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{{Short description|Reptile genus of herbivorous lizards}}
{{Two other uses||other members of the family Iguanidae|Iguanidae||}}
{{About|the genus|the best known species|Green iguana|the family of related lizards|Iguanidae|
{{Taxobox
other uses|Iguana (disambiguation)}}
| name = ''Iguana''
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}{{pp-move}}
| image = PortraitOfAnIguana.jpg
{{Automatic taxobox
| image_width = 250px
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Holocene|Recent|ref=<ref>{{cite web |title=''Iguana iguana'' |department=Fossil works |website=paleobiodb.org |id=taxon 373787 |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=373787 |access-date=2022-02-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212215217/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=373787 |archive-date=2021-12-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Iguanidae |department=Fossil works |website=paleobiodb.org |id=taxon 37855 |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=37855 |url-status=live |access-date=2022-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212193131/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37855 |archive-date=2021-12-12 }}</ref>}}
| image_caption = [[Green Iguana]] ''Iguana iguana''
| image = Green Iguana In Florida.jpg
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| image_caption = A [[green iguana]] (''Iguana iguana'')
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| status = CITES_A2
| classis = [[reptile|Sauropsida]]
| status_system = CITES
| ordo = [[Squamata]]
| status_ref = <ref name="CITES">{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| subordo = [[Iguania]]
| taxon = Iguana
| familia = [[Iguanidae]]
| authority = [[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti|Laurenti]], 1768
| genus = '''''Iguana'''''
| type_species = ''[[Iguana iguana]]''
| genus_authority = [[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti|Laurenti]], 1768
| type_species_authority = [[Linnaeus]], 1758
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
| subdivision = *[[Lesser Antillean iguana]], ''I. delicatissima''
*[[West Indian Iguana or Lesser Antillean Iguana]], ''I. delicatissima''
*[[Green iguana]], ''I. iguana''
| synonyms = * ''Hypsilophus'' <small>Wagler, 1830</small>
*[[Green Iguana]], ''I. iguana''
}}
}}
[[File:Male Green Iguana Belize.jpg|thumb|A male [[green iguana]]]]


'''''Iguana''''' ({{IPAc-en|ɪ|ˈ|ɡ|w|ɑː|n|ə}},<ref name=cambridge1115/><ref name=oxford5632/> {{IPA|es|iˈɣwana|lang}}) is a [[genus]] of [[herbivorous]] [[lizard]]s that are native to tropical areas of [[Mexico]], [[Central America]], [[South America]], and the [[Caribbean]]. The genus was first described by Austrian [[naturalist]] [[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti|J.N. Laurenti]] in 1768.<ref>{{cite book |first=J.N. |last=Laurenti |author-link=Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti |year=1768 |title=Specimen Medicum, Exhibens Synopsin Reptilium Emendatam cum Experimentis circa Venena |lang=la |trans-title=Medical specimen, presenting a revised synopsis of reptiles with experiments on venom }}</ref> Two [[species]] are placed in the genus: The [[green iguana]], which is widespread throughout its range and a popular pet; and the [[Lesser Antillean iguana]], which is native to the [[Lesser Antilles]]. Genetic analysis indicates that the green iguana may comprise a [[species complex|complex]] of multiple species, some of which have been recently described, but the [[Reptile Database]] considers all of these as subspecies of the green iguana.<ref name=Breuil2020>{{cite journal |last1=Breuil |first1=M. |last2=Schikorski |first2=D. |last3=Vuillaume |first3=B.|last4=Krauss |first4=U. |last5=Morton |first5=M.N. |last6=Corry |first6=E. |last7=Bech |first7=N. |last8=Jelić |first8=M. |last9=Grandjean |first9=F. |display-authors=6 |year=2020 |title=Painted black: ''Iguana melanoderma'' (Reptilia, Squamata, Iguanidae) a new melanistic endemic species from Saba and Montserrat islands (Lesser Antilles) |journal=ZooKeys |issue=926 |pages=95–131 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.926.48679 |doi-access=free |pmid=32336922|pmc=7170970 |bibcode=2020ZooK..926...95B }}</ref><ref name="Iguana iguana">{{cite web |title=''Iguana iguana'' |website=The [[Reptile Database]] |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species.php?genus=Iguana&species=iguana|access-date=2021-04-26 }}</ref>
'''Iguana''' is a [[genus]] of [[lizard]] native to tropical areas of [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]] and the [[Caribbean]] first described by Austrian [[naturalist]] [[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti]] in his book ''Specimen Medicum, Exhibens Synopsin Reptilium Emendatam cum Experimentis circa Venena'' in 1768. The genus ''iguana'' includes two [[species]]: the [[Green Iguana]] and the [[Lesser Antillean Iguana]].


The word "Iguana" is derived from a Spanish form of the original [[Taino]] name for the species "Iwana".<ref name="Coles">
The word "iguana" is derived from the original [[Taíno people|Taino]] name for the species, ''iwana''.<ref name=Coles/>
In addition to the two species in the genus ''Iguana'', several other related genera in the same family have common names of the species including the word "iguana".<ref>{{cite book |title=Wildlife Review |year=1968 |publisher=U.S. [[Department of the Interior]] |series=[[Fish and Wildlife Service]] |lang=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59mgPvJPGeoC |via=Google }}</ref>
{{citation
| last = Coles
| first = William
| title = Green Iguana
| work = U.S.V.I. Animal Fact Sheet #08
| publisher = Department of Planning and Natural Resources US Virgin Islands Division of Fish and Wildlife
| url = http://www.vifishandwildlife.com/Education/FactSheet/PDF_Docs/08GreenIguana.pdf
| date = 2002
}}
</ref>


The species is a popular quarry for [[pet]]s, and non-native animals have been widely [[Introduced species|introduced]] beyond its native area, into [[Ishigaki Island]], the [[Florida Peninsula]], [[Hawaii]], [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]], [[Taiwan]], and including numerous islands with native Iguana populations in the [[Lesser Antilles]].<ref name="Iguana iguana"/><ref name="van den BurgGoetzBrannon2023">{{cite journal | last1 = van den Burg | first1 = M.P. | last2 = Goetz | first2 = M. | last3 = Brannon | first3 = L. | last4 = Weekes | first4 = T.S. | last5 = Ryan | first5 = K. V. | last6 = Debrot | first6 = A.O. | date = 23 March 2023 | title = An integrative approach to assess non‐native iguana presence on Saba and Montserrat: Are we losing all native ''Iguana'' populations in the Lesser Antilles? | journal = [[Animal Conservation (journal)|Animal Conservation]] | issn = 1367-9430 | eissn = 1469-1795 | doi = 10.1111/acv.12869 | hdl = 10261/306882 | hdl-access = free | s2cid = 257731680 }}</ref>
==Physical characteristics==


==Anatomy and physiology==
The two species of lizard within the genus ''Iguana'' possesses a [[dewlap]], a row of spines running down their back to their tail, and a third eye on their head. This eye is known as the [[Parietal eye]], which looks just like a pale scale on the top of their head. Behind their neck are small scales which resemble spikes, known as [[tuberculate]] scales. They also have a large round scale on their cheek known as a [[subtympanic]] shield.
Iguanas are large [[lizard]]s that can range from {{convert|4|to|6.5|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} in length, including their tails. They possess a [[dewlap]] and a row of elongated scales running from the midline of their [[neck]]s down to their [[tail]]s. Iguanas have varying types of scales covering different areas of their body; for example, some large, round [[Reptile scale|tuberculate scales]] are scattered around the lateral region of the neck among smaller, overlapping scales.<ref name=Chang-Wu-etal-2009/> The scales on the [[Anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral|dorsal]] trunk of their bodies are also thicker and more tightly packed than those on the [[ventral]] sides.<ref name=Chang-Wu-etal-2009/> These scales may be a variety of colors and are not always visible from close distances. They have a large, round scale on their cheeks known as a subtympanic shield.<ref name="Lazell"/>
[[File:Iguana-001.jpg|thumb|Iguana eating flower.]]


Iguanas have keen vision and can see shapes, shadows, colors, and movement at long distances. Their visual acuity enables them to navigate through crowded forests and to locate food. They employ visual signals to communicate with other members of the same species.<ref name="Lazell" />
===Sight===


The [[Tympanum (zoology)|tympanum]], the iguana's [[eardrum]], is located above the subtympanic shield (or "ear shield") behind each eye.
Iguanas have excellent vision and are able to see shapes, shadows, color and movement at long distances. Iguanas use their eyes to navigate through crowded forests, as well as for finding food. They also use visual signals to communicate with members of the same species.


Iguanas are often hard to spot, as they tend to blend into their surroundings, and their coloration enables them to hide from larger predators.<ref name="Lazell" />
They respond to bright colors such as orange and yellow as food substances.IF I HAD A MONKEY ID NAME HIM BILL


Like most [[reptile]]s, an iguana has a three-chambered [[heart]] with two atria, one ventricle, and two aortae with a [[systemic circulation]].<ref name=dabvp2561/>
==Hearing==
The muscles of an iguana are very light in color due to the high proportion of [[Fast twitch muscle|fast-twitch, glycolytic muscle fibers]] (type&nbsp;{{sc|A}}). These {{nobr|{{sc|A}} fibers}} are not very vascularized and are low in [[myoglobin]], giving them their pale look. This high density of {{sc|A}} fibers allows iguanas to move very quickly for a short period of time, which facilitates short bursts of movement, but is inefficient for long duration movement, since cellular respiration in {{sc|A}} fibers is [[Anaerobic respiration|anaerobic]].


=== Parietal eye ===
An iguana's ear is known as the [[tympanum]]. It is the iguana's ear drum, and is located right above the subtympanic shield and behind the eye. This is a very thin, delicate, part of the iguana, and crucial to their hearing.
Several species of lizards, including the iguanas, have a pale scale towards the back of their heads marking the [[parietal eye]]. This organ is sensitive to changes in illumination and sends signals to the [[pineal gland]] noting the change between day and night. A photopigment commonly found in the [[lamprey]], known as parapinopsin, is also found in the iguana, and is sensitive to [[ultraviolet light]] and aids in the signaling between day and night.<ref name=wada4265/>


=== Skull morphology and diet ===
== Gallery ==
[[File:Iguana iguana eating Mangifera indica from Venezuela.jpg|thumb|276px|Iguanas have an exclusively herbivorous diet,<ref name=Lichtenbelt-1993/> as illustrated above by a [[green iguana]] eating a [[mango]] in [[Venezuela]].]]


Iguanas have developed an [[herbivorous]] lifestyle, foraging exclusively on vegetation and foliage.<ref name=Lichtenbelt-1993/> To acquire, process, and digest plant matter, herbivorous lizards must have a higher bite force relative to their size in comparison to [[carnivorous]] or [[omnivorous]] reptiles. The skull of the iguana has undergone modifications resulting in a strong bite force and efficient processing of [[vegetation]], according to one study.<ref name=Metzger-Herrel-2005/> To accomplish this [[biomechanically]], herbivorous lizards have taller and wider skulls, shorter snouts, and larger bodies relative to carnivorous and omnivorous reptiles.<ref name=Metzger-Herrel-2005/> Increasing the strength of the skull allows for increased muscle presence and increases the ability of the skull to withstand stronger forces.<ref name=herrel2461/>
{{Commonscat|Iguana}}


[[File:Cach nuoi rong nam my.jpg|thumb|Albino Iguana - Bred to be kept as a pet]]
<gallery>
[[File:Green Iguana skull (Iguana iguana) and teeth.png|alt=Green iguana skull (''Iguana iguana'').jpg: Brian Gratwicke derivative work: B kimmel (talk)|thumb|276px|[[Green iguana]] skull and teeth: The teeth of the [[green iguana]] sit on the surface of the jawbone, known as [[acrodont]]al placement.<ref name=Kuss-2017-04-28/> ]]
Image:Iguana iguana.jpg| A [[green iguana]] (''Iguana iguana'')
[[File:Traditional Reptilia.tif|thumb|276px|Simple phylogeny with [[Reptile|Reptilia]] highlighted in green: Iguanians are within [[Lepidosauria]].]]
Image:Pet Iguana.JPG| This is a [[Green Iguana]] kept as a pet.

Image:DSC 1939.jpg|This is a [[Lesser Antillean Iguana]] kept at a zoo.
Furthermore, the teeth of the iguana are [[acrodont]]al, meaning that their teeth sit on top of the surface of the jaw bone<ref name=Kuss-2017-04-28/> and project upwards. The teeth themselves are small and serrated - designed to grasp and shear food.<ref name=banzato2631/>
</gallery>

=== Reproduction ===
Male iguanas, like other male examples of [[Squamata]], have two [[Hemipenis|hemipenes]]. During copulation, one hemipenis is inserted into the female's [[Cloaca|cloacal vent]].<ref name="Flank2007">{{cite book|author=Lenny Flank|title=Iguanas: Their Biology and Captive Care|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKaE61oIONcC|year=2007|publisher=Red and Black Publishers|isbn=978-0-9791813-2-0}}</ref> A female can [[Female sperm storage|store sperm]] from previous mates for several years to continue to fertilize her eggs in case she finds no male within her territory when she is ready to lay again.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Mating Behavior of Iguana iguana|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251964241}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Iguana Behavior- Coterc|url=http://www.coterc.com/uploads/1/6/1/8/16182092/green_iguana_2.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Pianka|first1=Eric R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcCS_sec7qgC|title=Lizards: Windows to the Evolution of Diversity|last2=Pianka|first2=Eric R.|last3=Vitt|first3=Laurie J.|date=2003-09-24|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23401-7|language=en}}</ref>

=== Mating/courtship ===
Iguanas tend to follow a promiscuous or [[polygynandrous]] mating style during the dry season. Mating during the dry season ensures that their offspring will hatch during the wet or rainy season when food will be more plentiful. Females control large territories, where they make several nests. Males compete for the females in an area and mark their won territory with a [[pheromone]] secreted from the [[femoral pore]]s on the dorsal side of their hind limbs. Male behavior during sexual competition involves head bobbing, extending and retracting their [[dewlap]], nuzzling and biting the necks of females, and on occasion, changing color. Once a female chooses a male, he straddles the female and holds her in place by biting onto her shoulder, which sometimes leaves scars on females. After copulation, eggs are laid within several nests and allowed to incubate. This low level of parental intervention with their offspring makes iguanas an example of [[r-strategy]] reproduction.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}}

==Phylogeny==
A [[Phylogenetic tree|phylogeny]] based on nuclear protein-coding genes, reviewed by Vidal and Hedges (2009), suggested that the [[subclade]] [[Iguanomorpha|Iguania]] is in a group with [[snake]]s and [[Anguimorpha|anguimorphs]] (lizards). These groups share an oral gland capable of secreting toxins (a derived trait).<ref name=Vidal-Hedges-2009/> The phylogeny based on whole [[Mitochondrial DNA|mitochondrial genomes]], though, as proposed by Rest et al. (2003), places the [[green iguana]] as the closest relative of the [[Plestiodon egregius|mole skink]] (''Plestiodon egregius'').<ref name=molecular1326/> [[Lepidosauria|Lepidosaurs]] are reptiles with overlapping scales, and within this group both iguanians and [[tuatara]]s (''Sphenodon'') project their tongues to seize prey items instead of using their jaws, which is called tongue [[Prehensility|prehension]]. Iguanians are the only lineage within the [[Squamata]] that display this trait, meaning that it was gained independently in both iguanians and tuataras.<ref name=Vidal-Hedges-2009/> Iguanians are also the only squamates that primarily use their sight to identify and track prey rather than chemoreception or scent, and employ an [[Ambush predator|ambush technique]] of catching prey instead of active searching.<ref name=Vidal-Hedges-2009/>

A study by Breuil ''et al.'' (2020) found the taxonomy of the genus ''Iguana'' as follows, with ''I. delicatissima'' being the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] member of the group.<ref name="Breuil2020" /> The species are classified as subspecies based on the ReptileDatabase definitions.
{{Clade|{{clade
|1= ''[[Sauromalus]]''
|label2 = ''Iguana''
|2 = {{clade
| 1=''[[Iguana delicatissima|I. delicatissima]]''
|label2=''[[Iguana iguana|I. iguana]]''
| 2={{clade
|1="''[[Iguana iguana|I. i. rhinolopha]]''"
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Grenadines horned iguana|I. i. insularis]]''
|2=''[[Saint Lucia horned iguana|I. i. sanctaluciae]]''
}}
| 2 = {{clade
|1 = ''[[Iguana melanoderma|I. i. melanoderma]]''
|2 = ''[[Iguana iguana|I. i. iguana]]''
}} }} }} }} }}|label1=}}

The Reptile Database synonymizes ''I. rhinolopha'' with ''I. iguana'', only considering it a distinctive population, and recognizes ''I. insularis'' and ''I. melanoderma'' as [[subspecies]] of ''I. iguana''. Four subspecies of green iguana are recognized under this treatment: ''I. i. insularis'' ([[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Saint Vincent & the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]]), ''I. i. sanctaluciae'' ([[Saint Lucia]]), ''I. i. melanoderma'' (parts of the northern Lesser Antilles, and potentially coastal [[Venezuela]], the [[Virgin Islands]], and [[Puerto Rico]]), and ''I. i. iguana'' (mainland South America).

=== Extant species ===
Two extant species in the genus ''Iguana'' are widely recognized.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Distribution
|-
|[[File:Iguana delicatissima au sol.JPG|frameless|119x119px]] ||''Iguana delicatissima''|| [[Lesser Antillean iguana]] || The [[Lesser Antilles]] on [[Saint Barth]], [[Anguilla]], [[Sint Eustatius]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Dominica]], and [[Martinique]]
|-
|[[File:Iguana_iguana_Portoviejo_01.jpg|120px]] ||''Iguana iguana''|| [[Green iguana]] || Most of [[South America]], from [[Colombia]] east to [[French Guiana]] and south to northern [[Argentina]]. Also introduced to parts of the [[Caribbean]]. If other species formerly considered [[Biological specificity|conspecific]] are included, ranges north to southern Mexico and the southern Caribbean; specifically Grenada, [[Aruba]], [[Curaçao]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], St. Lucia, [[Saint Vincent (Antilles)|St. Vincent]], and [[Útila]].
|-
|}

==== Subspecies ====
Three [[Caribbean]] subspecies of the green iguana are also recognized:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Subspecies !! Common name !! Distribution
|-
|
|''I. i. insularis''<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Breuil|first1=Michel|last2=Vuillaume|first2=Barbara|last3=Schikorski|first3=David|last4=Krauss|first4=Ulrike|last5=Morton|first5=Matthew N.|last6=Haynes|first6=Pius|last7=Daltry|first7=Jennifer C.|last8=Corry|first8=Elizabeth|last9=Gaymes|first9=Glenroy|last10=Gaymes|first10=Joanne|last11=Bech|first11=Nicolas|date=2019-05-20|title=A story of nasal horns: two new subspecies of Iguana Laurenti, 1768 (Squamata, Iguanidae) in Saint Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines, and Grenada (southern Lesser Antilles)|url=https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4608.2.1|journal=Zootaxa|language=en|volume=4608|issue=2|pages=201–232|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4608.2.1|issn=1175-5334|pmid=31717144|s2cid=182634075|access-date=2020-08-04|archive-date=2020-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414220459/https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4608.2.1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|[[Grenadines horned iguana]]
|[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|St. Vincent and the Grenadines]] and Grenada
|-
|[[File:Iguana melanoderma Breuil et al 2020.jpg|frameless|119x119px]]
|''Iguana iguana melanoderma''<ref name="Breuil2020" />
|[[Saban black iguana]]
|[[Saba (island)|Saba]], [[Montserrat]], and formerly [[Redonda]], but also possibly coastal Venezuela, the Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico (at least parts of this range may derive from (pre)historic introductions).
|-
|
|''I. i. sanctaluciae<ref name=":6" />''
|[[Saint Lucia horned iguana]]
|St. Lucia
|}
The Central American iguana (''I. rhinolopha'' or ''I. i. rhinolopha''), sometimes considered a distinct species, is largely considered synonymous with ''I. iguana'', as the presence of horns does not necessarily indicate a new species or subspecies. The two described subspecies of ''I. insularis'' (the Saint Lucia horned iguana, ''I. i. sanctaluciae'', and the Grenadines horned iguana, ''I. i. insularis'') were originally described as subspecies of ''I. iguana'', although they are genetically very similar and may not be separate subspecies from one another.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species.php?genus=Iguana&species=iguana|title=Iguana iguana|website=The Reptile Database|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref> Recent studies have recovered ''I. rhinolopha'' and ''I. insularis'' as distinct species based on genetics, but the Reptile Database disagrees with these conclusions, and classifies ''I. rhinolopha'' as synonymous with ''I. iguana'', and ''I. insularis'' as a subspecies of ''I. iguana''.<ref name=Stephen-Reynoso-etal-2013>{{cite journal |last1=Stephen |first1=Catherine L. |last2=Reynoso |first2=Víctor H. |last3=Collett |first3=William S.|last4=Hasbun |first4=Carlos R. |last5=Breinholt |first5=Jesse W. |year=2013 |title=Geographical structure and cryptic lineages within common green iguanas, Iguana iguana |journal=Journal of Biogeography |lang=en |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=50–62 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02780.x |bibcode=2013JBiog..40...50S |s2cid=59353644 |issn=1365-2699 }}</ref> The [[Curaçao]] population of green iguanas shows major genetic divergence and may also represent an as-of-yet [[Undescribed taxon|undescribed species]] or subspecies.<ref name=Breuil2020/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Breuil |first1=Michel |last2=Vuillaume |first2=Barbara |last3=Schikorski |first3=David |last4=Krauss |first4=Ulrike |last5=Morton |first5=Matthew N. |last6=Haynes |first6=Pius |last7=Daltry |first7=Jennifer C. |last8=Corry |first8=Elisabeth |last9=Gaymes |first9=Glenroy |last10=Gaymes |first10=Joanne |last11=Bech |first11=Nicolas |display-authors=6 |date=2018-11-08|title=A story of nasal horns: A new species of Iguana Laurenti, 1768 (Squamata, Iguanidae) in Saint Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines, and Grenada (Southern Lesser Antilles) and its implications for the taxonomy of the genus Iguana|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/466128v1|journal=bioRxiv|lang=en|pages=466128|doi=10.1101/466128|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==As food==
{{Main|Iguana meat}}
Iguanas have historically featured in the culinary traditions of Mexico and Central America. Iguana meat is also consumed in parts of the United States, Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite news |last=Campo-Flores |first=Arian |date=2012-08-20 |df=dmy-all |title=To battle iguanas, Puerto Rico has {{grey|[a]}} new plan: Put them on {{grey|[the]}} menu |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |lang=en-US |issn=0099-9660 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444900304577580053253903354 |access-date=2020-01-23 }}</ref>
Also, the eggs of iguana are consumed in some parts of Latin America, such as Nicaragua and Colombia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nicaragua's government suggests eating iguana as massive food crisis looms |website=Vice |date=20 August 2014 |url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/bmpevw/nicaraguas-government-suggests-eating-iguana-as-massive-food-crisis-looms |access-date=21 February 2020 }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|25em|refs=

<ref name=cambridge1115>{{cite dictionary |title=iguana |dictionary=Cambridge Dictionary |edition=American English |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/american-english/iguana?q=iguana |via=dictionary.cambridge.org }}</ref>

<ref name=oxford5632>{{cite dictionary |title=iguana |dictionary=Oxford Dictionaries (oxforddictionaries.com) |edition=online |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/iguana?q=iguana |url-status=dead <!-- presumed --> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095718/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/iguana?q=iguana |archive-date=2014-04-07 |via=[[Internet Archive]] (archive.org) }}</ref>

<ref name=Coles>{{cite report |last=Coles |first=William |year=2002 |title=Green iguana |series=U.S.V.I. Animal Fact Sheet |volume=08 |publisher=Department of Planning and Natural Resources, US Virgin Islands Division of Fish and Wildlife |url=http://www.vifishandwildlife.com/Education/FactSheet/PDF_Docs/08GreenIguana.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211155530/http://www.vifishandwildlife.com/Education/FactSheet/PDF_Docs/08GreenIguana.pdf |archive-date=2007-12-11 }}</ref>

<ref name=Chang-Wu-etal-2009>{{cite journal |last1=Chang |first1=Cheng |last2=Wu |first2=Ping |last3=Baker |first3=Ruth E. |last4=Maini |first4=Philip K. |last5=Alibardi |first5=Lorenzo |author-link6=Cheng-Ming Chuong |last6=Chuong |first6=Cheng-Ming |year=2009 |title=Reptile scale paradigm: Evo-devo, pattern formation and regeneration |journal=The International Journal of Developmental Biology |lang=en |volume=53 |issue=5–6 |pages=813–826 |doi=10.1387/ijdb.072556cc |issn=0214-6282 |pmc=2874329 |pmid=19557687 }}</ref>

<ref name=Lazell>{{cite journal |last = Lazell |first = J.D. |year = 1973 |title = The lizard genus Iguana in the Lesser Antilles |journal = Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology |volume=145 |pages = 1–28 }}</ref>

<ref name=dabvp2561>{{cite news |last=de&nbsp;Voe |first=Ryan S. <!-- DVM MSpVM DACZM DABVP --> |title=Reptilian cardiovascular anatomy and physiology: Evaluation and monitoring (Proceedings) |website=dvm360.com |url=http://veterinarycalendar.dvm360.com/reptilian-cardiovascular-anatomy-and-physiology-evaluation-and-monitoring-proceedings?id=&pageID=1 |access-date=2017-05-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106205150/http://veterinarycalendar.dvm360.com/reptilian-cardiovascular-anatomy-and-physiology-evaluation-and-monitoring-proceedings?id=&pageID=1&sk=&date= |archive-date=2018-11-06 }}</ref>

<ref name=wada4265>{{cite journal |last=Wada |first=Seiji |date=June 2012 |title=Expression of UV-Sensitive parapinopsin in the iguana parietal eyes and its implication in UV-sensitivity in vertebrate pineal-related organs |journal=PLoS One |volume=7 |issue=6 |page=6 |pmc=3375259 |pmid=22720013 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0039003 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2012PLoSO...739003W }}</ref>

<ref name=Lichtenbelt-1993>{{cite journal |last=Lichtenbelt |first=Wouter D. van Marken |date=1993-08-01 |title=Optimal foraging of a herbivorous lizard, the green iguana in a seasonal environment |journal=Oecologia |lang=en |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=246–256 |doi=10.1007/BF00323497 |pmid=28312949 |issn=0029-8549 |bibcode=1993Oecol..95..246V |s2cid=2101397 }}</ref>

<ref name=Metzger-Herrel-2005>{{cite journal |last1=Metzger |first1=Keith A. |last2=Herrel |first2=Anthony |date=2005-12-01 |title=Correlations between lizard cranial shape and diet: a quantitative, phylogenetically informed analysis|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=433–466 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00546.x |issn=0024-4066 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name=herrel2461>{{cite journal |last=Herrel |first=Anthony |year=2009 |title=Jaw and hyolingual muscle activity patterns and bite forces in the herbivorous lizard ''Uromastyx acanthinurus'' |journal=Archives of Oral Biology |volume=54 |issue=8 |pages=772–782 |doi=10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.05.002 |pmid=19481732}}</ref>

<ref name=Kuss-2017-04-28>{{Cite web |author=Kuss |date=28 April 2017 |title=The teeth of vertebrate animals |series=Biology course |type=course notes |department=Digestive system |publisher=[[University of the Cumberlands]] |website=inside.ucumberlands.edu |url=http://inside.ucumberlands.edu/academics/biology/faculty/kuss/courses/Digestive%20system/TeethOf%20Vertebrates.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113046/https://inside.ucumberlands.edu/academics/biology/faculty/kuss/courses/Digestive%20system/TeethOf%20Vertebrates.htm |archive-date=January 18, 2021 }}</ref>

<ref name=banzato2631>{{Cite journal |last1=Banzato |first1=Tommaso|last2=Selleri|first2=Paolo|last3=Veladiano|first3=Irene A.|last4=Martin |first4=Andrea|last5=Zanetti|first5=Emanuele|last6=Zotti|first6=Alessandro |date=January 2012 |title=Comparative evaluation of the cadaveric, radiographic, and computed tomographic anatomy of the heads of green iguana (Iguana iguana), common tegu ( Tupinambis merianae) and bearded dragon ( Pogona vitticeps) |journal=BMC Veterinary Research |volume=8 |pages=53 |doi=10.1186/1746-6148-8-53 |issn=1746-6148 |pmc=3439268 |pmid=22578088 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=Vidal-Hedges-2009>{{cite journal |last1=Vidal |first1=Nicolas |last2=Hedges |first2=S. Blair |year=2009 |title=The molecular evolutionary tree of lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians |journal=Comptes Rendus Biologies |volume=332 |issue=2–3 |pages=129–139 |doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2008.07.010 |pmid=19281946 |s2cid=23137302 |url=https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/biologies/articles/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.07.010/ }}</ref>

<ref name=molecular1326>{{cite journal |last1=Rest |first1=Joshua S. |last2=Ast |first2=Jennifer C. |last3=Austin |first3=Christopher C. |last4=Waddell|first4=Peter J. |last5=Tibbetts|first5=Elizabeth A.|last6=Hay|first6=Jennifer M.|last7=Mindell |first7=David P. |year=2003 |title=Molecular systematics of primary reptilian lineages and the tuatara mitochondrial genome |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=289–297 |doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00108-8 |pmid=13678684 }}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|25em|small=yes}}
* {{cite journal |last=Frost|first=D.R.|year=1989 |title=A phylogenetic analysis and taxonomy of iguanian lizards |journal=Publications of the University of Kansas |volume=81 |pages=1–65 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Frost |first1=D.R. |last2=Etheridge |first2=R. |last3=Janies |first3=D. |last4=Titus |first4=T.A. |year=2001 |title=Total evidence, sequence alignment, evolution of polychrotid lizards, and a reclassification of the Iguania (Squamata: Iguania) |journal=[[American Museum Novitates]] |issue=3343 |pages=1–39|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2001)343<0001:TESAEO>2.0.CO;2 |hdl=2246/2896 |hdl-access=free |s2cid=55299129 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/178868 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Iguana}}

{{Iguanidae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q205531}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Iguanidae]]
[[Category:Iguana| ]]
[[Category:Lizard genera]]
[[Category:Lizards of Central America]]
[[Category:Lizards of the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Lizards of North America]]
[[Category:Lizards of South America]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti]]


[[es:Iguana (género)]]
[[cs:Leguánovití]]
[[gl:Iguana]]
[[de:Leguan]]
[[hr:Iguana]]
[[id:Iguana]]
[[is:Kembur]]
[[it:Iguana]]
[[mk:Игуана]]
[[pl:Iguana]]
[[pt:Iguana]]
[[simple:Iguana]]
[[sr:Iguana]]
[[fi:Iguaanit]]
[[th:อิกัวนา]]
[[vi:Kỳ nhông]]
[[uk:Ігуани]]

Latest revision as of 21:51, 29 December 2024

This article is about the genus. For the best known species, see Green iguana. For the family of related lizards, see Iguanidae. For other uses, see Iguana (disambiguation).

Iguana
Temporal range: Holocene–Recent[1][2]
↓
A green iguana (Iguana iguana)
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[3]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Iguania
Family: Iguanidae
Genus: Iguana
Laurenti, 1768
Type species
Iguana iguana
Linnaeus, 1758
Species
Synonyms
  • Hypsilophus Wagler, 1830
A male green iguana

Iguana (/ɪˈɡwɑːnə/,[4][5] Spanish: [iˈɣwana]) is a genus of herbivorous lizards that are native to tropical areas of Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. The genus was first described by Austrian naturalist J.N. Laurenti in 1768.[6] Two species are placed in the genus: The green iguana, which is widespread throughout its range and a popular pet; and the Lesser Antillean iguana, which is native to the Lesser Antilles. Genetic analysis indicates that the green iguana may comprise a complex of multiple species, some of which have been recently described, but the Reptile Database considers all of these as subspecies of the green iguana.[7][8]

The word "iguana" is derived from the original Taino name for the species, iwana.[9] In addition to the two species in the genus Iguana, several other related genera in the same family have common names of the species including the word "iguana".[10]

The species is a popular quarry for pets, and non-native animals have been widely introduced beyond its native area, into Ishigaki Island, the Florida Peninsula, Hawaii, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan, and including numerous islands with native Iguana populations in the Lesser Antilles.[8][11]

Anatomy and physiology

[edit]

Iguanas are large lizards that can range from 1.2 to 2.0 m (4 to 6.5 ft) in length, including their tails. They possess a dewlap and a row of elongated scales running from the midline of their necks down to their tails. Iguanas have varying types of scales covering different areas of their body; for example, some large, round tuberculate scales are scattered around the lateral region of the neck among smaller, overlapping scales.[12] The scales on the dorsal trunk of their bodies are also thicker and more tightly packed than those on the ventral sides.[12] These scales may be a variety of colors and are not always visible from close distances. They have a large, round scale on their cheeks known as a subtympanic shield.[13]

Iguana eating flower.

Iguanas have keen vision and can see shapes, shadows, colors, and movement at long distances. Their visual acuity enables them to navigate through crowded forests and to locate food. They employ visual signals to communicate with other members of the same species.[13]

The tympanum, the iguana's eardrum, is located above the subtympanic shield (or "ear shield") behind each eye.

Iguanas are often hard to spot, as they tend to blend into their surroundings, and their coloration enables them to hide from larger predators.[13]

Like most reptiles, an iguana has a three-chambered heart with two atria, one ventricle, and two aortae with a systemic circulation.[14] The muscles of an iguana are very light in color due to the high proportion of fast-twitch, glycolytic muscle fibers (type A). These A fibers are not very vascularized and are low in myoglobin, giving them their pale look. This high density of A fibers allows iguanas to move very quickly for a short period of time, which facilitates short bursts of movement, but is inefficient for long duration movement, since cellular respiration in A fibers is anaerobic.

Parietal eye

[edit]

Several species of lizards, including the iguanas, have a pale scale towards the back of their heads marking the parietal eye. This organ is sensitive to changes in illumination and sends signals to the pineal gland noting the change between day and night. A photopigment commonly found in the lamprey, known as parapinopsin, is also found in the iguana, and is sensitive to ultraviolet light and aids in the signaling between day and night.[15]

Skull morphology and diet

[edit]
Iguanas have an exclusively herbivorous diet,[16] as illustrated above by a green iguana eating a mango in Venezuela.

Iguanas have developed an herbivorous lifestyle, foraging exclusively on vegetation and foliage.[16] To acquire, process, and digest plant matter, herbivorous lizards must have a higher bite force relative to their size in comparison to carnivorous or omnivorous reptiles. The skull of the iguana has undergone modifications resulting in a strong bite force and efficient processing of vegetation, according to one study.[17] To accomplish this biomechanically, herbivorous lizards have taller and wider skulls, shorter snouts, and larger bodies relative to carnivorous and omnivorous reptiles.[17] Increasing the strength of the skull allows for increased muscle presence and increases the ability of the skull to withstand stronger forces.[18]

Albino Iguana - Bred to be kept as a pet
Green iguana skull (Iguana iguana).jpg: Brian Gratwicke derivative work: B kimmel (talk)
Green iguana skull and teeth: The teeth of the green iguana sit on the surface of the jawbone, known as acrodontal placement.[19]
Simple phylogeny with Reptilia highlighted in green: Iguanians are within Lepidosauria.

Furthermore, the teeth of the iguana are acrodontal, meaning that their teeth sit on top of the surface of the jaw bone[19] and project upwards. The teeth themselves are small and serrated - designed to grasp and shear food.[20]

Reproduction

[edit]

Male iguanas, like other male examples of Squamata, have two hemipenes. During copulation, one hemipenis is inserted into the female's cloacal vent.[21] A female can store sperm from previous mates for several years to continue to fertilize her eggs in case she finds no male within her territory when she is ready to lay again.[22][23][24]

Mating/courtship

[edit]

Iguanas tend to follow a promiscuous or polygynandrous mating style during the dry season. Mating during the dry season ensures that their offspring will hatch during the wet or rainy season when food will be more plentiful. Females control large territories, where they make several nests. Males compete for the females in an area and mark their won territory with a pheromone secreted from the femoral pores on the dorsal side of their hind limbs. Male behavior during sexual competition involves head bobbing, extending and retracting their dewlap, nuzzling and biting the necks of females, and on occasion, changing color. Once a female chooses a male, he straddles the female and holds her in place by biting onto her shoulder, which sometimes leaves scars on females. After copulation, eggs are laid within several nests and allowed to incubate. This low level of parental intervention with their offspring makes iguanas an example of r-strategy reproduction.[citation needed]

Phylogeny

[edit]

A phylogeny based on nuclear protein-coding genes, reviewed by Vidal and Hedges (2009), suggested that the subclade Iguania is in a group with snakes and anguimorphs (lizards). These groups share an oral gland capable of secreting toxins (a derived trait).[25] The phylogeny based on whole mitochondrial genomes, though, as proposed by Rest et al. (2003), places the green iguana as the closest relative of the mole skink (Plestiodon egregius).[26] Lepidosaurs are reptiles with overlapping scales, and within this group both iguanians and tuataras (Sphenodon) project their tongues to seize prey items instead of using their jaws, which is called tongue prehension. Iguanians are the only lineage within the Squamata that display this trait, meaning that it was gained independently in both iguanians and tuataras.[25] Iguanians are also the only squamates that primarily use their sight to identify and track prey rather than chemoreception or scent, and employ an ambush technique of catching prey instead of active searching.[25]

A study by Breuil et al. (2020) found the taxonomy of the genus Iguana as follows, with I. delicatissima being the most basal member of the group.[7] The species are classified as subspecies based on the ReptileDatabase definitions.

The Reptile Database synonymizes I. rhinolopha with I. iguana, only considering it a distinctive population, and recognizes I. insularis and I. melanoderma as subspecies of I. iguana. Four subspecies of green iguana are recognized under this treatment: I. i. insularis (Saint Vincent & the Grenadines and Grenada), I. i. sanctaluciae (Saint Lucia), I. i. melanoderma (parts of the northern Lesser Antilles, and potentially coastal Venezuela, the Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico), and I. i. iguana (mainland South America).

Extant species

[edit]

Two extant species in the genus Iguana are widely recognized.

Image Scientific name Common name Distribution
Iguana delicatissima Lesser Antillean iguana The Lesser Antilles on Saint Barth, Anguilla, Sint Eustatius, Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Martinique
Iguana iguana Green iguana Most of South America, from Colombia east to French Guiana and south to northern Argentina. Also introduced to parts of the Caribbean. If other species formerly considered conspecific are included, ranges north to southern Mexico and the southern Caribbean; specifically Grenada, Aruba, Curaçao, Trinidad and Tobago, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Útila.

Subspecies

[edit]

Three Caribbean subspecies of the green iguana are also recognized:

Image Subspecies Common name Distribution
I. i. insularis[27] Grenadines horned iguana St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada
Iguana iguana melanoderma[7] Saban black iguana Saba, Montserrat, and formerly Redonda, but also possibly coastal Venezuela, the Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico (at least parts of this range may derive from (pre)historic introductions).
I. i. sanctaluciae[27] Saint Lucia horned iguana St. Lucia

The Central American iguana (I. rhinolopha or I. i. rhinolopha), sometimes considered a distinct species, is largely considered synonymous with I. iguana, as the presence of horns does not necessarily indicate a new species or subspecies. The two described subspecies of I. insularis (the Saint Lucia horned iguana, I. i. sanctaluciae, and the Grenadines horned iguana, I. i. insularis) were originally described as subspecies of I. iguana, although they are genetically very similar and may not be separate subspecies from one another.[28] Recent studies have recovered I. rhinolopha and I. insularis as distinct species based on genetics, but the Reptile Database disagrees with these conclusions, and classifies I. rhinolopha as synonymous with I. iguana, and I. insularis as a subspecies of I. iguana.[29] The Curaçao population of green iguanas shows major genetic divergence and may also represent an as-of-yet undescribed species or subspecies.[7][30]

As food

[edit]
Main article: Iguana meat

Iguanas have historically featured in the culinary traditions of Mexico and Central America. Iguana meat is also consumed in parts of the United States, Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico.[31] Also, the eggs of iguana are consumed in some parts of Latin America, such as Nicaragua and Colombia.[32]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Iguana iguana". Fossil works. paleobiodb.org. taxon 373787. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  2. ^ "Iguanidae". Fossil works. paleobiodb.org. taxon 37855. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  3. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  4. ^ "iguana". Cambridge Dictionary (American English ed.) – via dictionary.cambridge.org.
  5. ^ "iguana". Oxford Dictionaries (oxforddictionaries.com) (online ed.). Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 – via Internet Archive (archive.org).
  6. ^ Laurenti, J.N. (1768). Specimen Medicum, Exhibens Synopsin Reptilium Emendatam cum Experimentis circa Venena [Medical specimen, presenting a revised synopsis of reptiles with experiments on venom] (in Latin).
  7. ^ a b c d Breuil, M.; Schikorski, D.; Vuillaume, B.; Krauss, U.; Morton, M.N.; Corry, E.; et al. (2020). "Painted black: Iguana melanoderma (Reptilia, Squamata, Iguanidae) a new melanistic endemic species from Saba and Montserrat islands (Lesser Antilles)". ZooKeys (926): 95–131. Bibcode:2020ZooK..926...95B. doi:10.3897/zookeys.926.48679. PMC 7170970. PMID 32336922.
  8. ^ a b "Iguana iguana". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  9. ^ Coles, William (2002). Green iguana (PDF) (Report). U.S.V.I. Animal Fact Sheet. Vol. 08. Department of Planning and Natural Resources, US Virgin Islands Division of Fish and Wildlife. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2007.
  10. ^ Wildlife Review. Fish and Wildlife Service. U.S. Department of the Interior. 1968 – via Google.
  11. ^ van den Burg, M.P.; Goetz, M.; Brannon, L.; Weekes, T.S.; Ryan, K. V.; Debrot, A.O. (23 March 2023). "An integrative approach to assess non‐native iguana presence on Saba and Montserrat: Are we losing all native Iguana populations in the Lesser Antilles?". Animal Conservation. doi:10.1111/acv.12869. eISSN 1469-1795. hdl:10261/306882. ISSN 1367-9430. S2CID 257731680.
  12. ^ a b Chang, Cheng; Wu, Ping; Baker, Ruth E.; Maini, Philip K.; Alibardi, Lorenzo; Chuong, Cheng-Ming (2009). "Reptile scale paradigm: Evo-devo, pattern formation and regeneration". The International Journal of Developmental Biology. 53 (5–6): 813–826. doi:10.1387/ijdb.072556cc. ISSN 0214-6282. PMC 2874329. PMID 19557687.
  13. ^ a b c Lazell, J.D. (1973). "The lizard genus Iguana in the Lesser Antilles". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 145: 1–28.
  14. ^ de Voe, Ryan S. "Reptilian cardiovascular anatomy and physiology: Evaluation and monitoring (Proceedings)". dvm360.com. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  15. ^ Wada, Seiji (June 2012). "Expression of UV-Sensitive parapinopsin in the iguana parietal eyes and its implication in UV-sensitivity in vertebrate pineal-related organs". PLoS One. 7 (6): 6. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739003W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039003. PMC 3375259. PMID 22720013.
  16. ^ a b Lichtenbelt, Wouter D. van Marken (1 August 1993). "Optimal foraging of a herbivorous lizard, the green iguana in a seasonal environment". Oecologia. 95 (2): 246–256. Bibcode:1993Oecol..95..246V. doi:10.1007/BF00323497. ISSN 0029-8549. PMID 28312949. S2CID 2101397.
  17. ^ a b Metzger, Keith A.; Herrel, Anthony (1 December 2005). "Correlations between lizard cranial shape and diet: a quantitative, phylogenetically informed analysis". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 86 (4): 433–466. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00546.x. ISSN 0024-4066.
  18. ^ Herrel, Anthony (2009). "Jaw and hyolingual muscle activity patterns and bite forces in the herbivorous lizard Uromastyx acanthinurus". Archives of Oral Biology. 54 (8): 772–782. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.05.002. PMID 19481732.
  19. ^ a b Kuss (28 April 2017). "The teeth of vertebrate animals". Digestive system. inside.ucumberlands.edu (course notes). Biology course. University of the Cumberlands. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  20. ^ Banzato, Tommaso; Selleri, Paolo; Veladiano, Irene A.; Martin, Andrea; Zanetti, Emanuele; Zotti, Alessandro (January 2012). "Comparative evaluation of the cadaveric, radiographic, and computed tomographic anatomy of the heads of green iguana (Iguana iguana), common tegu ( Tupinambis merianae) and bearded dragon ( Pogona vitticeps)". BMC Veterinary Research. 8: 53. doi:10.1186/1746-6148-8-53. ISSN 1746-6148. PMC 3439268. PMID 22578088.
  21. ^ Lenny Flank (2007). Iguanas: Their Biology and Captive Care. Red and Black Publishers. ISBN 978-0-9791813-2-0.
  22. ^ "The Mating Behavior of Iguana iguana".
  23. ^ "Iguana Behavior- Coterc" (PDF).
  24. ^ Pianka, Eric R.; Pianka, Eric R.; Vitt, Laurie J. (24 September 2003). Lizards: Windows to the Evolution of Diversity. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23401-7.
  25. ^ a b c Vidal, Nicolas; Hedges, S. Blair (2009). "The molecular evolutionary tree of lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 332 (2–3): 129–139. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2008.07.010. PMID 19281946. S2CID 23137302.
  26. ^ Rest, Joshua S.; Ast, Jennifer C.; Austin, Christopher C.; Waddell, Peter J.; Tibbetts, Elizabeth A.; Hay, Jennifer M.; Mindell, David P. (2003). "Molecular systematics of primary reptilian lineages and the tuatara mitochondrial genome". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 29 (2): 289–297. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00108-8. PMID 13678684.
  27. ^ a b Breuil, Michel; Vuillaume, Barbara; Schikorski, David; Krauss, Ulrike; Morton, Matthew N.; Haynes, Pius; Daltry, Jennifer C.; Corry, Elizabeth; Gaymes, Glenroy; Gaymes, Joanne; Bech, Nicolas (20 May 2019). "A story of nasal horns: two new subspecies of Iguana Laurenti, 1768 (Squamata, Iguanidae) in Saint Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines, and Grenada (southern Lesser Antilles)". Zootaxa. 4608 (2): 201–232. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4608.2.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 31717144. S2CID 182634075. Archived from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  28. ^ "Iguana iguana". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  29. ^ Stephen, Catherine L.; Reynoso, Víctor H.; Collett, William S.; Hasbun, Carlos R.; Breinholt, Jesse W. (2013). "Geographical structure and cryptic lineages within common green iguanas, Iguana iguana". Journal of Biogeography. 40 (1): 50–62. Bibcode:2013JBiog..40...50S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02780.x. ISSN 1365-2699. S2CID 59353644.
  30. ^ Breuil, Michel; Vuillaume, Barbara; Schikorski, David; Krauss, Ulrike; Morton, Matthew N.; Haynes, Pius; et al. (8 November 2018). "A story of nasal horns: A new species of Iguana Laurenti, 1768 (Squamata, Iguanidae) in Saint Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines, and Grenada (Southern Lesser Antilles) and its implications for the taxonomy of the genus Iguana". bioRxiv: 466128. doi:10.1101/466128.
  31. ^ Campo-Flores, Arian (20 August 2012). "To battle iguanas, Puerto Rico has [a] new plan: Put them on [the] menu". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  32. ^ "Nicaragua's government suggests eating iguana as massive food crisis looms". Vice. 20 August 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2020.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
  • Media related to Iguana at Wikimedia Commons
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