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{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ð⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA|ipa-number=131|ipa=240|ipa-image=Xsampa-D2.png|xsampa=D|kirshenbaum=D|sound=voiced dental fricative.ogg}}
{{Infobox IPA
The '''voiced dental non-sibilant fricative''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound, [[eth]], is {{IPA|ð}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <tt>D</tt>. The symbol {{IPA|ð}} was taken from the Old English letter eth, which could stand for either a voiced or unvoiced interdental fricative. This symbol is also sometimes used to represent the dental [[approximant]], though that is more clearly written with the lowering diacritic, {{IPA|ð̞}}. The dental fricatives are often called "[[interdental consonant|interdental]]" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower [[teeth]], and not just against the back of the teeth, as they are with other [[dental consonant]]s. It is familiar to English speakers as the ''th'' sound in ''then''.
|ipa symbol=ð
|ipa number=131
|decimal=240
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x00F0.svg
|imagesize=150px
|x-sampa=D
|kirshenbaum=D
|braille=12456
}}


{{Infobox IPA
This sound, and its unvoiced counterpart, are actually rare phonemes. Almost all European and Asian languages, such as [[German language|German]], [[French language|French]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], and [[Chinese language|Chinese]], lack this sound. Native speakers of those languages in which the sound is not present often have difficulty enunciating or distinguishing it, and replace it with a [[voiced alveolar fricative]] or a [[voiced dental plosive]]. As for Europe, there seems to be a great arc where this sound (and/or the unvoiced variant) is present. Most of mainland Europe lacks the sound; however, the "periphery" languages of [[Welsh language|Welsh]], [[English language|English]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], some [[Italian language|Italian]] dialects, [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Albanian language|Albanian]] have this phoneme in their consonant inventories.
|above=Voiced dental approximant
|ipa symbol=ð̞
|ipa symbol2=ɹ̪
|showbelow=no
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x00F0+0x031E.svg
|imagesize=150px
}}


The '''voiced dental fricative''' is a [[consonant]] sound used in some [[spoken language]]s. It is familiar to English-speakers as the ''th'' sound in ''father''. Its symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] is [[eth]], or {{IPA|⟨ð⟩}} and was taken from the Old English and Icelandic letter eth, which could stand for either a voiced or unvoiced (inter)dental non-sibilant fricative. Such fricatives are often called "[[interdental consonant|interdental]]" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower [[teeth]] (as in [[Received Pronunciation]]), and not just against the back of the upper teeth, as they are with other [[dental consonant]]s.
==Features==


The letter {{angbr IPA|ð}} is sometimes used to represent the dental [[approximant]], a similar sound, which no language is known to contrast with a dental non-sibilant fricative.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Olson|Mielke|Sanicas-Daguman|Pebley|2010|p=210}}</ref> However, the approximant can be explicitly indicated with the lowering diacritic: {{angbr IPA|ð̞}}.
Features of the voiced dental fricative:
Very rarely used variant transcriptions of the dental approximant include {{angbr IPA|ʋ̠}} (retracted {{IPAblink|ʋ}}), {{angbr IPA|ɹ̟}} (advanced {{IPAblink|ɹ}}) and {{angbr IPA|ɹ̪}} ({{notatypo|dentalised}} {{IPAblink|ɹ}}). It has been proposed that either a turned ⟨<span style="{{Transform-rotate|180}}">{{IPA|ð}}</span>⟩<ref>Kenneth S. Olson, Jeff Mielke, Josephine Sanicas-Daguman, Carol Jean Pebley & Hugh J. Paterson III, 'The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant', ''Journal of the International Phonetic Association'', Vol. 40, No. 2 (August 2010), pp. 201–211</ref> or reversed {{nowrap begin}}⟨<span style="{{mirrorH}}">{{IPA|ð}}</span>⟩{{nowrap end}}<ref>{{cite journal
|last1=Ball
|first1=Martin J.
|author-link1=Martin J. Ball
|last2=Howard
|first2=Sara J.
|last3=Miller
|first3=Kirk
|year=2018
|title=Revisions to the extIPA chart
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=48
|issue=2
|pages=155–164
|doi=10.1017/S0025100317000147
|s2cid=151863976
}}</ref> be used as a dedicated symbol for the dental approximant, but despite occasional usage, this has not gained general acceptance.

The fricative and its [[Voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative|unvoiced counterpart]] are rare [[phoneme]]s. Almost all languages of Europe and Asia, such as [[German language|German]], lack the sound. Native speakers of languages without the sound often have difficulty enunciating or distinguishing it, and they replace it with a [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|voiced alveolar sibilant]] {{IPA|[z]}}, a [[voiced dental stop]] or [[voiced alveolar stop]] {{IPA|[d]}}, or a [[voiced labiodental fricative]] {{IPA|[v]}}; known respectively as [[th-alveolarization]], [[th-stopping]], and [[th-fronting]]. As for Europe, there seems to be a great arc where the sound (and/or its unvoiced variant) is present. Most of Mainland Europe lacks the sound. However, some "periphery" languages such as [[Greek language|Greek]] have the sound in their consonant inventories, as phonemes or [[allophone]]s.

Within [[Turkic languages]], [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] and [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] have both voiced and voiceless dental non-sibilant fricatives among their consonants. Among [[Semitic languages]], they are used in [[Modern Standard Arabic]], albeit not by all speakers of [[Varieties of Arabic|modern Arabic dialects]], and in some dialects of [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]].

==Features==
Features of the voiced dental non-sibilant fricative:


{{fricative}} It does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a [[sibilant]].
* Its [[manner of articulation]] is [[fricative consonant|fricative]], which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing [[turbulence]].
{{dental}}
* Its [[place of articulation]] is [[dental consonant|dental]], which means it is articulated with the tongue on either the lower or the upper [[teeth]], or both.
{{voiced}}
* Its [[phonation]] type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
{{oral}}
* It is an [[oral consonant]], which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
{{central articulation}}
* It is a [[central consonant]], which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
{{pulmonic}}
* The [[airstream mechanism]] is [[pulmonic egressive]], which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the [[lung]]s and through the vocal tract, rather than from the [[glottis]] or the mouth.


== Occurrence ==
==Occurrence==
In the following transcriptions, the undertack diacritic may be used to indicate an [[approximant consonant|approximant]] {{IPA|[ð̞]}}.
In the following transcriptions, the undertack diacritic may be used to indicate an [[approximant consonant|approximant]] {{IPA|[ð̞]}}.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Albanian language|Albanian]]||align="center"| [[Albanian alphabet| ''i ver'''dh'''ë'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[i vɛːɾð]}}||align="center"| 'gold'||
|colspan=2| [[Albanian language|Albanian]] || {{lang|sq|[[Albanian alphabet|i'''dh'''ull]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[iðuɫ]}} || 'idol' ||
|-
|-
| align="center"| [[Aleut language|Aleut]] || align="center"| Atkan dialect||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|{{Unicode|'''''d'''ax̂''}}]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ðɑχ] }}||align="center"| 'eye' ||
| colspan="2" | [[Aleut language|Aleut]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=damo in English - Aleut-English Dictionary {{!}} Glosbe |url=https://glosbe.com/ale/en/damo |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=glosbe.com |language=en}}</ref>|| {{lang|ale|'''d'''amo}}|| {{IPA|[ðɑmo]}}|| 'house' ||
|-
|-
| align="center"| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]||align="center"| Standard<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Thelwall|1990|p=37}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Arabic alphabet|ذهب]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ðaˈhab]}}||align="center"| 'gold'|| See [[Arabic phonology]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Standard]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Thelwall|Sa'Adeddin|1990|p=37}}</ref> || rowspan="3" | {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|ذهب]]|rtl=yes}} || rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[ˈðæhæb]}} || rowspan="4" | 'gold' || See [[Arabic phonology]]. Represented by the letter ''[[ḏāl]]''.
|-
|-
|[[Gulf Arabic|Gulf]]
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Berta language|Berta]] || colspan="2" align="center"| {{IPA|[fɛ̀ːðɑ̀nɑ́]}}|| align="center"| 'to sweep'||
|
|-
|-
|[[Najdi Arabic|Najdi]]
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Catalan language|Catalan]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Carbonell & Llisterri|1992|p=55}}</ref>||align="center"| [[Catalan orthography|''ca'''d'''àver'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[kəˈðaβə]}}||align="center"| 'cadaver'|| See [[Catalan phonology]]
|
|-
|-
|[[Tunisian Arabic phonology|Tunisian]]
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Danish language|Danish]]||align="center"| [[Danish alphabet|''vi'''d'''e'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˈʋiːðə]}}||align="center"| 'to know'|| See [[Danish phonology]]
|
|[ˈðhæb]
|See [[Tunisian Arabic phonology]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Franco-Provençal|Arpitan]] || {{ill|Genevan|fr|Genevois_(langue)}} and [[Savoyard_dialect|Savoyard]] || '''G'''enèva || {{IPA|[ðə'nɛːva]}} || 'Geneva' || Generally represents the "j" and "ge/gi" phonemes in standard spelling.
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Elfdalian]] ||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|''bai'''ð'''a'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˈbaɪða]}}||align="center"| 'wait' ||
|-
|-
| [[Bresse|Bressan]] || vachié'''r'''e || {{IPA|[va'θiðə]}} || 'woman cow herder' || Bressan dialect, like the Geneva and many Savoy ones, express "j" and "ge/gi" (in standard Arpitan spelling) as voiced dental fricatives. In addition, however, its dialects often express the intervocalic "r" as such as well.
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[English language|English]] ||align="center"| [[English orthography| '''''th'''is'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ðɪs]}}||align="center"| 'this'|| See [[English phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Fijian language|Fijian]] ||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|'''''c'''iwa'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ðiwa]}}||align="center"| 'nine'||
|colspan=2| [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]]{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=30}} || {{lang|rup|[[Aromanian alphabet|'''z'''ală]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈðalə]}} || 'butter whey' || Corresponds to {{IPAblink|z̪|z}} in standard Romanian. See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]]|| ܘܪܕܐ wer'''d'''a|| {{IPA|[wεrð̞a}}]|| 'flower'|| Common in the [[Tyari]], [[Barwari]], and [[Turoyo|Western]] dialects. <br />Corresponds to {{IPAblink|d}} in other varieties.
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Greek language|Greek]] ||align="center"| [[Greek alphabet| '''δ'''άφνη]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˈðafni]}}||align="center"| 'laurel'|| See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Asturian language|Asturian]] || Some dialects || {{lang|ast|fa'''z'''er}} || {{IPA|[fäˈðeɾ]}} || 'to do' || Alternative realization of etymological {{angbr|z}}. Can also be realized as {{IPAblink|θ}}.
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Gwich’in language|Gwich’in]] ||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet| ''nii'''dh'''àn'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[niːðân]}}||align="center"| 'you want' ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Harsusi language|Harsusi]] || colspan="2" align="center"| {{IPA|[ðebeːr]}}|| align="center"| 'bee'||
|colspan=2| [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] || | {{lang|ba|[[:wikt:ҡаҙ|ҡа'''ҙ''']]}} / {{lang|ba-Latn|qa'''đ'''}}|| {{Audio-IPA|Ba-ҡаҙ.ogg|[qɑð]}} || 'goose' ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Hän language|Hän]] ||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|''ë̀'''dh'''ä̀'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ə̂ðɑ̂]}}||align="center"| 'hide' ||
|colspan=2| [[Basque language|Basque]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hualde|1991|pp=99–100}}</ref> || {{lang|eu|[[Basque alphabet|a'''d'''ar]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[að̞ar]}} || 'horn' || Allophone of {{IPA|/d/}}
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Kabyle language|Kabyle]] || align="center"|[[Berber Latin alphabet|{{Unicode|'''''ḏ'''uḇ''}}]] || align="center"| {{IPA|[ðuβ]}}|| align="center"| 'to be exhausted'||
|colspan=2| [[Berta language|Berta]] ||colspan=2 align=center| {{IPA|[fɛ̀ːðɑ̀nɑ́]}} || 'to sweep' ||
|-
|-
|colspan=2| [[Burmese language|Burmese]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Watkins|2001|pp=291–292}}</ref> || {{lang|bm|[[Burmese alphabet|အညာ'''သား''']]}} || {{IPA|[ʔəɲàd̪͡ðá]}} || 'inlander' || Commonly realized as an affricate {{IPAblink|d̪͡ð}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Watkins|2001|p=292}}</ref>
| align="center"| [[Occitan language|Occitan]] || align="center"| [[Gascon language|Gascon]] ||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet| ''que'' '''''d'''ivi'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ke ˈðiwi]}}||align="center"| 'what I should'||
|-
|-
|colspan=2| [[Catalan language|Catalan]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=55}}</ref> || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|ca'''d'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkaðə]}} || 'each' || Fricative or approximant. Allophone of {{IPA|/d/}}. See [[Catalan phonology]]
| align="center"| [[Sioux language|Sioux]] || align="center"|[[Nakota language|Nakota]]||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|?]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˈðaptã]}}||align="center"|'five'||
|-
|-
|[[Cree language|Cree]]
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] ||align="center"| [[Sardinian language| ''ni'''d'''u'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˡniðu]}}||align="center"| 'nest'||
|[[Woods Cree]] (th-dialect)
|{{lang|cwd-Latn|ni'''th'''a}}
|{{IPA|[niða]}}
|'I'
|Reflex of [[Proto-Algonquian|Proto-Algonguian]] *r. Shares features of a sonorant.
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán et al|2003|p=255}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Standard Spanish]]||align="center"| [[Spanish orthography|''de'''d''o'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[d̪e̞ð̞o̞]}}||align="center"|'finger'||
| colspan="2" | [[Dahalo language|Dahalo]]<ref name="mad34">{{Harvcoltxt|Maddieson|Spajić|Sands|Ladefoged|1993|p=34}}</ref> || colspan="2" align="center" | {{example needed|date=August 2016}} || || Weak fricative or approximant. It is a common intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/d̪/}}, and may be simply a plosive {{IPAblink|d̪}} instead.<ref name="mad34"/>
|-
|-
|align="center"| [[Castilian Spanish]]||align="center"| [[Spanish orthography|''ju'''z'''gar'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[xu'ðɣ̞aɾ]}}||align="center"|'to judge'||
|colspan=2| [[Elfdalian]] || {{lang|ovd|bai'''ð'''a}} || {{IPA|[ˈbaɪða]}} || 'wait' ||
|-
|-
|[[Emilian dialects|Emilian]]
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Tanacross language|Tanacross]] ||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|'''''dh'''et'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ðet]}} ||align="center"| 'liver'||
|[[Bolognese dialect|Bolognese]]
|'''''ż'''änt''
|{{IPA|[ðæ̃:t]}}
|'people'
|
|-
|-
|rowspan=2|[[English language|English]]
| rowspan="2" align="center"| [[Tutchone language|Tutchone]]||align="center"| [[Northern Tutchone|Northern]]||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|''e'''dh'''ó'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[eðǒ]}}||rowspan="2" align="center"| 'hide'||
|[[Received Pronunciation]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=143}}
|rowspan=2 | ''[[English orthography|'''th'''is]]''
| {{IPA|[ðɪs]}}
|rowspan=2 | 'this'
|
|-
|-
|[[Western American English]]
| align="center"| [[Southern Tutchone|Southern]]||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet| ''a'''dh'''ǜ'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[aðɨ̂]}} ||
| {{Audio-IPA|this-prounciation-audio-nonlabial.ogg|[ð̪͆ɪs]|help=no}}
| Interdental.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=143}}
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]]
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Welsh language|Welsh]] ||align="center"| [[Welsh alphabet|''bar'''dd''''']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[bɑrð]}}||align="center"| 'bard'||
|{{lang|ext|ḥa'''z'''el}}
|{{IPA|[häðel]}}
|'to do'
|Realization of etymological 'z'. Can also be realized as {{IPA|[θ]}}
|-
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Western Neo-Aramaic]] || align="center"|[[Aramaic abjad|?]] || align="center"| {{IPA|[aħːað]}}|| align="center"| 'one' ||
|colspan=2| [[Fijian language|Fijian]] || {{lang|fj|'''c'''iwa|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ðiwa]}} || 'nine' ||
|-
| [[Galician language|Galician]]
| Some dialects<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ilg.usc.es/es/proxectos/atlas-linguistico-gallego-alga|title=Atlas Lingüístico Gallego (ALGa) {{!}} Instituto da Lingua Galega - ILG|website=ilg.usc.es|date=14 October 2013 |access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref>
| {{lang|gl|fa'''z'''er}}
| {{IPA|[fɐˈðeɾ]}}
| 'to do'
| Alternative realization of etymological {{angbr|z}}. Can also be realized as {{IPA|[θ, z, z̺]}}.
|-
| [[German language|German]] || [[Austrian German|Austrian]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Sylvia Moosmüller|year=2007|title=Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis|url=http://www.kfs.oeaw.ac.at/publications/habil_2007may28_tableofcontents_zus_final.pdf|access-date=March 9, 2013|page=6}}</ref> || {{lang|de-AT|[[German orthography|lei'''d'''er]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈlaɛ̯ða]}} || 'unfortunately' || Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/d/}} in casual speech. See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Greek language|Greek]] || {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|'''δ'''άφνη]]}} / {{transl|el|[[Romanization of Greek|'''d'''áfni]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈðafni]}} || 'laurel' || See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Gwich'in language|Gwich'in]] || {{lang|gwi-Latn|nii'''dh'''àn}} || {{IPA|[niːðân]}} || 'you want' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Hän language|Hän]] || {{lang|haa-Latn|ë̀'''dh'''ä̀}} || {{IPA|[ə̂ðɑ̂]}} || 'hide' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Harsusi language|Harsusi]] ||colspan=2 align=center| {{IPA|[ðebeːr]}} || 'bee' ||
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] || Iraqi || {{lang|he|[[Hebrew alphabet|א'''ד'''וני]]|rtl=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Athonai.ogg|[ʔaðoˈnaj]}} || 'my lord' || Commonly pronounced {{IPAblink|d}}. See [[Modern Hebrew phonology]]
|-
| [[Yemenite Hebrew|Temani]] || {{lang|he|[[Hebrew alphabet|גָּ'''ד'''וֹל]]|rtl=yes}}/''ğaḏol'' || {{IPA|[dʒaðol]}} || 'large, great' || See [[Yemenite Hebrew]]
|-
| [[Judeo-Spanish]] || Many dialects || {{lang|lad-Hebr|[[Hebrew alphabet|קריאדֿור]]|rtl=yes}} / {{lang|lad-Latn|[[Judaeo-Spanish#Aki Yerushalayim orthography|kria'''d'''or]]}} || {{IPA|[kɾiaˈðor]}} || 'creator' || Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/d/}} in many dialects.
|-
|colspan=2|[[Kabyle language|Kabyle]] || {{lang|kab|[[Berber Latin alphabet|'''ḏ'''uḇ]]}} || {{IPA|[ðuβ]}} || 'to be exhausted' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Kagayanen language|Kagayanen]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Olson|Mielke|Sanicas-Daguman|Pebley|2010|pp=206–207}}</ref> || {{lang|cgc|ka'''l'''ag|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[kað̞aɡ]}} || 'spirit' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] ||{{example needed|date=August 2023}}|| || || An approximant; postvocalic allophone of {{IPA|/d/}}. See [[Kurdish phonology]].
|-
|[[Malay language|Malay]]
|[[Malaysian Malay|Malaysian]]
|''a'''z'''an''
|[a.ðan]
|'azan'
|Only in Arabic loanwords; usually replaced with /z/. See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|
|'അത്'
|[aðɨ̆]
|'That'
|Colloquial usage.
|-
| [[Mari language|Mari]] || [[Meadow Mari language|Eastern dialect]] || {{lang|mhr|[[Cyrillic alphabet|шо'''д'''о]]}} || {{IPA|[ʃoðo]}} || 'lung' ||
|-
| [[Norman language|Norman]] || [[Jèrriais]] || {{lang|nrf-JE|mé'''th'''e}} || {{IPA|[mɛð]}}|| 'mother' ||Predominantly found in western Jèrriais dialects; otherwise realised as [ɾ], and sometimes as [l] or [z].
|-
|colspan=2| [[Northern Sámi]] || {{lang|se|[[Northern Sámi orthography|die'''đ'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[d̥ieðɑ]}} || 'science' ||
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || [[Meldal dialect]]<ref name="Vanvik14">{{Harvcoltxt|Vanvik|1979|p=14}}</ref> || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|'''i''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ð̩ʲ˕ː]}} || 'in' || Syllabic palatalized frictionless approximant<ref name="Vanvik14"/> corresponding to {{IPA|/iː/}} in other dialects. See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| [[Occitan language|Occitan]] || [[Gascon dialect|Gascon]] || {{lang|oc-Latn|que '''d'''ivi}} || {{IPA|[ke ˈð̞iwi]}} || 'what I should' || Allophone of {{IPA|/d/}}. See [[Occitan phonology]]
|-
|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || [[European Portuguese|European]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=92}}</ref> || {{lang|pt-PT|[[Portuguese orthography|na'''d'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈn̪äðɐ]}} || 'nothing' || Northern and central dialects. Allophone of {{IPA|/d/}}, mainly after an oral vowel.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Mateus|d'Andrade|2000|p=11}}</ref> See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] || {{lang|sc|[[Sardinian language|ni'''d'''u]]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Sr-nidu.wav|[ˈnið̞u]}} || 'nest' || Allophone of {{IPA|/d/}}
|-
| [[Scottish Gaelic]] || [[Isle of Lewis|Lewis]] and [[South Uist]] || {{lang|gd|[[Scottish Gaelic|Mà'''ir'''i]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈmaːðɪ]}} || 'Mary' || Often slightly palatalized. Hebridean realisation of /ɾʲ/, particularly common in Lewis, Harris and South Uist; otherwise realized as [ɾʲ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://doug5181.wixsite.com/sgdsmaps/blank-wlxn6|title=Slender 'r'/ 'an t-s' }}</ref>, as {{IPAblink|ʒ}} in southern Barra, or as {{IPAblink|j}} in Tiree.
|-
| [[Sioux language|Sioux]] || [[Lakota language|Lakota]] || {{lang|lkt|zapta}} || {{IPA|[ˈðaptã]}} || 'five' || Sometimes with {{IPA|[z]}}
|-
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || Most dialects<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}}</ref> || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|de'''d'''o]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈd̪e̞ð̞o̞]}} || 'finger' || Ranges from close fricative to approximant.<ref>Phonetic studies such as {{Harvcoltxt|Quilis|1981}} have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are
not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations
involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization</ref> Allophone of {{IPA|/d/}}. See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || {{lang|sw|[[Latin script|'''dh'''ambi]]}} || {{IPA|[ðɑmbi]}} || 'sin' ||Mostly occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing this sound.
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard<ref name="engstrand">{{Harvcoltxt|Engstrand|2004|p=167}}</ref> || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|ba'''d'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈbɑːð̞ä]}} || 'to take a bath' || An approximant;<ref name="engstrand"/> allophone of {{IPA|/d/}} in casual speech. See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| Some dialects<ref name="Vanvik14"/>{{bcn|date=May 2021|reason=Trivial mention without citation}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|'''i''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ð̩ʲ˕ː]}} || 'in' || A syllabic palatalized frictionless approximant<ref name="Vanvik14"/>{{bcn|date=May 2021}} corresponding to {{IPA|/iː/}} in Central Standard Swedish. See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| [[Syriac language|Syriac]] || [[Western Neo-Aramaic]] || {{lang|amw|rtl=yes|[[Syriac abjad|ܐܚܕ]]}} || {{IPA|[aħːeð]}} || 'to take' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || {{lang|ta|[[Tamil script|ஒன்பது]]}} || {{IPA|[onbäðɯ]}}|| 'nine' || Intervocalic allophone of /t/. See [[Tamil phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Tanacross language|Tanacross]] || {{lang|tcb-Latn|'''dh'''et}} || {{IPA|[ðet]}} || 'liver' ||
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]
|ýyldy'''z'''
|{{IPA|[jɯldɯð]}}
|'star'
|Realization of the /z/ phoneme
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Tutchone language|Tutchone]] || [[Northern Tutchone|Northern]] || {{lang|ttm-Latn|e'''dh'''ó|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[eðǒ]}} ||rowspan=2| 'hide' ||
|-
| [[Southern Tutchone|Southern]] || {{lang|tce-Latn|a'''dh'''ǜ|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[aðɨ̂]}} ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Venetian language|Venetian]] || {{lang|vec|[[Venetian language|me'''z'''orno]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[meˈðorno]}} || 'midday' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Welsh language|Welsh]] || {{lang|cy|[[Welsh alphabet|bar'''dd''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[barð]}} || 'bard' || See [[Welsh phonology]]
|-
| [[Zapotec language|Zapotec]] || [[Tilquiapan Zapotec|Tilquiapan]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Merrill|2008|p=109}}</ref>|| {{example needed|date=December 2018}} || || || Allophone of {{IPA|/d/}}
|}
|}


Danish {{IPA|[ð]}} is actually a velarized [[alveolar approximant]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Grønnum|2003|p=121}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|pp=59, 63}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}


==Bibliography==
==See also==
* [[Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative]]
*{{Harvard reference
* {{section link|Sibilant consonant|Possible combinations}}
|last=Carbonell
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]
|first=Joan F.

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation
|last=Basbøll
|first=Hans
|author-link=Hans Basbøll
|year=2005
|title=The Phonology of Danish
|publisher=OUP Oxford
|isbn=0-19-824268-9
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Carbonell
|first1=Joan F.
|last2=Llisterri
|last2=Llisterri
|first2=Joaquim
|first2=Joaquim
Line 82: Line 258:
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=22
|volume=22
|issue=1-2
|issue=1–2
|pages=53-56
|pages=53–56
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300004618
|s2cid=249411809
}}
}}
* {{Citation
*{{Harvard reference
|last1=Cotton
|last = Martínez-Celdrán
|first1=Eleanor Greet
|first= Eugenio
|last2=Sharp
|first2=John
|year=1988
|title=Spanish in the Americas
|publisher=Georgetown University Press
|isbn=978-0-87840-094-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89KX2RC6Gx0C
}}
* {{citation
|last=Cruz-Ferreira
|first=Madalena
|year= 1995
|title=European Portuguese
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=25
|issue=2
|pages=90–94
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300005223
|s2cid=249414876
}}
*{{Citation
|last=Engstrand
|first=Olle
|title=Fonetikens grunder
|year=2004
|place=Lund
|publisher=Studenlitteratur
|language=sv
|isbn=91-44-04238-8
}}
* {{citation
|last=Grønnum
|first=Nina
|year=2003
|chapter=Why are the Danes so hard to understand?
|editor-last=Jacobsen
|editor-first=Henrik Galberg
|editor-last2=Bleses
|editor-first2=Dorthe
|editor-last3=Madsen
|editor-first3=Thomas O.
|editor-last4=Thomsen
|editor-first4=Pia
|title=Take Danish - for instance: linguistic studies in honour of Hans Basbøll, presented on the occasion of his 60th birthday
|place=Odense
|publisher=Syddansk Universitetsforlag
|pages=119–130
}}
* {{citation
|last=Hualde
|first=José Ignacio
|year=1991
|title=Basque phonology
|place=New York
|publisher=Routledge
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBqPPLE2iXEC
|isbn=978-0-415-05655-7
}}
* {{SOWL|mode=cs2}}
* {{citation
|last1=Maddieson
|first1=Ian
|author-link1=Ian Maddieson
|last2=Spajić
|first2=Siniša
|last3=Sands
|first3=Bonny
|last4=Ladefoged
|first4=Peter
|author-link4=Peter Ladefoged
|year=1993
|chapter=Phonetic structures of Dahalo
|editor-last1=Maddieson
|editor-first1=Ian
|title=UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages
|volume=84
|pages=25–65
|location=Los Angeles
|publisher=The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group
|chapter-url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8k45g432
}}
* {{citation
|last1 = Martínez-Celdrán
|first1= Eugenio
|last2 = Fernández-Planas
|last2 = Fernández-Planas
|first2= Ana Ma.
|first2= Ana Ma.
|last3 = Carrera-Sabaté
|last3 = Carrera-Sabaté
|first3 = Josefina
|first3 = Josefina
|year= 2003
|year= 2003
|title=Castilian Spanish
|title=Illustrations of the IPA: Castilian Spanish
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/39B1C556856D62AF8FC53D3F22435750/S0025100303001373a.pdf/castilian_spanish.pdf
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=33
|volume=33
|issue=2
|issue=2
|pages=255-259
|pages=255–259
|doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001373
|doi-broken-date= 1 November 2024
|doi-access= free
}}
}}
* {{citation
* {{Harvard reference
|last=Mateus
|last1=Mateus
|first=Maria Helena
|first1=Maria Helena
|last2=d'Andrade
|last2=d'Andrade
|first2=Ernesto
|first2=Ernesto
|year= 2000
|year= 2000
|title=The Phonology of Portuguese
|title=The Phonology of Portuguese
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|ISBN=0-19-823581-X
|isbn=0-19-823581-X
}}
}}
* {{citation
*{{Harvard reference
|last = Thelwall
|last=Merrill
|first= Robin
|first=Elizabeth
|year= 1990
|year=2008
|title=Tilquiapan Zapotec
|title= Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=38
|issue=1
|pages=107–114
|doi=10.1017/S0025100308003344
|doi-broken-date=2024-11-02
|url=http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|doi=10.1017/S0025100309990296
|last1=Olson
|first1=Kenneth
|last2=Mielke
|first2=Jeff
|last3=Sanicas-Daguman
|first3=Josephine
|last4=Pebley
|first4=Carol Jean
|last5=Paterson
|first5= Hugh J. III
|year=2010
|title=The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=40
|issue=2
|pages=199–215
|s2cid=38504322
|url=http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/48235
}}
* {{citation
|last=Pop
|first=Sever
|year=1938
|title=Micul Atlas Linguistic Român
|publisher=Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
}}
*{{Citation
|last=Quilis
|first=Antonio
|year=1981
|title=Fonética acústica de la lengua española
|trans-title=Acoustic phonetics of the Spanish language
|language=es
|publisher=Gredos
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjZdAAAAMAAJ
|isbn=978-84-249-0131-8
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Thelwall
|first1=Robin
|last2=Sa'Adeddin
|first2=M. Akram
|year=1990
|title=Arabic
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=20
|volume=20
|issue=2
|issue=2
|pages=37-41
|pages=37–41
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300004266
|s2cid=249416512
}}
}}
* {{citation
==See also==
|last=Vanvik
|first=Arne
|year=1979
|title=Norsk fonetikk
|trans-title=Norwegian phonetics
|language=no
|publisher=Universitetet i Oslo
|place=Oslo
|isbn=82-990584-0-6
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Watkins
|first=Justin W.
|year=2001
|title=Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/334DD11C94575EF39A51109B008FB090/S0025100301002122a.pdf/burmese.pdf
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=31
|issue=2
|pages=291–295
|doi=10.1017/S0025100301002122
|s2cid=232344700
}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
* [[List of phonetics topics]]
* {{phoible|ð}}


{{Consonants}}
{{IPA navigation}}


[[Category:Dental consonants]]
[[Category:Fricative consonants]]
[[Category:Fricative consonants]]
[[Category:Approximant consonants]]

[[Category:English th]]
[[als:Stimmhafter dentaler Frikativ]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[br:Kensonenn dent dre daravat mouezhiet]]
[[Category:Voiced oral consonants]]
[[ca:Fricativa dental sonora]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]
[[cs:Znělá dentální frikativa]]
[[de:Stimmhafter dentaler Frikativ]]
[[fr:Consonne fricative dentale voisée]]
[[ko:유성 치 마찰음]]
[[it:Fricativa dentale sonora]]
[[mk:Звучна забна фрикатива]]
[[ja:有声歯摩擦音]]
[[pl:Spółgłoska szczelinowa międzyzębowa dźwięczna]]
[[pt:Fricativa dental sonora]]
[[ro:Consoană fricativă dentală sonoră]]
[[sv:Tonande dental frikativa]]
[[zh:濁齒擦音]]

Latest revision as of 21:56, 22 December 2024

Voiced dental fricative
ð
IPA number131
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)&#240;
Unicode (hex)U+00F0
X-SAMPAD
Braille⠻ (braille pattern dots-12456)
Voiced dental approximant
ð̞
ɹ̪
Audio sample

The voiced dental fricative is a consonant sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the th sound in father. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is eth, or ⟨ð⟩ and was taken from the Old English and Icelandic letter eth, which could stand for either a voiced or unvoiced (inter)dental non-sibilant fricative. Such fricatives are often called "interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth (as in Received Pronunciation), and not just against the back of the upper teeth, as they are with other dental consonants.

The letter ⟨ð⟩ is sometimes used to represent the dental approximant, a similar sound, which no language is known to contrast with a dental non-sibilant fricative.[1] However, the approximant can be explicitly indicated with the lowering diacritic: ⟨ð̞⟩. Very rarely used variant transcriptions of the dental approximant include ⟨ʋ̠⟩ (retracted [ʋ]), ⟨ɹ̟⟩ (advanced [ɹ]) and ⟨ɹ̪⟩ (dentalised [ɹ]). It has been proposed that either a turned ⟨ð⟩[2] or reversed ⟨ð⟩[3] be used as a dedicated symbol for the dental approximant, but despite occasional usage, this has not gained general acceptance.

The fricative and its unvoiced counterpart are rare phonemes. Almost all languages of Europe and Asia, such as German, lack the sound. Native speakers of languages without the sound often have difficulty enunciating or distinguishing it, and they replace it with a voiced alveolar sibilant [z], a voiced dental stop or voiced alveolar stop [d], or a voiced labiodental fricative [v]; known respectively as th-alveolarization, th-stopping, and th-fronting. As for Europe, there seems to be a great arc where the sound (and/or its unvoiced variant) is present. Most of Mainland Europe lacks the sound. However, some "periphery" languages such as Greek have the sound in their consonant inventories, as phonemes or allophones.

Within Turkic languages, Bashkir and Turkmen have both voiced and voiceless dental non-sibilant fricatives among their consonants. Among Semitic languages, they are used in Modern Standard Arabic, albeit not by all speakers of modern Arabic dialects, and in some dialects of Hebrew and Assyrian.

Features

[edit]

Features of the voiced dental non-sibilant fricative:

Occurrence

[edit]

In the following transcriptions, the undertack diacritic may be used to indicate an approximant [ð̞].

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Albanian idhull [iðuɫ] 'idol'
Aleut[4] damo [ðɑmo] 'house'
Arabic Modern Standard[5] ذهب [ˈðæhæb] 'gold' See Arabic phonology. Represented by the letter ḏāl.
Gulf
Najdi
Tunisian [ˈðhæb] See Tunisian Arabic phonology
Arpitan Genevan [fr] and Savoyard Genèva [ðə'nɛːva] 'Geneva' Generally represents the "j" and "ge/gi" phonemes in standard spelling.
Bressan vachiére [va'θiðə] 'woman cow herder' Bressan dialect, like the Geneva and many Savoy ones, express "j" and "ge/gi" (in standard Arpitan spelling) as voiced dental fricatives. In addition, however, its dialects often express the intervocalic "r" as such as well.
Aromanian[6] zală [ˈðalə] 'butter whey' Corresponds to [z] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Assyrian ܘܪܕܐ werda [wεrð̞a] 'flower' Common in the Tyari, Barwari, and Western dialects.
Corresponds to [d] in other varieties.
Asturian Some dialects fazer [fäˈðeɾ] 'to do' Alternative realization of etymological ⟨z⟩. Can also be realized as [θ].
Bashkir ҡаҙ / qađ [qɑð]ⓘ 'goose'
Basque[7] adar [að̞ar] 'horn' Allophone of /d/
Berta [fɛ̀ːðɑ̀nɑ́] 'to sweep'
Burmese[8] အညာသား [ʔəɲàd̪͡ðá] 'inlander' Commonly realized as an affricate [d̪͡ð].[9]
Catalan[10] cada [ˈkaðə] 'each' Fricative or approximant. Allophone of /d/. See Catalan phonology
Cree Woods Cree (th-dialect) nitha [niða] 'I' Reflex of Proto-Algonguian *r. Shares features of a sonorant.
Dahalo[11] [example needed] Weak fricative or approximant. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /d̪/, and may be simply a plosive [d̪] instead.[11]
Elfdalian baiða [ˈbaɪða] 'wait'
Emilian Bolognese żänt [ðæ̃:t] 'people'
English Received Pronunciation[12] this [ðɪs] 'this'
Western American English [ð̪͆ɪs]ⓘ Interdental.[12]
Extremaduran ḥazel [häðel] 'to do' Realization of etymological 'z'. Can also be realized as [θ]
Fijian ciwa [ðiwa] 'nine'
Galician Some dialects[13] fazer [fɐˈðeɾ] 'to do' Alternative realization of etymological ⟨z⟩. Can also be realized as [θ, z, z̺].
German Austrian[14] leider [ˈlaɛ̯ða] 'unfortunately' Intervocalic allophone of /d/ in casual speech. See Standard German phonology
Greek δάφνη / dáfni [ˈðafni] 'laurel' See Modern Greek phonology
Gwich'in niidhàn [niːðân] 'you want'
Hän ë̀dhä̀ [ə̂ðɑ̂] 'hide'
Harsusi [ðebeːr] 'bee'
Hebrew Iraqi אדוני [ʔaðoˈnaj]ⓘ 'my lord' Commonly pronounced [d]. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Temani גָּדוֹל/ğaḏol [dʒaðol] 'large, great' See Yemenite Hebrew
Judeo-Spanish Many dialects קריאדֿור / kriador [kɾiaˈðor] 'creator' Intervocalic allophone of /d/ in many dialects.
Kabyle ḏuḇ [ðuβ] 'to be exhausted'
Kagayanen[15] kalag [kað̞aɡ] 'spirit'
Kurdish [example needed] An approximant; postvocalic allophone of /d/. See Kurdish phonology.
Malay Malaysian azan [a.ðan] 'azan' Only in Arabic loanwords; usually replaced with /z/. See Malay phonology
Malayalam 'അത്' [aðɨ̆] 'That' Colloquial usage.
Mari Eastern dialect шодо [ʃoðo] 'lung'
Norman Jèrriais méthe [mɛð] 'mother' Predominantly found in western Jèrriais dialects; otherwise realised as [ɾ], and sometimes as [l] or [z].
Northern Sámi dieđa [d̥ieðɑ] 'science'
Norwegian Meldal dialect[16] i [ð̩ʲ˕ː] 'in' Syllabic palatalized frictionless approximant[16] corresponding to /iː/ in other dialects. See Norwegian phonology
Occitan Gascon que divi [ke ˈð̞iwi] 'what I should' Allophone of /d/. See Occitan phonology
Portuguese European[17] nada [ˈn̪äðɐ] 'nothing' Northern and central dialects. Allophone of /d/, mainly after an oral vowel.[18] See Portuguese phonology
Sardinian nidu [ˈnið̞u]ⓘ 'nest' Allophone of /d/
Scottish Gaelic Lewis and South Uist Màiri [ˈmaːðɪ] 'Mary' Often slightly palatalized. Hebridean realisation of /ɾʲ/, particularly common in Lewis, Harris and South Uist; otherwise realized as [ɾʲ][19], as [ʒ] in southern Barra, or as [j] in Tiree.
Sioux Lakota zapta [ˈðaptã] 'five' Sometimes with [z]
Spanish Most dialects[20] dedo [ˈd̪e̞ð̞o̞] 'finger' Ranges from close fricative to approximant.[21] Allophone of /d/. See Spanish phonology
Swahili dhambi [ðɑmbi] 'sin' Mostly occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing this sound.
Swedish Central Standard[22] bada [ˈbɑːð̞ä] 'to take a bath' An approximant;[22] allophone of /d/ in casual speech. See Swedish phonology
Some dialects[16][better source needed] i [ð̩ʲ˕ː] 'in' A syllabic palatalized frictionless approximant[16][better source needed] corresponding to /iː/ in Central Standard Swedish. See Swedish phonology
Syriac Western Neo-Aramaic ܐܚܕ [aħːeð] 'to take'
Tamil ஒன்பது [onbäðɯ] 'nine' Intervocalic allophone of /t/. See Tamil phonology
Tanacross dhet [ðet] 'liver'
Turkmen ýyldyz [jɯldɯð] 'star' Realization of the /z/ phoneme
Tutchone Northern edhó [eðǒ] 'hide'
Southern adhǜ [aðɨ̂]
Venetian mezorno [meˈðorno] 'midday'
Welsh bardd [barð] 'bard' See Welsh phonology
Zapotec Tilquiapan[23] [example needed] Allophone of /d/

Danish [ð] is actually a velarized alveolar approximant.[24][25]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Olson et al. (2010:210)
  2. ^ Kenneth S. Olson, Jeff Mielke, Josephine Sanicas-Daguman, Carol Jean Pebley & Hugh J. Paterson III, 'The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant', Journal of the International Phonetic Association, Vol. 40, No. 2 (August 2010), pp. 201–211
  3. ^ Ball, Martin J.; Howard, Sara J.; Miller, Kirk (2018). "Revisions to the extIPA chart". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 48 (2): 155–164. doi:10.1017/S0025100317000147. S2CID 151863976.
  4. ^ "damo in English - Aleut-English Dictionary | Glosbe". glosbe.com. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
  5. ^ Thelwall & Sa'Adeddin (1990:37)
  6. ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
  7. ^ Hualde (1991:99–100)
  8. ^ Watkins (2001:291–292)
  9. ^ Watkins (2001:292)
  10. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:55)
  11. ^ a b Maddieson et al. (1993:34)
  12. ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 143.
  13. ^ "Atlas Lingüístico Gallego (ALGa) | Instituto da Lingua Galega - ILG". ilg.usc.es. 14 October 2013. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
  14. ^ Sylvia Moosmüller (2007). "Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
  15. ^ Olson et al. (2010:206–207)
  16. ^ a b c d Vanvik (1979:14)
  17. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
  18. ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000:11)
  19. ^ "Slender 'r'/ 'an t-s'".
  20. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
  21. ^ Phonetic studies such as Quilis (1981) have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
  22. ^ a b Engstrand (2004:167)
  23. ^ Merrill (2008:109)
  24. ^ Grønnum (2003:121)
  25. ^ Basbøll (2005:59, 63)

References

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