Heracleum persicum: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
←Created page with '{{redirect|Geerah|a unit of measurement|Girah}} {{Taxobox | name = Golpar | image = Illustration_Heracleum_sphondylium0.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_captio...' |
|||
| (164 intermediate revisions by 86 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}} |
|||
{{redirect|Geerah|a unit of measurement|Girah}} |
|||
{{redirect|Golpar|the village in Iran|Kolbor}} |
|||
{{Taxobox |
|||
{{Speciesbox |
|||
| name = Golpar |
|||
| image = Illustration_Heracleum_sphondylium0.jpg |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| image_width = 240px |
|||
|species = persicum |
|||
| image_caption = Flower and leaf of [[Golpar]] |
|||
|authority = [[René Louiche Desfontaines|Desf.]] ex [[Friedrich Ernst Ludwig von Fischer|Fisch.]] |
|||
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae |
|||
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] |
|||
| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]] |
|||
| ordo = [[Apiales]] |
|||
| familia = [[Apiaceae]] |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| subdivision_ranks = Species |
|||
| subdivision = |
|||
|last= |
|||
|first= |
|||
}} |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
}} |
}} |
||
'''''Heracleum persicum''''', commonly known as '''Persian hogweed''' or by its native name '''''golpar''''' ({{langx|fa|گلپر}}), is a species of [[Heracleum (plant)|hogweed]], a [[perennial]] herbaceous plant in the carrot family [[Apiaceae]]. It grows wild in humid mountainous regions in Iran and some adjacent areas. Having been introduced in the 1830s, it has spread across [[Scandinavia]]. It is now very common in northern [[Norway]], where one of its names is '''[[Tromsø]] palm'''.<ref name="1746-4269">{{Cite journal|last=Alm|first=Torbjørn|date=2013|title=Ethnobotany of Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fisch., an invasive species in Norway, or how plant names, uses, and other traditions evolve|journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine|language=En|volume=9|issue=1|pages=42|doi=10.1186/1746-4269-9-42|issn=1746-4269|pmc=3699400|pmid=23800181 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
'''Golpar''' '''''(Heracleum persicum)''''' (sometimes called '''Persian Hogweed''') is a [[flowering plant]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Apiaceae]], native to Persia or modern day Iran. The seeds are used as a spice in Persian cooking. They are usually sold in powdered form and are often erroneously sold as "Angelica Seeds." The powder is sprinkled over broad beans and other legumes and is also used in making pickles. It is also used in soups and stews. |
|||
<ref>{{Citation |
|||
|title = Bjørnekjeks tar kvelertak på naturen (''Hogweed takes stranglehold on nature'') |
|||
|first = Kristin |
|||
|last = Straumsheim Grønli |
|||
|date = July 10, 2006 |
|||
|url = http://www.forskning.no/Artikler/2006/juli/1151926878.96 |
|||
|access-date = September 12, 2011 |
|||
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110923040522/http://www.forskning.no/artikler/2006/juli/1151926878.96/ |
|||
|archive-date = 2011-09-23 |
|||
|url-status = dead |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
The plant has also been spotted in Sweden.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Heracleum mantegazzianum, Heracleum sosnowskyi and Heracleum persicum|journal=EPPO Bulletin|date=2009|volume=39|issue=3|pages=489–499|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2338.2009.02313.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> In Finland, it has been declared an invasive species.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vieraslajit.fi/lajit/MX.41695/show|title=Jättiputket (Heracleum persicum -ryhmä) - Vieraslajit.fi|website=vieraslajit.fi}}</ref> |
|||
Persian hogweed is a [[polycarpic]] perennial,<ref name="EU-guidelines">{{cite book |isbn=978-87-7903-209-5 |url=https://static-curis.ku.dk/portal/files/20497522/kaempe_bjorneklo_eng.pdf |title= The giant hogweed best practice manual: guidelines for the management and control of invasive weeds in Europe |last1=Booy |first1=Olaf |last2=Cock |first2=Matthew |last3=Eckstein |first3=Lutz |last4=Hansen |first4=Steen Ole |last5=Hattendorf |first5=Jan |last6=Hüls |first6=Jörg |last7=Jahodová |first7=Sárka |last8=Krinke |first8=Lucás |last9=Marovoková |first9=Lanka |last10=Müllerová |first10=Jana |last11=Nentwig |first11=Wolfgang |last12=Nielsen |first12=Charlotte |last13=Otte |first13=Annette |last14=Pergl |first14=Jan |last15=Perglová |first15=Irena |last16=Priekule |first16=Ilze |last17=Pusek |first17=Petr |last18=Ravn |first18=Hans Peter |last19=Thiele |first19=Jan |last20=Trybush |first20=Sviatlana |last21=Wittenberg |first21=Rüdiger |date=2005 |publisher=Hørsholm: Center for Skov, Landskab og Planlægning/Københavns Universitet |access-date=September 1, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Meier-2017">{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/inp.2017.11 |title=Regulation of the Invasive Plant Heracleum persicum by Private Landowners in Tromsø, Norway |last1=Meier |first1=Sophie |last2=Taff |first2=Gregory N. |last3=Aune |first3=Jens B. |last4=Eiter |first4=Sebastian |journal=Invasive Plant Science and Management |year=2017 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=166–179 |doi-access=free }}</ref> that is, a mature plant flowers and bears fruit season after season. |
|||
== Invasiveness status == |
|||
In Europe, Persian hogweed is included since 2016 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list).<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web|title=List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern - Environment - European Commission|url=https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/list/index_en.htm|access-date=2021-07-27|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> This implies that this species cannot be imported, cultivated, transported, commercialized, planted, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> |
|||
==Uses== |
|||
===Food uses=== |
|||
[[Image:Golparground.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ground ''golpar'' (''H. persicum'') seeds]] |
|||
The seeds are used as a spice in [[Persian cuisine|Persian cooking]]. The very thin, small mericarps (seed-like fruits) are aromatic and slightly bitter. They are usually sold in powdered form and are often erroneously sold as "[[Angelica archangelica|angelica]] seeds". The powder is sprinkled over [[Vicia faba|broad bean]]s, [[lentil]]s and other [[legume]]s, and potatoes. |
|||
Golpar is also used in soups and stews, or sprinkled over [[pomegranate]] arils.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fujimori |first=Sachi |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Get cooking with pomegranates, the super fruit that's in season |url=http://www.northjersey.com/food_dining/235525181_Get_cooking_with_pomegranates__the_super_fruit_that_s_in_season_.html |access-date=December 31, 2013 |publisher=NorthJersey.com}} |
|||
</ref> Golpar is also mixed with vinegar into which broad beans are dipped before eating.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Persian Lentil & Beetroot Salad with Golpar |url=https://www.spicemountain.co.uk/recipe/persian-lentil-beetroot-salad-with-golpar/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Spice Mountain |language=en-US}}</ref> |
|||
Golpar can be used in small amounts (1 or 2 tsp per pound) when cooking beans to reduce the effect of gas in the digestive tract associated with consuming beans.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gas in the Digestive Tract: Digestive Diseases - NIDDK |url=http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011063704/http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gas/ |archive-date=2014-10-11 |access-date=2010-11-08}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=October 2011}}{{dubious|date=October 2011}} |
|||
In [[Iranian cuisine|Persian cuisine]], the petals<!--not the seeds?--> are used in the spice mixture ''[[advieh]]'' to flavor rice dishes, as well as in chicken, fish, and bean dishes.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} |
|||
The tender leaves and leaf stalks can also be pickled (known as ''golpar torshi'').{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} |
|||
== Chemical composition == |
|||
The [[Chemical composition|chemicals composition]] in golpar (Persian hogweed) are: [[hexyl acetate]], [[acetyl acetate]], [[methyl butyrate]], [[ethyl butyrate]], and various other [[Acid|acids]] that are responsible for its pungent smell. Also, there is a kind of oily and [[Volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] [[essential oil]] in the ''Heracleum persicum'' plant, which is used to flavor some foods.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Changxing |first1=L. |last2=Dongfang |first2=D. |last3=Lixue |first3=Z. |last4=Saeed |first4=M. |last5=Alagawany |first5=M. |last6=Farag |first6=M. R. |last7=Chenling |first7=M. |last8=Jianhua |first8=L. |date=June 2019 |title=Heracleum persicum: chemical composition, biological activities and potential uses in poultry nutrition |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-s-poultry-science-journal/article/abs/heracleum-persicum-chemical-composition-biological-activities-and-potential-uses-in-poultry-nutrition/6E3EBAC876EA87A2E1A6807F795583E0 |journal=World's Poultry Science Journal |language=en |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=207–218 |doi=10.1017/S0043933919000205 |issn=0043-9339}}</ref> |
|||
==Public health and safety== |
|||
The sap of the Tromsø palm contains [[furanocoumarins]], which in combination with [[ultraviolet]] light, leads to [[phytophotodermatitis]].<ref name="Meier-2017" /> There is some anecdotal evidence that ''H. persicum'' may be less dangerous than ''H. mantegazzianum'' with respect to [[phototoxicity]].<ref name="1746-4269" /> |
|||
==Control measures== |
|||
Known ways to fight Tromsø palm are the constant cutting of new shoots. When cutting down, protective equipment is recommended, and metal cutting tools should be cleaned after use because the juice is oxidizing.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} |
|||
==See also== |
|||
* ''[[Heracleum (plant)|Heracleum]]'', the genus |
|||
* Other tall invasive ''Heracleum'' species: ''[[Heracleum mantegazzianum]]'' and ''[[Heracleum sosnowskyi]]'' |
|||
* Non-invasive ''Heracleum'' species: ''[[Heracleum sphondylium]]'' and ''[[Heracleum maximum]]'' |
|||
* Species that can be mistaken for ''Heracleum persicum'':<ref name="EU-guidelines" /> [[Pastinaca sativa|wild parsnip]], [[Angelica archangelica|garden angelica]], [[Angelica sylvestris|wild angelica]] |
|||
==References== |
|||
{{Reflist}} |
|||
==External links== |
|||
*[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4091/is_200407/ai_n9450521 Analysis of the Oil of ''Heracleum persicum'' L. (seeds and stems)] |
|||
*[http://daneshnameh.roshd.ir/mavara/mavara-index.php?page=گلپر&PHPSESSID=1528decbbf4664bae77f6c025f8d7ebb&SSOReturnPage=Check&Rand=0 ''Heracleum persicum'', ''Heracleum glabrescens''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121202232238/http://daneshnameh.roshd.ir/mavara/mavara-index.php?page=%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%B1&PHPSESSID=1528decbbf4664bae77f6c025f8d7ebb&SSOReturnPage=Check&Rand=0 |date=2012-12-02 }} {{in lang|fa}} |
|||
*{{cite journal|last1=Sajjadi|first1=S. E.|last2=Noroozi|first2=P.|title=Isolation and identification of xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) from the fruits of ''Heracleum persicum'' Desf. ex Fischer|journal=Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences|date=2007|volume=April 2007|issue=2|pages=13–16|url=http://www.jrps.ir/index.php/jrps/article/download/21/19|access-date=15 June 2016}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
|||
{{Edible Apiaceae}} |
|||
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1418112}} |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
{{cookbook|Cumin}} |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
{{Herbs & spices}} |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
[[Category:Spices]] |
[[Category:Spices]] |
||
[[Category:Iranian cuisine]] |
|||
[[Category:Apioideae]] |
|||
Latest revision as of 12:37, 26 October 2024
| Heracleum persicum | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Apiaceae |
| Genus: | Heracleum |
| Species: | H. persicum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Heracleum persicum | |
Heracleum persicum, commonly known as Persian hogweed or by its native name golpar (Persian: گلپر), is a species of hogweed, a perennial herbaceous plant in the carrot family Apiaceae. It grows wild in humid mountainous regions in Iran and some adjacent areas. Having been introduced in the 1830s, it has spread across Scandinavia. It is now very common in northern Norway, where one of its names is Tromsø palm.[1] [2] The plant has also been spotted in Sweden.[3] In Finland, it has been declared an invasive species.[4]
Persian hogweed is a polycarpic perennial,[5][6] that is, a mature plant flowers and bears fruit season after season.
Invasiveness status
[edit]In Europe, Persian hogweed is included since 2016 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list).[7] This implies that this species cannot be imported, cultivated, transported, commercialized, planted, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.[7]
Uses
[edit]Food uses
[edit]
The seeds are used as a spice in Persian cooking. The very thin, small mericarps (seed-like fruits) are aromatic and slightly bitter. They are usually sold in powdered form and are often erroneously sold as "angelica seeds". The powder is sprinkled over broad beans, lentils and other legumes, and potatoes.
Golpar is also used in soups and stews, or sprinkled over pomegranate arils.[8] Golpar is also mixed with vinegar into which broad beans are dipped before eating.[9]
Golpar can be used in small amounts (1 or 2 tsp per pound) when cooking beans to reduce the effect of gas in the digestive tract associated with consuming beans.[10][failed verification][dubious – discuss]
In Persian cuisine, the petals are used in the spice mixture advieh to flavor rice dishes, as well as in chicken, fish, and bean dishes.[citation needed]
The tender leaves and leaf stalks can also be pickled (known as golpar torshi).[citation needed]
Chemical composition
[edit]The chemicals composition in golpar (Persian hogweed) are: hexyl acetate, acetyl acetate, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, and various other acids that are responsible for its pungent smell. Also, there is a kind of oily and volatile essential oil in the Heracleum persicum plant, which is used to flavor some foods.[11]
Public health and safety
[edit]The sap of the Tromsø palm contains furanocoumarins, which in combination with ultraviolet light, leads to phytophotodermatitis.[6] There is some anecdotal evidence that H. persicum may be less dangerous than H. mantegazzianum with respect to phototoxicity.[1]
Control measures
[edit]Known ways to fight Tromsø palm are the constant cutting of new shoots. When cutting down, protective equipment is recommended, and metal cutting tools should be cleaned after use because the juice is oxidizing.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]- Heracleum, the genus
- Other tall invasive Heracleum species: Heracleum mantegazzianum and Heracleum sosnowskyi
- Non-invasive Heracleum species: Heracleum sphondylium and Heracleum maximum
- Species that can be mistaken for Heracleum persicum:[5] wild parsnip, garden angelica, wild angelica
References
[edit]- ^ a b Alm, Torbjørn (2013). "Ethnobotany of Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fisch., an invasive species in Norway, or how plant names, uses, and other traditions evolve". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 9 (1): 42. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-9-42. ISSN 1746-4269. PMC 3699400. PMID 23800181.
- ^ Straumsheim Grønli, Kristin (July 10, 2006), Bjørnekjeks tar kvelertak på naturen (Hogweed takes stranglehold on nature), archived from the original on 2011-09-23, retrieved September 12, 2011
- ^ "Heracleum mantegazzianum, Heracleum sosnowskyi and Heracleum persicum". EPPO Bulletin. 39 (3): 489–499. 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2338.2009.02313.x.
- ^ "Jättiputket (Heracleum persicum -ryhmä) - Vieraslajit.fi". vieraslajit.fi.
- ^ a b Booy, Olaf; Cock, Matthew; Eckstein, Lutz; Hansen, Steen Ole; Hattendorf, Jan; Hüls, Jörg; Jahodová, Sárka; Krinke, Lucás; Marovoková, Lanka; Müllerová, Jana; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Nielsen, Charlotte; Otte, Annette; Pergl, Jan; Perglová, Irena; Priekule, Ilze; Pusek, Petr; Ravn, Hans Peter; Thiele, Jan; Trybush, Sviatlana; Wittenberg, Rüdiger (2005). The giant hogweed best practice manual: guidelines for the management and control of invasive weeds in Europe (PDF). Hørsholm: Center for Skov, Landskab og Planlægning/Københavns Universitet. ISBN 978-87-7903-209-5. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
- ^ a b Meier, Sophie; Taff, Gregory N.; Aune, Jens B.; Eiter, Sebastian (2017). "Regulation of the Invasive Plant Heracleum persicum by Private Landowners in Tromsø, Norway". Invasive Plant Science and Management. 10 (2): 166–179. doi:10.1017/inp.2017.11.
- ^ a b "List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern - Environment - European Commission". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
- ^ Fujimori, Sachi (December 12, 2013). "Get cooking with pomegranates, the super fruit that's in season". NorthJersey.com. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
- ^ "Persian Lentil & Beetroot Salad with Golpar". Spice Mountain. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
- ^ "Gas in the Digestive Tract: Digestive Diseases - NIDDK". Archived from the original on 2014-10-11. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
- ^ Changxing, L.; Dongfang, D.; Lixue, Z.; Saeed, M.; Alagawany, M.; Farag, M. R.; Chenling, M.; Jianhua, L. (June 2019). "Heracleum persicum: chemical composition, biological activities and potential uses in poultry nutrition". World's Poultry Science Journal. 75 (2): 207–218. doi:10.1017/S0043933919000205. ISSN 0043-9339.
External links
[edit]- Analysis of the Oil of Heracleum persicum L. (seeds and stems)
- Heracleum persicum, Heracleum glabrescens Archived 2012-12-02 at archive.today (in Persian)
- Sajjadi, S. E.; Noroozi, P. (2007). "Isolation and identification of xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) from the fruits of Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fischer". Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. April 2007 (2): 13–16. Retrieved 15 June 2016.[permanent dead link]