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#REDIRECT [[Planetary-mass object]]
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A '''planemo''' is a celestial object with mass greater than that of an irregularly shaped asteroid, yet smaller than a nuclear reactive [[brown dwarf]] or [[star]]. This "bizarre class of planet-sized objects has no suns at all, and instead floats untethered through space."<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19588333/?pg=4#Space_10ExtraSolarPlanets_070626 Extra Solar Planets msn.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060803_planemo_twins.html www.space.com]</ref> The term covers all bodies within this size range, although most planemos that [[orbit]] stars are more regularly referred to with the more specific term, [[planet]] (see also [[dwarf planet]]).{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Planemo is a contraction of '''''plane'''''tary '''''m'''''ass '''''o'''''bject. The term has yet to achieve common usage in the scientific community: as of October 2007, it appeared in only four papers in the [http://arxiv.org/archive/astro-ph astro-ph archive].


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==Origin of the term==
The description "planemo"<ref name="BrittPlanemosMSNBC">{{cite web |url= http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13149429/ |title= Mini-solar systems spark scientific debate |author= Robert Roy Britt |work= [[MSNBC]] |date= [[6 June]] [[2006]] |quote= The scientists involved in the new research are calling the objects "planemos," short for planetary-mass objects that were born in the manner of stars and do not orbit normal stars. }} (Image by space artist [[Jon Lomberg]].) </ref> was first proposed in 2003 to the [[International Astronomical Union]] (IAU) by [[Gibor Basri]], Professor of Astronomy at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], to help clarify the nomenclature of [[celestial bodies]]. At the time, the world of astronomy was undergoing a debate (concluded only in 2006) as to what does, and what does not, constitute a planet. Under Basri's definition a planemo would be "''an object [rounded by self-gravity] that does not achieve core [[nuclear fusion|fusion]] during its lifetime''", regardless of its orbit. It is deliberately contrasted with Basri's suggested [[definition of planet]], ("''a planemo that orbits a [[fusor (astronomy)|fusor]]''") and was thus intended as a solution to the debate.

==Within our solar system==
If applied to our own solar system the list of planemos would include some or all of the following:{{Fact|date=June 2008}}

{|
||||||||||||<ol start="1">
<li>'''[[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]'''
<li>'''[[Venus]]'''
<li>'''[[Earth]]'''
*<li>[[Moon]]
<li>'''[[Mars]]'''
<li>[[10 Hygiea|Hygiea]]
<li>[[4 Vesta|Vesta]]
<li>'''[[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]]'''
<li>[[2 Pallas|Pallas]]
<li>'''[[Jupiter]]'''
*<li>[[Io (moon)|Io]]
*<li>[[Europa (moon)|Europa]]
*<li>[[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]]
*<li>[[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]]
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||<ol start="10">
<li>'''[[Saturn]]'''
*<li>[[Mimas (moon)|Mimas]]
*<li>[[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]]
*<li>[[Tethys (moon)|Tethys]]
*<li>[[Dione (moon)|Dione]]
*<li>[[Rhea (moon)|Rhea]]
*<li>[[Titan (moon)|Titan]]
*<li>[[Iapetus (moon)|Iapetus]]
<li>'''[[Uranus]]'''
*<li>[[Miranda (moon)|Miranda]]
*<li>[[Ariel (moon)|Ariel]]
*<li>[[Umbriel (moon)|Umbriel]]
*<li>[[Titania (moon)|Titania]]
*<li>[[Oberon (moon)|Oberon]]
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||<ol start="12">
<li>'''[[Neptune]]'''
*<li>[[Triton (moon)|Triton]]
<li>[[90482 Orcus|Orcus]]
<li>'''[[Pluto]]'''
<li>[[Charon (moon)|Charon]]
<li>[[28978 Ixion|Ixion]]
<li>[[20000 Varuna|Varuna]]
<li>{{mpl|(55636) 2002 TX|300}}
<li>{{mpl|(136108) 2003 EL|61}}
<li>[[50000 Quaoar|Quaoar]]
<li>{{dp|Makemake}}
<li>{{mpl|(55565) 2002 AW|197}}
<li>'''[[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]]'''
<li>[[90377 Sedna|Sedna]]
</ol>
|}
The list appears in order of increasing average distance from the Sun, with planets and dwarf planets in bold. The numbered planemos could possibly be counted as [[planet]]s if Basri's definition was used, with the bold ones definitely counting. However many more objects in the distant solar system could be found that would qualify under the definition, with some astronomers predicting hundreds to be discovered.

As "round" is a relative term that would need to be precisely quantified, an eventual list could vary from this. For example, {{mp|2003 EL|61}} is more elliptical than spherical. Basri notes 'roundness' requires "enough [[mass]] to allow their self-gravity to overcome any material forces that might produce [[asymmetric]] shapes" and that "technically roundness means conformity to the [[equipotential surface]]." The IAU's view means an object would qualify if it "has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape."

==Recent discoveries==
Cha 110913-77344 was discovered by the [[Spitzer Space Telescope]]. It is 8 times more massive than Jupiter, and an estimated 2 million years old. It is encircled by a disk of dust. It is 500 light-years away from Earth.

The first Planemos discovered outside our Solar System were those orbiting [[PSR 1257+12]], discovered in 1992 by [[Aleksander Wolszczan]] and [[Dale Frail]]<ref>[http://www.astro.psu.edu/users/alex/pulsar_planets.htm Pulsar Planets<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ; as [[pulsar planets]], they surprised many astronomers who expected to find planets only around [[main sequence]] stars.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*Gibor Basri, [[Michael E. Brown]], ''Planetesimals to Brown Dwarfs: What is a Planet?'', 2006 [http://www.arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0608417 Preprint]
*[http://astron.berkeley.edu/%7Ebasri/defineplanet/Mercury.htm Defining "Planet" by Gibor Basri]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5241774.stm BBC News: Strange 'twin' new worlds found ]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/06/060605190412.htm ScienceDaily: New Study Suggests 'Planemos' May Spawn Planets And Moons] June 6, 2006 ([[University of Toronto]])

==See also==
* [[fusor (astronomy)]]
* [[mesoplanet]]
* [[protoplanet]]
* [[planetesimal]]

[[Category:Planets]]
[[Category:Types of planet]]

[[de:Planemo]]
[[et:Planeetos]]
[[es:Planemo]]
[[it:Planemo]]
[[lt:Planema]]
[[nl:Planemo]]
[[pl:Planemo]]
[[pt:Planemo]]
[[ru:Планемо]]
[[fi:Planemo]]

Latest revision as of 05:21, 29 July 2022

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