured Brigades.<ref>The Rise of the Wehrmacht: The German Armed Forces and World War, 2 Volumes, p.564, [[Samuel W. Mitcham]], Praeger (June 30, 2008)</ref> operating at Ghawţ al ‘Abīdī depression.

==== Battle of Mersa Matruh ====
After the successful Battle of Gazala the Brescia advanced, passing to the south of [[Tobruk]] on 20 June 1942 and continuing through [[Bardia]], [[As Sallūm]] and [[Sidi Barrani]], the division arrived in [[Mersa Matruh]] on 29 June 1942. During the brief siege of Mersa Matruh in June 1942 Axis forces captured 6,000 British troops and large quantities of supplies.<ref>{{cite web| first=David| last=Aldea| url=http://www.comandosupremo.com/Mersa.html| title=Mersa Matruh| work=Commando Supremo: Italy at War website| access-date=2009-04-26| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203155002/http://comandosupremo.com/Mersa.html| archive-date=2009-02-03| url-status=dead}}</ref>{{dubious|date=July 2015}}

==== First and Second Battles of El Alamein ====
[[File:2 Battle of El Alamein 001.png|thumb|right|Division locations before the Second Battle of El Alamein]]

During the initial stages of the [[First Battle of El Alamein]] in July 1942 the Brescia was deployed on the El Mreir ridge and repelled a strong attack of the [[5th Infantry Brigade (New Zealand)|5th New Zealand Infantry Brigade]].<ref>Rommel's North Africa Campaign: September 1940-November 1942 By Jack Greene & Alessandro Massignani, Page 196, Da Capo Press, 1999</ref> Later, during the defense of Ruweisat Ridge, the 19th Infantry Regiment of the Brescia put up a tenacious defense, losing a battalion and three company commanders in this night action,<ref>Rommel's North Africa Campaign: September 1940-November 1942 By Jack Greene & Alessandro Massignani, Page 203, Da Capo Press, 1999</ref> before being partly overrun at dawn on 15 July, delaying the Allied advance long enough for German armored forces to launch a devastating counterattack.<ref>{{cite web| first=David| last=Aldea| url=http://www.comandosupremo.com/1ElAlamein.html| title=First Battle of El Alamein| work=Commando Supremo: Italy at War website| access-date=2009-04-26| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304031834/http://www.comandosupremo.com/1ElAlamein.html| archive-date=2010-03-04| url-status=dead}}</ref>{{dubious|date=July 2015}} Between 21 and 27 July 1942 British counter-attacks were so ferocious that the Brescia was forced end its advance to the south of [[El Alamein]].

During the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]] the Brescia held its positions against British armored attacks from 24 October to 4 November 1942. When the order was given to withdraw the Brescia retreated along the Deir Sha'la - [[Fouka, Egypt|Fukah]] route. The lack of transport resulted in Allied units catching up and annihilating the Brescia on 7 November 1942, within the sight of [[Fukah]], where other shattered Axis units has already gathered. The division was officially dissolved on 25 November 1942.<ref name="Regio Esercito"/>

== Organization ==
=== Second Italo-Ethiopian War 1935-36 ===
* '''27th Infantry Division "Sila"'''
** XXVII Infantry Brigade
*** [[16th Infantry Regiment "Savona"]]
*** 19th Infantry Regiment "Brescia"
*** [[20th Infantry Regiment "Brescia"]]
** [[12th Artillery Regiment "Savona"|12th Artillery Regiment]] (3x artillery groups with 75/13 field guns)
** XXVII Machine Gun Battalion
** XXVII Replacements Battalion
** 12th Engineer Company
** 27th Signal Company
** Divisional Services

=== World War II 1940-42 ===
[[File:CoA mil ITA rgt fanteria 019.png|thumb|right|160px|Coat of Arms of the 19th Infantry Regiment "Brescia", 1939]]

* [[File:27a Divisione Fanteria Brescia.png|25px]] '''27th Infantry Division "Brescia"''', in [[Catanzaro]]<ref name="Regio Esercito"/><ref name="Ufficio Storico"/>
** 19th Infantry Regiment "Brescia", in Catanzaro<ref name='19° "Brescia"'/>
*** Command Company
*** 3x Fusilier battalions
*** Support Weapons Company ([[Cannone da 65/17 modello 13|65/17]] [[infantry support gun]]s; destroyed on 5 February 1941)
*** Support Weapons Company/ 34th Infantry Regiment/ [[4th Infantry Division "Livorno"]] (65/17 infantry support guns; replaced the destroyed Support Weapons Company)
*** Mortar Company ([[81/14 Model 35 Mortar|81mm mod. 35]] [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]]s)
** [[20th Infantry Regiment "Brescia"]], in [[Reggio Calabria]]<ref name='20° "Brescia"'/>
*** Command Company
*** 3x Fusilier battalions
*** Support Weapons Company (65/17 infantry support guns; destroyed on 5 February 1941)
*** Support Weapons Company/ 38th Infantry Regiment/ [[3rd Infantry Division "Ravenna"]] (65/17 infantry support guns; replaced the destroyed Support Weapons Company)
*** Mortar Company (81mm mod. 35 mortars)
** 55th Artillery Regiment "Brescia", in Catanzaro (destroyed on 5 February 1941)<ref>{{cite book |last1=F. dell'Uomo, R. di Rosa |title=L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 - Vol. Secondo - Tomo II |year=1998 |publisher=SME - Ufficio Storico |location=Rome |page=151}}</ref>
*** Command Unit
*** I Group ([[10 cm M. 14 Feldhaubitze|100/17 mod. 14]] howitzers)
*** II Group ([[Cannone da 75/27 modello 06|75/27 mod. 06]] [[field gun]]s; transferred from the [[9th Artillery Regiment "Brennero"]])
*** III Group (75/27 mod. 06 field guns)
*** 27th Anti-aircraft Battery ([[Breda Model 35|20/65 mod. 35]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s)
*** Ammunition and Supply Unit
** [[1st Fast Artillery Regiment "Eugenio di Savoia"]] (replaced the destroyed 55th Artillery Regiment "Brescia")<ref>{{cite book |last1=F. dell'Uomo, R. di Rosa |title=L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 - Vol. Secondo - Tomo II |date=2001 |publisher=SME - Ufficio Storico |location=Rome |page=204}}</ref>
*** Command Unit
*** I Group ([[10 cm M. 14 Feldhaubitze|100/17 mod. 14]] howitzers)
*** II Group (100/17 mod. 14 howitzers)
*** III Group ([[Cannone da 75/27 modello 06|75/27 mod. 06]] field guns)
*** IV Group (75/27 mod. 06 field guns)
*** V Group ([[8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41|8.8 cm Flak 37]], joined the regiment in May 1942)
*** 401st Anti-aircraft Battery ([[Breda Model 35|20/65 mod. 35]] anti-aircraft guns)
*** 404th Anti-aircraft Battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)
*** 502th Anti-aircraft Battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)
*** Ammunition and Supply Unit
** XXVII Machine Gun Battalion
** XXVII Mixed Engineer Battalion
*** 27th Telegraph and Radio Operators Company
*** 82nd Engineer Company
** 27th Anti-tank Company ([[Cannone da 47/32|47/32]] [[anti-tank gun]]s; destroyed on 5 February 1941)
** 227th Anti-tank Company (47/32 anti-tank guns; replaced the destroyed 27th Anti-tank Company)
** 34th Medical Section
*** 95th Field Hospital
*** 1x Field hospital
*** 35th Surgical unit
** 34th Supply Section
** 328th Transport Section
** 127th [[Carabinieri]] Section
** 96th Field Post Office

The following units were attached to the division during the [[Western Desert Campaign]]:<ref name="Regio Esercito"/>
* 5th Anti-tank Company (47/32 anti-tank guns)
* 71st Anti-tank Company (47/32 anti-tank guns)

== Military honors ==
For their conduct during the [[Western Desert campaign]] the [[President of Italy]] awarded on 7 December 1951 to the division's two infantry regiments and the 1st Fast Artillery Regiment "Eugenio di Savoia" Italy's highest military honor, the [[Gold Medal of Military Valor]].

* [[File:Valor militare gold medal BAR.svg|50px]] 19th Infantry Regiment "Brescia" on 7 December 1951<ref>{{cite web |title=19° Reggimento Fanteria "Brescia" |url=https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/18272 |publisher=President of Italy |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>
* [[File:Valor militare gold medal BAR.svg|50px]] 20th Infantry Regiment "Brescia" on 7 December 1951<ref>{{cite web |title=20° Reggimento Fanteria "Brescia" |url=https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/18273 |publisher=President of Italy |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>
* [[File:Valor militare gold medal BAR.svg|50px]] 1st Fast Artillery Regiment "Eugenio di Savoia" on 7 December 1951<ref>{{cite web |title=1° Reggimento Artiglieria Celere |url=https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/18243 |publisher=President of Italy |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>

== Commanding officers ==
The division's commanding officers were:<ref name="Regio Esercito"/><ref name="Ufficio Storico"/>

* [[Military ranks of the Kingdom of Italy#Ranks during the Second World War|Generale di Divisione]] [[Giuseppe Cremascoli]] (24 May 1939 - 8 February 1941, died of disease 9 April 1941)
* Colonel Domenico Canistrà (acting, 9-21 February 1942)
* Generale di Divisione [[Bortolo Zambon]] (22 February 1941 - 10 October 1941)
* Generale di Divisione [[Benvenuto Gioda]] (acting, 11 October 1941 - 1 January 1942
* [[Military ranks of the Kingdom of Italy#Ranks during the Second World War|Generale di Brigata]] [[Giacomo Lombardi]] (2 January 1942 - 16 July 1942, [[Wounded in action|WIA]])
* Generale di Divisione [[Dino Parri]] (17 July 1942 - 15 August 1942)
* Generale di Divisione [[Giovanni Battista Oxilia]] (16 August 1942 - 8 September 1942)
* Generale di Divisione [[Alessandro Predieri]] (9 September 1942 - 13 October 1942, [[Killed in action|KIA]])
* Generale di Divisione [[Brunetto Brunetti]] (14 October 1942 - 5 November 1942, [[Prisoner of war|POW]])

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
* {{cite book|title=A Military History of Italy|author=Paoletti, Ciro|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=978-0-275-98505-9}}
* {{Cite book|last=Lewin|first=Ronald|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39502504|title=Rommel as military commander|date=1998|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=0-7607-0861-4|location=New York|pages=132|oclc=39502504}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://niehorster.org/019_italy/40_organ/div_autotrans_40as.html 1940 Truck-Moveable Divisions]
* [http://regioesercito.dns1.us/reparti/fanteria/rediv27.htm Regio Esercito: 27a Divisione di fanteria "Brescia"]

* [http://niehorster.orbat.com/019_italy/40_organ/div_autotrans_40as.html 1940 Truck-Moveable Divisions]
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{{Italian Divisions World War II}}


[[Category:Military history of Italy]]
[[Category:Infantry divisions of Italy in World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of Italy during World War II]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1935]]
[[Category:Divisions of Italy]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1942]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:27th Infantry Division Brescia}}
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Latest revision as of 17:17, 26 October 2024

This article is about the historic Royal Italian Army 27th Infantry Division "Brescia". For the historic Italian Army brigade, see Mechanized Brigade "Brescia".
27th Infantry Division "Brescia"
27th Infantry Division "Brescia" insignia
Active1939–1943
Country Kingdom of Italy
Branch Royal Italian Army
TypeInfantry
SizeDivision
Part ofXXI Army Corps
Garrison/HQCatanzaro
EngagementsSecond Italo-Ethiopian War

World War II

Insignia
Identification
symbol
Brescia Division gorget patches

The 27th Infantry Division "Brescia" (Italian: 27ª Divisione di fanteria "Brescia") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Brescia was named after the city of Brescia in Lombardy. The Brescia was classified as an auto-transportable division, meaning it had some motorized transport, but not enough to move the entire division at once.

The Brescia had its recruiting area and regimental depots in Calabria and its headquarters in Catanzaro. Its two infantry regiments were based in Catanzaro (19th) and Reggio Calabria (20th), with the division's artillery regiment based in Catanzaro. The division's regimental depots were shared with the 61st Infantry Division "Sirte", which was based in Misrata in Libya and recruited its men from and trained them in Calabria. Shortly after its formation the division was sent to Zawiya in Italian Libya. It participated in the Western Desert campaign and was destroyed during the Second Battle of El Alamein.[1][2]

History

[edit]

After the Second Italian War of Independence the Austrian Empire had to cede the Lombardy region of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia to the Kingdom of Sardinia. After taking control of the region the government of Sardinian ordered the Royal Sardinian Army on 29 August 1859 to raise five infantry brigades and one grenadier brigade in Lombardy. Subsequently on 1 November 1859 the Brigade "Brescia" was activated with the re-raised 19th Infantry Regiment and 20th Infantry Regiment.[3]

World War I

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During World War I the brigade fought initially on the Italian front, but in April 1918 it was transferred together with the Brigade "Alpi"[4] Brigade "Napoli",[5] and Brigade "Salerno"[6] to the Western Front in France. There the brigades fought in the Third Battle of the Aisne, Second Battle of the Marne, Battle of Saint-Thierry, and the Hundred Days Offensive.[7]

On 6 November 1926 the brigade assumed the name of XXVII Infantry Brigade with the 16th Infantry Regiment "Savona", 19th Infantry Regiment "Brescia", and 20th Infantry Regiment "Brescia". The brigade was the infantry component of the 27th Territorial Division of Catanzaro, which also included the 12th Artillery Regiment. In 1934 the division changed its name to 27th Infantry Division "Sila".[1][8][9]

Second Italo-Ethiopian War

[edit]

In late summer 1935 the division was sent to Eritrea for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and in October 1935 participated in the capture of Mek'ele. From 4 November 1935 it was stationed in the Adigrat and in December 1935 it fought in the Ādī K’edawīt - Doghea pass area. The division undertook reconnaissance raids towards Ziban Debrī Bota and Celecot. On 19 January 1936 the Sila broke through the Ethiopian defenses and captured several towns in Tembien Province. It did not participate in the nearby First Battle of Tembien and acted only in the final stages of Battle of Amba Aradam, capturing Āmba Ālagē on 26 February 1936. In March 1936, the Sila moved to Finarwa - Sek'ot'a region where it stayed until the end of war.[1]

World War II

[edit]

On 27 April 1939 the division transferred the 16th Infantry Regiment "Savona" and 12th Artillery Regiment "Sila" to the newly activated 55th Infantry Division "Savona" and on the same date the XXVII Infantry Brigade was dissolved with its two remaining regiments came under direct command of the division, which changed its name to 27th Infantry Division "Brescia". In summer 1939 the division was transferred to Zawiya in Libya. On 12 September 1939 the 48th Infantry Division "Taro" was activated and housed in the barracks of the Brescia in mainland Italy. During the Italian invasion of France from 10-25 June 1940 the Brescia was deployed along the French Tunisian-Libyan border. After the signing of the Franco-Italian Armistice on 24 June 1940 the Brescia returned to its base and took up coastal defense duties to the west of Tripoli.[1]

After the British Western Desert Force had crushed the 10th Army in Eastern Libya during Operation Compass the Brescia's 55th Artillery Regiment "Brescia", the infantry regiments' support weapons companies, and the 27th Anti-tank Company were sent in late December 1940 to shore up the Italian strongpoint at Tobruk, where the 55th Artillery Regiment "Brescia" was attached to the 61st Infantry Division "Sirte". The "Sirte" division and the 55th Artillery Regiment "Brescia" were overrun and destroyed on 21-22 January 1941 during the British capture of Tobruk.[1]

In early March, 1941 the division consolidated at El Agheila and, together with German forces, started a counter-attack on 24 March 1941, which defeated British troops at Brega on 31 March 1941. The division entered Ajdabiya on 2 April 1941 and was tasked with the defense of the Axis communication lines. In April 1941 the division received the 1st Fast Artillery Regiment "Eugenio di Savoia" from the 1st Cavalry Division "Eugenio di Savoia" to replace the destroyed 55th Artillery Regiment "Brescia".[1]

Siege of Tobruk

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On 12 April 1941 Italian and German forces commenced the Siege of Tobruk and the Brescia together with the German 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion of the 21st Panzer Division advanced to the port of Bardia, where several hundred British prisoners and a large quantity of allied materiel was taken. As the attack on Tobruk was stalling and General Erwin Rommel was forced to order the Brescia to return to reinforce the siege of Tobruk. During the night of 30 April 1941 an Italo-German force attacked the Tobruk defenses and the 132nd Armored Division "Ariete" and the Brescia captured seven strong points (R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8).[10] During the night of 3 May the Australians counterattacked, but the Italian 102nd Motorized Division "Trento" and 17th Infantry Division "Pavia" and German panzergrenadiers repelled the attack[11][12] On the night of 16 May the Brescia retaliated with the help of two platoons of the XXXII Sappers Battalion and breached the defensive perimeter of the Australian 2/9th and 2/10th Battalions. With the obstacles removed, the Brescia troops captured the strongoints S8, S9 and S10.[13] The Australians fought back and the commanding officer of the XXXII Mixed Engineer Battalion Colonel Emilio Caizzo was killed during a satchel attack and awarded posthumously Italy's highest military honor the Gold Medal of Military Valor.[14] Among the objectives initially selected during the planning of the British offensive Operation Brevity was the recapture of S8 and S9.[15]

On 24 May the Brescia, which had taken over the western front of Tobruk, repelled an attacking Australian infantry force, which was supported by tanks. On 2 August, another attack was launched to recover the lost strong points, but the attacking forces from the Australian 2/43rd Battalion and 2/28th Battalions were repulsed. This was the last Australian effort to recover the lost fortifications.

Operation Crusader

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On 27 November 1941 the British offensive Operation Crusader reached the siege ring around Tobruk and for the next 13 days the battle to break the siege raged. The Brescia, as part of the besieging forces, held out with the other Axis forces until 8-9 December 1941, when the order to retreat to Ain el Gazala was given.[16] The Brescia's last action at Tobruk was a fight with the British 70th Division and Polish Carpathian Rifle Brigade for control of the White Knoll position.

On 11 December a retreating battalion of the Brescia came within 50 yards of the 23rd New Zealand Battalion and was cut down by machine gun fire. The Axis forces retreated to Ain el Gazala, where on 15 December, the Brescia held its ground against the 2nd New Zealand Division and Carpathian Rifle Brigade, allowing a strong Italo-German armored force to counterattack and overrun the 1st British Battalion, The Buffs.[17][dubious – discuss]. On 18 December British forces outflanked the Brescia in the south and so the division had to retreat to Ajdabiya, where it arrived on 22 December 1941.

Battle of Gazala

[edit]

In January 1942 the Brescia was defending a front around Qabr al Fārigh, south-west of Derna. It moved its positions forward to Qabr al Fārigh (south of Derna, Libya in April 1942. During the Battle of Gazala, the Brescia played an important role in the capture of 6,000 prisoners on 16 June 1942, after the 101st Motorized Division "Trieste" and 15th Panzer Division had destroyed the British 2nd and 4th Armoured Brigades.[18] operating at Ghawţ al ‘Abīdī depression.

Battle of Mersa Matruh

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After the successful Battle of Gazala the Brescia advanced, passing to the south of Tobruk on 20 June 1942 and continuing through Bardia, As Sallūm and Sidi Barrani, the division arrived in Mersa Matruh on 29 June 1942. During the brief siege of Mersa Matruh in June 1942 Axis forces captured 6,000 British troops and large quantities of supplies.[19][dubious – discuss]

First and Second Battles of El Alamein

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Division locations before the Second Battle of El Alamein

During the initial stages of the First Battle of El Alamein in July 1942 the Brescia was deployed on the El Mreir ridge and repelled a strong attack of the 5th New Zealand Infantry Brigade.[20] Later, during the defense of Ruweisat Ridge, the 19th Infantry Regiment of the Brescia put up a tenacious defense, losing a battalion and three company commanders in this night action,[21] before being partly overrun at dawn on 15 July, delaying the Allied advance long enough for German armored forces to launch a devastating counterattack.[22][dubious – discuss] Between 21 and 27 July 1942 British counter-attacks were so ferocious that the Brescia was forced end its advance to the south of El Alamein.

During the Second Battle of El Alamein the Brescia held its positions against British armored attacks from 24 October to 4 November 1942. When the order was given to withdraw the Brescia retreated along the Deir Sha'la - Fukah route. The lack of transport resulted in Allied units catching up and annihilating the Brescia on 7 November 1942, within the sight of Fukah, where other shattered Axis units has already gathered. The division was officially dissolved on 25 November 1942.[1]

Organization

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Second Italo-Ethiopian War 1935-36

[edit]

World War II 1940-42

[edit]
Coat of Arms of the 19th Infantry Regiment "Brescia", 1939
  • 27th Infantry Division "Brescia", in Catanzaro[1][2]
    • 19th Infantry Regiment "Brescia", in Catanzaro[8]
    • 20th Infantry Regiment "Brescia", in Reggio Calabria[9]
      • Command Company
      • 3x Fusilier battalions
      • Support Weapons Company (65/17 infantry support guns; destroyed on 5 February 1941)
      • Support Weapons Company/ 38th Infantry Regiment/ 3rd Infantry Division "Ravenna" (65/17 infantry support guns; replaced the destroyed Support Weapons Company)
      • Mortar Company (81mm mod. 35 mortars)
    • 55th Artillery Regiment "Brescia", in Catanzaro (destroyed on 5 February 1941)[23]
    • 1st Fast Artillery Regiment "Eugenio di Savoia" (replaced the destroyed 55th Artillery Regiment "Brescia")[24]
      • Command Unit
      • I Group (100/17 mod. 14 howitzers)
      • II Group (100/17 mod. 14 howitzers)
      • III Group (75/27 mod. 06 field guns)
      • IV Group (75/27 mod. 06 field guns)
      • V Group (8.8 cm Flak 37, joined the regiment in May 1942)
      • 401st Anti-aircraft Battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)
      • 404th Anti-aircraft Battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)
      • 502th Anti-aircraft Battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)
      • Ammunition and Supply Unit
    • XXVII Machine Gun Battalion
    • XXVII Mixed Engineer Battalion
      • 27th Telegraph and Radio Operators Company
      • 82nd Engineer Company
    • 27th Anti-tank Company (47/32 anti-tank guns; destroyed on 5 February 1941)
    • 227th Anti-tank Company (47/32 anti-tank guns; replaced the destroyed 27th Anti-tank Company)
    • 34th Medical Section
      • 95th Field Hospital
      • 1x Field hospital
      • 35th Surgical unit
    • 34th Supply Section
    • 328th Transport Section
    • 127th Carabinieri Section
    • 96th Field Post Office

The following units were attached to the division during the Western Desert Campaign:[1]

  • 5th Anti-tank Company (47/32 anti-tank guns)
  • 71st Anti-tank Company (47/32 anti-tank guns)

Military honors

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For their conduct during the Western Desert campaign the President of Italy awarded on 7 December 1951 to the division's two infantry regiments and the 1st Fast Artillery Regiment "Eugenio di Savoia" Italy's highest military honor, the Gold Medal of Military Valor.

  • 19th Infantry Regiment "Brescia" on 7 December 1951[25]
  • 20th Infantry Regiment "Brescia" on 7 December 1951[26]
  • 1st Fast Artillery Regiment "Eugenio di Savoia" on 7 December 1951[27]

Commanding officers

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The division's commanding officers were:[1][2]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "27ª Divisione di fanteria "Brescia"". Regio Esercito. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Bollettino dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico N.II-3 e 4 2002. Rome: Ministero della Difesa - Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito - Ufficio Storico. 2002. p. 261. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  3. ^ Annuario militare del regno d'Italia. Vol. I. Rome: Enrico Voghera. 1909. p. 390.
  4. ^ "Brigata "Alpi"". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  5. ^ "Brigata "Napoli"". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  6. ^ "Brigata "Salerno"". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  7. ^ "Brigata "Brescia"". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  8. ^ a b "19° Reggimento di fanteria "Brescia"". Regio Esercito. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  9. ^ a b "20° Reggimento di fanteria "Brescia"". Regio Esercito. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  10. ^ XXXII BATTAGLIONE GUASTATORI
  11. ^ The Forgotten Axis: Germany's Partners and Foreign Volunteers in World War II, J. Lee Ready, p. 310, McFarland & Co., 1987
  12. ^ That magnificent 9th: An Illustrated History of The 9th Australian Division, Mark Johnston, p. 38, Allen and Unwin, 2002
  13. ^ XXXII BATTAGLIONE GUASTATORI
  14. ^ Maughan (1966), p.250
  15. ^ Hall, Timothy (1984), Tobruk 1941: The Desert Siege, North Ryde, Australia: Methuen, p. 183, ISBN 9780454006674
  16. ^ The Bologna Division: 19 November – 10 December, 1941 By David Aldea & Joseph Peluso, Comando Supremo: Italy at War.
  17. ^ The Bologna Division: 19 November – 10 December, 1941 By David Aldea & Joseph Peluso, Comando Supremo: Italy at War.
  18. ^ The Rise of the Wehrmacht: The German Armed Forces and World War, 2 Volumes, p.564, Samuel W. Mitcham, Praeger (June 30, 2008)
  19. ^ Aldea, David. "Mersa Matruh". Commando Supremo: Italy at War website. Archived from the original on 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
  20. ^ Rommel's North Africa Campaign: September 1940-November 1942 By Jack Greene & Alessandro Massignani, Page 196, Da Capo Press, 1999
  21. ^ Rommel's North Africa Campaign: September 1940-November 1942 By Jack Greene & Alessandro Massignani, Page 203, Da Capo Press, 1999
  22. ^ Aldea, David. "First Battle of El Alamein". Commando Supremo: Italy at War website. Archived from the original on 2010-03-04. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
  23. ^ F. dell'Uomo, R. di Rosa (1998). L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 - Vol. Secondo - Tomo II. Rome: SME - Ufficio Storico. p. 151.
  24. ^ F. dell'Uomo, R. di Rosa (2001). L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 - Vol. Secondo - Tomo II. Rome: SME - Ufficio Storico. p. 204.
  25. ^ "19° Reggimento Fanteria "Brescia"". President of Italy. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  26. ^ "20° Reggimento Fanteria "Brescia"". President of Italy. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  27. ^ "1° Reggimento Artiglieria Celere". President of Italy. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
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