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{{Short description|Chinese script widely used in the Han dynasty}}
{{Redirect|Chancery script|the European style of writing|Chancery hand}}
{{Infobox Writing system
| name = Clerical script
| type = [[Logographic]]
| languages = [[Old Chinese]], [[Eastern Han Chinese]]
| time = [[Bronze Age China]], [[Iron Age China]]
| fam1 = [[Oracle bone script]]
| fam2 = [[Seal script]]
| children = [[Regular script]]
| caption = ''Stele of Huashan Temple'', written in the clerical script from the late [[Eastern Han dynasty]]
| sample = LishuHuashanmiao.jpg
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Regular and clerical script eg.svg
| picsize = 100px
| piccap = Chinese characters for 'clerical script' in [[regular script|regular]] (left) and clerical script (right).
| t = 隸書
| s = 隶书
| l = clerical script
| p = lìshū
| w = li<sup>4</sup>-shu<sup>1</sup>
| bpmf = ㄌㄧˋ　ㄕㄨ
| qn = {{ubl|lệ thư|chữ lệ}}
| hn = {{ubl|隸書|𡨸隸}}
|kanji2= 隷書体
|romaji2=reishotai
|hangul=예서
}}
{{Table Hanzi}}
{{Table Hanzi}}
The '''clerical script''' ({{zh-ts|t=隸書|s=隶书}}; pinyin: ''lìshū''; Japanese: 隸書体, ''Reishotai'';), formerly also '''chancery script''', is an archaic style of [[Chinese calligraphy]] which, due to its high legibility to modern readers, is still used for artistic flavor in a variety of functional applications such as headlines, signboards and advertisements. This legibility stems from the highly rectilinear structure, a feature shared with modern [[kaishu]] script, as well as from the fact that clerical is its nearest predecessor in time. In structure and rectilinearity it is generally similar to the modern script; however, in contrast with the tall to square modern script, it tends to be square to wide, and often has a pronounced, wavelike flaring of isolated major strokes, especially a dominant rightward or downward diagonal stroke. Some structures are also archaic.
[[Image:Clerical Eg.png|200px|thumb|left|Chinese characters of "Clerical Script" in [[regular script]] (left) and clerical script (right).]]
[[Image:LishuHuashanmiao.jpg|right|thumb|Clerical script from the [[Han Dynasty]]]]


The '''clerical script''' ({{zh|t=隸書|s=隶书|p=lìshū|first=t}}), sometimes also '''chancery script''', is a [[Chinese script styles|style of Chinese writing]] that evolved from the late [[Warring States period]] to the [[Qin dynasty]]. It matured and became dominant in the [[Han dynasty]], and remained in active use through the [[Six Dynasties]] period.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Xigui|first=Qiu|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/470162569|title=Chinese writing.|date=2000|publisher=Society for the study of Early China|isbn=1-55729-071-7|pages=103–112, 118–126, 138–147|oclc=470162569}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Clerical Script (隸書) · Chinese Calligraphy |url=https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/items/show/15 |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=learning.hku.hk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Categories of Calligraphy - Clerical Script |url=https://www.cityu.edu.hk/lib/about/event/ch_calligraphy/clerical_eng.htm |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.cityu.edu.hk}}</ref> In its development, it departed significantly from the earlier scripts in terms of graphic structures (a process known as ''[[libian]]''),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zhao|first=Ping'an|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36942746|title=隸變研究|last2=赵平安|date=1993|publisher=河北大學出版社|isbn=7-81028-118-6|edition=1|location=Baoding|pages=8|language=zh|trans-title=Studies on ''Libian''|oclc=36942746}}</ref> and was characterized by its rectilinearity, a trait shared with the later [[regular script]].
Clerical script is popularly but mistakenly thought to have developed or been invented in the early [[Han|Hàn dynasty]] from the [[Xiaozhuan|small seal script]]. There are also historical traditions dating to the Hàn dynasty which mistakenly attributed the creation of clerical script to the Qín dynasty and in particular to Chéng Miǎo, who was said to have invented it at the behest of [[Qin Shihuang|Qín Shĭhuáng]].<ref>Qiú Xīguī (2000). Chinese Writing. Translation of 文字學概論 by Mattos and Norman. Early China Special Monograph Series No. 4. Berkeley: The Society for the Study of Early China and the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. ISBN 1-55729-071-7, p.103, esp. footnote 28. Qiu cites Caì Yōng as saying: "Cheng Miao got rid of ancient (script) and established the clerical script forms".</ref> Another traditional account is that it was invented by government scribes, in particular those involved in the justice and penal systems<ref>This is the version given in the Hanshu, acc. to Táng Lán (唐蘭) 1979.《中國文字學》（上海：上海古籍出版社）。Zhōnggúo Wénzìxué (Chinese Linguistics). Shànghǎi Gǔjí Publishing, p.165, and Qiu 2000, p.107</ref>. However, from written materials unearthed by archaeologists, it is now known that ''all'' stages of Chinese writing underwent periods of natural evolution, and none of them were inventions by one person; this is true of clerical script as well<ref>Qiu 2000 p.107</ref>. Furthermore, rather than being established by government scribes, it has been argued that clerical script was already in popular use, and the Qín dynasty use by scribes merely reflects this trend<ref>Táng Lán 1979, p.165, cited in Qiu 2000, p.107; this does not, however, preclude influence by those scribes and even Cheng Miao in the process; as Qiu notes, Cheng Miao may have played a role in systematizing the script, thus leading to the mistaken tradition of his inventing it (Qiu p.107), much as Li Si's standardization of the already extant small seal script led to misperceptions that he had invented it.</ref>. Archaeological discoveries now conclusively demonstrate that an immature form of clerical script ('early clerical' or 'proto-clerical') was already developing in the state of Qín during the late Warring States period<ref>Qiu 2000; p.59 & p.104</ref>, and into the early Western Hàn<ref>Qiu 2000, p.108</ref>. Furthermore, the writing immediately preceding clerical script was not merely seal script; rather, there was a coexistence of seal script (the at-first dominant and formal style) alongside an increasingly popular but secondary form of 'vulgar', 'popular' or 'common' writing which was very roughly executed and which was generally rectilinear<ref>Qiu 2000, p.104</ref>. The popularity of this vulgar writing grew as the use of writing itself became more widespread<ref>Qiu 2000, p.104</ref>. The structures and style of many of the characters executed in this vulgar writing were similar or even identical to their later clerical script counterparts<ref>Qiu 2000, p.104-5; others were similar or identical to the forms of cursive script and were instrumental in its formation -- Qiu p.108-9</ref>, leading some to conclude that proto-clerical (and therefore clerical) script evolved not from seal script but from the vulgar writing of Qín which coexisted with seal script in the late Warring States to Qín dynasty<ref>Qiu 2000, p.107</ref>. The Qín bamboo script is a good example of this transition, having evolved from vulgar Qín writing and considered by some to constitute Qín clerical script<ref>Qiu 2000, p.104-6</ref>.


Although it was succeeded by the later scripts, including the regular script, the clerical script is preserved as a calligraphic practice. In [[Chinese calligraphy]], the term ''clerical'' often refers to a specific calligraphic style that is typical of a subtype of the clerical script, the Han ''clerical'' ({{zhi|t=漢隸|s=汉隶}}) or ''bafen'' ({{zhi|c=八分}}) script. This style is characterized by the squat character shapes, and its "wavy" appearance due to the thick, pronounced and slightly downward tails that are up-tilted at the ends.
The Chinese name for the script, lìshū {{zh-ts|t=隸書|s=隶书}}, is as problematic as the origin of the script itself. ''Lì'' meant a slave or prisoner serving the state, and thus some infer that the script was used in recording the affairs related to such slaves, while others infer that it was used by prisoners conscripted as scribes<ref>Qiu 2000, p.111</ref>. Regardless, the term may be indicative of the low social status of the script at first; certainly, seal script continued to be used in formal settings in the Qín dynasty, and in the Hàn remained in use in some of the most formal settings (such as the titles of documents and stelae, as well as signet seals (name chops). However, while seal script was the formal basis for unification of the writing in China, in practice, the emerging clerical script of Qin and its predecessor (modern kaishu script) are what continued to unify writing throughout China<ref>Qiu 2000, p.112</ref>.


==Notes==
==History==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>


=== Origin ===
{{Chinese Calligraphies}}
Historical accounts, including the ''[[Book of Han]]'' (111 CE) and the [[postface]] of ''[[Shuowen Jiezi]]'' ({{circa|100 CE}}), mistakenly attribute the clerical script to Qin dynasty clerks, claiming that the clerks had devised the script to cope with the heavy workload.{{sfnp|Qiu|2000|p=103}} There are also historical traditions dating back to the Han dynasty which attributed the creation of clerical script specifically to a Qin-dynasty prison officer, Cheng Miao ({{zhi|c=程邈}}), who was said to have invented it at the behest of [[Qin Shi Huang]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cai |first=Yong |author-link=Cai Yong |language=lzh |script-title=zh:聖皇篇 |trans-title=On the Illustrious Emperor |author-mask=Cai Yong (蔡邕)}}, cited in {{harvp|Qiu|2000|p=103}}.</ref> However, archaeological findings have shown that the clerical script was not the invention by a certain person or certain people, but was evolved naturally from the earlier scripts.{{sfnp|Qiu|2000|p=107}} It has also been argued that, rather than being established by government scribes, clerical script was already in popular use, and its use by clerks in the Qin dynasty merely reflects this trend.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tang|first=Lan|author-mask=Tang Lan (唐兰)|script-title=zh:中國文字學|year=2005|publisher=Sichuan chuban jituan|isbn=7-5325-3903-2|trans-title=Chinese Grammatology}} Cited in {{harvp|Qiu|2000|p=107}}.</ref>


The clerical script was developed from the local script varieties in the [[Qin (state)|state of Qin]] in the [[Warring States period]]. These scripts are said to belong to the Qin-state script system ({{zhi|c=秦系文字|l=Qin-branch scripts}}), and were the basis on which the Qin [[small seal script]] was standardized.{{sfnp|Qiu|2000|p=97}} The folk varieties of the Qin-state scripts can be seen to already have employed shapes that are more rectilinear than in the more orthodox scripts, with less long, sinuous lines and more readily segmented strokes, and are closer to the later clerical script than to the small seal script in both style and structure. In particular, some scripts discovered on [[bamboo and wooden slips]] are stylistically distinct from the earlier and even contemporary Qin-state scripts, and thus are often seen as a form of early clerical script.{{sfnp|Qiu|2000|p=106}} Examples include the [[Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts]] ({{c.|217 BCE}}), and the [[Qingchuan County|Qingchuan]] wooden slips ({{c.|309 BCE}}).{{sfnmp|Qiu|2000|1pp=106–107|Fang|2003|2pp=1–2}}
[[Category:Chinese language]]
[[Category:Chinese calligraphy]]


=== Maturation ===
{{writingsystem-stub}}
In the Qin dynasty, the official script was the small seal script. The clerical script was associated with low social status, and, although allowed as a sort of auxiliary writing style for clerks, was generally not used in formal occasions. However, it gradually assumed dominance over the small seal script over time, and had become the main script in use in the Han dynasty.{{sfnp|Qiu|2000|pp=111–112}} Over the course of the Han dynasty, the clerical scripts continued to mature and stabilize, finally arriving at a visually unique style. This style is characterized by the following points:
{{china-stub}}

* Characters are typically wider than they are tall;
* The rightward-falling [[Stroke (CJK character)|stroke]] often has a heavy foot that is slightly up-tilted at the end;
* The horizontal stroke also occasionally has a thick, downward dropping tail with a slightly up-tilted end, typically when it is one of the longer horizontally-directed strokes in a character.

The last two features above are sometimes called the 'wavy propensity' ({{zh|t=波勢|s=波势}}) or 'wavy downward strokes' ({{zhi|c=波磔}}). Additionally, the leftward-falling strokes and anticlockwise curves also tend to have upward tilted ends.{{sfnp|Qiu|2000|pp=121–122}}

Clerical scripts before the formation of these features are often called Qin clerical script ({{zhi|t=秦隸|s=秦隶}}) or 'old script' ({{zhi|t=古隸|s=古隶}}), which include the early clerical scripts from the late Warring States period to the early Han dynasty. Clerical scripts with these features are called 'Han script' ({{zhi|t=漢隸|s=汉隶}}) or ''bafen'' ({{zhi|c=八分}}) script. The style of ''bafen'' script is the basis of most of the later clerical-style calligraphy.{{sfnp|Qiu|2000|p=121}}

The most mature form of the ''bafen'' script can be found in the late Eastern Han dynasty, with "carefully and neatly executed"{{sfnp|Qiu|2000|p=120}} inscriptions on [[stelae]]. These stelae are regarded as calligraphic works of great significance, and are often used as models of clerical-style calligraphy.{{sfnp|Fang|2003}} Some important inscriptions include:

* 西嶽華山廟碑, {{Abbr|abbr.|abbreviation}} 華山碑 or 華山廟碑, ''The Stele'' of ''Huashan Temple'';
* 漢魯相乙瑛請置孔廟百石卒史碑, {{Abbr|abbr.|abbreviation}} 乙瑛碑, ''The Stele of Yi Ying;''
* 郃陽令曹全碑, {{Abbr|abbr.|abbreviation}} 曹全碑, ''The Stele of Cao Quan;''
* 漢故穀城長盪陰令張君表頌, {{Abbr|abbr.|abbreviation}} 張遷碑, ''The Stele of Zhang Qian''

=== Transition to neo-clerical ===
A new type of clerical script, for which Chinese palaeographer [[Qiu Xigui]] termed the name "neo-clerical" ({{zh|t=新隸體|s=新隶体}}), arose in the Eastern Han dynasty. The script, for convenience, abandoned the heavy tails present in the ''bafen'' script, while taking influence from the contemporaneous [[Cursive script (East Asia)|cursive script]]. Influenced by this new script style, the [[semi-cursive script]] would then arise, which would in turn give rise to the [[regular script]]. The neo-clerical form, or an intermediate form of the neo-clerical and the semi-cursive forms, is said to have become the way the common people wrote by the [[Six Dynasties]] period. By the [[Northern and Southern dynasties]], the regular script had succeeded the clerical script and become the principal script in use.{{sfnp|Qiu|2000|pp=138–149}}

=== As a calligraphic practice ===
After the Northern and Southern dynasties, the clerical script was no longer actively in use,{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} but its style survived in calligraphy.

In the [[Tang dynasty]], calligraphers including Han Zemu ({{zhi|c=韓擇木}}), Shi Weize ({{zhi|c=史惟則}}), Li Chao ({{zhi|c=李潮}}) and Cai Youlin ({{zhi|c=蔡有鄰}}) were renowned for their clerical calligraphy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=集古錄跋尾十卷02 第131頁 (圖書館) – 中國哲學書電子化計劃|url=https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&res=81153|access-date=2022-02-06|website=ctext.org|language=zh-TW}} “唐世名能八分者四家，韓擇木史惟則世傳頗多，而李潮及有鄰特為難得。”</ref> From the Tang to the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] dynasties, calligraphers occasionally wrote in clerical style as well.{{sfnp|Fang|2003|pp=8–9}}

The [[Qing dynasty]] saw a revival in clerical-style calligraphy, with notable calligraphers such as [[Jin Nong]], [[Deng Shiru]], Yi Bingshou ({{zhi|c=伊秉綬}}) and Zheng Fu ({{zhi|c=鄭簠}}).{{sfnp|Fang|2003|p=10}}

=== Modern use ===

{{See also|List of CJK fonts#Clerical script}}
[[File:Beijing_South_Railway_Station.JPG|thumb|Beijing South Railway Station, which uses a clerical-style font|right]]
Due to its high legibility to modern readers, the clerical-style calligraphy is still used for artistic flavor in a variety of functional applications such as headlines, logos, signboards, and advertisements.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Winston|first=Su|date=October 25, 2013|title=Untitled|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/105958827@N08/10493879236/|website=[[Flickr]]}} In the photograph are three signboards. Top: 大同服務處 and 擁護政府 written in the periphery of the board, in clerical-style calligraphy. Middle and bottom: 美容院 written in clerical-style calligraphy.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Li|first=Jianming|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1200804402|title=你看港街招牌|last2=李健明|date=2020|isbn=978-988-8675-48-7|edition=增訂版|location=Hong Kong|pages=168–173|language=zh|trans-title=Look! The Hong Kong Street Signs|oclc=1200804402}}</ref>

There are a number of computer fonts that display CJK characters in the clerical style.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==Names==
The etymology of the Chinese name for the clerical script ({{zhi|t=隸書}}) is uncertain. {{zhi|t=隸}} has been explained as {{zhi|t=徒隸}} ('prisoner-in-servitude") or {{zh|t=隸人}} 'convict', 'official of a low rank'. Some infer that the script was used in recording the affairs related to such prisoners, while others infer that it was used by prisoners conscripted as scribes.{{sfnp|Qiu|2000|pp=111, 125–126}}

Clerical script is also known as 'clerical characters' ({{zh|t=隸字|s=|labels=no}}), 'assistant writing' ({{zhi|t=佐書}}), 'historical writing' ({{zhi|t=史書}}),<ref>Creamer, Thomas B. I. (1992), "Lexicography and the history of the Chinese language", in ''History, Languages, and Lexicographers'', ed. by [[Ladislav Zgusta]], Niemeyer, p. 110.</ref> and "official script".<ref>Gao, James Z. (2009), Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800–1949), Scarecrow Press, p.41.</ref>

=== Historical nomenclature ===
From the Northern and Southern dynasties to the Tang dynasty, the [[regular script]] was still sometimes referred to as {{zhi|t=隸書}} instead of {{zhi|t=楷書}}. To distinguish from the Han-dynasty clerical script proper, it was also referred to as the 'recent clerical script' ({{zhi|t=今隸|s=今隶}}). The Han-dynasty clerical script might accordingly be called the 'old clerical script' ({{zhi|t=古隸}}), which is now also the name for the early clerical scripts before the ''bafen'' development.{{sfnp|Qiu|2000|pp=121, 147–148}}

== See also ==

* [[Wu Qiuyan]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=true}}
* {{Cite book |last=Qiu |first=Xigui |author-link=Qiu Xigui |title=Chinese Writing |publisher=Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-55729-071-7 |location=Berkeley |translator-last=Mattos |translator-first=Gilbert L. |author-mask=Qiu Xigui (裘锡圭) |orig-date=1988 |translator-last2=Norman |translator-first2=Jerry}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fang |first=Chuanxin |author-mask=Fang Chuanxin (方传鑫) |script-title=zh:隸書十講 |year=2003 |publisher=上海書畫出版社 |isbn=7-80672-700-0 |location=Shanghai |pages=1–6 |language=zh |trans-title=Ten Courses on the Clerical Calligraphy |oclc=54470488}}
{{Refend}}

{{Commons category|Clerical script}}
{{Chinese Calligraphies}}
{{Chinese language}}
{{Writing systems}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Clerical Script}}
[[de:Chinesische Kanzleischrift]]
[[Category:Chinese script style]]
[[fr:Écriture des clercs]]
[[Category:Logographic writing systems]]
[[zh-classical:隸書]]
[[ja:隷書体]]
[[pl:Pismo kancelaryjne]]
[[fi:Lishu]]
[[zh:隶书]]

Latest revision as of 07:40, 17 August 2024

"Chancery script" redirects here. For the European style of writing, see Chancery hand.
Clerical script
Stele of Huashan Temple, written in the clerical script from the late Eastern Han dynasty
Script type
Time period
Bronze Age China, Iron Age China
DirectionTop-to-bottom Edit this on Wikidata
LanguagesOld Chinese, Eastern Han Chinese
Related scripts
Parent systems
Child systems
Regular script
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Clerical script
Chinese characters for 'clerical script' in regular (left) and clerical script (right).
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese隸書
Simplified Chinese隶书
Literal meaningclerical script
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinlìshū
Bopomofoㄌㄧˋ　ㄕㄨ
Wade–Gilesli4-shu1
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabet
  • lệ thư
  • chữ lệ
Hán-Nôm
  • 隸書
  • 𡨸隸
Korean name
Hangul예서
Alternative Japanese name
Kanji隷書体
Transcriptions
Romanizationreishotai
Chinese characters
Chinese characters
Evolution of script styles
Properties and classification
Collation and standards
Reforms
Homographs and readings
Variants
Derived systems

The clerical script (traditional Chinese: 隸書; simplified Chinese: 隶书; pinyin: lìshū), sometimes also chancery script, is a style of Chinese writing that evolved from the late Warring States period to the Qin dynasty. It matured and became dominant in the Han dynasty, and remained in active use through the Six Dynasties period.[1][2][3] In its development, it departed significantly from the earlier scripts in terms of graphic structures (a process known as libian),[4] and was characterized by its rectilinearity, a trait shared with the later regular script.

Although it was succeeded by the later scripts, including the regular script, the clerical script is preserved as a calligraphic practice. In Chinese calligraphy, the term clerical often refers to a specific calligraphic style that is typical of a subtype of the clerical script, the Han clerical (汉隶; 漢隸) or bafen (八分) script. This style is characterized by the squat character shapes, and its "wavy" appearance due to the thick, pronounced and slightly downward tails that are up-tilted at the ends.

History

[edit]

Origin

[edit]

Historical accounts, including the Book of Han (111 CE) and the postface of Shuowen Jiezi (c. 100 CE), mistakenly attribute the clerical script to Qin dynasty clerks, claiming that the clerks had devised the script to cope with the heavy workload.[5] There are also historical traditions dating back to the Han dynasty which attributed the creation of clerical script specifically to a Qin-dynasty prison officer, Cheng Miao (程邈), who was said to have invented it at the behest of Qin Shi Huang.[6] However, archaeological findings have shown that the clerical script was not the invention by a certain person or certain people, but was evolved naturally from the earlier scripts.[7] It has also been argued that, rather than being established by government scribes, clerical script was already in popular use, and its use by clerks in the Qin dynasty merely reflects this trend.[8]

The clerical script was developed from the local script varieties in the state of Qin in the Warring States period. These scripts are said to belong to the Qin-state script system (秦系文字; 'Qin-branch scripts'), and were the basis on which the Qin small seal script was standardized.[9] The folk varieties of the Qin-state scripts can be seen to already have employed shapes that are more rectilinear than in the more orthodox scripts, with less long, sinuous lines and more readily segmented strokes, and are closer to the later clerical script than to the small seal script in both style and structure. In particular, some scripts discovered on bamboo and wooden slips are stylistically distinct from the earlier and even contemporary Qin-state scripts, and thus are often seen as a form of early clerical script.[10] Examples include the Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts (c. 217 BCE), and the Qingchuan wooden slips (c. 309 BCE).[11]

Maturation

[edit]

In the Qin dynasty, the official script was the small seal script. The clerical script was associated with low social status, and, although allowed as a sort of auxiliary writing style for clerks, was generally not used in formal occasions. However, it gradually assumed dominance over the small seal script over time, and had become the main script in use in the Han dynasty.[12] Over the course of the Han dynasty, the clerical scripts continued to mature and stabilize, finally arriving at a visually unique style. This style is characterized by the following points:

  • Characters are typically wider than they are tall;
  • The rightward-falling stroke often has a heavy foot that is slightly up-tilted at the end;
  • The horizontal stroke also occasionally has a thick, downward dropping tail with a slightly up-tilted end, typically when it is one of the longer horizontally-directed strokes in a character.

The last two features above are sometimes called the 'wavy propensity' (simplified Chinese: 波势; traditional Chinese: 波勢) or 'wavy downward strokes' (波磔). Additionally, the leftward-falling strokes and anticlockwise curves also tend to have upward tilted ends.[13]

Clerical scripts before the formation of these features are often called Qin clerical script (秦隶; 秦隸) or 'old script' (古隶; 古隸), which include the early clerical scripts from the late Warring States period to the early Han dynasty. Clerical scripts with these features are called 'Han script' (汉隶; 漢隸) or bafen (八分) script. The style of bafen script is the basis of most of the later clerical-style calligraphy.[14]

The most mature form of the bafen script can be found in the late Eastern Han dynasty, with "carefully and neatly executed"[15] inscriptions on stelae. These stelae are regarded as calligraphic works of great significance, and are often used as models of clerical-style calligraphy.[16] Some important inscriptions include:

  • 西嶽華山廟碑, abbr. 華山碑 or 華山廟碑, The Stele of Huashan Temple;
  • 漢魯相乙瑛請置孔廟百石卒史碑, abbr. 乙瑛碑, The Stele of Yi Ying;
  • 郃陽令曹全碑, abbr. 曹全碑, The Stele of Cao Quan;
  • 漢故穀城長盪陰令張君表頌, abbr. 張遷碑, The Stele of Zhang Qian

Transition to neo-clerical

[edit]

A new type of clerical script, for which Chinese palaeographer Qiu Xigui termed the name "neo-clerical" (simplified Chinese: 新隶体; traditional Chinese: 新隸體), arose in the Eastern Han dynasty. The script, for convenience, abandoned the heavy tails present in the bafen script, while taking influence from the contemporaneous cursive script. Influenced by this new script style, the semi-cursive script would then arise, which would in turn give rise to the regular script. The neo-clerical form, or an intermediate form of the neo-clerical and the semi-cursive forms, is said to have become the way the common people wrote by the Six Dynasties period. By the Northern and Southern dynasties, the regular script had succeeded the clerical script and become the principal script in use.[17]

As a calligraphic practice

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After the Northern and Southern dynasties, the clerical script was no longer actively in use,[citation needed] but its style survived in calligraphy.

In the Tang dynasty, calligraphers including Han Zemu (韓擇木), Shi Weize (史惟則), Li Chao (李潮) and Cai Youlin (蔡有鄰) were renowned for their clerical calligraphy.[18] From the Tang to the Ming dynasties, calligraphers occasionally wrote in clerical style as well.[19]

The Qing dynasty saw a revival in clerical-style calligraphy, with notable calligraphers such as Jin Nong, Deng Shiru, Yi Bingshou (伊秉綬) and Zheng Fu (鄭簠).[20]

Modern use

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See also: List of CJK fonts § Clerical script
Beijing South Railway Station, which uses a clerical-style font

Due to its high legibility to modern readers, the clerical-style calligraphy is still used for artistic flavor in a variety of functional applications such as headlines, logos, signboards, and advertisements.[21][22]

There are a number of computer fonts that display CJK characters in the clerical style.[citation needed]

Names

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The etymology of the Chinese name for the clerical script (隸書) is uncertain. 隸 has been explained as 徒隸 ('prisoner-in-servitude") or Chinese: 隸人 'convict', 'official of a low rank'. Some infer that the script was used in recording the affairs related to such prisoners, while others infer that it was used by prisoners conscripted as scribes.[23]

Clerical script is also known as 'clerical characters' (隸字), 'assistant writing' (佐書), 'historical writing' (史書),[24] and "official script".[25]

Historical nomenclature

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From the Northern and Southern dynasties to the Tang dynasty, the regular script was still sometimes referred to as 隸書 instead of 楷書. To distinguish from the Han-dynasty clerical script proper, it was also referred to as the 'recent clerical script' (今隶; 今隸). The Han-dynasty clerical script might accordingly be called the 'old clerical script' (古隸), which is now also the name for the early clerical scripts before the bafen development.[26]

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Xigui, Qiu (2000). Chinese writing. Society for the study of Early China. pp. 103–112, 118–126, 138–147. ISBN 1-55729-071-7. OCLC 470162569.
  2. ^ "Clerical Script (隸書) · Chinese Calligraphy". learning.hku.hk. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  3. ^ "Categories of Calligraphy - Clerical Script". www.cityu.edu.hk. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  4. ^ Zhao, Ping'an; 赵平安 (1993). 隸變研究 [Studies on Libian] (in Chinese) (1 ed.). Baoding: 河北大學出版社. p. 8. ISBN 7-81028-118-6. OCLC 36942746.
  5. ^ Qiu (2000), p. 103.
  6. ^ Cai Yong (蔡邕). 聖皇篇 [On the Illustrious Emperor] (in Literary Chinese)., cited in Qiu (2000), p. 103.
  7. ^ Qiu (2000), p. 107.
  8. ^ Tang Lan (唐兰) (2005). 中國文字學 [Chinese Grammatology]. Sichuan chuban jituan. ISBN 7-5325-3903-2. Cited in Qiu (2000), p. 107.
  9. ^ Qiu (2000), p. 97.
  10. ^ Qiu (2000), p. 106.
  11. ^ Qiu (2000), pp. 106–107; Fang (2003), pp. 1–2.
  12. ^ Qiu (2000), pp. 111–112.
  13. ^ Qiu (2000), pp. 121–122.
  14. ^ Qiu (2000), p. 121.
  15. ^ Qiu (2000), p. 120.
  16. ^ Fang (2003).
  17. ^ Qiu (2000), pp. 138–149.
  18. ^ "集古錄跋尾十卷02 第131頁 (圖書館) – 中國哲學書電子化計劃". ctext.org (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 2022-02-06. “唐世名能八分者四家，韓擇木史惟則世傳頗多，而李潮及有鄰特為難得。”
  19. ^ Fang (2003), pp. 8–9.
  20. ^ Fang (2003), p. 10.
  21. ^ Winston, Su (October 25, 2013). "Untitled". Flickr. In the photograph are three signboards. Top: 大同服務處 and 擁護政府 written in the periphery of the board, in clerical-style calligraphy. Middle and bottom: 美容院 written in clerical-style calligraphy.
  22. ^ Li, Jianming; 李健明 (2020). 你看港街招牌 [Look! The Hong Kong Street Signs] (in Chinese) (增訂版 ed.). Hong Kong. pp. 168–173. ISBN 978-988-8675-48-7. OCLC 1200804402.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  23. ^ Qiu (2000), pp. 111, 125–126.
  24. ^ Creamer, Thomas B. I. (1992), "Lexicography and the history of the Chinese language", in History, Languages, and Lexicographers, ed. by Ladislav Zgusta, Niemeyer, p. 110.
  25. ^ Gao, James Z. (2009), Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800–1949), Scarecrow Press, p.41.
  26. ^ Qiu (2000), pp. 121, 147–148.

Works cited

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  • Qiu Xigui (裘锡圭) (2000) [1988]. Chinese Writing. Translated by Mattos, Gilbert L.; Norman, Jerry. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California. ISBN 978-1-55729-071-7.
  • Fang Chuanxin (方传鑫) (2003). 隸書十講 [Ten Courses on the Clerical Calligraphy] (in Chinese). Shanghai: 上海書畫出版社. pp. 1–6. ISBN 7-80672-700-0. OCLC 54470488.
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