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{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɣ⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA|ipa-number=141|ipa=611|ipa-image=Xsampa-G2.png|xsampa=G|kirshenbaum=Q|sound=voiced velar fricative.ogg}}
{{redirect|ɣ (IPA)|consonants followed by superscript ˠ|Velarization|the Greek letter gamma|Gamma}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ɣ
|ipa number=141
|decimal1=611
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0263.svg
|imagesize=150px
|x-sampa=G
|braille=46
|braille2=g
}}{{Infobox IPA
| above = Voiced velar tapped fricative
| ipa symbol = ɡ̞̆
| ipa symbol2 = ɣ̆
}}
The '''voiced velar fricative''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound that is used in various [[speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. It is not found in most varieties of [[Modern English]] but existed in [[Old English]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781405152723|url-access=registration|title=Introduction to Old English|last=Baker|first=Peter Stuar|year=2012|isbn=9781444354195|edition= 3rd|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781405152723/page/15 15]|oclc=778433078|quote=Between voiced sounds dotless ''g'' is pronounced [ɣ], a voiced velar spirant. This sound became [w] in Middle English, so English no longer has it.|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɣ}}, a Latinized variant of the [[Greek alphabet|Greek letter]] [[gamma]], {{angbr|γ}}, which has this sound in [[Modern Greek]]. It should not be confused with the graphically-similar {{angbr IPA|ɤ}}, the IPA symbol for a [[close-mid back unrounded vowel]], which some writings<ref>Such as {{Harvcoltxt|Booij|1999}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Nowikow|2012}}.</ref> use for the voiced velar fricative.


The '''voiced velar fricative''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in various [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{IPA|ɣ}} (a variant of the [[Greek alphabet|Greek letter]] [[gamma]], which is used for this sound in Modern [[Greek language|Greek]]; not to be confused with {{IPA|ɤ}}, the symbol for a [[close-mid back unrounded vowel]]), and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <tt>G</tt>. The symbol {{IPA|ɣ}} is also sometimes used to represent the [[velar approximant]], though that is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: {{IPA|ɣ̞}} or {{IPA|ɣ˕}}.
The symbol {{angbr IPA|ɣ}} is also sometimes used to represent the [[velar approximant]], which, however, is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: {{IPA|[ɣ̞]}} or {{IPA|[ɣ˕]}}. The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, {{IPA|[ɰ]}}.


There is also a '''voiced post-velar fricative''', also called '''pre-uvular''', in some languages. For the '''voiced pre-velar fricative''', also called '''post-palatal''', see [[voiced palatal fricative]].
==Features==


A '''voiced velar tapped fricative''' has been reported in [[Dagaare language|Dàgáárè]], which is a previously unattested sound in human language.

==Features==
[[File:Voiced velar fricative articulation.svg|thumb|159x159px]]
Features of the voiced velar fricative:
Features of the voiced velar fricative:


{{fricative}}
* Its [[manner of articulation]] is [[fricative consonant|fricative]], which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing [[turbulence]].
{{velar}}
* Its [[place of articulation]] is [[velar consonant|velar]] which means it is articulated with the back part of the [[tongue]] (the dorsum) against the [[soft palate]] (the velum).
{{voiced}}
* Its [[phonation]] type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
{{oral}}
* It is an [[oral consonant]], which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
{{central articulation}}
* It is a [[central consonant]], which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
{{pulmonic}}
* The [[airstream mechanism]] is [[pulmonic egressive]], which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the [[lung]]s and through the vocal tract, rather than from the [[glottis]] or the mouth.


==Occurrence==
==Occurrence==
Some of the consonants listed as post-velar may actually be [[Uvular trill#Voiced uvular raised non-sonorant trill|trill fricatives]].
{| class="wikitable"

! colspan="2" align="center"| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Alekano language|Alekano]]||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|'''''g'''amó'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ɣɑmɤʔ]}}||align="center"| 'cucumber'||
| colspan="2" | [[Abaza language|Abaza]] || {{lang|abq|[[Cyrillic script|б'''гъь'''ы]]}}/{{lang|abq-Latn|bğë}} ||{{IPA|[bɣʲə]}} || 'leaf' ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Angor language|Angor]]||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|''rani'''h'''<s>ı</s>]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ɾɑniɣə]}}||align="center"| 'brother'||
| colspan="2" | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|ady|[[Cyrillic script|чъы'''г'''ы]]}}/{{lang|ady-Latn|čëğë}} ||{{Audio-IPA|Ady-чъыгы.oga|[t͡ʂəɣə]}} || 'tree' ||
|-
|-
|[[Albanian language|Albanian]]
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Angas language|Angas]]||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|'''''γ'''ür'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ɣyr]}}||align="center"| 'to pick up'||
|Arbëresh
Moresian (Pelloponesian) dialects of Arvanitika
|gliata
|{{IPA|[ɣliɑtɑ]}}
|'tall'
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Alekano language|Alekano]] || {{lang|gah|'''g'''amó|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɣɑmɤʔ]}} || 'cucumber' ||
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]||align="center"| [[Arabic alphabet|غرفة]] ||align="center"|{{IPA|[ˈɣurfɐ]}}||align="center"| 'room'|| May be post-velar or [[uvular consonant|uvular]] depending on dialect. See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Asu language|Asu]] ||colspan="2" align="center"| {{IPA|[fiɣo]}}||align="center"| 'kidney'||
| colspan="2" | [[Aleut language|Aleut]] || {{lang|ale|a'''g'''iitalix}} || {{IPA|[aɣiːtalix]}} || 'with' ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]||align="center"| [[Azeri alphabet|''a'''ğ'''ac'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[aɣad​ʒ] }}||align="center"| 'tree'||
| colspan="2" | [[Angor language|Angor]] || {{lang|agg|rani'''h'''<s>ı</s>|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɾɑniɣə]}} || 'brother' ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Catalan language|Catalan]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wheeler|2005|p=10}}</ref>||align="center"| [[Catalan orthography|''bolí'''g'''raf boníssim'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[buˈliɣɾəv buˈnisim]}}||align="center"| 'excellent ballpoint'|| See [[Catalan phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Ngas language|Angas]] || {{lang|anc|'''γ'''ür}} || {{IPA|[ɣyr]}} || 'to pick up' ||
|-
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Standard]]{{sfnp|Watson|2002|pp=17 and 19-20}} || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|غريب]]|rtl=yes}}/{{lang|ar-Latn|ğarīb}} ||{{Audio-IPA|نطق كلمة (غريب).wav|[ɣæˈriːb]}} || 'stranger' || May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.{{sfnp|Watson|2002|pp=17, 19-20, 35-36 and 38}} See [[Arabic phonology]]
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Chechen language|Chechen]]||align="center"| [[Cyrillic alphabet|{{unicode|'''гӀ'''ала}}]]/[[Latin alphabet|'''''ġ'''ala'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ɣa:la]}}||align="center"| 'town'||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Dinka language|Dinka]]||align="center"| [[Dinka alphabet|{{Unicode|'''''ɣ'''o''}}]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ɣo]}}||align="center"| 'us'||
| colspan="2" | [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] || {{lang|rup|au'''g'''ua}} || {{IPA|[ˈawɣwa]}} || 'water' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]||align="center"| [[Dutch orthography|'''''g'''aan'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ɣaːn]}}||align="center"| 'to go'|| See [[Dutch phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]] || {{lang|rup|[[Aromanian alphabet|'''gh'''ini]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈɣi.ni]}} || 'well' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Aramaic]] || [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Eastern]] || rowspan="2" | {{lang|aii-Syrc| [[Syriac alphabet|ܦܓ̣ܪܐ]]|rtl=yes}} {{lang|aii-Latn|pa'''ġ'''rā}} || {{IPA|[pʌɣrɑ]}} || rowspan="2" | 'body'
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Georgian language|Georgian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shosted & Chikovani|2006|p=255}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Georgian alphabet|ღარიბი]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ɣɑribi]}}||align="center"|'poor'|| May actually be post-velar or [[uvular consonant|uvular]]
|| Allophone of {{IPA|/x/}} before voiced consonants.
|-
|-
| [[Turoyo language|Western]] || {{IPA|[fʌɣrɔ]}} ||
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]||align="center"|[[Gujarati script|વા'''ઘ'''ણ]]||align="center"| {{IPA|[ʋɑ̤̈ɣəɽ̃]}}||align="center"|'tigress'||See [[Gujarati phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Ghari language|Ghari]]||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|''che'''gh'''e'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[tʃeɣe]}}||align="center"| 'five'||
| colspan="2" | [[Asturian language|Asturian]] || [[Asturian alphabet|'''''g'''adañu'']] || {{IPA|[ɣaˈd̪ãɲʊ]}} || 'scythe' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}} in almost all positions
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Modern Greek language|Greek]]||align="center"| [[alphabet|'''γ'''άλα]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˈɣala]}}||align="center"| 'milk'|| See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
| [[North Azerbaijani language|Northern]]
| {{lang|az-Latn|[[Azerbaijani alphabet#Azerbaijani Latin alphabet|o'''ğ'''ul]]|italic=yes}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[oɣul]}}
| rowspan="2" |'son'
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|-
|[[South Azerbaijani language|Southern]]
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Gweno language|Gweno]]||colspan="2" align="center"|{{IPA|[ndeɣe]}}||align="center"| 'bird'||
|{{lang|azb|[[South Azerbaijani alphabet|اوغول]]|rtl=yes}}/oğul
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Gwich'in language|Gwich'in]]||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|''videe'''gh'''àn'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[viteːɣân]}}||align="center"| 'his/her chest'||
| colspan="2" | [[Basque language|Basque]]{{sfnp|Hualde|1991|pp=99–100}} || {{lang|bas|[[Basque alphabet|he'''g'''o]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[heɣo]}} || 'wing' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Hän language|Hän]]||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|''dëgë'''gh'''or'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[təkəɣor]}}||align="center"| 'I am playing.'||
| colspan="2" | [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] || {{lang|be|[[Belarusian alphabet|'''г'''алава/ğalava]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɣalaˈva]}} || 'head' ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Irish language|Irish]]||align="center"| [[Irish orthography|'''''dh'''orn'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ]}}||align="center"| 'fist'|| See [[Irish phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]]{{sfnp|Wheeler|2005|p=10}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|a'''g'''rat]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɐˈɣɾɑt]}} || 'liking' || Fricative or approximant. Allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}. See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Iwaidja language|Iwaidja]]||colspan="2" align="center"| {{IPA|[mulaɣa]}}||align="center"| 'hermit crab'||
| colspan="2" | [[Central Alaskan Yup'ik language|Central Alaskan Yup'ik]] || {{lang|esu|au'''g'''a|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈauːɣa]}} || 'his/her/its blood' || Never occurs in word-initial positions.
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] || [[Cyrillic script|'''гӀ'''ала]] / {{lang|ce|'''ğ'''ala|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɣaːla]}} || 'town' ||
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Okada|1991|p=95}}</ref>||align="center"| [[hiragana|はげ]]||align="center"| {{IPA|[haɣe]}} ||align="center"| 'baldness'|| Especially in fast and/or casual speech, See [[Japanese phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Navajo language|Navajo]]||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|''’a'''gh'''á'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ʔaɣa]}}||align="center"| 'best'||
| rowspan="2" | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] ([[Dongping dialect]]) || ''俺/Ǎn'' || {{IPA|[ɣän<sup>55</sup>]}} || 'I' ||
|-
|-
| [[Xiang Chinese|Xiang]] || {{lang|zh|[[Chinese characters|湖南]]|rtl=yes}}/húnán ||{{IPA|[ɣu˩˧nia˩˧]}} || '[[Hunan]] (province)' ||
|align="center"| [[Ngwe language|Ngwe]]||align="center"|Mmockngie dialect ||colspan="2" align="center"| {{IPA|[nøɣə̀]}}||align="center"| 'sun'||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Czech language|Czech]] || [[Czech orthography|''by'''ch''' byl'']] || {{IPA|[bɪɣ bɪl]}} || 'I would be' || Allophone of {{IPA|/x/}} before voiced consonants. See [[Czech phonology]]. Occurs only in few Moravian dialects and even there it is rather {{IPA|/ɦ/}}
| align="center"| [[Occitan language|Occitan]] || align="center"| [[Gascon language|Gascon]]||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|''di'''g'''oc'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[diˈɣuk]}}||align="center"| 'said (3sg.)'||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Dagaare language|Dàgáárè]]
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Pashto language|Pashto]]||align="center"| [[Nasta'liq script|غاتر]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ɣɑtər]}}|| align="center"| 'mule'||
| colspan="2" |[{{IPA|pɔ́ɣ̆ɔ́}}]
|'woman'
|May be a velar with strong tap-like features.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Angsongna |first1=Alexander |last2=Akinbo |first2=Samuel |year=2022 |title=Dàgáárè (Central) |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=341–367 |doi=10.1017/S0025100320000225 |s2cid=243402135}}</ref>
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Persian language|Persian]]||align="center"| [[Persian alphabet|کاغذ]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[kɒɣæz]}}|| align="center"| 'paper'|| See [[Persian phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Dinka language|Dinka]] || [[Dinka alphabet|'''''ɣ'''o'']] || {{IPA|[ɣo]}} || 'us' ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Dogrib language|Dogrib]] || {{lang|dgr|we'''q'''a|italic=yes}}{{Clarify|reasin=This spelling does not correspond to orthography in e.g. https://www.tlicho.ca/sites/default/files/A_Dogrib_Dictionary.pdf, which gives wegha meaning for.|date=May 2024}} || {{IPA|[weɣa]}} || 'for' ||
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Polish language|Polish]]||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|''nie'''ch'''że'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ɲeɣʐɛ]}}|| align="center"| 'let,' 'suppose'|| See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]|| align="center"| [[European Portuguese|European]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=92}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Portuguese orthography|''a'''g'''ora'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[əˈɣorə]}}||align="center"| 'nose'|| Allophone of {{IPA|/g/}} in northern and central dialects.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Mateus & d'Andrade|2000|p=11}}</ref> See [[Portuguese phonology]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Standard [[Flemish dialects|Belgian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Verhoeven|2005|p=243}}</ref><ref name="cm">{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|p=191}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''g'''aan]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɣaːn]}} || rowspan="2" | 'to go' || rowspan="2" | May be post-palatal {{IPAblink|ʝ̠}} instead.<ref name="cm" /> See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
|-
| Southern accents<ref name="cm" />
|align="center"|Some [[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian]] dialects<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Barbosa & Albano|2004|p=228}}</ref>||align="center"| [[Portuguese orthography|''ca'''rr'''o'']]||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˈkaɣu]}}||align="center"| 'car'|| Rhotic consonant
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[English language|English]]
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Northern Qiang language|Northern Qiang]]||align="center"| ? ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ɣnəʂ]}}||align="center"| 'February'||
|[[Scouse]]
|{{Lang|en|[[English orthography|'''g'''rass]]}}
|[ɣrɑ:s]
|'grass'
|[[Allophone]] of {{IPA|/g/}}. See [[British English|British English phonology]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watson |first=Kevin |title=Illustrations of the IPA: Liverpool English |publisher=Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 |year=2007 |edition=Cambridge University Press |pages=351–360}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Northumbrian dialect|Northumbrian]]
| align="center"| [[Romani language|Romani]]||align="center"| Lithuanian||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|'''''γ'''oines'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ɣoines]}}||align="center"| 'good'||
|{{example needed|date=August 2016}}
|
|
|[[Northumbrian burr|Burr]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wells |first=John C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3-ElL71fikC |title=Accents of English 2: The British Isles |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1982 |isbn=0-521-24224-X |location=Cambridge |page=368 |author-link=John C. Wells}}</ref>
|-
|-
|align="center"| [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]]||align="center"|Nuorese dialect ||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|''sú'''gh'''ere'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˡsuɣɛrɛ]}}||align="center"| 'to suck'||
| colspan="2" | [[Georgian language|Georgian]]{{sfnp|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|p=255}} || {{lang|ka|[[Georgian alphabet|'''ღ'''არიბი]]}}/ğaribi ||{{IPA|[ɣɑribi]}} || 'poor' || May actually be post-velar or [[uvular consonant|uvular]]
|-
|-
| [[German language|German]]<ref name="Krech">{{Harvcoltxt|Krech et al.|2009|p=108}}</ref><ref name="Moosmueller">{{cite web|author=Sylvia Moosmüller|year=2007|title=Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis|url=http://www.kfs.oeaw.ac.at/publications/habil_2007may28_tableofcontents_zus_final.pdf|access-date=March 9, 2013|page=6}}{{failed verification|date=January 2018}}<!--that's the table of content page!--></ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2018}} || [[Austrian German|Austrian]] || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|damali'''g'''e]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈdaːmaːlɪɣə]}} || 'former' || Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}} in casual speech.<ref name="Krech" /><ref name="Moosmueller" /> See [[Standard German phonology]]
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]||align="center"| [[Arabic alphabet|غم]] ||align="center"|{{IPA|[ɣəmʊ]}}||align="center"| 'sadness'||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán et al|2003|p=257}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Spanish orthography|''la'''g'''o'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|['laˈɣ̞o̞]}}||align="center"| 'lake'|| See [[Spanish phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Ghari language|Ghari]] || {{lang|gri|che'''gh'''e|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[tʃeɣe]}} || 'five' ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Swahili language|Swahili]]||align="center"| [[Latin script|'''''gh'''ali'' ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ɣali]}}]]|| align="center"| 'expensive'||
| colspan="2" | [[Modern Greek language|Greek]] || [[Greek alphabet|'''γ'''άλα]]/[[Romanization of Greek|'''''g'''ála'']] || {{IPA|[ˈɣala]}}|| 'milk' || See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Tadaksahak language|Tadaksahak]]||align="center"| ? ||align="center"| {{IPA|[zoɣ]}}||align="center"| 'war'||
| colspan="2" | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || [[Gujarati script|વા'''ઘ'''ણ]]/vağaŕn ||{{IPA|[ʋɑ̤̈ɣəɽ̃]}} || 'tigress' || See [[Gujarati phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Tajik language|Tajik]] || align="center"| [[Tajik alphabet|'''ғ'''афс]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ɣafs]}} || align="center" | 'thick' ||
| colspan="2" | [[Gweno language|Gweno]] || nde'''gh'''e
|{{IPA|[ndeɣe]}} || 'bird' ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Tiwi language|Tiwi]]||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|''nga'''g'''a'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˈŋaɣa]}}||align="center"| 'we inclusive'||
| colspan="2" | [[Gwich’in language|Gwich’in]] || {{lang|gwi|videe'''gh'''àn|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[viteːɣân]}} || 'his/her chest' ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Turkish language|Turkish]] ||align="center"| [[Turkish alphabet|''a'''ğ'''aç'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[aɣatʃ]}}||align="center"| 'tree'|| Certain dialects. See [[Turkish phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Haitian Creole]] || {{lang|ht|di'''r'''i|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[diɣi]}} || 'rice' ||
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"| [[Tutchone language|Tutchone]]||align="center"| [[Northern Tutchone|Northern]]||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|''ih'''gh'''ú'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ihɣǔ]}}||align="center"| 'tooth'||
| colspan="2" | [[Hän language|Hän]] || {{lang|ath|dëgë'''gh'''or|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[təkəɣor]}} || 'I am playing' ||
|-
|-
| align="center"| [[Southern Tutchone|Southern]]||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|'''''gh'''ra'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ɣra]}}||align="center"| 'baby'||
| rowspan="2" | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] || [[Hebrew language| Classical]] || {{lang|he|[[Hebrew alphabet|מִ'''גְ'''דָּל]]|rtl=yes}}/miğdol||{{IPA|[miɣdɔl]}} || '[a] tower' ||
|-
|-
|Some [[Modern Hebrew|Modern]] speakers (usually with a difficulty pronouncing {{IPA|[ʁ]}})
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|'''g'''hê]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ɣe]}}||align="center"| 'to have a horror; [[terribly]]'|| See [[Vietnamese phonology]]
|{{lang|he|[[Hebrew alphabet|שׁוֹמֵ'''ר''']]|rtl=yes}}/shome'''r'''
|{{IPA|[ʃo̞ˈme̞ɣ]}}
|'[a male] guard', '[he] guards'
|{{IPA|[ʃo̞ˈme̞ʁ]}} by other Modern speakers
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
| [[Hindi Language|Hindi]]{{sfnp|Kachru|2006|p=20}}
|{{lang|hi|[[Devanagari|'''ग़'''रीब/garib]]}}
| rowspan="2" |{{Audio-IPA|LL-Q1617 (urd)-Syamantak07-غريب.wav|[ɣ̄əriːb]}}
| rowspan="2" |'poor'
| rowspan="2" | Post-velar,{{sfnp|Kachru|2006|p=20}} conservative Hindi speakers usually replace it with {{IPA|/g/}}. See [[Hindustani phonology]]
|-
|[[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]
|{{lang|ur|[[Urdu alphabet|غریب/gharib]]|rtl=yes}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || {{lang|is|[[Icelandic orthography|sa'''g'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈsaːɣa]}} || 'saga' || See [[Icelandic phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Irish language|Irish]] || {{lang|ga|[[Irish orthography|a '''dh'''orn]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ə ɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ]}} || 'his fist' || See [[Irish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]]{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=30}} || {{lang|ruo|'''g'''ură|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈɣurə]}} || 'mouth' || Corresponds to {{IPAblink|ɡ}}{{fix|text=in which environments?}} in standard Romanian. See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Iwaidja language|Iwaidja]] || colspan="2" | {{IPA|[mulaɣa]}}|| 'hermit crab' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Japanese language|Japanese]]{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=118}} || {{lang|ja|[[hiragana|はげ]]}}/{{lang|ja-Latn|[[Romanization of Japanese#Hepburn|ha'''g'''e]]}} || {{IPA|[haɣe]}} || 'baldness' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, especially in fast or casual speech. See [[Japanese phonology]]
|-
|rowspan="2" | Judeo-Spanish
|
|'''g'''ato
|[ˈɣ̞ato̪]<ref>{{Citation |title=Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology |date=2021-11-22 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110550283/html |access-date=2023-12-17 |publisher=De Gruyter |language=en |doi=10.1515/9783110550283 |isbn=978-3-11-055028-3|hdl=1983/44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48 |hdl-access=free |editor-last1=Gabriel |editor-last2=Gess |editor-last3=Meisenburg |editor-first1=Christoph |editor-first2=Randall |editor-first3=Trudel }}</ref>
|'cat'
|
|-
|[[Haketia]]
|'''gh'''er
|[ɣeɾ]
|'only'
| appears as a phoneme in words from Arabic''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Differential Impact of Arabic on Haketia and Turkish on Judezmo |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301683640|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] || [[Cyrillic script|'''г'''ын]]/gyn ||{{Audio-IPA|гын.ogg|[ɣən]}} || 'powder' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Komering language|Komering]] || ha'''r'''ong || {{IPA|[haɣoŋ]}} || 'charcoal' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] || {{lang|lez|[[Cyrillic script|'''гъ'''ел]]}}/ğel ||{{IPA|[ɣel]}} || 'sleigh' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Lhao Vo language|Lhaovo]] || Dago’ || {{lang|mhx|qid|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɣìt]}}
| rowspan="2" | 'water'
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| Yunnan || || {{IPA|[ɣək˧˩]}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Peters|2006|p=119}}</ref> || {{lang|li|'''g'''aw}} || {{IPA|[ɣɑ̟β̞]}} || 'quick' || The example word is from the [[Maastrichtian dialect]].
|-
|[[Lishán Didán|Lishan Didan]]
|Urmi Dialect
|עוטג/otogh
|{{IPA|[ˠotʰoɣ]}}
|'room'
|Generally post-velar
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] || '''''h'''umoras'' || {{IPA|[ˈɣʊmɔrɐs̪]}} || 'humor' || Preferred over [ɦ]. See [[Lithuanian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Low German language|Low German]]<ref>R.E. Keller, ''German Dialects. Phonology and Morphology'', Manchester 1960</ref> || '''''g'''aan'' || {{IPA|[ˈɣɔ̃ːn]}} || 'to go' || Increasingly replaced with [[Standard German|High German]] {{IPA|[ɡ]}}
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Malay language|Malay]] || Standard || {{lang|ms|[[Malay alphabet|'''gh'''aib]]}} || {{IPA|[ɣai̯b]}} || 'unseen' || Mostly in loanwords from Arabic. Indonesians tend to replace the sound with {{IPA|/ɡ/}}.
|-
|Johor-Riau
| rowspan="6" |{{lang|ms|[[Malay alphabet|'''r'''amai]]|italic=yes}}
|{{IPA|[ɣamai̯]}}
| rowspan="6" |'crowded (with people)'
|/r/ before a vowel was traditionally a [{{IPA|ɣ}}] but now the alveolar tap [{{IPA link|ɾ}}] is quite common amongst younger speakers possibly due to influence by Standard Malay. See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
| [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantan-Pattani]]|| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɣamaː]}} || rowspan="5" | {{IPAslink|r}} in [[Malay language|Standard Malay]] is barely articulated in almost all of the [[Varieties of Malay|Malay dialect]]s in [[Malaysia]]. Usually it is uttered as [[guttural R]] at initial and medial position of a word. See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
| [[Terengganu Malay|Terengganu]]
|-
| [[Negeri Sembilan Malay|Negeri Sembilan]]|| {{IPA|[ɣamai̯]}}
|-
| [[Pahang Malay|Pahang]] || {{IPA|[ɣamɛ̃ː]}}
|-
| [[Sarawak Malay|Sarawak]] || {{IPA|[ɣamɛː]}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] || [[Berovo]] accent || {{lang|mk|[[Macedonian orthography|ду'''в'''на]]|italic=yes}}/duvna ||{{IPA|[ˈduɣna]}} || 'it blew' || Corresponds to etymological {{IPA|/x/}} of other dialects, before sonorants. See [[Maleševo-Pirin dialect]] and [[Macedonian phonology]]
|-
| [[Bukovo]] accent || {{lang|mk|[[Macedonian orthography|г'''л'''ава]]|italic=yes}}/glava ||{{IPA|[ˈɡɣa(v)a]}} || 'head' || Allophone of {{IPA|/l/}} instead of usual {{IPAblink|ɫ}}. See [[Prilep-Bitola dialect]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Mi'kmaq language|Mi'kmaq]] || {{lang|mic|nisa'''q'''an}} || {{IPA|[nisaɣan]}} || 'weir' || Allophone of {{IPA|/x/}} between [[sonorant]]s. See {{Section link|Mi'kmaq language|Phonology}}.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Navajo language|Navajo]] || {{lang|nv|’a'''gh'''á|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʔaɣa]}} || 'best' ||
|-
|-
|[[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]]
|[[:it:Dialetti dell'area appenninica lucana#Dialetti della Basilicata centrale|Central Lucanian]] (Accettura dialect)
|chiahäte
|{{IPA|[kjaˈɣɜ tə]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Volpi |first=Luigi |title=La lingua dei Masciaioli - Dizionario del dialetto di Accettua cittadina lucana in Prov. di Matera |publisher=EditricErmes |year=2011 |isbn= |location=Potenza (Italy) |pages=92 |language=IT}}{{ISBN?}}</ref>
|'wounded'
|Corresponds to /g/ in Standard Italian. The example "chiahäte" translates to "piagato" in Italian.
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Nepali language|Nepali]]
|{{Lang|ne|[[Devanāgarī|का'''ग'''ज/kağdz]]}}
|{{IPA|[käɣʌ(d)z]}}
|'paper'
|Allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}} and {{IPA|/ɡʱ/}} in intervocalic positions. See [[Nepali phonology]]
|-
| [[Ngwe language|Ngwe]] || Mmockngie dialect || || {{IPA|[nøɣə̀]}} || 'sun' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Northern Qiang language|Northern Qiang]] ||[[Northern Qiang language#Orthography|hhnesh]]|| {{IPA|[ɣnəʂ]}} || 'February' ||
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || [[Urban East Norwegian|Urban East]]{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=40}} || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|å '''h'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɔ ˈɣɑː]}} || 'to have' || Possible allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} between two back vowels; can be voiceless {{IPAblink|x}} instead.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=40}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| [[Occitan language|Occitan]] || [[Gascon dialect|Gascon]] || {{lang|oc|di'''g'''oc|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[diˈɣuk]}} || 'said' (3rd pers. sg.) ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Okanagan language|Okanagan]] || {{lang|oka|'''ɣ'''ə'''ɣ'''ic'''ɣ'''c}} || {{IPA|[ɣəɣitʃɣtʃ]}} || 'Sparrow hawk' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] || [[Nasta'liq script|غاتر]]/ğatër ||{{IPA|[ɣɑtər]}} || 'mule' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Pela language|Pela]] || colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɣɔ˥]}}|| 'to rain' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Persian language|Persian]] || باغ/bāq ||{{IPA|[bɒːɣ]}}|| 'garden' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Polish language|Polish]] || {{lang|pl|[[Polish alphabet|nie'''ch'''że]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈɲɛɣʐɛ]}} || 'let' (imperative particle) || Allophone of {{IPA|/x/}} before voiced consonants. See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || [[European Portuguese|European]]{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=92}}{{sfnp|Mateus|d'Andrade|2000|p=11}} || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|a'''g'''ora]]}} || {{IPA|[ɐˈɣɔɾɐ]}} || 'now' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}. See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| Some [[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian]] dialects{{sfnp|Barbosa|Albano|2004|p=228}} || [[Portuguese orthography|''má'''r'''more'']] || {{IPA|[ˈmaɣmuɾi]}} || 'marble', 'sill' || Allophone of rhotic consonant (voiced equivalent to {{IPA|[x]}}, itself allophone of {{IPA|/ʁ/}}) between voiced sounds, most often as [[Syllable#Coda|coda]] before voiced consonants.
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| [[Gurmukhi]]
| [[Gurmukhi|ਗ਼ਰੀਬ]]/'''''carib'''''
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[ɣ̄əriːb]}}
| rowspan="2" |'poor'
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]]
|{{lang|pa|[[Shahmukhi alphabet|غریب]]|rtl=yes}}/'''''ġarrīb'''''
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Romani language|Romani]] || '''''γ'''oines'' || {{IPA|[ɣoines]}} || 'good' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Russian language|Russian]] || [[Southern Russian dialects|Southern]] || [[Russian alphabet|доро'''г'''а]]/doroga ||{{IPA|[dɐˈro̞ɣə]}} || 'road' || Corresponds to {{IPA|/ɡ/}} in standard
|-
| rowspan="2" | Standard || [[Russian alphabet|у'''г'''у]]/ugu ||{{IPA|[ʊˈɣu]}} || 'uh-huh' || Usually nasal, {{IPA|/ɡ/}} is used when spoken. See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
|{{lang|ru|горо'''х''' же}} / goroh že || {{IPA|[ɡʌˈroɣ ʐe]}} || 'the peas' || Allophone of {{IPA|/x/}} before voiced consonants.<ref>Jones, Daniel & Ward, Dennis (1969) ''The Phonetics of Russian''. Cambridge University Press.</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Yakut language|Sakha]] || {{lang|sah|а'''ҕ'''а}}/ağa ||{{IPA|[aɣa]}} || 'father' ||
|-
| [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] || Nuorese dialect || {{lang|sc|sú'''gh'''ere}} || {{IPA|[ˈsuɣɛrɛ]}} || 'to suck' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Scottish Gaelic]] || {{lang|gd|[[Scottish Gaelic orthography|la'''gh'''ail]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɫ̪ɤɣal]}} || 'lawful' || More advanced than other velars. See [[Scottish Gaelic phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian]]<ref name="Landau67">{{Harvcoltxt|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}}</ref> || {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|ovi'''h''' bi]]}} || {{IPA|[ǒ̞ʋiɣ bi]}} || 'of these would' || Allophone of {{IPA|/x/}} before voiced consonants.<ref name="Landau67" /> See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[S'gaw Karen language|S'gaw Karen]] || {{lang|ksw|[[S'gaw Karen alphabet|ဂ့ၤ]]|rtl=yes}}/ghei ||{{IPA|[ɣei]}} || 'good' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] || {{lang|sd|[[Arabic alphabet|غم]]|rtl=yes}}/camu ||{{IPA|[ɣəmʊ]}} || 'sadness' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Slovene language|Slovene]]
|Standard
|{{lang|sl|[[Slovene orthography|'''h''' gori]]|italic=yes}}
|{{IPA|[ˈɣ‿ɡɔ̀ːɾí]}}
|'to the mountain'
|Allophone of {{IPA|/x/}} before voiced obstruents. See [[Slovene phonology]]
|-
|Some dialects|| {{lang|sl|[[Slovene orthography|'''g'''ajba]]|italic=yes}} ||{{IPA|[ˈɣáːjbà]}} || 'crate' || Corresponds to {{IPA|/ɡ/}} in Standard Slovene. See [[Slovene phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Spanish orthography|ami'''g'''o]] || {{IPA|[a̠ˈmiɣo̟]}} || 'friend' || Ranges from close fricative to approximant.<ref>Phonetic studies such as {{Harvcoltxt|Quilis|1981}} have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are
not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations
involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization</ref> Allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, see [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || [[Latin script|'''''gh'''ali'']] || {{IPA|[ɣali]}} || 'expensive' ||
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Västerbotten [[Norrland dialects]] || {{lang|sv|me'''g'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[mɪːɣ]}} || 'me' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}. Occurs between vowels and in word-final positions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://runeberg.org/nfaq/0347.html|title = 685-686 (Nordisk familjebok / 1800-talsutgåvan. 17. V - Väring)|year = 1893}}</ref> Here also {{IPA|/∅/}} in [[Kalix dialect|Kalix]].
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tadaksahak]] || zog || {{IPA|[zoɣ]}} || 'war' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tajik language|Tajik]] || {{lang|tg|[[Tajik alphabet|'''ғ'''афс]]}}/cafs ||{{IPA|[ɣafs]}} || 'thick' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Berber languages|Tamazight]] || [[Berber Latin alphabet|''a'''ɣ'''ilas'']] (aghilas) || {{IPA|[aɣilas]}} || 'leopard' ||
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Brahmin Tamil]] (non-standard)
|முகம்
|{{IPA|[muɣəm]}}
|'face'
|Not very common
|-
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]] || Non-standard || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|a'''ğ'''aç]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[aɣat͡ʃ]}} || 'tree' || Deleted in most dialects. See [[Turkish phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Tutchone language|Tutchone]] || [[Northern Tutchone|Northern]] || {{lang|ttm|ih'''gh'''ú|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ihɣǔ]}} || 'tooth' ||
|-
| [[Southern Tutchone|Southern]] || {{lang|tce|'''gh'''ra|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɣra]}} || 'baby' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tyap language|Tyap]] || {{lang|kcg|'''gh'''an|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈɣan]}} || 'to hurry' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|p=13}} || {{lang|uz-Cyrl|[[Uzbek alphabet|ём'''ғ'''ир]]}} / {{lang|uz-Latn|[[Uzbek alphabet|yom'''gʻ'''ir/yamğır]]}} || {{IPA|[ʝɒ̜mˈʁ̟ɨɾ̪]}} || 'rain' || Post-velar.{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|p=13}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]{{sfnp|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}} || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|'''gh'''ế]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɣe˧˥]}} || 'chair' || See [[Vietnamese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] || {{lang|fy|dra'''g'''e|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈdraːɣə]}} || 'to carry' || Never occurs in word-initial positions.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Nuosu language|Yi]] || {{lang|ii|[[Yi script|ꊋ]]}}/{{lang|ii-Latn|[[Yi script|'''w'''e]]}} || {{IPA|[ɣɤ˧]}} || 'win' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Standard Zhuang|Zhuang]] || {{lang|za|Lwg '''r'''oegbit}} || {{IPA|[lɯ˧ ɣo˧pi˥]}} || 'Wild duckling' ||
|}
|}


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]
* [[Voiceless velar fricative]]
* [[Guttural]]


==Notes==
* [[List of phonetics topics]]
{{Reflist}}


==References==
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|pages=117–124
|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002428
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last=Pop
|first=Sever
|year=1938
|title=Micul Atlas Linguistic Român
|publisher=Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Quilis
|first=Antonio
|year=1981
|title=Fonética acústica de la lengua española
|publisher=Gredos
|isbn=9788424901325
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjZdAAAAMAAJ
}}
}}
* {{citation
*{{Harvard reference
|last = Shosted
|last1=Shosted
|first = Ryan K.
|first1=Ryan K.
|last2 = Vakhtang
|last2=Chikovani
|first2 = Chikovani
|first2=Vakhtang
|year= 2006
|year= 2006
|title=Standard Georgian
|title=Standard Georgian
Line 160: Line 548:
|volume=36
|volume=36
|issue=2
|issue=2
|pages=255-264
|pages=255–264
|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002659
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A7DCF9606BA856FCA5CC25918ADB37EF/S0025100306002659a.pdf/standard_georgian.pdf
|doi-access=free
}}
}}
* {{citation
*{{Harvard reference
| last = Wheeler
|last=Sjoberg
| first= Max W
|first=Andrée F.
| year= 2005
|year=1963
| title= The Phonology Of Catalan
|title=Uzbek Structural Grammar
|series=Uralic and Altaic Series
| place= Oxford
|volume=18
| publisher= Oxford University Press
|place=Bloomington
| isbn= 0199258147
|publisher=Indiana University
}}
}}
* {{citation
*{{Harvard reference
|last = Martínez-Celdrán
|last=Thompson
|first= Eugenio
|first=Laurence
|year=1959
|last2 = Fernández-Planas
|title=Saigon phonemics
|first2= Ana Ma.
|journal=Language
|last3 = Carrera-Sabaté
|volume=35
|first3 = Josefina
|issue=3
|year= 2003
|pages=454–476
|title=Castilian Spanish
|doi=10.2307/411232
|jstor=411232
}}
* {{citation
|last=Vanvik
|first=Arne
|year=1979
|title=Norsk fonetikk
|publisher=Universitetet i Oslo
|place=Oslo
|isbn=82-990584-0-6
}}
* {{citation
|last=Verhoeven
|first=Jo
|year=2005
|title=Belgian Standard Dutch
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=33
|volume=35
|issue=2
|issue=2
|pages=255-259
|pages=243–247
|doi=10.1017/S0025100305002173
|doi-access=free
}}
}}
* {{citation
|last=Watson
|first=Janet C. E.
|year=2002
|title=The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic
|place=New York
|publisher= Oxford University Press
}}
* {{citation
|last=Wheeler
|first=Max W
|year=2005
|title=The Phonology Of Catalan
|place=Oxford
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=0-19-925814-7
}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
{{Consonants}}
* {{phoible|ɣ}}


{{IPA navigation}}
[[Category:Fricative consonants]]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Voiced Velar Fricative}}
[[bn:ঘোষ পশ্চাত্তালব্য ঊষ্মধ্বনি]]
[[Category:Fricative consonants]]
[[br:Kensonenn drekstaon dre daravat mouezhiet]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[cs:Znělá velární frikativa]]
[[Category:Voiced oral consonants]]
[[de:Stimmhafter velarer Frikativ]]
[[Category:Velar consonants]]
[[fr:Consonne fricative vélaire voisée]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]
[[ko:유성 연구개 마찰음]]
[[ja:有声軟口蓋摩擦音]]
[[pl:Spółgłoska szczelinowa miękkopodniebienna dźwięczna]]
[[fi:Soinnillinen velaarinen frikatiivi]]
[[sv:Tonande velar frikativa]]
[[zh:濁軟顎擦音]]

Latest revision as of 20:16, 20 December 2024

"ɣ (IPA)" redirects here. For consonants followed by superscript ˠ, see Velarization. For the Greek letter gamma, see Gamma.
Voiced velar fricative
ɣ
IPA number141
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)&#611;
Unicode (hex)U+0263
X-SAMPAG
Braille⠨ (braille pattern dots-46)⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245)
Voiced velar tapped fricative
ɡ̞̆
ɣ̆

The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken languages. It is not found in most varieties of Modern English but existed in Old English.[1] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɣ⟩, a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, ⟨γ⟩, which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically-similar ⟨ɤ⟩, the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel, which some writings[2] use for the voiced velar fricative.

The symbol ⟨ɣ⟩ is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, which, however, is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: [ɣ̞] or [ɣ˕]. The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, [ɰ].

There is also a voiced post-velar fricative, also called pre-uvular, in some languages. For the voiced pre-velar fricative, also called post-palatal, see voiced palatal fricative.

A voiced velar tapped fricative has been reported in Dàgáárè, which is a previously unattested sound in human language.

Features

[edit]

Features of the voiced velar fricative:

Occurrence

[edit]

Some of the consonants listed as post-velar may actually be trill fricatives.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abaza бгъьы/bğë [bɣʲə] 'leaf'
Adyghe чъыгы/čëğë [t͡ʂəɣə]ⓘ 'tree'
Albanian Arbëresh

Moresian (Pelloponesian) dialects of Arvanitika

gliata [ɣliɑtɑ] 'tall'
Alekano gamó [ɣɑmɤʔ] 'cucumber'
Aleut agiitalix [aɣiːtalix] 'with'
Angor ranihı [ɾɑniɣə] 'brother'
Angas γür [ɣyr] 'to pick up'
Arabic Modern Standard[3] غريب/ğarīb [ɣæˈriːb]ⓘ 'stranger' May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.[4] See Arabic phonology
Aragonese augua [ˈawɣwa] 'water' Allophone of /ɡ/
Aromanian ghini [ˈɣi.ni] 'well' Allophone of /ɡ/
Aramaic Eastern ܦܓ̣ܪܐ paġrā [pʌɣrɑ] 'body' Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants.
Western [fʌɣrɔ]
Asturian gadañu [ɣaˈd̪ãɲʊ] 'scythe' Allophone of /ɡ/ in almost all positions
Azerbaijani Northern oğul [oɣul] 'son'
Southern اوغول/oğul
Basque[5] hego [heɣo] 'wing' Allophone of /ɡ/
Belarusian галава/ğalava [ɣalaˈva] 'head'
Catalan[6] agrat [ɐˈɣɾɑt] 'liking' Fricative or approximant. Allophone of /ɡ/. See Catalan phonology
Central Alaskan Yup'ik auga [ˈauːɣa] 'his/her/its blood' Never occurs in word-initial positions.
Chechen гӀала / ğala [ɣaːla] 'town'
Chinese Mandarin (Dongping dialect) 俺/Ǎn [ɣän55] 'I'
Xiang 湖南/húnán [ɣu˩˧nia˩˧] 'Hunan (province)'
Czech bych byl [bɪɣ bɪl] 'I would be' Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants. See Czech phonology. Occurs only in few Moravian dialects and even there it is rather /ɦ/
Dàgáárè [pɔ́ɣ̆ɔ́] 'woman' May be a velar with strong tap-like features.[7]
Dinka ɣo [ɣo] 'us'
Dogrib weqa[clarification needed] [weɣa] 'for'
Dutch Standard Belgian[8][9] gaan [ɣaːn] 'to go' May be post-palatal [ʝ̠] instead.[9] See Dutch phonology
Southern accents[9]
English Scouse grass [ɣrɑ:s] 'grass' Allophone of /g/. See British English phonology[10]
Northumbrian [example needed] Burr[11]
Georgian[12] ღარიბი/ğaribi [ɣɑribi] 'poor' May actually be post-velar or uvular
German[13][14][failed verification] Austrian damalige [ˈdaːmaːlɪɣə] 'former' Intervocalic allophone of /ɡ/ in casual speech.[13][14] See Standard German phonology
Ghari cheghe [tʃeɣe] 'five'
Greek γάλα/gála [ˈɣala] 'milk' See Modern Greek phonology
Gujarati વાઘણ/vağaŕn [ʋɑ̤̈ɣəɽ̃] 'tigress' See Gujarati phonology
Gweno ndeghe [ndeɣe] 'bird'
Gwich’in videeghàn [viteːɣân] 'his/her chest'
Haitian Creole diri [diɣi] 'rice'
Hän dëgëghor [təkəɣor] 'I am playing'
Hebrew Classical מִגְדָּל/miğdol [miɣdɔl] '[a] tower'
Some Modern speakers (usually with a difficulty pronouncing [ʁ]) שׁוֹמֵר/shomer [ʃo̞ˈme̞ɣ] '[a male] guard', '[he] guards' [ʃo̞ˈme̞ʁ] by other Modern speakers
Hindustani Hindi[15] ग़रीब/garib [ɣ̄əriːb]ⓘ 'poor' Post-velar,[15] conservative Hindi speakers usually replace it with /g/. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu غریب/gharib
Icelandic saga [ˈsaːɣa] 'saga' See Icelandic phonology
Irish a dhorn [ə ɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ] 'his fist' See Irish phonology
Istro-Romanian[16] gură [ˈɣurə] 'mouth' Corresponds to [ɡ][in which environments?] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Iwaidja [mulaɣa] 'hermit crab'
Japanese[17] はげ/hage [haɣe] 'baldness' Allophone of /ɡ/, especially in fast or casual speech. See Japanese phonology
Judeo-Spanish gato [ˈɣ̞ato̪][18] 'cat'
Haketia gher [ɣeɾ] 'only' appears as a phoneme in words from Arabic[19]
Kabardian гын/gyn [ɣən]ⓘ 'powder'
Komering harong [haɣoŋ] 'charcoal'
Lezgian гъел/ğel [ɣel] 'sleigh'
Lhaovo Dago’ qid [ɣìt] 'water'
Yunnan [ɣək˧˩]
Limburgish[20][21] gaw [ɣɑ̟β̞] 'quick' The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lishan Didan Urmi Dialect עוטג/otogh [ˠotʰoɣ] 'room' Generally post-velar
Lithuanian humoras [ˈɣʊmɔrɐs̪] 'humor' Preferred over [ɦ]. See Lithuanian phonology
Low German[22] gaan [ˈɣɔ̃ːn] 'to go' Increasingly replaced with High German [ɡ]
Malay Standard ghaib [ɣai̯b] 'unseen' Mostly in loanwords from Arabic. Indonesians tend to replace the sound with /ɡ/.
Johor-Riau ramai [ɣamai̯] 'crowded (with people)' /r/ before a vowel was traditionally a [ɣ] but now the alveolar tap [ɾ] is quite common amongst younger speakers possibly due to influence by Standard Malay. See Malay phonology
Kelantan-Pattani [ɣamaː] /r/ in Standard Malay is barely articulated in almost all of the Malay dialects in Malaysia. Usually it is uttered as guttural R at initial and medial position of a word. See Malay phonology
Terengganu
Negeri Sembilan [ɣamai̯]
Pahang [ɣamɛ̃ː]
Sarawak [ɣamɛː]
Macedonian Berovo accent дувна/duvna [ˈduɣna] 'it blew' Corresponds to etymological /x/ of other dialects, before sonorants. See Maleševo-Pirin dialect and Macedonian phonology
Bukovo accent глава/glava [ˈɡɣa(v)a] 'head' Allophone of /l/ instead of usual [ɫ]. See Prilep-Bitola dialect
Mi'kmaq nisaqan [nisaɣan] 'weir' Allophone of /x/ between sonorants. See Mi'kmaq language § Phonology.
Navajo ’aghá [ʔaɣa] 'best'
Neapolitan Central Lucanian (Accettura dialect) chiahäte [kjaˈɣɜ tə][23] 'wounded' Corresponds to /g/ in Standard Italian. The example "chiahäte" translates to "piagato" in Italian.
Nepali कागज/kağdz [käɣʌ(d)z] 'paper' Allophone of /ɡ/ and /ɡʱ/ in intervocalic positions. See Nepali phonology
Ngwe Mmockngie dialect [nøɣə̀] 'sun'
Northern Qiang hhnesh [ɣnəʂ] 'February'
Norwegian Urban East[24] å ha [ɔ ˈɣɑː] 'to have' Possible allophone of /h/ between two back vowels; can be voiceless [x] instead.[24] See Norwegian phonology
Occitan Gascon digoc [diˈɣuk] 'said' (3rd pers. sg.)
Okanagan ɣəɣicɣc [ɣəɣitʃɣtʃ] 'Sparrow hawk'
Pashto غاتر/ğatër [ɣɑtər] 'mule'
Pela [ɣɔ˥] 'to rain'
Persian باغ/bāq [bɒːɣ] 'garden'
Polish niechże [ˈɲɛɣʐɛ] 'let' (imperative particle) Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants. See Polish phonology
Portuguese European[25][26] agora [ɐˈɣɔɾɐ] 'now' Allophone of /ɡ/. See Portuguese phonology
Some Brazilian dialects[27] mármore [ˈmaɣmuɾi] 'marble', 'sill' Allophone of rhotic consonant (voiced equivalent to [x], itself allophone of /ʁ/) between voiced sounds, most often as coda before voiced consonants.
Punjabi Gurmukhi ਗ਼ਰੀਬ/carib [ɣ̄əriːb] 'poor'
Shahmukhi غریب/ġarrīb
Romani γoines [ɣoines] 'good'
Russian Southern дорога/doroga [dɐˈro̞ɣə] 'road' Corresponds to /ɡ/ in standard
Standard угу/ugu [ʊˈɣu] 'uh-huh' Usually nasal, /ɡ/ is used when spoken. See Russian phonology
горох же / goroh že [ɡʌˈroɣ ʐe] 'the peas' Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants.[28]
Sakha аҕа/ağa [aɣa] 'father'
Sardinian Nuorese dialect súghere [ˈsuɣɛrɛ] 'to suck' Allophone of /ɡ/
Scottish Gaelic laghail [ɫ̪ɤɣal] 'lawful' More advanced than other velars. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian[29] ovih bi [ǒ̞ʋiɣ bi] 'of these would' Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants.[29] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
S'gaw Karen ဂ့ၤ/ghei [ɣei] 'good'
Sindhi غم/camu [ɣəmʊ] 'sadness'
Slovene Standard h gori [ˈɣ‿ɡɔ̀ːɾí] 'to the mountain' Allophone of /x/ before voiced obstruents. See Slovene phonology
Some dialects gajba [ˈɣáːjbà] 'crate' Corresponds to /ɡ/ in Standard Slovene. See Slovene phonology
Spanish amigo [a̠ˈmiɣo̟] 'friend' Ranges from close fricative to approximant.[30] Allophone of /ɡ/, see Spanish phonology
Swahili ghali [ɣali] 'expensive'
Swedish Västerbotten Norrland dialects meg [mɪːɣ] 'me' Allophone of /ɡ/. Occurs between vowels and in word-final positions.[31] Here also /∅/ in Kalix.
Tadaksahak zog [zoɣ] 'war'
Tajik ғафс/cafs [ɣafs] 'thick'
Tamazight aɣilas (aghilas) [aɣilas] 'leopard'
Tamil Brahmin Tamil (non-standard) முகம் [muɣəm] 'face' Not very common
Turkish Non-standard ağaç [aɣat͡ʃ] 'tree' Deleted in most dialects. See Turkish phonology
Tutchone Northern ihghú [ihɣǔ] 'tooth'
Southern ghra [ɣra] 'baby'
Tyap ghan [ˈɣan] 'to hurry'
Uzbek[32] ёмғир / yomgʻir/yamğır [ʝɒ̜mˈʁ̟ɨɾ̪] 'rain' Post-velar.[32]
Vietnamese[33] ghế [ɣe˧˥] 'chair' See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian drage [ˈdraːɣə] 'to carry' Never occurs in word-initial positions.
Yi ꊋ/we [ɣɤ˧] 'win'
Zhuang Lwg roegbit [lɯ˧ ɣo˧pi˥] 'Wild duckling'

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Baker, Peter Stuar (2012). Introduction to Old English (3rd ed.). pp. 15. ISBN 9781444354195. OCLC 778433078 – via Internet Archive. Between voiced sounds dotless g is pronounced [ɣ], a voiced velar spirant. This sound became [w] in Middle English, so English no longer has it.
  2. ^ Such as Booij (1999) and Nowikow (2012).
  3. ^ Watson (2002), pp. 17 and 19-20.
  4. ^ Watson (2002), pp. 17, 19–20, 35-36 and 38.
  5. ^ Hualde (1991), pp. 99–100.
  6. ^ Wheeler (2005), p. 10.
  7. ^ Angsongna, Alexander; Akinbo, Samuel (2022). "Dàgáárè (Central)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 52 (2): 341–367. doi:10.1017/S0025100320000225. S2CID 243402135.
  8. ^ Verhoeven (2005:243)
  9. ^ a b c Collins & Mees (2003:191)
  10. ^ Watson, Kevin (2007). Illustrations of the IPA: Liverpool English (Cambridge University Press ed.). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37. pp. 351–360.
  11. ^ Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 368. ISBN 0-521-24224-X.
  12. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  13. ^ a b Krech et al. (2009:108)
  14. ^ a b Sylvia Moosmüller (2007). "Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved March 9, 2013.[failed verification]
  15. ^ a b Kachru (2006), p. 20.
  16. ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
  17. ^ Okada (1999), p. 118.
  18. ^ Gabriel, Christoph; Gess, Randall; Meisenburg, Trudel, eds. (2021-11-22), Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology, De Gruyter, doi:10.1515/9783110550283, hdl:1983/44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48, ISBN 978-3-11-055028-3, retrieved 2023-12-17
  19. ^ "Differential Impact of Arabic on Haketia and Turkish on Judezmo".
  20. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
  21. ^ Peters (2006:119)
  22. ^ R.E. Keller, German Dialects. Phonology and Morphology, Manchester 1960
  23. ^ Volpi, Luigi (2011). La lingua dei Masciaioli - Dizionario del dialetto di Accettua cittadina lucana in Prov. di Matera (in Italian). Potenza (Italy): EditricErmes. p. 92.[ISBN missing]
  24. ^ a b Vanvik (1979), p. 40.
  25. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 92.
  26. ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000), p. 11.
  27. ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 228.
  28. ^ Jones, Daniel & Ward, Dennis (1969) The Phonetics of Russian. Cambridge University Press.
  29. ^ a b Landau et al. (1999:67)
  30. ^ Phonetic studies such as Quilis (1981) have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
  31. ^ "685-686 (Nordisk familjebok / 1800-talsutgåvan. 17. V - Väring)". 1893.
  32. ^ a b Sjoberg (1963), p. 13.
  33. ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.

References

[edit]
  • Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
  • Booij, Geert (1999), The phonology of Dutch, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
  • Hualde, José Ignacio (1991), Basque phonology, New York: Routledge, ISBN 9780203168004
  • Kachru, Yamuna (2006), Hindi, John Benjamins Publishing, ISBN 90-272-3812-X
  • Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000), The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823581-X
  • Nowikow, Wieczysław (2012) [First published 1992], Fonetyka hiszpańska (3rd ed.), Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, ISBN 978-83-01-16856-8
  • Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
  • Quilis, Antonio (1981), Fonética acústica de la lengua española, Gredos, ISBN 9788424901325
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
  • Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
  • Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
  • Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
  • Watson, Janet C. E. (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
  • Wheeler, Max W (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
[edit]
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