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{{Short description|Heavy metal singer}}
{{Infobox Musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians -->
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2022}}
| Name = Mandy Lion
{{BLP sources|date=April 2017}}
| Img =
{{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians -->
| Img_capt =
| Img_size =
|name = Mandy Lion
| Landscape =
|image =
| Background = singer
|caption =
| Birth_name =
|origin =
|genre = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[gothic rock]]
| Alias =
| Born = [[1972]]<br>Germany
|occupation = Singer
|years_active = 1983 ― present
| Died =
|label = [[Hollywood Records|Hollywood]], [[Elektra Records|Elektra]], [[Pony Canyon]], [[Sony Records|Sony]], Reality
| Origin = California
|associated_acts = World War III, Wicked Alliance, Mandy Lion Band
| Instrument =
| Voice_type =
|website =
| Genre = [[Rock music|Rock]]<br>[[Heavy metal|Metal]]<br>[[Goth music|Gothic]]
| Occupation = Singer
| Years_active = [[1983 in music|1983]] - [[Present (time)|present]]
| Label = [[Hollywood Records]]<br>[[Electra Records]]<br>[[Sony Records]] / [[Reality Records]]
| Associated_acts = WWIII<br>George Lynch<br>Wicked Alliance<br>
| URL = http://www.mandy-lion.com Mandy-Lion.com
| Current_members =Moni<br>Jon Purpura<br>Pete Holmes
| Past_members = [[Vinny Appice]]<br>[[Jimmy Bain]]<br>[[Joe Floyd]]<br>[[Tracy G]]<br>[[James Kottack]]<br>
[[Mikkey Dee]]<br>[[Geezer Butler|Geezer]]<br>[[Ducey]]<br>[[Jake E. Lee]]
| Notable_instruments =
}}
}}
'''Mandy Lion''' (born [[1972]] in [[Germany]]) is a [[Germany|German]] [[heavy metal]] singer. He is the lead singer of [[WWIII (band)|World War Three
'''Mandy Lion''' is a German-born [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] singer is the lead singer of the heavy metal band World War III.
(WWIII)]].


==Biography==
==Biography==
He moved to [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], in 1986 and formed World War III. He caught the attention of manager [[Don Arden]], who signed a contract with him. Soon after, Lion was signed to [[Hollywood Records]]. With the help of Arden he began auditioning celebrity players to create the line-up of the new World War III. The chosen line-up was [[Jimmy Bain]], [[Vinny Appice]], and Joe Floyd, who had played with [[Warrior (band)|Warrior]]; at the time, Floyd had other obligations and [[Tracy G]] was chosen to fill Floyd's spot.<ref name="LarkinHR">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Heavy Rock]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|date=1999|edition=First|isbn=0-7535-0257-7|page=487}}</ref> In 1990, World War III released their debut self-titled album on the Hollywood Records label,<ref name="LarkinHR"/> and soon thereafter began extensive touring.
===Early years===
Lion first got his start in the music business when he was 11 years old. At that time he had chosen to use music as a way to express his feelings and
already strong opinions of the world.


Vinny Appice was replaced with [[James Kottak]], who would in turn be replaced by [[Mikkey Dee]]. Things changed when Steve Jones, the A&R Director for WWIII, tried to depict an image on the band as [[Nazi]]s, which caused Lion to rebel against the label. Heavy friction and disagreements between band members began when he started a side project with [[George Lynch (musician)|George Lynch]] on [[Elektra Records]]. These problems weighed heavily on Lion and eventually caused him to step back and put WWIII on hold.<ref name="LarkinHR"/>
After two years, he had already been the lead singer and songwriter in several popular bands in [[Germany]]. But the members tried time and again to
alter his style to fit the current trends. Lion therefore took matters into his own hands and decided to start his own band in order to be able to
express himself fully. The result was a band that shocked the public at the time with its raw intensity and blatant sexuality.


===Wicked Alliance (1994–2003)===
After a few years of constant touring, Lion decided to take his project onward which required a move, with the blessings from his mother, from Europe to
In 1994 Lion began a new project and set out on the road to tour with Jake E. Lee as Wicked Alliance.<ref name="LarkinHR"/> Wicked Alliance's ''Twisted Beauty'' CD that Lee and Lion worked on, finally came to the light in late 2002 or early 2003 on the [[Pony Canyon]] record label.
[[Los Angeles]], [[California]]. He arrived in mid-1986, only to find that [[glam rock]] was in style at the time. He did what he had done all his life, he took
World War Three (WWIII) to the streets of Los Angeles.
===World War Three (1986 - 1989)===
At the age of 16, Lion worked and by the end of 1986 - early 1987, Lion, formed World War III. With his new band, Lion took his band, World War Three
(WWIII), to the streets of Los Angeles and within months was playing to sold out crowds. The bands success continued even though WWIII had gone
through various line-up changes during the first three years. Lion, established and launched his professional music career by creating a new style of
singing (extreme power vocal), adding to the music industry field, and inspiring many other artists to mimick his style.


===World War Three (2003–present)===
Lion and WWIII were a force on the [[Hollywood Strip]]. They played venues such as [[Gazzari's]], famous since the 1960's, where WWIII broke [[Van
Besides working on his solo project, Lion had reformed his previous band, WWIII. WWIII signed with [[Sony Records]] and Reality Entertainment, and on October 30, 2003, released their first album in 12 years, ''When God Turned Away''. The band hosted a release party for the album at Club Vodka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=16613 |title=WWIII: Album Release Party Photos Posted Online |accessdate=July 10, 2008 |work=RoadrunnerRecords.com |publisher=Blabbermouth.net |date=November 10, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525125734/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=16613 |archive-date=May 25, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Halen]]'s attendance record. They put on concert sets with songs like ''"Rock & Roll Machine"'', ''"Go Down"'', and ''"Call Me Devil"''.


On April 18, 2004, Vinny Appice and Jimmy Bain had a jam session with Lion during WWIII's concert at the Key Club in [[West Hollywood, California]]. The session was video taped and some of the scenes were placed in the [[music video]] for "Walk With Me".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=20434 |title=APPICE, BAIN To Jam With WWIII At Hollywood Gig |accessdate=July 10, 2008 |work=RoadrunnerRecords.com |publisher=Blabbermouth.net |date=March 16, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525160722/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=20434 |archive-date=May 25, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the summer of 2004, original members, Vinny Appice and Jimmy Bain rejoined the band.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=24989 |title=APPICE, BAIN Rejoin WWIII, Live Dates Planned Later This Summer |accessdate=July 10, 2008 |work=RoadrunnerRecords.com |publisher=Blabbermouth.net |date=July 22, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525160727/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=24989 |archive-date=May 25, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> WWIII performed at the Metal Sludge concert number nine in [[Tarzana, California]] on September 18, 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=25666 |title=WWIII Announce First Show With Original Lineup In 10 Years |accessdate=July 10, 2008 |work=RoadrunnerRecords.com |publisher=Blabbermouth.net |date=August 11, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526034521/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=25666 |archive-date=May 26, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The newly reformed WWIII with Appice, Bain, Lion, and Scaria, performed in [[Bakersfield, California]] on October 30, 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=27983 |title=WWIII Schedule Bakersfield Date |accessdate=July 10, 2008 |work=RoadrunnerRecords.com |publisher=Blabbermouth.net |date=October 14, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526112744/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=27983 |archive-date=May 26, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Lion's popularity grew and caught the attention of manager [[Don Arden]] ([[Black Sabbath]], [[Ozzy Osborne]], [[Jerry Lee Lewis]], [[Little Richard]], [[Air
Supply]], etc.) who made several attempts to see Lion and WWIII shows but could not get in, due to the shows being sold out. As quoted by Lions in a
September 2000 interview on [[Jake E. Lee]]'s website, ''"My future manager Don Arden had trouble getting in to see me and when he finally did he saw,
liked, and took me under his wings."''


On April 19, 2008, the original line-up of WWIII reunited.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=95301 |title=MANDY LION Says WWIII Reunion With VINNY APPICE, JIMMY BAIN Is 'An Absolute Possibility' |accessdate=July 10, 2008 |work=RoadrunnerRecords.com |publisher=Blabbermouth.net |date=April 18, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422084639/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=95301 |archive-date=April 22, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===World War Three (1990 - 1994)===
Arden signed Lion immediately to a management contract after seeing his live performance. Then, within months, Lion was signed to
[[Hollywood Records]] and with the help of Arden started auditioning celebrity players to create the line-up of the new World War III.


Mandy Lion is currently writing with George Lynch (Dokken, Lynch Mob) on a full-length album. The current line-up consists of Dan McNay (Montrose), Lez Warner (The Cult) and Toni Aleman. Guest appearances include Sin Quirin (Ministry), Mitch Perry (Edgar Winter, Cher), Roy Z (Halford, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden) and others.
The chosen line-up was [[Jimmy Bain]] ([[Rainbow (band)|Rainbow]], [[Dio]]), [[Vinny Appice]] (Black Sabbath, Dio), and [[Joe Floyd]]
([[Warrior (band)|Warrior]]. Unfortunately, at that time, Floyd was unable to fully give WWIII the attention that it required, due to Floyd just starting his
now legendary [[Silver Cloud Recording Studio]].


==Solo work==
At that point, further auditioning took place for a few unknown players and [[Tracy G.]], unknown at that time, was picked and made a name for himself by
In the spring of 2006, Lion headlined the Nikstock Festivals in Los Angeles, California and [[Binghamton, New York]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=47590 |title=MANDY LION To Headline NIKSTOCK Festivals |accessdate=July 10, 2008 |work=RoadrunnerRecords.com |publisher=Blabbermouth.net |date=January 30, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525131954/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=47590 |archive-date=May 25, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Lion choosing him to see if he could fill in for Floyd. In 1990 WWIII released their debut CD on the Hollywood Records and soon thereafter WWIII began
an extensive tour. They opened for famous bands like [[Iron Maiden]] and at times did the headlining themselves. WWIII toured huge arenas and many
famous clubs such as the [[Whiskey A Go Go]], in January 1991. They also made two music videos for ''"Love You to Death"'' and ''"Time for Terror"'',
both of which were from their debut release.


In May 2007, Lion announced a 16-day U.S. tour, with stops in [[Syracuse, New York]], Binghamton, New York, [[Stamford, Connecticut]], [[West Springfield, Virginia]], [[Allentown, Pennsylvania]], [[Nichols, New York]], and [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=73421 |title=MANDY LION: U.S. Tour Dates Announced |accessdate=July 10, 2008 |work=RoadrunnerRecords.com |publisher=Blabbermouth.net |date=May 29, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525132009/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=73421 |archive-date=May 25, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On June 1, Lion announced the line-up for his touring band. It was himself, Rick Plester, Jon Purpura, and Pete Holmes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=73694 |title=MANDY LION Reveals Touring Band |accessdate=July 10, 2008 |work=RoadrunnerRecords.com |publisher=Blabbermouth.net |date=June 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525132014/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=73694 |archive-date=May 25, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Things were going along smoothly even though changes would occur once and again. Vinny Appice was replaced with [[James Kottack]]
([[Scorpions (band)|Scorpins]], [[Kingdom Come]]). Later, Kottack was replaced by [[Mikkey Dee]] ([[Moterhead]]). Trouble and disaster came with the
conniving schemes of Steve Jones, the A&R Director for WWIII, who tried to depict a false image on the band as [[Nazi]]'s and this later caused label
failure. Deeply hurt, betrayed and outraged with this harmful negative image of his band WWIII, Lion stood up for himself and his band member's
rights. Fighting to not be portrayed in a negative light for what WWIII does not represent.


==Discography==
As if this scheme wasn't enough for Lion, heavy friction and disagreements between band members began when he started a side project
===Solo===
with [[George Lynch]] ([[Dokken]], [[Lynchmob]]), on [[Electra Records]]. These problems weighed heavily on Lion and eventually caused him to step back
* ''Mandy Lion'' (2002)
and put WWIII on hold.


===Wicked Alliance (1994 - 2003)===
===World War Three (WWIII)===
* ''World War III'' (1990)
Lion wasted no time, and in 1994 began a new project and set out on the road to tour with [[Jake E. Lee]] ([[Ozzy Osbourne]], [[Badlands]]) as the
* ''The Unreleased Demos'' (2000)
phenomenal Wicked Alliance. After a few years on the back burner, Wicked Alliance joined a record label that represents them. The Wicked Alliance
* ''When God Turned Away'' (2003)
''Twisted Beauty'' CD that Lee and Lion worked on finally came to the light in late 2002 or early 2003 on [[The Pony Canyon]] record label.


===Wicked Alliance===
===World War Three (2004 - present)===
* ''Twisted Beauty'' (2002)
Besides working on his solo project doing the producing, writing and arranging, Mandy Lion has resurfaced his band WWIII. WWIII has recently signed

on with [[Sony Records]] and [[Reality Records]] and Lion and WWIII ([[Joe Floyd|Floyd]], [[Geezer Butler|Geezer]], and [[Ducey Moni]]) will be releasing
===Guest appearances===
their new CD ''When God Turned Away'' in 2008.
* [[George Lynch (musician)|George Lynch]]: ''[[Sacred Groove]]'' (1993)

==Singles==
===World War Three (WWIII)===
* "Love You To Death" (1990)
* "Time For Terror" (1990)

===Solo===
* "[[Kiss (Prince song)|Kiss]]" (2008)

==References==
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.mandy-lion.com Official website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/MandyLionWWIII Official YouTube Channel]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=16731 |title=Mandy Lion Calls Tracy G A 'Pretender', Says Jake E. Lee Is 'The Real Deal' |work=[[Blabbermouth.net]] |date=November 14, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526112738/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=16731 |archive-date=May 26, 2008 |url-status=dead }}
* [http://www.myspace.com/wwwiiimandylion Mandy Lion and WWIII] at [[MySpace]]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=44293 |title=Mandy Lion Talks About Working With Sharon Osbourne's Father, Jake E. Lee |work=[[Blabbermouth.net]] |date=November 15, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319161325/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=44293 |archive-date=March 19, 2007 |url-status=dead }}
* [http://www.myspace.com/mandylionwwiii Mandy Lion's personal page] at MySpace
* {{cite web|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=84721 |title=Mandy Lion On Internet 'Mud-Slingers', Dog Fighting and Don Arden |work=[[Blabbermouth.net]] |date=November 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525132024/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=84721 |archive-date=May 25, 2008 |url-status=dead }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lion, Mandy}}
[[Category:German rock musicians]]
[[Category:German heavy metal singers]]
[[Category:German male singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Latest revision as of 21:23, 22 February 2024

Mandy Lion
GenresRock, heavy metal, gothic rock
OccupationSinger
Years active1983 ― present
LabelsHollywood, Elektra, Pony Canyon, Sony, Reality

Mandy Lion is a German-born heavy metal singer is the lead singer of the heavy metal band World War III.

Biography

[edit]

He moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1986 and formed World War III. He caught the attention of manager Don Arden, who signed a contract with him. Soon after, Lion was signed to Hollywood Records. With the help of Arden he began auditioning celebrity players to create the line-up of the new World War III. The chosen line-up was Jimmy Bain, Vinny Appice, and Joe Floyd, who had played with Warrior; at the time, Floyd had other obligations and Tracy G was chosen to fill Floyd's spot.[1] In 1990, World War III released their debut self-titled album on the Hollywood Records label,[1] and soon thereafter began extensive touring.

Vinny Appice was replaced with James Kottak, who would in turn be replaced by Mikkey Dee. Things changed when Steve Jones, the A&R Director for WWIII, tried to depict an image on the band as Nazis, which caused Lion to rebel against the label. Heavy friction and disagreements between band members began when he started a side project with George Lynch on Elektra Records. These problems weighed heavily on Lion and eventually caused him to step back and put WWIII on hold.[1]

Wicked Alliance (1994–2003)

[edit]

In 1994 Lion began a new project and set out on the road to tour with Jake E. Lee as Wicked Alliance.[1] Wicked Alliance's Twisted Beauty CD that Lee and Lion worked on, finally came to the light in late 2002 or early 2003 on the Pony Canyon record label.

World War Three (2003–present)

[edit]

Besides working on his solo project, Lion had reformed his previous band, WWIII. WWIII signed with Sony Records and Reality Entertainment, and on October 30, 2003, released their first album in 12 years, When God Turned Away. The band hosted a release party for the album at Club Vodka.[2]

On April 18, 2004, Vinny Appice and Jimmy Bain had a jam session with Lion during WWIII's concert at the Key Club in West Hollywood, California. The session was video taped and some of the scenes were placed in the music video for "Walk With Me".[3] In the summer of 2004, original members, Vinny Appice and Jimmy Bain rejoined the band.[4] WWIII performed at the Metal Sludge concert number nine in Tarzana, California on September 18, 2004.[5] The newly reformed WWIII with Appice, Bain, Lion, and Scaria, performed in Bakersfield, California on October 30, 2004.[6]

On April 19, 2008, the original line-up of WWIII reunited.[7]

Mandy Lion is currently writing with George Lynch (Dokken, Lynch Mob) on a full-length album. The current line-up consists of Dan McNay (Montrose), Lez Warner (The Cult) and Toni Aleman. Guest appearances include Sin Quirin (Ministry), Mitch Perry (Edgar Winter, Cher), Roy Z (Halford, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden) and others.

Solo work

[edit]

In the spring of 2006, Lion headlined the Nikstock Festivals in Los Angeles, California and Binghamton, New York.[8]

In May 2007, Lion announced a 16-day U.S. tour, with stops in Syracuse, New York, Binghamton, New York, Stamford, Connecticut, West Springfield, Virginia, Allentown, Pennsylvania, Nichols, New York, and Las Vegas.[9] On June 1, Lion announced the line-up for his touring band. It was himself, Rick Plester, Jon Purpura, and Pete Holmes.[10]

Discography

[edit]

Solo

[edit]
  • Mandy Lion (2002)

World War Three (WWIII)

[edit]
  • World War III (1990)
  • The Unreleased Demos (2000)
  • When God Turned Away (2003)

Wicked Alliance

[edit]
  • Twisted Beauty (2002)

Guest appearances

[edit]

Singles

[edit]

World War Three (WWIII)

[edit]
  • "Love You To Death" (1990)
  • "Time For Terror" (1990)

Solo

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Colin Larkin, ed. (1999). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Heavy Rock (First ed.). Virgin Books. p. 487. ISBN 0-7535-0257-7.
  2. ^ "WWIII: Album Release Party Photos Posted Online". RoadrunnerRecords.com. Blabbermouth.net. November 10, 2003. Archived from the original on May 25, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
  3. ^ "APPICE, BAIN To Jam With WWIII At Hollywood Gig". RoadrunnerRecords.com. Blabbermouth.net. March 16, 2004. Archived from the original on May 25, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
  4. ^ "APPICE, BAIN Rejoin WWIII, Live Dates Planned Later This Summer". RoadrunnerRecords.com. Blabbermouth.net. July 22, 2004. Archived from the original on May 25, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
  5. ^ "WWIII Announce First Show With Original Lineup In 10 Years". RoadrunnerRecords.com. Blabbermouth.net. August 11, 2004. Archived from the original on May 26, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
  6. ^ "WWIII Schedule Bakersfield Date". RoadrunnerRecords.com. Blabbermouth.net. October 14, 2004. Archived from the original on May 26, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
  7. ^ "MANDY LION Says WWIII Reunion With VINNY APPICE, JIMMY BAIN Is 'An Absolute Possibility'". RoadrunnerRecords.com. Blabbermouth.net. April 18, 2004. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
  8. ^ "MANDY LION To Headline NIKSTOCK Festivals". RoadrunnerRecords.com. Blabbermouth.net. January 30, 2006. Archived from the original on May 25, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
  9. ^ "MANDY LION: U.S. Tour Dates Announced". RoadrunnerRecords.com. Blabbermouth.net. May 29, 2007. Archived from the original on May 25, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
  10. ^ "MANDY LION Reveals Touring Band". RoadrunnerRecords.com. Blabbermouth.net. June 1, 2007. Archived from the original on May 25, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
[edit]