Gideon Gono: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
m fixed spelling mistake |
|||
| (287 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{short description|Zimbabwean banker}} |
|||
{{POV|date=April 2008}} |
|||
{{Multiple issues| |
|||
{{BLP sources|date=July 2021}} |
|||
{{Update|date=July 2018}} |
|||
}} |
|||
{{EngvarB|date=August 2018}} |
|||
{{Infobox Officeholder |
|||
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} |
|||
|honorific-prefix =Dr. |
|||
|name =Gideon Gono |
|||
{{Infobox officeholder |
|||
|honorific-suffix = |
|||
|honorific-prefix = |
|||
|image =Gideon Gono10.jpg |
|||
| |
|name = Gideon Gono |
||
| |
|image = Gideon Gono10.jpg |
||
|caption =Gono after |
|caption = Gono after speaking to [[Parliament of Zimbabwe|Parliament]] in 2008 |
||
|office = 4th [[Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe|Governor of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe]] |
|||
|order = |
|||
| |
|term_start = 1 December 2003 |
||
| |
|term_end = 30 November 2013 |
||
| |
|president = [[Robert Mugabe]] |
||
| |
|predecessor = Leonard Tsumba |
||
|successor = Charity Dhliwayo |
|||
|viceprimeminister = |
|||
| |
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|11|29|df=y}} |
||
| |
|birth_place = [[Rhodesia and Nyasaland]] |
||
| |
|death_date = |
||
| |
|death_place = |
||
| |
|spouse = Helen Gono |
||
| |
|residence = [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]] |
||
|alma_mater = [[University of Zimbabwe]] |
|||
|governor-general = |
|||
|governor_general = |
|||
|succeeding =<!-- For President-elect or equivalent --> |
|||
|predecessor =[[Leonard Tsumba]] |
|||
|successor = |
|||
|constituency = |
|||
|majority = |
|||
|order2 =<!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number --> |
|||
|office2 = |
|||
|term_start2 = |
|||
|term_end2 =<!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number --> |
|||
|vicepresident2 =<!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number --> |
|||
|viceprimeminister2 =<!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number --> |
|||
|deputy2 =<!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number --> |
|||
|lieutenant2 =<!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number --> |
|||
|monarch2 =<!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number --> |
|||
|president2 = |
|||
|primeminister2 =<!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number --> |
|||
|governor2 =<!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number --> |
|||
|succeeding2 =<!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number --> |
|||
|predecessor2 =<!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number --> |
|||
|successor2 =<!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number --> |
|||
|constituency2 =<!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number --> |
|||
|majority2 =<!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number --> |
|||
|birth_date = [[4 April]] [[1954]] |
|||
|birth_place = {{flag|Rhodesia and Nyasaland}} |
|||
|death_date = |
|||
|death_place = |
|||
|nationality = {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Zimbabwean]] |
|||
|party = [[Image:Flag of ZANU-PF.svg|25px]] [[ZANU-PF]] |
|||
|spouse = Hellen Mushanyuri Gono |
|||
|relations = |
|||
|children = |
|||
|residence = Harare, Zimbabwe |
|||
|alma_mater = [[University of Zimbabwe]] |
|||
|occupation = Govenor of the [[Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe]] |
|||
|profession = [[Banker]] |
|profession = [[Banker]] |
||
|religion = [[Christian]] |
|||
|signature = |
|||
|website = |
|||
|footnotes = |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
'''Gideon Gono''' (born 29 November 1959) is a former Governor of the [[Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe]], serving from 2003 to 2013,<ref>[http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-13288-Goodbye,+by+Gideon+Gono/news.aspx "Goodbye says RBZ Chief Gideon Gono"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040252/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-13288-Goodbye,+by+Gideon+Gono/news.aspx |date=6 January 2014 }}, New Zimbabwe, 30 November 2013</ref> and is the former CEO of the [[CBZ Bank Limited]].<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stothe ries/200706240121.html "Zimbabwe: 'Mugabe downfall within six months'"], ''Zimbabwe Standard'', 24 June 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.kubatana.net/html/archive/opin/050819iz.asp?sector=OPIN "Gideon Gono, Mugabe's new political tool"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051030054611/http://www.kubatana.net/html/archive/opin/050819iz.asp?sector=OPIN |date=30 October 2005 }}, Kubatana.net, 19 August 2005 (accessed 2 August 2008)</ref> |
|||
{{Politics of Zimbabwe}} |
|||
'''Gideon Gono''' is the controversial Governor of the [[Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe]] and former CEO of the [[Jewel Bank]], formerly known as the [[Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe]].<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200706240121.html "Zimbabwe: 'Mugabe downfall within six months'"], ''Zimbabwe Standard'', June 24, 2007</ref> <ref>[http://www.kubatana.net/html/archive/opin/050819iz.asp?sector=OPIN "Gideon Gono, Mugabe's new political tool"], Kubatana.net, August 19, 2005 (accessed 02/08/2008)</ref> |
|||
Gono became known internationally due to his connection to the [[hyperinflation in Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mises.org/library/welcome-zimbabwe|title=Welcome to Zimbabwe|date=5 April 2010}}</ref> |
|||
He is among a host of individuals not allowed to travel to the [[United States]] because the US government feels he has worked to undermine democracy in [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>[http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/actions/20051123.shtml Recent OFAC Actions], US Dept. of Treasury, November 23, 2005 (accessed 02/07/2008)</ref> |
|||
== Earlier career and education== |
|||
Gideon Gono went to [[Daramombe]] High School in Chivhu, an Anglican Mission school. He started his career as a tea boy at National Breweries in [[Kwekwe|Que Que]] in 1977. He put himself through correspondence courses from O-Level through A-Level and moved on to the Zimbabwe Fertiliser Company as a bookkeeper. After working at [[Van Leer Packaging]] as an accountant, he was appointed finance manager at the [[Infrastructure Development Bank of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe Development Bank]] (ZDB) in 1987 rising to the post of general manager. |
|||
In 1995, Gono was appointed managing director of the Bank of Credit and Commerce of Zimbabwe (BCCZ). Under his direction BCCZ became the largest and most successful bank in Zimbabwe, The Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe, or as he coined it, 'Jewel Bank'. He was subsequently appointed as governor of the [[Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe]]. |
|||
He obtained a master's degree in Business Administration at the [[University of Zimbabwe]] and went on to lecture there and head the university council. He was awarded an honorary degree at the same institution. He then went on to earn another PhD in Strategic Management in 2007 from [[Atlantic International University]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abrahams |first1=Marc |title=Improbable research: the hundred trillion dollar book |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/oct/13/improbable-research |website=The Guardian |access-date=6 January 2022 |date=13 October 2009}}</ref> Atlantic International University has been characterized as a [[Diploma mill|degree mill]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-28 |title=Probe IGP's 'Fake' doctorate degree - Academics |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Probe-IGP-s-Fake-doctorate-degree-Academics-481571 |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref> and its degrees have been widely dismissed as "fake."<ref>{{Cite web |last=quist |date=2016-08-03 |title=Gifty Anti, IGP, Hassan Ayariga and others indicted in fake doctorate degree scandal |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/fake-doctorates-gifty-anti-igp-hassan-ayariga-and-others-indicted-in-fake-doctorate/ytpybd5 |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref> |
|||
== Reserve Bank governorship == |
|||
Gono was first appointed as governor of the Reserve Bank in November 2003 because of his reputation as a turnaround specialist, particularly because of his work at the Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe. In November 2008, Gono was reappointed to a new five-year term as governor, beginning on 1 December 2008.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120731135007/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5haSak94IC7hvLDyG1HldSrKAJigQ "Zimbabwe extends bank chief's tenure"], AFP, 26 November 2008.</ref> Gono stepped down on 30 November 2013 after a 10-year term at the helm of the Reserve Bank. |
|||
[[File:Zimbabwe dollar notes 1 to 100 trillion 2007 08 Front.jpg|thumb|Selection of 16 original un-circulated Zimbabwe notes ranging in denomination from 1 dollar to 100 trillion dollars. They are all signed by G Gono, the Governor of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, in the period 2007 to 2008, who promises "to pay the bearer on demand". In 2007 Gideon Gono gained a PhD in Strategic Management from the [[Atlantic International University]].]] |
|||
=== Results of policies === |
|||
After taking over the governorship of the [[Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe]], Gono implemented a host of highly criticized policies in a bid to try to keep the [[Zimbabwean dollar]] afloat. There were a host of problems before he became governor, hence the appointment of turnaround strategies but they seemed to be too much for him to tackle, hence the decline of the economy continued:<ref>[http://www.zimbabwegazette.com/the-news/opinion/to-dr.-gideon-gono:-the-truth-20080204229.html "TO DR. GIDEON GONO: The Truth"], ''The Zimbabwe Gazette'', 4 February 2008</ref> |
|||
*Cash shortages |
|||
*There were fuel and shortages in agriculture<ref>Price Cuts Shortages in agriculture (accessed 2 August 2008)</ref><ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-146441296.html "Roundup: Zimbabwe fights fuel crisis"]{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, Xinhua News Agency, 31 May 2006 (accessed 2 August 2008)</ref><ref name="TVNZ_837163">{{cite web|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411749/837163 |title=Zimbabwe imports wheat |date=1 September 2007 |work=[[Television New Zealand]] |access-date=1 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516184931/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411749/837163 |archivedate=16 May 2011}}</ref> |
|||
*Corrupt businessmen were arrested and banks not adhering to banking laws were penalized<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200608071376.html Monetary Policy], AllAfrica, 7 August 2006 (subscription required) (accessed 2 August 2008)</ref> |
|||
*The highest inflation in the world and unemployment and the collapse of the health, education and agriculture sectors.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200702010679.html Alice in Wonderland], AllAfrica, 1 February 2007 (subscription required)</ref> |
|||
=== Zimbabwe Dollar and inflation === |
|||
{{main|Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe}} |
|||
The [[Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe|RBZ]] printed large quantities of money to keep the economy afloat against the backdrop of economic sanctions placed upon the Zimbabwe since 2000. This went against the advice of global economists, but with full support from President Robert Mugabe. As predicted by the textbook [[quantity theory of money]], this practice devalued the Zimbabwean dollar and caused hyperinflation. |
|||
The [[Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe|RBZ]] demonetized old bank notes on 1 August 2006 and introduced a new currency. Each new Zimbabwe dollar was worth 1000 old Zimbabwe dollars.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200608010325.html Slashes Zeros], AllAfrica, 1 August 2006 (subscription required) (accessed 2 August 2008)</ref> The highest denominations for the new currency were 1, 10, and 100 thousand revalued dollars. A year later on 1 August 2007, he authorized a 200 thousand dollar denomination. This marked the start of a series of new denominations issued in rapid succession, including 250, 500, and 750 thousand dollars (20 December 2007); 1, 5, and 10 million dollars (16 January 2008); 25 and 50 million dollars (4 April 2008); 100 and 250 million dollars (5 May 2008); 500 million and 5, 25, and 50 billion dollars (20 May 2008); and 100 billion dollars (21 July 2008). From the time of currency revaluation to the beginning of June 2008 the money supply in the country increased from billion to more than quadrillion, or a 20,000,000 fold increase. |
|||
== Background == |
|||
He started his career with [[ZimBank]], another Government Bank and eventually moved to the [[Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe]]. He was appointed by Professor [[Jonathan Moyo]] to head the [[University of Zimbabwe]] Council where he quickly awarded himself with an honorary degree. During this time, he was the personal banker of [[Robert Mugabe]], up until he was appointed as governor of the [[Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe]]. |
|||
Gono denied media claims that he had opposed price cuts that the government instituted to arrest inflation. As time went by, it became apparent that the [[Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe|RBZ]] had instituted price cuts that saw bare shelves in shops and many businesses closing.<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-32957316_ITM "Gideon Gono: 'I'm not against price war'. (ZIMBABWE ECONOMY: The real story)"], ''New African'', 1 August 2007</ref> He sent in the police to arrest businessmen for failing to reduce their prices. On one occasion, he personally visited shop owners in [[Harare]] to demand they lower prices.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200608140112.html No more mr. nice guy], AllAfrica, 14 August 2006 (subscription required) (accessed 2 August 2008)</ref> Despite these efforts, inflation in Zimbabwe remains the world's highest.<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-10-18-780416427_x.htm "Zimbabwe inflation still soaring"], ''USA Today'', 18 October 2007 (accessed 2 August 2008)</ref><ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200802040901.html "Zimbabwe: November Annual Inflation Rises to 26 470,8pc{{spaced ndash}}CSO"], ''The Herald'', 4 February 2008 (accessed 2 August 2008)</ref> (Note: after [[Currency substitution|dollarization]] in 2009, Zimbabwe's inflation rate has become deflation since 2014.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-02/from-hyperinflation-to-deflation-no-end-to-zimbabwe-s-decline "From Hyperinflation to Deflation, No End to Zimbabwe's Decline"] ''bloomberg.com'', accessed 26 December 2016</ref>) |
|||
== RBZ Governor == |
|||
Since he took over the governorship of the [[Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe]], Gono has also implemented a host of highly-criticized policies. The main criticizim comes from the fact that on the whole, his policies have all but failed to resuscitate the ailing economy of [[Zimbabwe]]. Since he became governor, Zimbabweans have suffered through <ref>[http://www.zimbabwegazette.com/the-news/opinion/to-dr.-gideon-gono:-the-truth-20080204229.html "TO DR. GIDEON GONO: The Truth"], ''The Zimbabwe Gazette'', February 4, 2008</ref>: |
|||
*cash shortages, |
|||
*fuel and food scarcity, shortages in agriculture<ref>Price Cuts[*Shortages in agriculture,] (accessed 02/08/2008)</ref> <ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-146441296.html "Roundup: Zimbabwe fights fuel crisis"], Xinhua News Agency, May 31, 2006 (accessed 02/08/2008)</ref> <ref>[http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411749/837163 "Zimbabwe imports wheat"], TVNZ, September 27, 2006 (accessed 02/08/2008)</ref> |
|||
Critics have noted that most of Gono's monetary policy statements in the past have had biblical references. Notably, he usually ends in policy statements to the Parliament of Zimbabwe thus: "In the Lord's hands, I commit this Monetary Policy Framework for our economic turnaround."<ref name="sokwanele">[http://www.sokwanele.com/articles/sokwanele/insheepsclothing_8june2005.html "Gideon Gono “… in sheep’s clothing” : The Role of the RBZ Governor in Murambatsvina"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112200507/http://www.sokwanele.com/articles/sokwanele/insheepsclothing_8june2005.html |date=12 November 2007 }}, Sokwanele, 8 June 2005 (accessed 2 August 2008)</ref> |
|||
[[Image:Waiting for Fuel.jpg|left|thumb|300px|The sight of motorists in long queus waiting for fuel is now a permanent feature in [[Harare]]. Gono promised to normalize the situation but failed.]] |
|||
*[[Operation Murambatsvina]] that some say was funded by the RBZ,<ref name="sokwanele">[http://www.sokwanele.com/articles/sokwanele/insheepsclothing_8june2005.html "Gideon Gono “… in sheep’s clothing” : The Role of the RBZ Governor in Murambatsvina"], Sokwanele, June 8, 2005 (accessed 02/08/2008)</ref> |
|||
*businessmen have been arrested by the police and army under Gono's orders <ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200608071376.html Monetary Policy], AllAfrica, August 7, 2006 (subscription required) (accessed 02/08/2008)</ref> |
|||
*some [[Zimbabweans]] have become fugitives or have languished in prison, notably [[Mutumwa Mawere]], [[James Makamba]], [[July Moyo]], [[Philip Chiyangwa]] and [[David Batau]].<ref>[http://www.nehandaradio.com/zimbabwe/mawere/mawerebutau040108.html "Unpacking the Butau-Gono Forex and Cash scandal"], Nehanda Radio, January 4, 2008 (accessed 02/08/2008)</ref> |
|||
*Inflation, the highest in the world and unemployment and the collapse of the health, education and agriculture sectors.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200702010679.html Alice in Wonderland], AllAfrica, February 1, 2007 (subscription required)</ref> |
|||
=== Banks and currency exchange === |
|||
== Policy Regime == |
|||
A number of banks that were skirting banking laws had their operating licenses cancelled and/or were placed under curatorship.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200607070007.html Gono Under fire], AllAfrica, 7 July 2006 (subscription required) (accessed 2 August 2008)</ref><ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/10/10/business/AF_FIN_ECO_Zimbabwe_Money_Woes.php "Central bank shuts down money transfer agencies in Zimbabwe"], ''International Herald Tribune'', 10 October 2006 (accessed 2 August 2008)</ref><ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=qw1160427603376B252, "Gono shuts down money transfer agencies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222003340/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1 |date=22 December 2007 }}, Independent Online, 10 October 2006 (accessed 2 August 2008)</ref> Critics blame Gono for closing 16 money transfer agencies. |
|||
Critics had noted that most of the monetary policy statements in the past have had biblical references. Notably, he usually ends in policy statements to the Parliament of Zimbabwe thus: "In the Lord's hands, I commit this Monetary Policy Framework for our economic turnaround."<ref name="sokwanele"/> |
|||
=== Agriculture sector === |
|||
With the shortages of inputs in the agriculture the RBZ came to the forefront to try to bail the sector out by helping with fertilizer and machinery procurement. |
|||
Gono has printed money against the advice of economist but with full support from Robert Mugabe, a practice that many believe has helped drive up inflation. Gideon Gono scrapped old bank notes in August 2006 which resulted in another round of massive price increases. <ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200608010325.html Slashes Zeros], AllAfrica, August 1, 2006 (subscription required) (accessed 02/08/2008)</ref> In December 2007, he introduced a $750, 500, 250, thousand notes into circulation.<ref>[http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/latestnews/The-750000-note-that-won39t.3611635.jp "The $750,000 note that won't buy a loaf of bread"], ''The Scotsman'', December 20, 2007 (accessed 02/08/2008)</ref> He has slashed zeros from the [[Zimbabwe Dollar]] for a number of times.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/08/world/africa/08zimbabwe.html?n=Top/News/World/Countries%20and%20Territories/Zimbabwe Subtracting Zeroes], ''The New York Times'', August 8, 2006 (subscription required) (accessed 02/08/2008)</ref> |
|||
Backed by vice president [[Joyce Mujuru]], Gono has several times called for an end to the farm invasions sanctioned by the ZANU-PF party, as these destroy the Zimbabwean economy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/gono-vows-to-reduce-soaring-inflation-rate-1.255854?ot=inmsa.ArticlePrintPageLayout.ot|title=Gono vows to reduce soaring inflation rate - IOL}}</ref> Gono's criticism of farm takeovers is in sharp contrast to statements made by other ministers, including Lands Minister [[Didymus Mutasa]]. |
|||
==== The Banks & Bereau de Change ==== |
|||
He closed 16 money transfer agencies. A number of banks have been raided and the operating licences cancelled.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200607070007.html Gono Under fire], AllAfrica, July 7, 2006 (subscription required) (accessed 02/08/2008)</ref> <ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/10/10/business/AF_FIN_ECO_Zimbabwe_Money_Woes.php "Central bank shuts down money transfer agencies in Zimbabwe"], ''International Herald Tribune'', October 10, 2006 (accessed 02/08/2008)</ref> <ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=qw1160427603376B252, "Gono shuts down money transfer agencies"], Independent Online, October 10, 2006 (accessed 02/08/2008)</ref> |
|||
In an interview with the state-controlled ''[[The Herald (Zimbabwe)|The Herald]]'' newspaper, he said, "I have openly condemned such retrogressive acts as destruction of [[horticulture|horticultural]] greenhouses, decimation of [[tobacco]] barns, institution of fresh farm invasions".<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=qw1161595980815B252 "Friends want me dead, claims Zim bank chief"], ''Independent Online'', 23 October 2006</ref> "There are too many subdivisions among us, too many contradictions, too much infighting among ourselves, incredible suspicion and mistrust of one another," Gono said. |
|||
==== The Black Market ==== |
|||
He has traded for foreign currency at the black market, an activity he vowed to crush when he took over the governorship of the bank.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200702160376.html "Zimbabwe: President Backs Gono"], ''The Herald'', February 16, 2007</ref> |
|||
Gono admitted that his efforts to rescue and improve the economy of Zimbabwe were being thwarted and risked failure.<ref>[http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/gono11.12660.html "Zimbabwe's central bank chief admits failure"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221175657/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/gono11.12660.html |date=21 February 2008 }}, New Zimbabwe.com, 3 November 2006 (accessed 2 August 2007)</ref> Gono said there were several factors that were outside the central bank's control, which made it difficult to reign in inflation. |
|||
==== Inflation 'War' ==== |
|||
Gono refuted media reports that had claimed he was against price cuts that the government instituted to arrest inflation. As time went by, it became apparent that the [[Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe|RBZ]] had initiated and actually given birth to price cuts that saw many business closing and shelves in shops go bare.<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-32957316_ITM "Gideon Gono: 'I'm not against price war'. (ZIMBABWE ECONOMY: The real story)"], ''New African'', August 1, 2007</ref> His efforts to fight inflation had yielded nothing.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-10-18-780416427_x.htm "Zimbabwe inflation still soaring"], ''USA Today'', October 18, 2007 (accessed 02/08/2008)</ref> <ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200802040901.html "Zimbabwe: November Annual Inflation Rises to 26 470,8pc{{ndash}} CSO"], ''The Herald'', February 4, 2008 (accessed 02/08/2008)</ref> |
|||
"Some of those factors are within the governor's control and influence while others such as politics, [[International sanctions|sanction]]s, [[drought]]s, under-utilisation of farms, disruptions at those farms, rampant [[Political corruption|corruption]], indiscipline, law and order are factors outside the governor's control," he said in an interview with ''The Herald'' newspaper.<ref>[http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/Zimbabwe/0,,2-11-1662_2019078,00.html "Zim losing inflation battle"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028041226/http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/Zimbabwe/0,,2-11-1662_2019078,00.html |date=28 October 2006 }}, ''News24'', 23 October 2006</ref> He has also blamed the failure of the economy on sanctions imposed on the country, a charge critics dispute.<ref>[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-6732964/Dr-Gideon-Gono-how-sanctions.html "Dr Gideon Gono: How Sanctions are ruining Zimbabwe"], ''African Business'', 1 June 2007 (accessed 2 August 2008)</ref> |
|||
==== Agriculture Sector ==== |
|||
The governor has spearedhearded the campaign to make the land reform program a success. As such, Gono had placed the RBZ at the forefront of fertilizer and machinery procurement. A number of scandals have come to light, esp. with the procurement of fertilizer, with the governor at the center of the tale.<ref>[http://zimdaily.com/news/117/ARTICLE/1128/2006-11-23.html "From Whom Did Gono Buy the Fertilizer?"], ZimDaily.com, November 23, 2006</ref> |
|||
Critics allege that Gono has kept his job as the governor mainly through Mugabe's patronage saying Mugabe has not only shielded Gono from critics, but has commended him in his activities as governor despite the extreme deterioration of the Zimbabwean economy.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200607260551.html Leave Gono alone], AllAfrica, 26 July 2006 (subscription required) (accessed 2 August 2008)</ref> He had been Mugabe's banker for a long period before becoming governor of the RBZ.<ref>[http://zimreview.wordpress.com/2007/12/30/gideon-gonos-star-starting-to-fade/ "Gideon Gono’s star starting to fade"], ''Zimbabwe Review'', 30 December 2007 (accessed 2 August 2008)</ref> |
|||
Backed by vice president [[Joyce Mujuru]], Gono has several times called for an end to farm takeovers in a bid to stabilise agricultural production and halt [[inflation]]. Gono's criticism of farm takeovers is in sharp contrast to statements made by other ministers, including Lands Minister [[Didymus Mutasa]] |
|||
==Personal life== |
|||
In an interview with the state-controlled Herald newspaper, he said "I have openly condemned such retrogressive acts as destruction of [[horticulture|horticultural]] greenhouses, decimation of [[tobacco]] barns, institution of fresh farm invasions".<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=qw1161595980815B252 "Friends want me dead, claims Zim bank chief"], ''Independent Online'' , October 23, 2006</ref> |
|||
"There are too many subdivisions among us, too many contradictions, too much infighting among ourselves, incredible suspicion and mistrust of one another," Gono said. |
|||
Like many of Mugabe's inner circle, Gono allegedly owns several farms (one of which is in [[Norton, Zimbabwe|Norton]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mises.org/library/welcome-zimbabwe|title=Welcome to Zimbabwe|date=5 April 2010}}</ref> However, unlike others, he is said to have bought and paid for it in the late 1990s before the land redistribution program in which other farms were confiscated from localised white farmers. |
|||
==== The Retail Sector ==== |
|||
He has sent in the police to arrest businessmen for failing to reduce their prices. On one occasion, he roamed the streets of Harare personally threatening shop owners. <ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200608140112.html No more mr. nice guy], AllAfrica, August 14, 2006 (subscription required) (accessed 02/08/2008)</ref> |
|||
In November 2008, Gono published a book titled ''Zimbabwe's Casino Economy: Extra-ordinary Measures for Extra-ordinary Challenges'' describing the post-colonial economy of Zimbabwe particularly during the first five years (2003–2008) of his term as Governor of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ). |
|||
== Why I have failed == |
|||
He had admitted that his quest to rescue and improve the economy of Zimbabwe failed.<ref>[http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/gono11.12660.html "Zimbabwe's central bank chief admits failure"], New Zimbabwe.com, November 3, 2006 (accessed 02/08/2007)</ref>. Despite the misery of Zimbabweans, Gono was said 'to smile in the face of economic collapse.'<ref>[http://www.zimbabwedemocracytrust.org/outcomes/details?contentId=1952 "Gideon Rising"], Africa Confidential, Vol 45 No 15 (accessed 02/08/2008)</ref> |
|||
Gono said there were several factors that were outside the central bank's control, which made it difficult to rein in inflation. |
|||
"Some of those factors are within the governor's control and influence while others such as politics, [[International sanctions|sanction]]s, [[drought]]s, under-utilisation of farms, disruptions at those farms, rampant [[Political corruption|corruption]], indiscipline, law and order are factors outside the governor's control," he said in an interview with the official Herald newspaper.<ref>[http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/Zimbabwe/0,,2-11-1662_2019078,00.html "Zim losing inflation battle"], ''News24'', October 23, 2006</ref> He has also blamed the failure of the economy on sanctions imposed on the country, a charge critics refute.<ref>[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-6732964/Dr-Gideon-Gono-how-sanctions.html "Dr Gideon Gono: How Sanctions are ruining Zimbabwe"], ''African Business'', June 1, 2007 (accessed 02/08/2008)</ref> |
|||
On 24 October 2010, the South-African newspaper ''[[The Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]'' ran a story falsely claiming that he had an affair with [[Grace Mugabe|Amai Grace Mugabe]], the wife of the late President Robert Mugabe. It was later reported that the story could have been made up as a part of internal fighting inside the ruling party or the RBZ. |
|||
He has kept his job as the governor, despite the abysmal failure of his policies, mainly through the patronage of his benefactor, [[Robert Mugabe]], critics and civic leaders allege. Mugabe has not only shielded Gono from his critics, but has gone further and commended him in his activities as governor, notwithstanding that all his policies have failed.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200607260551.html Leave Gono alone], AllAfrica, July 26, 2006 (subscription required) (accessed 02/08/2008)</ref> He has been the president's banker for a long time before he took over the governorship.<ref>[http://zimreview.wordpress.com/2007/12/30/gideon-gonos-star-starting-to-fade/ "Gideon Gono’s star starting to fade"], ''Zimbabwe Review'', December 30, 2007 (accessed 02/08/2008)</ref> |
|||
== |
===Personal sanctions=== |
||
Gono is banned from traveling to the United States because of his then influential position in government-owned institutions in Zimbabwe, namely the Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe where he was the CEO and subsequently, the Central Bank where he was the Governor of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. He was added to and subsequently removed from the EU's list of individuals subject to personal sanctions and the ban on travel to the EU was lifted in 2013 after he retired from Government service. He however is still on the US sanctions list. He had no assets [[Asset freezing|frozen]] by the EU sanctions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/eu-zimbabwe-sanctions/update-3-eu-widens-sanctions-on-zimbabwe-includes-companies-idUSL222202920080722|title=UPDATE 3-EU widens sanctions on Zimbabwe, includes companies|date=22 July 2008|work=Reuters|access-date=16 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-02-15 |title=Zimbabwe sanctions: EU removes 35 people from ban list |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12471983 |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> |
|||
He has expressed his interest in becoming the next president of [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200608180630.html Gono can't make it as president], AllAfrica, August 18, 2006 (subscription required) (accessed 02/08/2008)</ref> |
|||
== |
== Awards == |
||
In 2009, Gono was awarded the [[Ig Nobel Prize]] in Mathematics "for giving people a simple way to deal with a wide range of numbers" by having his bank print notes with denominations ranging from one cent to one hundred trillion dollars.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=2009-10-01 |title=Ig Nobel awards: The gas-mask bra and the power of panda poo |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/oct/02/ig-noble-awards-britons-top |access-date=2023-11-28 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> |
|||
*[[Mutumwa Mawere]] |
|||
*[[Robert Mugabe]] |
|||
*[[Philip Chiyangwa]] |
|||
*[[Trevor Ncube]] |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
||
| Line 128: | Line 95: | ||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
*Ankomah, Baffour. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5391/is_200708/ai_n21294053/pg_1 "Gideon Gono: 'Zimbabwe Will Not Die'"], ''New African'', Aug/Sep 2007 |
*Ankomah, Baffour. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5391/is_200708/ai_n21294053/pg_1 "Gideon Gono: 'Zimbabwe Will Not Die'"], ''New African'', Aug/Sep 2007 |
||
*Thornycroft, Peta. [http://www.voanews.com/english/2006-10-07-voa27.cfm "New Zimbabwe Law Allows for Eviction of Remaining White Farmers"], ''Voice of America'', October 7, 2006 |
|||
==See also== |
|||
*[[List of individuals banned from entering the United Kingdom]], a list Gono is on |
|||
{{Authority control}} |
|||
{{Zimbabwe government ministers}} |
|||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gono, Gideon}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gono, Gideon}} |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:Governors of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe]] |
||
[[Category:1959 births]] |
|||
[[Category:Ig Nobel laureates]] |
|||
[[Category:Living people]] |
[[Category:Living people]] |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:Rhodesian businesspeople]] |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:University of Zimbabwe alumni]] |
||
Latest revision as of 02:01, 12 October 2024
 | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
|
Gideon Gono | |
|---|---|
 Gono after speaking to Parliament in 2008 | |
| 4th Governor of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe | |
| In office 1 December 2003 – 30 November 2013 | |
| President | Robert Mugabe |
| Preceded by | Leonard Tsumba |
| Succeeded by | Charity Dhliwayo |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 29 November 1959 Rhodesia and Nyasaland |
| Spouse | Helen Gono |
| Residence(s) | Harare, Zimbabwe |
| Alma mater | University of Zimbabwe |
| Profession | Banker |
Gideon Gono (born 29 November 1959) is a former Governor of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, serving from 2003 to 2013,[1] and is the former CEO of the CBZ Bank Limited.[2][3]
Gono became known internationally due to his connection to the hyperinflation in Zimbabwe.[4]
Earlier career and education
[edit]Gideon Gono went to Daramombe High School in Chivhu, an Anglican Mission school. He started his career as a tea boy at National Breweries in Que Que in 1977. He put himself through correspondence courses from O-Level through A-Level and moved on to the Zimbabwe Fertiliser Company as a bookkeeper. After working at Van Leer Packaging as an accountant, he was appointed finance manager at the Zimbabwe Development Bank (ZDB) in 1987 rising to the post of general manager.
In 1995, Gono was appointed managing director of the Bank of Credit and Commerce of Zimbabwe (BCCZ). Under his direction BCCZ became the largest and most successful bank in Zimbabwe, The Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe, or as he coined it, 'Jewel Bank'. He was subsequently appointed as governor of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe.
He obtained a master's degree in Business Administration at the University of Zimbabwe and went on to lecture there and head the university council. He was awarded an honorary degree at the same institution. He then went on to earn another PhD in Strategic Management in 2007 from Atlantic International University.[5] Atlantic International University has been characterized as a degree mill,[6] and its degrees have been widely dismissed as "fake."[7]
Reserve Bank governorship
[edit]Gono was first appointed as governor of the Reserve Bank in November 2003 because of his reputation as a turnaround specialist, particularly because of his work at the Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe. In November 2008, Gono was reappointed to a new five-year term as governor, beginning on 1 December 2008.[8] Gono stepped down on 30 November 2013 after a 10-year term at the helm of the Reserve Bank.
Results of policies
[edit]After taking over the governorship of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, Gono implemented a host of highly criticized policies in a bid to try to keep the Zimbabwean dollar afloat. There were a host of problems before he became governor, hence the appointment of turnaround strategies but they seemed to be too much for him to tackle, hence the decline of the economy continued:[9]
- Cash shortages
- There were fuel and shortages in agriculture[10][11][12]
- Corrupt businessmen were arrested and banks not adhering to banking laws were penalized[13]
- The highest inflation in the world and unemployment and the collapse of the health, education and agriculture sectors.[14]
Zimbabwe Dollar and inflation
[edit]The RBZ printed large quantities of money to keep the economy afloat against the backdrop of economic sanctions placed upon the Zimbabwe since 2000. This went against the advice of global economists, but with full support from President Robert Mugabe. As predicted by the textbook quantity theory of money, this practice devalued the Zimbabwean dollar and caused hyperinflation.
The RBZ demonetized old bank notes on 1 August 2006 and introduced a new currency. Each new Zimbabwe dollar was worth 1000 old Zimbabwe dollars.[15] The highest denominations for the new currency were 1, 10, and 100 thousand revalued dollars. A year later on 1 August 2007, he authorized a 200 thousand dollar denomination. This marked the start of a series of new denominations issued in rapid succession, including 250, 500, and 750 thousand dollars (20 December 2007); 1, 5, and 10 million dollars (16 January 2008); 25 and 50 million dollars (4 April 2008); 100 and 250 million dollars (5 May 2008); 500 million and 5, 25, and 50 billion dollars (20 May 2008); and 100 billion dollars (21 July 2008). From the time of currency revaluation to the beginning of June 2008 the money supply in the country increased from billion to more than quadrillion, or a 20,000,000 fold increase.
Gono denied media claims that he had opposed price cuts that the government instituted to arrest inflation. As time went by, it became apparent that the RBZ had instituted price cuts that saw bare shelves in shops and many businesses closing.[16] He sent in the police to arrest businessmen for failing to reduce their prices. On one occasion, he personally visited shop owners in Harare to demand they lower prices.[17] Despite these efforts, inflation in Zimbabwe remains the world's highest.[18][19] (Note: after dollarization in 2009, Zimbabwe's inflation rate has become deflation since 2014.[20])
Critics have noted that most of Gono's monetary policy statements in the past have had biblical references. Notably, he usually ends in policy statements to the Parliament of Zimbabwe thus: "In the Lord's hands, I commit this Monetary Policy Framework for our economic turnaround."[21]
Banks and currency exchange
[edit]A number of banks that were skirting banking laws had their operating licenses cancelled and/or were placed under curatorship.[22][23][24] Critics blame Gono for closing 16 money transfer agencies.
Agriculture sector
[edit]With the shortages of inputs in the agriculture the RBZ came to the forefront to try to bail the sector out by helping with fertilizer and machinery procurement.
Backed by vice president Joyce Mujuru, Gono has several times called for an end to the farm invasions sanctioned by the ZANU-PF party, as these destroy the Zimbabwean economy.[25] Gono's criticism of farm takeovers is in sharp contrast to statements made by other ministers, including Lands Minister Didymus Mutasa.
In an interview with the state-controlled The Herald newspaper, he said, "I have openly condemned such retrogressive acts as destruction of horticultural greenhouses, decimation of tobacco barns, institution of fresh farm invasions".[26] "There are too many subdivisions among us, too many contradictions, too much infighting among ourselves, incredible suspicion and mistrust of one another," Gono said.
Gono admitted that his efforts to rescue and improve the economy of Zimbabwe were being thwarted and risked failure.[27] Gono said there were several factors that were outside the central bank's control, which made it difficult to reign in inflation.
"Some of those factors are within the governor's control and influence while others such as politics, sanctions, droughts, under-utilisation of farms, disruptions at those farms, rampant corruption, indiscipline, law and order are factors outside the governor's control," he said in an interview with The Herald newspaper.[28] He has also blamed the failure of the economy on sanctions imposed on the country, a charge critics dispute.[29]
Critics allege that Gono has kept his job as the governor mainly through Mugabe's patronage saying Mugabe has not only shielded Gono from critics, but has commended him in his activities as governor despite the extreme deterioration of the Zimbabwean economy.[30] He had been Mugabe's banker for a long period before becoming governor of the RBZ.[31]
Personal life
[edit]Like many of Mugabe's inner circle, Gono allegedly owns several farms (one of which is in Norton).[32] However, unlike others, he is said to have bought and paid for it in the late 1990s before the land redistribution program in which other farms were confiscated from localised white farmers.
In November 2008, Gono published a book titled Zimbabwe's Casino Economy: Extra-ordinary Measures for Extra-ordinary Challenges describing the post-colonial economy of Zimbabwe particularly during the first five years (2003–2008) of his term as Governor of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ).
On 24 October 2010, the South-African newspaper Sunday Times ran a story falsely claiming that he had an affair with Amai Grace Mugabe, the wife of the late President Robert Mugabe. It was later reported that the story could have been made up as a part of internal fighting inside the ruling party or the RBZ.
Personal sanctions
[edit]Gono is banned from traveling to the United States because of his then influential position in government-owned institutions in Zimbabwe, namely the Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe where he was the CEO and subsequently, the Central Bank where he was the Governor of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. He was added to and subsequently removed from the EU's list of individuals subject to personal sanctions and the ban on travel to the EU was lifted in 2013 after he retired from Government service. He however is still on the US sanctions list. He had no assets frozen by the EU sanctions.[33][34]
Awards
[edit]In 2009, Gono was awarded the Ig Nobel Prize in Mathematics "for giving people a simple way to deal with a wide range of numbers" by having his bank print notes with denominations ranging from one cent to one hundred trillion dollars.[35]
References
[edit]- ^ "Goodbye says RBZ Chief Gideon Gono" Archived 6 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, New Zimbabwe, 30 November 2013
- ^ ries/200706240121.html "Zimbabwe: 'Mugabe downfall within six months'", Zimbabwe Standard, 24 June 2007
- ^ "Gideon Gono, Mugabe's new political tool" Archived 30 October 2005 at the Wayback Machine, Kubatana.net, 19 August 2005 (accessed 2 August 2008)
- ^ "Welcome to Zimbabwe". 5 April 2010.
- ^ Abrahams, Marc (13 October 2009). "Improbable research: the hundred trillion dollar book". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ "Probe IGP's 'Fake' doctorate degree - Academics". GhanaWeb. 28 October 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
- ^ quist (3 August 2016). "Gifty Anti, IGP, Hassan Ayariga and others indicted in fake doctorate degree scandal". Pulse Ghana. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
- ^ "Zimbabwe extends bank chief's tenure", AFP, 26 November 2008.
- ^ "TO DR. GIDEON GONO: The Truth", The Zimbabwe Gazette, 4 February 2008
- ^ Price Cuts Shortages in agriculture (accessed 2 August 2008)
- ^ "Roundup: Zimbabwe fights fuel crisis"[dead link], Xinhua News Agency, 31 May 2006 (accessed 2 August 2008)
- ^ "Zimbabwe imports wheat". Television New Zealand. 1 September 2007. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
- ^ Monetary Policy, AllAfrica, 7 August 2006 (subscription required) (accessed 2 August 2008)
- ^ Alice in Wonderland, AllAfrica, 1 February 2007 (subscription required)
- ^ Slashes Zeros, AllAfrica, 1 August 2006 (subscription required) (accessed 2 August 2008)
- ^ "Gideon Gono: 'I'm not against price war'. (ZIMBABWE ECONOMY: The real story)", New African, 1 August 2007
- ^ No more mr. nice guy, AllAfrica, 14 August 2006 (subscription required) (accessed 2 August 2008)
- ^ "Zimbabwe inflation still soaring", USA Today, 18 October 2007 (accessed 2 August 2008)
- ^ "Zimbabwe: November Annual Inflation Rises to 26 470,8pc – CSO", The Herald, 4 February 2008 (accessed 2 August 2008)
- ^ "From Hyperinflation to Deflation, No End to Zimbabwe's Decline" bloomberg.com, accessed 26 December 2016
- ^ "Gideon Gono “… in sheep’s clothing” : The Role of the RBZ Governor in Murambatsvina" Archived 12 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Sokwanele, 8 June 2005 (accessed 2 August 2008)
- ^ Gono Under fire, AllAfrica, 7 July 2006 (subscription required) (accessed 2 August 2008)
- ^ "Central bank shuts down money transfer agencies in Zimbabwe", International Herald Tribune, 10 October 2006 (accessed 2 August 2008)
- ^ "Gono shuts down money transfer agencies" Archived 22 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Independent Online, 10 October 2006 (accessed 2 August 2008)
- ^ "Gono vows to reduce soaring inflation rate - IOL".
- ^ "Friends want me dead, claims Zim bank chief", Independent Online, 23 October 2006
- ^ "Zimbabwe's central bank chief admits failure" Archived 21 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine, New Zimbabwe.com, 3 November 2006 (accessed 2 August 2007)
- ^ "Zim losing inflation battle" Archived 28 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine, News24, 23 October 2006
- ^ "Dr Gideon Gono: How Sanctions are ruining Zimbabwe", African Business, 1 June 2007 (accessed 2 August 2008)
- ^ Leave Gono alone, AllAfrica, 26 July 2006 (subscription required) (accessed 2 August 2008)
- ^ "Gideon Gono’s star starting to fade", Zimbabwe Review, 30 December 2007 (accessed 2 August 2008)
- ^ "Welcome to Zimbabwe". 5 April 2010.
- ^ "UPDATE 3-EU widens sanctions on Zimbabwe, includes companies". Reuters. 22 July 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Zimbabwe sanctions: EU removes 35 people from ban list". BBC News. 15 February 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
- ^ Sample, Ian (1 October 2009). "Ig Nobel awards: The gas-mask bra and the power of panda poo". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
External links
[edit]- Ankomah, Baffour. "Gideon Gono: 'Zimbabwe Will Not Die'", New African, Aug/Sep 2007
See also
[edit]- List of individuals banned from entering the United Kingdom, a list Gono is on
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
