Football War: Difference between revisions

Football War
	; Map illustrating the territories seized by El Salvador at the height of the conflict, prior to their eventual withdrawal.
Date	14–18 July 1969 (4 days)
Location	El Salvador and Honduras
Result	Ceasefire by OAS intervention
Territorial; changes	Status quo ante bellum
Belligerents
El Salvador;	Honduras; Supported by:; Nicaragua;
Commanders and leaders
Fidel Sánchez Hernández	Oswaldo López Arellano
Strength
8,000 (ground forces); 11 combat aircraft	2,500 (ground forces); 23 combat aircraft
Casualties and losses
Per El Salvador: 107 killed; 593 injured; 3 aircraft destroyed;	Per Honduras: 99 killed; 66 injured; Per Parish priest: 400 killed; Per CIA: 1,500 killed;
	+2,000 civilians killed

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The Football War (Spanish: Guerra del fútbol), also known as the Soccer War or the 100 Hour War, was a brief military conflict fought between El Salvador and Honduras in 1969. Existing tensions between the two countries coincided with rioting during a 1970 FIFA World Cup qualifier.^[7] The war began on 14 July 1969 when the Salvadoran military launched an attack against Honduras. The Organization of American States (OAS) negotiated a cease-fire on the night of 18 July, hence its nickname. Salvadoran troops were withdrawn in early August.

The war, while brief, had major consequences for both countries and was a major factor in starting the Salvadoran Civil War a decade later.

Background

Although the nickname "Football War" implies that the conflict was due to a football match, the causes of the war went much deeper. The roots were issues over land reform in Honduras and immigration and demographic problems in El Salvador. Honduras has more than five times the area of neighboring El Salvador, but in 1969 the population of El Salvador (3.7 million) was 40 percent larger than that of Honduras (2.6 million). At the beginning of the 20th century, Salvadorans had begun migrating to Honduras in large numbers. By 1969, more than 300,000 Salvadorans were living in Honduras, making up more than 10% of Honduras's population.^[5]

In Honduras, as in much of Central America, a large majority of the land was owned by large landowners or big corporations. The United Fruit Company owned 10% of the land, making it hard for the average landowner to compete. In 1966, United Fruit banded together with many other large companies^[specify] to create the National Federation of Honduran Farmers and Ranchers (Spanish: Federación Nacional de Agricultores y Ganaderos de Honduras, FENAGH). This group put pressure on the President of Honduras, General Oswaldo López Arellano, to protect the property of wealthy landowners from campesinos, many of which were Salvadoran.^[8]^: 64–75

In 1962, Honduras successfully enacted a new land reform law.^[9] Fully enforced by 1967, this law gave the central government and municipalities much of the land occupied illegally by Salvadoran immigrants and redistributed it to native-born Hondurans. The land was taken from both immigrant farmers and squatters regardless of their claims to ownership or immigration status. This created problems for Salvadorans and Hondurans who were married. Thousands of Salvadoran laborers were expelled from Honduras, including both migrant workers and longer-term settlers. This general rise in tensions ultimately led to a military conflict.^{[citation needed]}

Buildup

In June 1969, both countries met in a two-leg 1970 FIFA World Cup qualifier. The first game was held in Tegucigalpa, Honduras' capital, on 8 June 1969.^[7] The Salvadoran team was harassed by Honduran fans at their hotel the night before the match.^[10] Honduras won 1–0, causing Salvadoran fans to reportedly set fire to the stadium.^[11]

The second game was held in San Salvador, El Salvador's capital, on 15 June 1969. Salvadoran fans, seeking vengeance, rioted outside the Honduran team's hotel, leading to several deaths.^[12] At the match's start, a dirty rag was flown instead of the Honduran flag.^[11] It was won 3–0 by El Salvador.^[13] Anti-Salvadoran riots occurred across Honduras following the loss.^[14]^[15]

On 26 June 1969, the night before the play-off match in Mexico City, which El Salvador would win 3–2 after extra time,^[16] El Salvador dissolved all diplomatic ties with Honduras, stating that around 12,000 Salvadorans had been forced to flee Honduras in the days following the second match.^[7] It further claimed that "the Government of Honduras has not taken any effective measures to punish these crimes which constitute genocide, nor has it given assurances of indemnification or reparations for the damages caused to Salvadorans".^[8]^: 105

Border skirmishes

On 3 July, Salvadoran anti-aircraft fired on a civilian Douglas DC-3 in Honduran airspace, causing the Honduran Air Force (Spanish: Fuerza Aérea Hondureña, FAH) to scramble two North American T-28 Trojans^[17]^[18] and forces stationed near the border town of El Poy to briefly clash.^[19] The same day, a Piper PA-28 Cherokee, used by the Salvadoran Air Force (Spanish: Fuerza Aérea Salvadoreña, FAS) as a reconnaissance plane, was intercepted, but managed to escape capture.^[18]

At the request of the Honduran foreign minister, the OAS held an emergency meeting the following day, where it was decided that the organization would "postpone any action of its own" and have the neighboring nations of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Guatemala mediate the situation.^[20] Honduras and El Salvador were also both urged to "avoid any action that might further endanger the situation".^[21] However, the OAS resolution did little to reduce tensions as skirmishes continued.

On 5 July, El Salvador claimed that two Honduran platoons had crossed the border.^[22] On 12 July, Honduras claimed that four Salvadoran soldiers had been killed in an incursion, something which El Salvador dismissed as part of a "continuing campaign of distortion of the truth".^[23] On 13 July, six Honduran civilians were injured during another skirmish at El Poy, in which both sides exchanged mortar fire.^[24]^[25]

War

The war began on 14 July 1969 at around 6 PM,^[15] when the FAS attacked Honduran airfields using P-51 Mustangs,^[14]^[26] as well as C-47 Skytrains and civilian aircraft hastily converted into bombers.^[18]^[27] They mainly targeted Toncontín International Airport, where the FAH kept half of its aircraft.^[18] The Salvadoran Army then launched a two-front invasion of Honduras; one contingent headed to secure the prosperous Sula Valley, while the other marched along the Pan-American Highway toward Tegucigalpa.^[28]^: 662^[29]^: 20 Troops were supported by M3A1 Stuarts, as well as bulldozers and trucks using improvised vehicle armor.^[30] Initial progress was swift, with La Prensa Gráfica claiming they advanced 40 kilometres (25 mi) in a single day.^[31]

On 15 July, the FAH commenced bombings using their own fleet of World War II-era aircraft, mainly consisting of F4U Corsairs.^[29]^: 21^[32] Sortie targets included the Ilopango International Airport and oil facilities in Acajutla and Port Cutuco [es].^[12]^[14] El Salvador lost 20% of its fuel reserves in the raids. However, despite the operation's success, the FAH went on the defensive for the rest of the war following a second FAS attack on Toncontín.^[18]

On 16 July, in the only major battle of the war, Salvadoran troops led by Colonel Mario (“El Diablo”) Velázquez Jandres, reached and surrounded Nueva Ocotepeque, pressing defenses in what TIME described as a "narrow defile". Following artillery barrages, Honduran forces retreated alongside civilians, leading to the town's capture.^[18]^[4] Both fronts stalled later that day due to an ammunition shortage and increasing Honduran resistance.^[2]

One of the last engagements of the war took place on the afternoon of 17 July, a dogfight which involved 4 Corsairs and 2 Mustangs. Captain Guillermo Reynaldo Cortez, a Salvadoran, was killed;^[26] he was the highest-ranking casualty of the war.^[33] The Football War was the last conflict in which piston-engined fighters fought each other.^[26]^[34]^[35]

Ceasefire

Soon after the start of the war, the OAS held a special session, organizing a seven nation committee to oversee negotiations and calling for a cease-fire.^[15] While Honduran officials were reportedly willing, El Salvador resisted OAS pressure for several days, with one of the biggest sticking points, according to the CIA, being the time window given for troops to be withdrawn.^[36]

A cease-fire was arranged on the night of 18 July, which required Salvadoran troops to withdraw within 96 hours and an end to "inflammatory press, radio, and T.V. campaigns", among other things. It took effect at midnight.^[37]

Delayed withdrawal

Soon before the initial 96 hour deadline, the Salvadoran government sent a document to the OAS, stating, while it would continue to hold the cease-fire, it would not withdraw troops until a guarantee of safety for Salvadorans still living in Honduras was given, reparations were paid, and anti-Salvadoran rioters were punished.^[38]^[39] Honduras only fulfilled the first demand, but El Salvador relented after the OAS threatened sanctions, resulting in troops withdrawing on 2 August 1969.^[28]^{: 662–663}

Consequences

El Salvador suffered up to 700 casualties throughout the course of the war, including 107 deaths. Three aircraft were also destroyed in Honduran air raids. Official records state Honduras suffered 165 casualties, including 99 deaths, but such numbers have been disputed;^[3] Nueva Ocotepeque's parish priest reportedly saw 400 dead ,^[4] while internal CIA documents report up to 1,500.^[1] Most historians agree civilians accounted for the majority of the losses.^[6]

Some 300,000 Salvadorans had been displaced; many had been forcibly exiled or had fled from war-torn Honduras, only to enter an El Salvador in which the government was not welcoming. Most of these refugees were forced to provide for themselves with very little assistance. Over the next few years, more Salvadorans returned to their native land, where they encountered overpopulation and extreme poverty.^[8]^{: 145–155} The resulting social unrest was one of the causes of the Salvadoran Civil War, which followed approximately a decade later in which 70,000 to 80,000 died and a further 8,000 more disappeared.^[40]

Trade between Honduras and El Salvador, which had been heavily disrupted pre-war,^[12] was outright stopped following it.^[7]^[29]^: 22 Honduras would go on to leave and thereby further weaken the already ailing Central American Common Market, a regional integration project that had been set up by the United States largely as a means of counteracting the effects of the Cuban Revolution.^[29]^: 38^[6]^[41]

Aftermath

Although it had initiated the war, El Salvador played in the World Cup; it was eliminated after losing its first three matches against the USSR, Mexico, and Belgium.^[42]

Eleven years after the conflict the two nations signed a peace treaty in Lima, Peru on 30 October 1980^[43] and agreed to resolve the border dispute over the Gulf of Fonseca and five sections of land boundary through the International Court of Justice (ICJ). In 1992, the Court awarded most of the disputed territory to Honduras, and in 1998, Honduras and El Salvador signed a border demarcation treaty to implement the terms of the ICJ decree. The total disputed land area given to Honduras after the court's ruling was around 374.5 km² (145 sq mi). In the Gulf of Fonseca the court found that Honduras held sovereignty over the island of El Tigre, and El Salvador over the islands of Meanguera and Meanguerita.^[44]

The dispute continued despite the ICJ ruling. At a meeting in March 2012 President Porfirio Lobo of Honduras, President Otto Pérez of Guatemala, and President Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua all agreed that the Gulf of Fonseca would be designated as a peace zone. El Salvador was not at the meeting. However, in December 2012, El Salvador agreed to a tripartite commission of government representatives from El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua that was to take care of territorial disputes through peaceful means and come up with a solution by 1 March 2013. The commission did not meet after December, and in March 2013 stiff letters threatening military action were exchanged between Honduras and El Salvador.^[44]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Central Intelligence Bulletin: 22 July 1969" (PDF). CIA.gov. 22 July 1969. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Brzoska, Michael; Pearson, Frederic S. (1994). Arms and Warfare: Escalation, De-escalation, and Negotiation. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. pp. 61–70. ISBN 978-0-87249-982-9 – via Google Books.
^ ^a ^b ^c Clodfelter, Michael (2008). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1494-2007 (3rd ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 682. ISBN 9780786433193 – via Internet Archive.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Central America: A Population Explosion". TIME. 25 July 1969. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
^ ^a ^b Acker, Alison (1988). Honduras: The Making of a Banana Republic. Toronto: Between the Lines. pp. 92–93. ISBN 9780919946880. Retrieved 1 June 2024 – via Internet Archive.
^ ^a ^b ^c "El Salvador - The 1969 War with Honduras". Library of Congress Country Studies. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Luckhurst, Toby (27 June 2019). "Honduras v El Salvador: The football match that kicked off a war". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c Anderson, Thomas P. (1981). The War of the Dispossessed: Honduras and El Salvador, 1969 (illustrated ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803210097. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
^ "El Congreso National decreta la siguiente..." [The National Congress decrees the following...] (PDF). La Gaceta (in Spanish). 5 December 1962. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2015 – via lcweb5.loc.gov.
^ Hawranek, Maria; Opryszek, Szymon (15 June 2024). "Co się stało z Amelią B.? Czy bohaterka "Wojny futbolowej" Kapuścińskiego istniała?" [What happened to Amelia B.? Did the heroine of Kapuściński's "Football War" exist?]. Onet Podróże (in Polish). Retrieved 6 July 2024.
^ ^a ^b Veytskin, Yuriy; Lockerby, Claire; McMullen, Steven (2009–2013). Schorr, Matthew; Barrett, Lindsey; Leachman, Colby (eds.). "The Soccer War". Soccer Politics. Duke University. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Desplat, Juliette (20 July 2018). "World Cup fever at its worst: the 1969 Football War". The National Archives. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
^ Goldstein, Erik (1992). Wars and Peace Treaties, 1816–1991. Routledge. pp. 195–196. ISBN 978-0-203-97682-1. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mallin, Jay. "Military Affairs Abroad: Salvador-Honduras War, 1969". Air University Review. 21 (3): 89. Archived from the original on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 6 July 2024 – via Air University.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kissinger, Henry (15 July 1969). "644. Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon" (PDF). Office of the Historian. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
^ "Troops Still Alerted; Soccer 'War' Won By El Salvador, 3-2". The Pittsburgh Press. United Press International. 28 June 1969. p. 1 – via Google Newspapers.
^ Serventi Merlo, Manuele (4 September 2017). "La guerra aerea e "del calcio" del 1969" [The air and "football" war of 1969]. Difesa Online (in Italian). Retrieved 16 July 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Cooper, Tom; Coelich, March (1 September 2003). "El Salvador vs Honduras, 1969: The 100-Hour War". Air Combat Information Group. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
^ "Latin soccer dispute leads to armed crash". The Bulletin. United Press International. 4 July 1969. p. 1. Retrieved 25 July 2024 – via Google Newspapers.
^ "OAS Steps In To Cool Fued". The Deseret News. United Press International. 5 July 1969. p. 2. Retrieved 25 July 2024 – via Google Newspapers.
^ "Mediation Plan Endorsed by OAS". Nashua Telegraph. Associated Press. 5 July 1969. p. 7. Retrieved 25 July 2024 – via Google Newspapers.
^ "Salvador Traps 'Invadors'". The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. 6 July 1969. p. 3. Retrieved 25 July 2024 – via Google Newspapers.
^ "San Salvador Denies Loss Of 4 Soldiers". The Youngstown Vindicator. Associated Press. 13 July 1969. p. D-13. Retrieved 25 July 2024 – via Google Newspapers.
^ "Honduras Border Clash Continues". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. 14 July 1969. p. 1. Retrieved 25 July 2024 – via Google Newspapers.
^ "Honduras, El Salvador exchange fire across border". The Bulletin. United Press International. 14 July 1969. p. 5. Retrieved 25 July 2024 – via Google Newspapers.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lerner, Preston (1 September 2015). "The Last Piston-Engine Dogfights". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
^ McKnight, Michael (3 June 2019). "The truth about 'The Soccer War'". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
^ ^a ^b Cable, Vincent (1969). "The 'Football War' and the Central American Common Market" (PDF). International Affairs. 45 (4). Wiley: 658–671. doi:10.2307/2613335. JSTOR 2613335 – via Stanford University.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Rouquié, Alain; Vale, Michel (1973). "HONDURAS – EL SALVADOR, THE WAR OF ONE HUNDRED HOURS: A CASE OF REGIONAL 'DISINTEGRATION'" (PDF). International Journal of Politics. 3 (3). Taylor & Francis: 17–51. JSTOR 27868774 – via The School of Cooperative Individualism.
^ Hills, Andrew (27 February 2020). "Light Tank M3A1 Stuart in El Salvadoran Service". The Online Tank Museum. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
^ "100 Horas de Combate" [100 Hours of Combat]. La Prensa Gráfica (in Spanish). 13 July 2009. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
^ Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 2463. ISBN 9781851096725.
^ Cornejo Escobar, Douglas A. "Biografia del Capitan P.A. Guillermo Reynaldo Cortez" [Biography of Captain P.A. Guillermo Reynaldo Cortez]. Fuezera Aerea El Salvador (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
^ Lyford, Chuck; Tillman, Barret (1 December 2012). "Corsairs vs. Mustangs: the last dogfight" (PDF). Flight Journal. pp. 16–24. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
^ Jones, Nate (25 June 2010). "Document Friday: The Football War". Unredacted. National Security Archive. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
^ "Central Intelligence Bulletin: 18 July 1969" (PDF). CIA.gov. 18 July 1969. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
^ Kissinger, Henry (18 July 1969). "647. Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon" (PDF). Office of the Historian. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
^ "649. Central Intelligence Agency Information Cable, TDCS 314/10866–69" (PDF). Office of the Historian. 23 July 1969. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
^ Moleon, Ary (22 July 1969). "Salvadorans Demand Payment for Damages". Nashua Telegraph. Associated Press. p. 5. Retrieved 25 July 2024 – via Google Newspapers.
^ Dutra Salgado, Pedro (22 February 2024). "The 100-hour war between El Salvador and Honduras is famous for starting with a football match – the truth is more complicated". University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
^ W. Gordon, Michael (1978). "The CACM Nations, Panama and Belize: Prospects and Barriers to Trade with the United States and the Caribbean Basin". Maryland Journal of International Law. 4 (1). University of Maryland, Baltimore: 20–36 – via DigitalCommons@UM Carey Law.
^ "1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico ™ – Groups". FIFA. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
^ "Tratado general de paz entre las republicas de El Salvador y de Honduras" [General peace treaty between the republics of El Salvador and Honduras] (PDF). Diario Oficial (in Spanish). 13 November 1980. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2015 – via lcweb5.loc.gov.
^ ^a ^b Kawas, Jorge (18 March 2013). "El Salvador: Sovereignty issues over Gulf of Fonseca". Pulsa Merica. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2014.

External links

Salvador-Honduras War, 1969
Soccer War 1969
El Salvador vs Honduras, 1969: The 100-Hour War
Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening), International Court of Justice case registry
Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras), International Court of Justice case registry

[CIA-1] "Central Intelligence Bulletin: 22 July 1969" (PDF). CIA.gov. 22 July 1969. Retrieved 11 August 2024.

[troop#-2] Brzoska, Michael; Pearson, Frederic S. (1994). Arms and Warfare: Escalation, De-escalation, and Negotiation. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. pp. 61–70. ISBN 978-0-87249-982-9 – via Google Books.

[casualty-3] Clodfelter, Michael (2008). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1494-2007 (3rd ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 682. ISBN 9780786433193 – via Internet Archive.

[TIME-4] "Central America: A Population Explosion". TIME. 25 July 1969. Retrieved 1 December 2024.

[banana-5] Acker, Alison (1988). Honduras: The Making of a Banana Republic. Toronto: Between the Lines. pp. 92–93. ISBN 9780919946880. Retrieved 1 June 2024 – via Internet Archive.

[:12-6] "El Salvador - The 1969 War with Honduras". Library of Congress Country Studies. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2024.

[:0-7] Luckhurst, Toby (27 June 2019). "Honduras v El Salvador: The football match that kicked off a war". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2021.

[Anderson-1981-8] Anderson, Thomas P. (1981). The War of the Dispossessed: Honduras and El Salvador, 1969 (illustrated ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803210097. Retrieved 1 June 2024.

[9] "El Congreso National decreta la siguiente..." [The National Congress decrees the following...] (PDF). La Gaceta (in Spanish). 5 December 1962. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2015 – via lcweb5.loc.gov.

[:7-10] Hawranek, Maria; Opryszek, Szymon (15 June 2024). "Co się stało z Amelią B.? Czy bohaterka "Wojny futbolowej" Kapuścińskiego istniała?" [What happened to Amelia B.? Did the heroine of Kapuściński's "Football War" exist?]. Onet Podróże (in Polish). Retrieved 6 July 2024.

[Football_War_matches-11] Veytskin, Yuriy; Lockerby, Claire; McMullen, Steven (2009–2013). Schorr, Matthew; Barrett, Lindsey; Leachman, Colby (eds.). "The Soccer War". Soccer Politics. Duke University. Retrieved 31 January 2022.

[:1-12] Desplat, Juliette (20 July 2018). "World Cup fever at its worst: the 1969 Football War". The National Archives. Retrieved 1 June 2024.

[13] Goldstein, Erik (1992). Wars and Peace Treaties, 1816–1991. Routledge. pp. 195–196. ISBN 978-0-203-97682-1. Retrieved 4 July 2010.

[:8-14] Mallin, Jay. "Military Affairs Abroad: Salvador-Honduras War, 1969". Air University Review. 21 (3): 89. Archived from the original on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 6 July 2024 – via Air University.

[:2-15] Kissinger, Henry (15 July 1969). "644. Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon" (PDF). Office of the Historian. Retrieved 1 June 2024.

[16] "Troops Still Alerted; Soccer 'War' Won By El Salvador, 3-2". The Pittsburgh Press. United Press International. 28 June 1969. p. 1 – via Google Newspapers.

[17] Serventi Merlo, Manuele (4 September 2017). "La guerra aerea e "del calcio" del 1969" [The air and "football" war of 1969]. Difesa Online (in Italian). Retrieved 16 July 2024.

[:11-18] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Cooper, Tom; Coelich, March (1 September 2003). "El Salvador vs Honduras, 1969: The 100-Hour War". Air Combat Information Group. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2024.

[19] "Latin soccer dispute leads to armed crash". The Bulletin. United Press International. 4 July 1969. p. 1. Retrieved 25 July 2024 – via Google Newspapers.

[20] "OAS Steps In To Cool Fued". The Deseret News. United Press International. 5 July 1969. p. 2. Retrieved 25 July 2024 – via Google Newspapers.

[21] "Mediation Plan Endorsed by OAS". Nashua Telegraph. Associated Press. 5 July 1969. p. 7. Retrieved 25 July 2024 – via Google Newspapers.

[22] "Salvador Traps 'Invadors'". The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. 6 July 1969. p. 3. Retrieved 25 July 2024 – via Google Newspapers.

[23] "San Salvador Denies Loss Of 4 Soldiers". The Youngstown Vindicator. Associated Press. 13 July 1969. p. D-13. Retrieved 25 July 2024 – via Google Newspapers.

[24] "Honduras Border Clash Continues". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. 14 July 1969. p. 1. Retrieved 25 July 2024 – via Google Newspapers.

[25] "Honduras, El Salvador exchange fire across border". The Bulletin. United Press International. 14 July 1969. p. 5. Retrieved 25 July 2024 – via Google Newspapers.

[:4-26] Lerner, Preston (1 September 2015). "The Last Piston-Engine Dogfights". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 8 February 2019.

[27] McKnight, Michael (3 June 2019). "The truth about 'The Soccer War'". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 16 July 2024.

[:3-28] Cable, Vincent (1969). "The 'Football War' and the Central American Common Market" (PDF). International Affairs. 45 (4). Wiley: 658–671. doi:10.2307/2613335. JSTOR 2613335 – via Stanford University.

[:5-29] Rouquié, Alain; Vale, Michel (1973). "HONDURAS – EL SALVADOR, THE WAR OF ONE HUNDRED HOURS: A CASE OF REGIONAL 'DISINTEGRATION'" (PDF). International Journal of Politics. 3 (3). Taylor & Francis: 17–51. JSTOR 27868774 – via The School of Cooperative Individualism.

[:6-30] Hills, Andrew (27 February 2020). "Light Tank M3A1 Stuart in El Salvadoran Service". The Online Tank Museum. Retrieved 1 June 2024.

[baja-31] "100 Horas de Combate" [100 Hours of Combat]. La Prensa Gráfica (in Spanish). 13 July 2009. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2024.

[32] Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 2463. ISBN 9781851096725.

[33] Cornejo Escobar, Douglas A. "Biografia del Capitan P.A. Guillermo Reynaldo Cortez" [Biography of Captain P.A. Guillermo Reynaldo Cortez]. Fuezera Aerea El Salvador (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2012.

[:10-34] Lyford, Chuck; Tillman, Barret (1 December 2012). "Corsairs vs. Mustangs: the last dogfight" (PDF). Flight Journal. pp. 16–24. Retrieved 16 July 2024.

[:9-35] Jones, Nate (25 June 2010). "Document Friday: The Football War". Unredacted. National Security Archive. Retrieved 1 June 2024.

[36] "Central Intelligence Bulletin: 18 July 1969" (PDF). CIA.gov. 18 July 1969. Retrieved 2 June 2024.

[37] Kissinger, Henry (18 July 1969). "647. Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon" (PDF). Office of the Historian. Retrieved 2 June 2024.

[38] "649. Central Intelligence Agency Information Cable, TDCS 314/10866–69" (PDF). Office of the Historian. 23 July 1969. Retrieved 2 June 2024.

[39] Moleon, Ary (22 July 1969). "Salvadorans Demand Payment for Damages". Nashua Telegraph. Associated Press. p. 5. Retrieved 25 July 2024 – via Google Newspapers.

[40] Dutra Salgado, Pedro (22 February 2024). "The 100-hour war between El Salvador and Honduras is famous for starting with a football match – the truth is more complicated". University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 1 June 2024.

[41] W. Gordon, Michael (1978). "The CACM Nations, Panama and Belize: Prospects and Barriers to Trade with the United States and the Caribbean Basin". Maryland Journal of International Law. 4 (1). University of Maryland, Baltimore: 20–36 – via DigitalCommons@UM Carey Law.

[42] "1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico ™ – Groups". FIFA. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2019.

[43] "Tratado general de paz entre las republicas de El Salvador y de Honduras" [General peace treaty between the republics of El Salvador and Honduras] (PDF). Diario Oficial (in Spanish). 13 November 1980. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2015 – via lcweb5.loc.gov.

[Kawas-44] Kawas, Jorge (18 March 2013). "El Salvador: Sovereignty issues over Gulf of Fonseca". Pulsa Merica. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2014.

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v t e El Salvador national football team
General	Federation History Managers
Statistics	FIFA World Cup CONCACAF Gold Cup Others Copa Centroamericana Central American and Caribbean Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Central American Games Results
Stadiums	Estadio Jorge "Mágico" González Estadio Cuscatlán Estadio Nacional
Players	Squad Statistics
Honours	Honours
Notable matches	Hungary 10–1 El Salvador (1982)
Culture	Kit Rivalries Costa Rica Honduras (Football War) Mexico Panama
El Salvador teams	Men's team U-23 U-20 U-17 Women's team WU-20 WU-17 Futsal Beach soccer

v t e Honduras national football team
General	Federation History Players Managers
Venues	Estadio Tiburcio Carías Andino (1948–1996) Estadio Francisco Morazán (1996–1997) Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano (1997–present)
Statistics	FIFA World Cup record CONCACAF Gold Cup record Copa América record Results Head to head
Categories	Men teams Senior U-23 U-20 U-17 U-15 Futsal Women teams Women U-23 U-20 U-17 U-15
Rivalries	Costa Rica El Salvador (Football War) Mexico Panama
FIFA World Cup	1982 2010 2014
CONCACAF Gold Cup	1963 1967 1971 1973 1981 1985 1991 1993 1996 1998 2000 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2023
Copa América	2001
Honduras portal

v t e 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification
« 1966 1974 »
AFC/OFC	Qualification
CAF	Qualification
CONCACAF	Qualification Football War
CONMEBOL	Qualification
UEFA	Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8

v t e Wars of the 20th century
1900s	Thousand Days' War Second Boer War War of the Golden Stool Shoubak revolt of 1900 Russian invasion of Manchuria Sharjah conquest of Ras Al Khaimah Somaliland campaign Kuwaiti–Rashidi war Revolución Libertadora [es] Anglo-Aro War Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery 1901 Mapondera Rebellion Holy Man's Rebellion Kuanhama Rebellion of 1902-1904 Bailundo revolt Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903 Battle of Jo-Laban Theriso revolt May Coup (Serbia) Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising British expedition to Tibet British conquest of the Sokoto Caliphate Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907) South West African Revolt of 1904-1906 Portuguese campaign against the Ovambo Vaccine Revolt Revolution of 1904 1904 Sasun uprising Herero Wars Russo-Japanese War Yemeni Rebellion of 1904 Macedonian Struggle Argentine Revolution of 1905 Shoubak Revolt of 1905 Łódź insurrection Batang uprising 1905 Russian Revolution Maji Maji Rebellion Yemeni Expedition of 1905 Sokoto Uprising of 1906 1906 Mesopotamia uprising Dutch intervention in Bali (1906) Bambatha Rebellion Dembos War of 1907-1910 Anti-Foreign Revolt Mutair revolt 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt Honduran-Nicaraguan War Beipu uprising Buraida rebellion Dersim insurgencies Battle of Marrakesh Mau uprising [de] Young Turk Revolution Dutch intervention in Bali (1908) Dutch–Venezuelan crisis of 1908 Estrada's rebellion Kolašin Affair (1909) Zaraniq rebellion (1909–1910) Crazy Snake Rebellion Second Melillan campaign Hauran Druze Rebellion Wadai War
1910s	Battle of Hadia [ar] Karak revolt Albanian revolt of 1910 5 October 1910 revolution Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) Sokehs rebellion Mexican Revolution Mexican Border War (1910–1919) Bandit War Magonista rebellion of 1911 Paraguayan Civil War (1911–1912) Russian occupation of Tabriz Albanian revolt of 1911 Second Guangzhou Uprising Dominican Civil War (1911–1912) French conquest of Morocco Italo-Turkish War East Timorese Rebellion 1911 Revolution War of the Generals Sirte revolt Khost rebellion (1912) First Balkan War Albanian revolt of 1912 Contestado War United States occupation of Nicaragua Royalist attack on Chaves Negro Rebellion Urtatagai conflict (1913) Atmene uprising [ru] Conquest of al-Hasa Second Balkan War Tikveš uprising Ohrid–Debar uprising Second Revolution (Republic of China) Bai Lang Rebellion Operations in the Tochi Revolt of Juazeiro [pt] Zaian War Dominican Civil War (1914) Peasant Revolt in Albania Truku War World War I United States occupation of Veracruz Bluff War Ovambo insurrection in Portuguese Angola [fr] Maritz rebellion Tapani incident Battle of Kinzaan Battle of Jarrab Chilembwe uprising Bussa rebellion 1915 Singapore Mutiny Volta-Bani War National Protection War Senussi campaign United States occupation of Haiti Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915 Mohmand blockade Cuban Civil War Kaocen revolt 1916 Cochinchina uprising Battle of Segale Noemvriana Central Asian revolt of 1916 Easter Rising United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924) Arab Revolt Basmachi movement February Revolution July Days Manchu Restoration Thái Nguyên uprising Polubotkivtsi uprising Toplica Uprising Kornilov affair Green Corn Rebellion October Revolution Kerensky–Krasnov uprising Russian Civil War Constitutional Protection Movement Ukrainian War of Independence Golok conflicts (1917–1949) Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes Adubi War Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922) Judenburg mutiny Cattaro mutiny Aster Revolution Radomir Rebellion Left SR uprising Finnish Civil War Armeno-Georgian War Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts Viena expedition First Pechenga expedition Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia German Revolution of 1918–1919 Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919) Hungarian–Czechoslovak War Polish–Ukrainian War Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) Sochi conflict Armenian–Azerbaijani War Estonian War of Independence Latvian War of Independence Lithuanian–Soviet War Al-Khurma dispute Vue Pa Chay's revolt Revolt of the Ingrian Finns Franco-Turkish War Punjab Rebellion Black Sea mutiny 1919 Royalist uprising in Northern Portugal Christmas Uprising Spartacist uprising Lithuanian War of Independence (War against the Bermontians) Sejny Uprising First Barzanji Revolt Polish–Czechoslovak War Khotyn Uprising Hungarian–Romanian War Turkish War of Independence Third Anglo-Afghan War Waziristan campaign (1919–1920) Italian Regency of Carnaro Italo-Yugoslav War First Honduran Civil War Polish–Soviet War First Silesian Uprising Aunus expedition Alawite revolt of 1919 Irish War of Independence Kuwait–Najd War Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence
1920s	Zhili–Anhui War Franco-Turkish War Red Army invasion of Georgia East Karelian uprising First Zhili–Fengtian War Second Zhili–Fengtian War Rif War Irish Civil War Paraguayan Civil War (1922) Cristero War Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)
1930s	Sino-Tibetan War Japanese invasion of Manchuria Chaco War Colombia–Peru War Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) Austrian Civil War Second Italo-Ethiopian War Spanish Civil War Second Sino-Japanese War Battle of Lake Khasan Polish–Czechoslovak War Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine Slovak–Hungarian War Battles of Khalkhin Gol World War II Soviet invasion of Poland Winter War Italian invasion of Albania
1940s	Greco-Italian War Franco-Thai War German–Soviet War Continuation War Anglo-Iraqi War Lapland War Soviet–Japanese War Ecuadorian–Peruvian War Indonesian National Revolution First Indochina War Greek Civil War Paraguayan Civil War (1947) Chinese Civil War Costa Rican Civil War Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 La Violencia 1947–1949 Palestine war Malayan Emergency
1950s	Korean War Algerian War First Sudanese Civil War Laotian Civil War Suez Crisis Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Ifni War Vietnam War 1958 Lebanon crisis
1960s	Guatemalan Civil War Congo Crisis Bay of Pigs Invasion Bizerte crisis Annexation of Goa Angolan War of Independence Eritrean War of Independence Sino-Indian War Dhofar Rebellion Guinea-Bissau War of Independence Sand War Colombian conflict Mozambican War of Independence Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Dominican Civil War South African Border War Rhodesian Bush War 1967 Opium War Chadian Civil War (1965–1979) Six-Day War Nigerian Civil War Cambodian Civil War Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Football War Sino-Soviet border conflict Tielieketi
1970s	Black September Bangladesh Liberation War Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Yom Kippur War Western Sahara War Turkish invasion of Cyprus Ethiopian Civil War Cod Wars Cambodian–Vietnamese War Lebanese Civil War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Indonesian occupation of East Timor Egyptian–Libyan War Ogaden War 1978 South Lebanon conflict Opération Lamantin Uganda–Tanzania War Chadian–Libyan conflict Sino-Vietnamese War Soviet–Afghan War Salvadoran Civil War
1980s	Iran–Iraq War Paquisha War Falklands War 1982 Lebanon War United States invasion of Grenada Second Sudanese Civil War Sri Lankan Civil War Operation Blue Star Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present) Agacher Strip War Somali Civil War United States invasion of Panama First Liberian Civil War Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)
1990s	1991–1992 South Ossetia War Rwandan Civil War Georgian Civil War Djiboutian Civil War Invasion of Kuwait Gulf War Yugoslav Wars Slovenian Independence War Croatian War of Independence Bosnian War First Nagorno-Karabakh War Algerian Civil War Sierra Leone Civil War Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) Transnistria War Abkhaz–Georgian conflict War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) War in Abkhazia (1998) Tajikistani Civil War Burundian Civil War Yemeni Civil War (1994) First Chechen War Iraqi Kurdish Civil War Cenepa War First Congo War Nepalese Civil War Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999) Kosovo War NATO bombing of Yugoslavia Guinea-Bissau Civil War Second Congo War Eritrean–Ethiopian War War of Dagestan Kargil War Second Chechen War Second Liberian Civil War
Lists of wars of the 20th century 1900–1944 1945–1989 1990–2002