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{{Distinguish|text=the [[Ortega family]]}}{{other uses|Ortega (disambiguation)}}
{{copyedit|date=April 2008 }}
{{Infobox name
{{redirect|Ortega}}
| name = Ortega
{{Family name
| name = Ortega
| image = Ortega Shield.png
| caption = Ortega [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|shield]] (quartered)
| image = Ortega_Shield.png
| romanisation =
| caption = <small>'''Ortega''' [[shield]]
| pronunciation = {{IPAc-en|uk|ɔːr|ˈ|t|eɪ|ɡ|ə}}<br/>{{IPAc-en|us|ɔːr|ˈ|t|iː|ɡ|ə}}<br/>{{IPA|es|oɾˈteɣa|lang}}
| meaning = "Lucky Person"
| gender =
| region = [[Spain]], within the [[Autonomous Communities]] of: [[Aragon]], [[Asturias]], [[Basque Country (historical territory)|Basque Country]], [[Cantabria]], [[Castile]], [[Galicia]], [[Navarre]], [[La Rioja]], and [[León]].
| masculine =
| language = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-[[Italian language|Italian]]
| feminine =
| related names = Ortega, de Ortega, Ortegada, Ortegal, Hortega, Ortiga, Ortigueda, Ortigueira, Ortigosa, and Orreaga
| meaning = 'nettle', from a toponym
| search = Ortega
| motto =
| region = [[Spain]]; from the [[Autonomous Communities]] of: [[Castile and León]], [[Aragon]], [[Navarre]], [[La Rioja (Spain)|La Rioja]], [[Cantabria]], [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]]
| language = Spanish
| languageorigin = {{llink|la}}
| origin = ''ū̆rtīca''
| alternative spelling =
| nickname =
| shortform =
| petname =
| variant forms = Ortego, de Ortega, Ortegón, Ortegada, Ortegal, Hortega, Ortiga, Ortigueda, Ortigueira, Ortigosa, Orreaga
| related names =
| cognate =
| anglicisation =
| name day =
| derived =
| derivative =
| derivation =
| seealso =
| popularity =
| footnotes = <ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''Ortega''' is a [[Spanish surname]]. A baptismal record in 1570 records a ''de Ortega'' "from the village of Ortega". There were several villages of this name in Spain. The toponym derives from Latin ''[[urtica]]'', meaning 'nettle'.
'''Ortega''' is a [[Spanish Language|Spanish]] [[surname]].

Ortega has been said to have come from the root [[Latin]] word ''Ortun'', meaning Lucky Person.
Some of the Ortega spelling variants are Ortega, Ortego, de Ortega, Ortegada, Ortegal, Hortega, Ortiga, Ortigueda, Ortigueira, Ortigosa, Orreaga, etc. A cognate surname in Italian is ''Ortica'' or ''Ortichi'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Caffarelli|first1=Enzo|last2=Marcato|first2=Carla|title=I cognomi d'Italia: dizionario storico ed etimologico|language=it|volume=2|series=Tutta l'Italia per nome e cognome|location=Turin|publisher=UTET|year=2008|isbn=978-88-02-08062-8|page=1237}}</ref> in [[Romanian language|Romanian]] ''[[Marius Urzică|Urzică]]'', in French ''Ortie'', all from Latin ''urtica''.
Another meaning of the name '''Ortega''' has come from the word [[Urtica]], a Nettle plant with venomous needles. It is also known that the name '''Ortega''' means "those born under the sign of the [[Grouse]]," a species of [[Galliform]]. Some of the Ortega spelling variants are: Ortega, de Ortega, Ortegada, Ortegal, Hortega, Ortiga, Ortigueda, Ortigueira, Ortigosa, Orreaga, etc.


==Origin==
==Origin==
Roberto Faure, coauthor of the ''Diccionario de Apellidos Españoles'', states that Ortega is derived from the noun ''ortega'', a variant of the modern [[Castilian Spanish]] ''[[:es:ortiga|ortiga]]'' "[[Urtica|nettle]]". The name of the plant is found as a toponym in various places in Spain, such as Ortega ([[Burgos]]), Ortega ([[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]]) or Ortega ([[Monfero]], [[Province of A Coruña|A Coruña]]). Mexican author [[Gutierre Tibón]] advanced the alternative theory that the name derives from ''Ortún'', earlier ''Fortún'', from the Latin name ''Fortunius'' with an added suffix "''-eca''".<ref>Origen, Vida y Milagros de su Apellido (1946) Diccionario Etimologico Comparado De Nombres Propios De Personas (1986)</ref> The ''Dictionary of American Surnames'' additionally states that the name may derive from ''ortega'': "black grouse."
The [[surname]] [[Ortega]] comes from [[King]] [[Don (honorific)]] [[Ramiro II of León]] and [[Countess]] ''Doña Ortigueda'' of ''Santa Marta de'' [[Ortigueira]] and [[Monterroso]]; who gave their daughter [[Princess]] ''Doña Ortega Ramirez'' to [[Duke]] [[Don (honorific)]] ''Gustivo González'', son of [[Duke]] [[Don (honorific)]] ''Nuño "Belchides" Ordoñez'' of [[León]], son of [[King]] [[Don (honorific)]] [[Ordoño I of Asturias]]. This lineage extended by diverse regions of [[Spain]], mainly by both [[Castile]], [[Aragon]] and [[Navarre]], later to [[Americas|America]] in the 16th Century. The bloodline of the Ortegas is known to be ''sangre azul'', and has been connected to the [[Spanish Crown]] for generations. The tribes or civilizations found tied to the Ortegas are the [[Aquitani]], [[Banu Qasi]], [[Cantabri]], [[Lombards]], [[Ostrogoths]], [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], [[Vascones]], and the [[Visigoths]]. The [[Ortega]] [[surname]] has also been tied to the [[gens]] [[Valerius]], said to be because of the Ortegas' [[Spanish people|Spanish]]-[[Italian people|Italian]] background. The bloodline would take the [[matronymic]] surname, which in old [[Spain]] was not uncommon. [[Count]] [[Don (honorific)]] ''Nuño Gustioz'' [[Ortega]] is the ancestor of the [[Ortega]] line, one of two sons by [[Princess]] ''Doña Ortega Ramirez'' and [[Duke]] [[Don (honorific)]] ''Gustivo González''. The second son is [[Count]] [[Don (honorific)]] ''Gonzálo Gustioz Ortega'' of [[Lara]], from the story '''The Seven Infants of Lara'''.

The first Bishop of [[Almería]], Juan de Ortega, died in the early 16th century, while another early occurrence is found in the baptismal record of ''Phelpa de Ortega'', dated 2 March 1570 at Santa Maria Magdalena, [[Valladolid]], Spain, during the reign of King [[Philip II of Spain]]. Other early records are found in [[Carrión de los Condes]], [[Palencia]]. The name subsequently appears throughout Spain, especially in [[Castile (historical region)|Castile]], [[Andalusia]] and [[Murcia]], as well as Mexico and Latin America.

According to the ''Diccionario de Heráldica Aragonesa'' by Bizén d'O Río Martínez, there were two [[Aragon]]ese lines using the surname, one of which was [[infanzon]]. Both lines originated in [[Cinco Villas, Aragon|Cinco Villas]] and bore coats of arms that were variants of each other. One line is in [[Gallur]] in the 18th century, and in [[Tauste]] in the 19th century. The other is attested from 1626 in various locations in [[Aragon|Aragón]].

==Coats of arms==
There were three arms-bearing families called Ortega. Their coat of arms were as follows:
*In a field of blue, six bands of gold and a red border of gules with 10 saltire crosses of gold.
*[[Per fess|Divided horizontally]], a [[Or (heraldry)|gold]] [[fleur de lis]] on a [[Azure (heraldry)|blue]] background on the left side, and a [[Sable (heraldry)|black]] wheel on a gold background on the right. The entire shield has a [[argent|silver]] border decorated with black [[Ermine (heraldry)|ermine]] marks. These Ortegas were found primarily in Aragón at Gallur, Tauste, and originating in the Cinco Villas.
*[[Quartering (heraldry)|Divided in quarters]], with the gold fleur de lis on blue in the upper left and lower right, and the black wheel on gold in upper right and lower left. This shield also has the silver ermine border. The full coat of arms includes a [[Helmet (heraldry)|helmet]] with three [[ostrich]] feathers and an armored arm holding a sword, above a [[Heraldic crown|crown]] of the Count. These Ortegas came from the Carrión de los Condes in the province of Palencia, moving to Castresana de Losa in the province of Burgos, all in the autonomous community of [[Castile-Leon]], later branching to other autonomous communities in Spain. This coat of arms can be found among the Ortegas in the New World, a line bearing titles of [[Count|Condes]] de [[Ortigueira]] y [[Monterroso]], [[San Ángel|Valle de Oploca]] y [[San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí|Santa María de Guadalupe del Peñasco]].

==Notable people named Ortega==
===Politicians===
*[[Carlos Ortega (unionist)|Carlos Ortega]] (born c. 1945), Venezuelan union and political leader
*[[Cynthia Ortega]] (b. 1956), Dutch politician
*[[Daniel Ortega]] (born 1945), past and present President of Nicaragua
*[[Humberto Ortega]] (born 1947), Nicaraguan military leader
*[[Ivonne Ortega]] (born 1972), governor of Yucatán
*[[Jesús Ortega (politician)|Jesús Ortega]] (born 1952), Mexican left-wing politician
*[[José Francisco Ortega]] (1734–1798), soldier and early settler of California
*[[Juan Ortega y Montañés]] (1627–1708), Spanish bishop and colonial administrator
*[[Katherine D. Ortega]] (born 1934), 38th treasurer of the United States
*[[Luisa Ortega Diaz]] (born c. 1958), Venezuelan lawyer

===Artists and entertainers===
*[[Anthony Ortega (musician)]] (1928–2022), American jazz musician
*[[Aniceto Ortega]] (1825–1875), Mexican physician, composer and pianist
*[[Armando Ortega]], Mexican composer, conductor, singer, painter
*[[Ashley Ortega]] (born 1998), Filipina actress and professional figure skater
*[[Cris Ortega]] (born 1980), Spanish artist and writer
*[[Emanuel Ortega]], Argentine singer
*[[Fernando Ortega]] (born 1957), American singer-songwriter
*[[Frank Ortega]] (1927–1994), American pianist, composer, arranger
*[[Gilberto Hernández Ortega]] (1924–1978), Dominican painter
*[[Jeannie Ortega]] (born 1986), American actress, dancer and songwriter
*[[Jenna Ortega]] (born 2002), American actress
*[[José Gómez Ortega]] (1895–1920), Spanish bullfighter
*[[José Ortega Cano]] (born 1953), Spanish bullfighter
*[[Kenny Ortega]] (born 1950), American producer, director and choreographer
*[[Lindi Ortega]] (born 1980), Canadian singer-songwriter
*[[Leanor Ortega]], former member of the group Five Iron Frenzy
*[[Manuel Ortega (painter)]] (1921–2014), Spanish painter
*[[Manuel Ortega (singer)]] (born 1980), Austrian-Spanish singer
*[[Micah Ortega]] (born 1976), former guitarist of the group Five Iron Frenzy
*[[Palito Ortega]] (born 1941), Argentinian singer
*[[Santos Ortega]] (1899–1976), American actor
*[[Sergio Ortega (composer)]] (1938–2003), Chilean composer and pianist
*[[Ysabel Ortega]] (born 1999), Filipina actress, dancer, and commercial model

===Sportsmen and sportswomen===
*[[Anita Ortega]], UCLA basketball player
*[[Anthony Ortega (baseball)]], Venezuelan baseball pitcher
*[[Antonio Carlos Ortega]], Spanish Olympic handball player
*[[Ariel Ortega]] (born 1974), Argentinian soccer player
*[[Brian Ortega]] (born 1991), Mexican-American UFC Fighter
*[[Buck Ortega]] (born 1981), American football player
*[[Francisco Ortega (footballer, born 1996)|Francisco Ortega]] (born 1996), Argentinian soccer player
*[[Francisco Ortega (footballer, born 1999)|Francisco Ortega]] (born 1999), Argentinian soccer player
*[[Joaquín Rodríguez Ortega]] (1903–1984), known as "Cagancho", Spanish bullfighter
*[[José Ortega (baseball)]] (born 1988), Venezuelan baseball pitcher
*[[José Ortega (boxer)]] (born 1963), Spanish boxer
*[[José Ortega Cano]] (born 1953), Spanish bullfighter
*[[Manuel Ortega Ocaña]] (born 1981), Spanish cyclist
*[[Mauricio Ortega (discus thrower)]] (born 1994), Colombian discus thrower
*[[Mauricio Ortega (cyclist)]] (born 1980), Colombian road cyclist
*[[Oliver Ortega]] (born 1996), Dominican Republic professional baseball player
*[[Orlando Ortega]] (born 1991), Cuban-born Spanish track and field athlete
*[[Rafael Ortega (baseball)]], Venezuelan baseball player
*[[Roberto Ortega Olmedo]] (born 1991), Spanish tennis player
*[[Stefan Ortega]] (born 1992), German footballer
*[[Víctor Ortega]] (born 1988), diver from Colombia
*[[Austin Ortega]] (born 1994), American former NHL now DEL ice hockey player

===Other people===
*[[Aurelio Ortega y Placeres]] "El Grande" (1863–1926), Mexican educator, founder of school, principal, and publisher
*[[Aurelio Ortega Castañeda]] (1900-1958), Mexican Publisher & Editor, Author, Educator, Co-founder of Asociación Deportiva Orizabeña
*[[Amancio Ortega Gaona]] (born 1936), Spanish fashion entrepreneur
*[[Antonio Ortega (colonel)]], Spanish Republican military leader and football club president
*[[Casimiro Gómez Ortega]] (1741–1818), Spanish physician and botanist
*[[Gregoria Ortega]], American activist nun
*[[Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino]] (1936–2019), Archbishop of Havana
*[[José Francisco Ortega]] (1734–1798), Spanish soldier and explorer with the 1769 Portola expedition
*[[José Ortega y Gasset]] (1883–1955), Spanish philosopher
*[[José Ortega Spottorno]] (1916–2002), Spanish journalist and publisher
*[[José Ortega Torres]] (born 1943), Spanish poet
*[[Joshua Ortega]] (born 1974), American author and journalist
*[[Liliana Ortega]] (born 1965), Venezuelan professor, and human rights lawyer and advocate
*[[Lourdes Ortega]] (born 1968), Spanish-born American linguist
*[[Luis Ortega Álvarez]] (1953–2015), Spanish judge
*[[Rogelio Ortega (chess player)]] (1915–1980), Cuban chess player
*[[Tony Ortega]], American journalist and blogger
*Yoselyn Ortega, Dominican-born American nanny accused in the stabbing [[Deaths of Lucia and Leo Krim]] in 2012

== Fictional characters ==
*[[Combo Ortega#Combo Ortega|Christian "Combo" Ortega]], in the TV series ''Breaking Bad''
*[[Gael Ortega]], in the TV series ''24''
*[[Ismael Ortega (comics)|Ismael Ortega]], in the Marvel Comics series ''District X''
*Ortega, father of the hero in ''[[Dragon Quest III]]''
*[[Ortega (Castlevania)]], from the Nintendo 64 video game ''Castlevania''
*Victor Ortega, from the Sega/Super NES video game ''[[Saturday Night Slam Masters]]''
*Ortega, in ''[[The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies]]'' who would later become a recurring guest character in ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]''
*Ortega Peru, a character from the 1997 film [[Mr. Magoo (film)|''Mr. Magoo'']]
*Captain Ortega, in the TV series ''[[The Snorks]]''
*Serge Ortega, in the [[Well of Souls]] novel series by Jack L. Chalker
*Susan Ortega, anchorwoman in the movies ''[[Bruce Almighty]]'' and ''[[Evan Almighty]]''
*The Ortegas, Neverborn hunters led by Perdita Ortega in the tabletop game [[Malifaux]]
*[[Paz Ortega Andrade]], a character from ''Metal Gear Solid'' by Hideo Kojima

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
*Gutierre Tibón: "Origen, Vida y Milagros de su Apellido (1946)," "Diccionario Etimologico Comparado De Nombres Propios De Personas (1986)"
*Casa Editora de Genalogia Ibero Americana, A. B. (S. A.)
*Roberto Faure: Diccionario de Apellidos Españoles
*Bizén d'O Río Martínez: Diccionario de Heráldica Aragonesa
*Bernard L. Fontana: "Entrada: The Legacy of Spain and Mexico in the United States"
*Rick McCallister and Silvia McCallister-Castillo: Found under Etruscan in "Compilation and translations from French, Italian and Latin (1999)"


==Coat of Arms==
==External links==
*[http://www.epasa.com/apellidos/ortega.html Ortega Surname]
Ortega's coat of arms consists of two gold [[fleur de lis]] in a blue background (not tied to the [[French Monarchy]]), two black wheels in gold background, and 8 black [[ermine]] marks in a white background (not tied to [[Brittany]]). The timber of the shield is marked by a ''Knightly'' [[helm]] with three [[ostrich]] feathers and a [[armored]] [[arm]] holding a [[sword]], above a [[Crown]] of the [[Count]] (not pictured). The same [[Coat of Arms]] can be found by the '''Ortega's''' who moved to [[México]], whose [[Coat of Arms]] has been added to numerous other families. These '''Ortega's''' are known as the [[Counts]] of ''Santa Marta of'' [[Ortigueira]] and [[Monterroso]], ''The Valley of Oploca'' and ''El Peñasco''. The earliest record of these '''Ortega's''' can be found in the [[Geneology]] of [[México]]; most notably is the son of the [[Count]] of ''Santa Marta of'' [[Ortigueira]] and [[Monterroso]], [[Don (honorific)]] ''Jose Ortega'' and his wife ''Doña Maria Gertrudis Martinez and Navarro'', [[Count]] [[Don (honorific)]] ''Francisco Ortega and Martinez''.
*[http://www.misapellidos.com/ver_datos.phtml?cod=14619&apellido=Ortega Histories]
*[http://www.redaragon.com/sociedad/heraldica/default.asp?Heraldica_ID=97&accion=pagina redaragon.com]
*[http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/librev/rev/hisder/cont/10/cnt/cnt27.pdf Ortega History in México]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=n5Cx1ku7gPcC&dq=Ortega+Conde+del+Valle+De+Oploca&pg=RA1-PA26 Paseo genealógico por la Argentina y Bolivia by Juan Isidro Quesada] ([[google books]])
*[https://www.loc.gov/rr/genealogy/bib_guid/hispanic/mexico.html Ortega y Pérez Gallardo, D. Ricardo]


{{surname|Ortega}}
The color gold stands for generosity and elevation of the mind. The color white stands for peace and serenity. The color blue stands for truth and loyalty. The color black stands for constancy. The [[fleur de lis]] stands for purity and a religious background. The wheel stands for fortune. The [[ermine]] spots are marks of dignity and honor. The sword stands for justice and military honor. The armored arm stands for a person with qualities in leadership. The knightly helm stands for protecting the innocent. The ostrich feathers stand for obedience and serenity. The Crown of the Count stands for those who are given a Countship.
[[Category:Spanish surnames]]


[[Category:Spanish-language surnames]]
[[de:Ortega]]
[[es:Ortega]]
[[fr:Ortega]]
[[ko:오르테가]]
[[ja:オルテガ]]
[[pt:Ortega]]

Latest revision as of 16:50, 5 November 2024

Not to be confused with the Ortega family.
For other uses, see Ortega (disambiguation).
Ortega
Ortega shield (quartered)
PronunciationUK: /ɔːrˈteɪɡə/
US: /ɔːrˈtiːɡə/
Spanish: [oɾˈteɣa]
Language(s)Spanish
Origin
Language(s)Latin
Word/nameū̆rtīca
Meaning'nettle', from a toponym
Region of originSpain; from the Autonomous Communities of: Castile and León, Aragon, Navarre, La Rioja, Cantabria, Basque Country
Other names
Variant form(s)Ortego, de Ortega, Ortegón, Ortegada, Ortegal, Hortega, Ortiga, Ortigueda, Ortigueira, Ortigosa, Orreaga
[1][2]

Ortega is a Spanish surname. A baptismal record in 1570 records a de Ortega "from the village of Ortega". There were several villages of this name in Spain. The toponym derives from Latin urtica, meaning 'nettle'.

Some of the Ortega spelling variants are Ortega, Ortego, de Ortega, Ortegada, Ortegal, Hortega, Ortiga, Ortigueda, Ortigueira, Ortigosa, Orreaga, etc. A cognate surname in Italian is Ortica or Ortichi,[3] in Romanian Urzică, in French Ortie, all from Latin urtica.

Origin

[edit]

Roberto Faure, coauthor of the Diccionario de Apellidos Españoles, states that Ortega is derived from the noun ortega, a variant of the modern Castilian Spanish ortiga "nettle". The name of the plant is found as a toponym in various places in Spain, such as Ortega (Burgos), Ortega (Jaén) or Ortega (Monfero, A Coruña). Mexican author Gutierre Tibón advanced the alternative theory that the name derives from Ortún, earlier Fortún, from the Latin name Fortunius with an added suffix "-eca".[4] The Dictionary of American Surnames additionally states that the name may derive from ortega: "black grouse."

The first Bishop of Almería, Juan de Ortega, died in the early 16th century, while another early occurrence is found in the baptismal record of Phelpa de Ortega, dated 2 March 1570 at Santa Maria Magdalena, Valladolid, Spain, during the reign of King Philip II of Spain. Other early records are found in Carrión de los Condes, Palencia. The name subsequently appears throughout Spain, especially in Castile, Andalusia and Murcia, as well as Mexico and Latin America.

According to the Diccionario de Heráldica Aragonesa by Bizén d'O Río Martínez, there were two Aragonese lines using the surname, one of which was infanzon. Both lines originated in Cinco Villas and bore coats of arms that were variants of each other. One line is in Gallur in the 18th century, and in Tauste in the 19th century. The other is attested from 1626 in various locations in Aragón.

Coats of arms

[edit]

There were three arms-bearing families called Ortega. Their coat of arms were as follows:

  • In a field of blue, six bands of gold and a red border of gules with 10 saltire crosses of gold.
  • Divided horizontally, a gold fleur de lis on a blue background on the left side, and a black wheel on a gold background on the right. The entire shield has a silver border decorated with black ermine marks. These Ortegas were found primarily in Aragón at Gallur, Tauste, and originating in the Cinco Villas.
  • Divided in quarters, with the gold fleur de lis on blue in the upper left and lower right, and the black wheel on gold in upper right and lower left. This shield also has the silver ermine border. The full coat of arms includes a helmet with three ostrich feathers and an armored arm holding a sword, above a crown of the Count. These Ortegas came from the Carrión de los Condes in the province of Palencia, moving to Castresana de Losa in the province of Burgos, all in the autonomous community of Castile-Leon, later branching to other autonomous communities in Spain. This coat of arms can be found among the Ortegas in the New World, a line bearing titles of Condes de Ortigueira y Monterroso, Valle de Oploca y Santa María de Guadalupe del Peñasco.

Notable people named Ortega

[edit]

Politicians

[edit]

Artists and entertainers

[edit]

Sportsmen and sportswomen

[edit]

Other people

[edit]

Fictional characters

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
  2. ^ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
  3. ^ Caffarelli, Enzo; Marcato, Carla (2008). I cognomi d'Italia: dizionario storico ed etimologico. Tutta l'Italia per nome e cognome (in Italian). Vol. 2. Turin: UTET. p. 1237. ISBN 978-88-02-08062-8.
  4. ^ Origen, Vida y Milagros de su Apellido (1946) Diccionario Etimologico Comparado De Nombres Propios De Personas (1986)
  • Gutierre Tibón: "Origen, Vida y Milagros de su Apellido (1946)," "Diccionario Etimologico Comparado De Nombres Propios De Personas (1986)"
  • Casa Editora de Genalogia Ibero Americana, A. B. (S. A.)
  • Roberto Faure: Diccionario de Apellidos Españoles
  • Bizén d'O Río Martínez: Diccionario de Heráldica Aragonesa
  • Bernard L. Fontana: "Entrada: The Legacy of Spain and Mexico in the United States"
  • Rick McCallister and Silvia McCallister-Castillo: Found under Etruscan in "Compilation and translations from French, Italian and Latin (1999)"
[edit]
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