Taste bud: Difference between revisions

Taste buds
Taste buds
	Taste buds are small structures present within the papillae of the tongue
Details
System	Taste
Identifiers
Latin	caliculus gustatererius
MeSH	D013650
NeuroLex ID	birnlex_4101
TA98	A15.4.00.002
TA2	7037
TH	H3.04.01.0.02116, H3.04.01.0.03013
FMA	54825
	Anatomical terms of microanatomy [edit on Wikidata]

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Taste buds are clusters of taste receptor cells, which are also known as gustatory cells.^[1] The taste receptors are located around the small structures known as papillae found on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus, the cheek, and epiglottis. These structures are involved in detecting the five elements of taste perception: saltiness, sourness, bitterness, sweetness and savoriness (umami). A popular assumption assigns these different tastes to different regions of the tongue; in actuality, these tastes can be detected by any area of the tongue. Via small openings in the tongue epithelium, called taste pores, parts of the food dissolved in saliva come into contact with the taste receptors.^[1] These are located on top of the taste receptor cells that constitute the taste buds. The taste receptor cells send information detected by clusters of various receptors and ion channels to the gustatory areas of the brain via the seventh, ninth and tenth cranial nerves.

On average, the human tongue has 2,000–8,000 taste buds.^[2] The average lifespan of these is estimated to be 10 days.^[3]

Types of papillae

The taste buds on the tongue sit on raised protrusions of the tongue surface called papillae. There are four types of lingual papillae; all except one contain taste buds:

Fungiform papillae - as the name suggests, these are slightly mushroom-shaped if looked at in longitudinal section. These are present mostly at the dorsal surface of the tongue, as well as at the sides. Innervated by facial nerve.
Foliate papillae - these are ridges and grooves towards the posterior part of the tongue found at the lateral borders. Innervated by facial nerve (anterior papillae) and glossopharyngeal nerve (posterior papillae).
Circumvallate papillae - there are only about 10 to 14 of these papillae on most people, and they are present at the back of the oral part of the tongue. They are arranged in a circular-shaped row just in front of the sulcus terminalis of the tongue. They are associated with ducts of Von Ebner's glands, and are innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
Filiform papillae - the most numerous type but do not contain taste buds.^[4] They are characterized by increased keratinisation and are involved in the mechanical aspect of providing abrasion.

Cell composition

The bud is formed by at least two main kinds of cells: supporting cells and gustatory cells. The supporting (sustentacular cells) are mostly arranged like the staves of a cask, and form an outer envelope for the bud. Some, however, are found in the interior of the bud between the gustatory cells. The gustatory (taste) cells, which are chemoreceptors, occupy the central portion of the bud; they are spindle-shaped, and each possesses a large spherical nucleus near the middle of the cell. The peripheral end of the cell terminates at the gustatory pore in a fine hair filament, the gustatory hair. The central process passes toward the deep extremity of the bud, and there ends in single or bifurcated varicosities. The nerve fibrils after losing their medullary sheaths enter the taste bud, and end in fine extremities between the gustatory cells; other nerve fibrils ramify between the supporting cells and terminate in fine extremities; these, however, are believed to be nerves of ordinary sensation and not gustatory. ^{[citation needed]}

Salt, sweet, sour and umami tastes causes depolarization of the taste cells, although different mechanisms are applied. Bitter causes an internal release of Ca²⁺, no external Ca²⁺ is required.

Type I taste bud cell

The type I taste bud cells make up about half of the cells in the taste buds, express ion channels and have, apparently, glia-like functions. In electronic microscopy they show up as electron-dense. They are considered to have heterogeneous gene expression patterns. ^[5]

Type II taste bud cell

The type II taste bud cells make up about another third of the cells in the taste bud and express G-protein coupled receptors that are associated with chemoreception. They usually express either type 1 or type 2 taste receptors, but one cell might detect different stimuli, such as umami and sweetness.^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b Shier, David (2016). Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 454–455. ISBN 978-0-07-802429-0.
^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
^ Hamamichi, R.; Asano-Miyoshi, M.; Emori, Y. (15 September 2006). "Taste bud contains both short-lived and long-lived cell populations". Neuroscience. 141 (4): 2129–2138. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.05.061. PMID 16843606. S2CID 24014479.
^ Jung, HS; Akita, K; Kim, JY (2004). "Spacing patterns on tongue surface-gustatory papilla". Int J Dev Biol. 48 (2–3): 157–61. doi:10.1387/ijdb.15272380. PMID 15272380.
^ ^a ^b Roper, Stephen D.; Chaudhari, Nirupa (August 2017). "Taste buds: cells, signals and synapses". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 18 (8): 485–497. doi:10.1038/nrn.2017.68. ISSN 1471-0048. PMC 5958546.

External links

Scientists Explore the Workings of Taste Buds from National Public Radio's Talk of the Nation, July 22, 2005
http://kidshealth.org/kid/talk/qa/taste_buds.html For kids about taste buds!
http://www.newser.com/story/103744/your-lungs-have-their-own-taste-buds.html

[:0-1] Shier, David (2016). Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 454–455. ISBN 978-0-07-802429-0.

[2] Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

[3] Hamamichi, R.; Asano-Miyoshi, M.; Emori, Y. (15 September 2006). "Taste bud contains both short-lived and long-lived cell populations". Neuroscience. 141 (4): 2129–2138. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.05.061. PMID 16843606. S2CID 24014479.

[4] Jung, HS; Akita, K; Kim, JY (2004). "Spacing patterns on tongue surface-gustatory papilla". Int J Dev Biol. 48 (2–3): 157–61. doi:10.1387/ijdb.15272380. PMID 15272380.

[:1-5] Roper, Stephen D.; Chaudhari, Nirupa (August 2017). "Taste buds: cells, signals and synapses". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 18 (8): 485–497. doi:10.1038/nrn.2017.68. ISSN 1471-0048. PMC 5958546.

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+{{Short description|Taste receptor cells}}
-{{Infobox Anatomy |
+{{more sources needed|date=December 2020}}
-  Name         = Taste bud |
+{{Infobox microanatomy
-  Latin        = caliculus gustatorius |
+| Name        = Taste buds
-  GraySubject  = 222 |
-  GrayPage     = 991 |
+| Latin       = caliculus gustatererius
-  Image        = Gray1018.png |
+| Image       = 1402 The Tongue.jpg
-  Caption      = Semidiagrammatic view of a portion of the mucous membrane of the tongue. Two fungiform papillæ are shown. On some of the filiform papillæ the epithelial prolongations stand erect, in one they are spread out, and in three they are folded in. |
+| Caption     = Taste buds are small structures present within the [[lingual papillae|papillae]] of the tongue
-  Image2       = Gray1014.png |
+| System      = [[Taste]]
-  Caption2     = The mouth cavity. The cheeks have been slit transversely and the tongue pulled forward. |
-  System       = |
-  MeshName     = Taste+Buds |
-  MeshNumber   = A03.556.500.885.779 |
-  DorlandsPre  = c_03 |
-  DorlandsSuf  = 12205927  |
 }}
-'''Taste buds''' are small structures on the upper surface of the [[tongue]], [[soft palate]], and [[epiglottis]] that provide information about the [[taste]] of food being eaten.
+'''Taste buds'''  are clusters of taste receptor cells, which are also known as gustatory cells.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology|last=Shier|first=David|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|year=2016|isbn=978-0-07-802429-0|location=New York|pages=454–455}}</ref> The [[taste receptor]]s are located around the small structures known as [[lingual papillae|papillae]] found on the upper surface of the [[tongue]], [[soft palate]], upper [[esophagus]], the [[cheek]], and [[epiglottis]]. These structures are involved in detecting the five elements of [[taste|taste perception]]: [[saltiness]], [[sourness]], [[Bitterness (taste)|bitterness]], [[sweetness]] and [[umami|savoriness (umami)]]. A popular assumption assigns these different tastes to [[Tongue map|different regions of the tongue]]; in actuality, these tastes can be detected by any area of the tongue. Via small openings in the tongue epithelium, called taste pores, parts of the food dissolved in [[saliva]] come into contact with the taste receptors.<ref name=":0" /> These are located on top of the taste receptor cells that constitute the taste buds. The taste receptor cells send information detected by clusters of various receptors and ion channels to the [[gustatory cortex|gustatory areas]] of the brain via the seventh, ninth and tenth cranial nerves.
-The human tongue has about 10,000 taste buds.
-==Types of papillae==
-The majority of taste buds on the tongue sit on raised protrusions of the tongue surface called ''papillae''. There are four types of [[wiktionary:Papillae|papillae]] present in the human tongue:
-* [[Fungiform papillae]] - as the name suggests, these are slightly [[mushroom]] shaped if looked at in section. These are present mostly at the apex (tip) of the tongue, as well as at the sides. Innervated by facial nerve.
-* [[Filiform papillae]] - these are thin, long papillae "V"-shaped cones that don't contain taste buds but are the most numerous. These papillae are mechanical and not involved in [[wikt:gustation|gustation]]. Characterized increased keratinization.
-* [[Foliate papillae]] - these are ridges and grooves towards the posterior part of the tongue found on lateral margins. Innervated by facial nerve (anterior papillae) and glossopharyngeal nerve (posterior papillae).
-* [[Circumvallate papillae]] - there are only about 3-14 of these papillae on most people, and they are present at the back of the oral part of the tongue. They are arranged in a circular-shaped row just in front of the [[Terminal sulcus (tongue)|sulcus terminalis of the tongue]]. They are associated with ducts of Von Ebner's glands. Innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
+On average, the human tongue has 2,000–8,000 taste buds.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/584034/taste-bud Encyclopædia Britannica Online.]</ref> The average lifespan of these is estimated to be 10 days.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamamichi|first1=R.|last2=Asano-Miyoshi|first2=M.|last3=Emori|first3=Y.|date=15 September 2006|title=Taste bud contains both short-lived and long-lived cell populations|journal=Neuroscience|volume=141|issue=4|pages=2129–2138|doi=10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.05.061|pmid=16843606|s2cid=24014479}}</ref>
-It is known that there are five taste sensations:
-*[[Sweetness|Sweet]], [[Basic taste#Bitterness|Bitter]], and [[Basic taste#Umami|Umami]] (now sometimes called [[Basic taste#Savoriness|Savory]]), which work with a signal through a [[G-protein coupled receptor]].
-*[[Basic taste#Saltiness|Salty]] and [[Basic taste#Sourness|Sour]], which work with [[ion channel]]s.
+==Types of papillae==
-I like muffin a lot. Please send muffins to ME!!!!!!! I like muuuuuuffffffiiiinnnnsssssss!
+The taste buds on the tongue sit on raised protrusions of the tongue surface called papillae. There are four types of [[lingual papilla]]e; all except one contain taste buds:
+* [[Fungiform papillae]] - as the name suggests, these are slightly [[mushroom]]-shaped if looked at in longitudinal section. These are present mostly at the dorsal surface of the tongue, as well as at the sides. Innervated by facial nerve.
+* [[Foliate papillae]] - these are ridges and grooves towards the posterior part of the tongue found at the lateral borders. Innervated by [[facial nerve]] (anterior papillae) and [[glossopharyngeal nerve]] (posterior papillae).
+* [[Circumvallate papillae]] - there are only about 10 to 14 of these papillae on most people, and they are present at the back of the oral part of the tongue. They are arranged in a circular-shaped row just in front of the [[Terminal sulcus (tongue)|sulcus terminalis of the tongue]]. They are associated with ducts of [[Von Ebner's glands]], and are innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
+*[[Lingual papillae|Filiform papillae]] - the most numerous type but do not contain taste buds.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 15272380 | doi=10.1387/ijdb.15272380 | volume=48 | issue=2–3 | title=Spacing patterns on tongue surface-gustatory papilla | year=2004 | journal=Int J Dev Biol | pages=157–61  | last1 = Jung | first1 = HS | last2 = Akita | first2 = K | last3 = Kim | first3 = JY| doi-access=free }}</ref> They are characterized by increased [[keratinisation]] and are involved in the mechanical aspect of providing abrasion.
+== Cell composition ==
-==Structure of taste buds==
+The bud is formed by at least two main kinds of cells: supporting cells and gustatory cells. The ''supporting ([[sustentacular cell]]s)'' are mostly arranged like the staves of a cask, and form an outer envelope for the bud. Some, however, are found in the interior of the bud between the gustatory cells. The ''gustatory (taste) cells'', which are [[chemoreceptor]]s, occupy the central portion of the bud; they are spindle-shaped, and each possesses a large spherical nucleus near the middle of the cell. The peripheral end of the cell terminates at the gustatory pore in a fine hair filament, the gustatory hair. The central process passes toward the deep extremity of the bud, and there ends in single or [[wikt:bifurcation|bifurcated]] [[varicosities]]. The nerve fibrils after losing their [[medullary sheath]]s enter the taste bud, and end in fine extremities between the gustatory cells; other nerve fibrils ramify between the supporting cells and terminate in fine extremities; these, however, are believed to be nerves of ordinary sensation and not gustatory. {{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
-Each taste bud is flask-like in shape, its broad base resting on the corium, and its neck opening by an orifice, the gustatory pore, between the cells of the epithelium.
+Salt, sweet, sour and umami tastes causes depolarization of the taste cells, although different mechanisms are applied. Bitter causes an internal release of Ca<sup>2+</sup>, no external Ca<sup>2+</sup> is required.
-The bud is formed by two kinds of cells: supporting cells and gustatory cells.
+=== Type I taste bud cell ===
-* The ''supporting (sustentacular) cells'' are mostly arranged like the staves of a cask, and form an outer envelope for the bud. Some, however, are found in the interior of the bud between the gustatory cells.
+The type I taste bud cells make up about half of the cells in the taste buds, express ion channels and have, apparently, [[glia]]-like functions. In [[Electron microscope|electronic microscopy]] they show up as electron-dense. They are considered to have heterogeneous gene expression patterns. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Roper |first=Stephen D. |last2=Chaudhari |first2=Nirupa |date=August 2017 |title=Taste buds: cells, signals and synapses |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn.2017.68 |journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |language=en |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=485–497 |doi=10.1038/nrn.2017.68 |issn=1471-0048|pmc=5958546 }}</ref>
+=== Type II taste bud cell ===
-* The ''gustatory (taste) cells'', a [[chemoreceptor]], occupy the central portion of the bud; they are spindle-shaped, and each possesses a large spherical nucleus near the middle of the cell.
+The type II taste bud cells make up about another third of the cells in the taste bud and express [[G protein-coupled receptor|G-protein coupled receptors]] that are associated with [[Chemoreceptor|chemoreception]]. They usually express either type 1 or type 2 [[Taste receptor|taste receptors]], but one cell might detect different stimuli, such as [[umami]] and [[sweetness]].<ref name=":1" />
+== See also ==
-The peripheral end of the cell terminates at the gustatory pore in a fine hair-like filament, the gustatory hair.
+* [[Tongue map]]
-The central process passes toward the deep extremity of the bud, and there ends in single or bifurcated varicosities.
-The nerve fibrils after losing their medullary sheaths enter the taste bud, and end in fine extremities between the gustatory cells; other nerve fibrils ramify between the supporting cells and terminate in fine extremities; these, however, are believed to be nerves of ordinary sensation and not gustatory.
-==See also==
-*[[Basic taste]]
-*[[Gustatory system|Gustatory System]]
-==Additional images==
-<gallery>
-Image:Taste bud.svg|schematic drawing of a taste bud
-Image:Smagsloeg.png|taste bud (nerve missing)
-</gallery>
 == References ==
+{{Reflist}}
-<references/>
 == External links ==
-* [http://www.asha.org/about/publications/leader-online/archives/2002/q4/f021022a.htm Beyond the Tongue Map]
+* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4766647 Scientists Explore the Workings of Taste Buds] from National Public Radio's ''Talk of the Nation'', July 22, 2005
-* [http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020064 Taste Perception: Cracking the Code]
+*http://kidshealth.org/kid/talk/qa/taste_buds.html For kids about taste buds!
-* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4766647 Scientists Explore the Workings of Taste Buds] from National Public Radio's ''Talk of the Nation'', [[July 22]], [[2005]]
+* http://www.newser.com/story/103744/your-lungs-have-their-own-taste-buds.html
 {{Gustatory_system}}
 {{Nervous tissue}}
+{{Authority control}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Taste Bud}}
-[[Category:gustatory system]]
+[[Category:Gustatory system]]
+[[Category:Tongue]]
+[[fr:Langue (anatomie)#Papilles gustatives]]
-[[cs:Chuťový pohárek]]
-[[da:Smagsløg]]
-[[de:Geschmacksknospe]]
-[[es:Papilas gustativas]]
-[[fr:Langue (anatomie)#Les_papilles_gustatives]]
-[[it:Papilla]]
-[[he:פקעיות טעם]]
-[[nl:Smaakpapil]]
-[[ja:味蕾]]
-[[no:Smaksløk]]
-[[pl:Kubki smakowe]]
-[[simple:Tastebud]]
-[[sv:Smaklök]]
-[[zh:味蕾]]

Authority control databases
National	Germany
Other	Terminologia Anatomica