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{{Short description|File format family}}
{{Redirect-acronym|AIFF|[[All India Football Federation]]}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox file format
{{Infobox file format
| name = Audio Interchange File Format
| name = Audio Interchange File Format <br>(AIFF)
| icon =
| icon =
| logo =
| extension = .aiff<br />.aif<br />.aifc
| screenshot =
| mime = audio/x-aiff<br />audio/aiff
| caption =
| type code = AIFF
| uniform type = public.aiff-audio<br />public.aifc-audio
| extension = .aiff<br />.aif<br />.aifc
| mime = audio/x-aiff<br />audio/aiff
| owner = [[Apple Inc.]]
| type code = AIFF, AIFC
| genre = [[audio format|audio file]]
| uniform type = public.aiff-audio<br />public.aifc-audio
| container for =
| contained by =
| magic =
| owner = [[Apple Inc.]]
| extended from = [[Interchange File Format|IFF (File format)]]
| released = {{start date and age|1988|01|21|df=yes}}<ref name="aiff-spec">{{citation |url=https://www.mmsp.ece.mcgill.ca/Documents/AudioFormats/AIFF/Docs/AIFF-1.3.pdf |title=Audio Interchange File Format, A Standard for Sampled Sound Files, Version 1.3 |author=Apple Computer, Inc. |date=1989-01-04 |access-date=2010-03-21}}</ref><!-- {{Start date|YYYY|dd|mm|df=yes}} -->
| extended to =
| latest release version = 1.3
| standard =
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|1989|01|04|df=no}}<!-- {{Start date and age|YYYY|dd|mm|df=yes}} --><br />AIFF-C / {{Start date and age|1991|07|df=yes}}<ref name="aiff-spec2">{{cite web |url=https://www.mmsp.ece.mcgill.ca/Documents/AudioFormats/AIFF/AIFF.html |title=Audio File Format Specifications - AIFF / AIFF-C Specifications |author=P. Kabal |publisher=McGill University |date=2005-03-15 |access-date=2010-03-21}}</ref>
| genre = [[audio file format]], [[container format (digital)|container format]]
| container for =
| contained by =
| extended from = [[Interchange File Format|IFF (File format)]]
| extended to =
| standard =
| free =
| url =
}}
}}
'''Audio Interchange File Format''' ('''AIFF''') is an [[audio file format]] standard used for storing [[sound]] data for [[personal computers]] and other electronic audio devices. The format was co-developed by [[Apple Computer]] in 1988 [http://www.edcox.net/research/ma/ma1-aiff.asp] based on [[Electronic Arts]]' [[Interchange File Format]] (IFF, widely used on [[Amiga]] systems) and is most commonly used on [[Apple Macintosh]] computer systems. AIFF is also used by [[Silicon Graphics|Silicon Graphics Incorporated]].


'''Audio Interchange File Format''' ('''AIFF''') is an [[audio file format]] standard used for storing [[sound]] data for [[personal computer]]s and other electronic audio devices. The format was developed by [[Apple Inc.|Apple Inc]]. in 1988 based on [[Electronic Arts]]' [[Interchange File Format]] (IFF, widely used on [[Amiga]] systems) and is most commonly used on [[Macintosh|Apple Macintosh]] computer systems.
The audio data in a standard AIFF file are uncompressed [[endianness|big-endian]] [[pulse-code modulation]] (PCM). There is also a compressed variant of AIFF known as '''AIFF-C''' or '''AIFC''', with various defined compression codecs.


Standard AIFF is a leading format (along with [[SDII]] and [[WAV]]) used by professional-level audio and video applications, as unlike the better known [[lossy]] [[MP3]] format, it is non-compressed (which aids rapid streaming of multiple audio files from disk to the application), and [[lossless]]. Like any non-compressed, lossless format, it uses much more disk space than MP3 -- about 10MB for one minute of stereo audio at a sample rate of 44.1k and a bit depth of 16 bits. In addition to audio data, AIFF can include [[loop]] point data and the musical note of a [[Sampling (music)|sample]], for use by hardware samplers and musical applications.
The [[digital audio|audio data]] in most AIFF files is uncompressed [[pulse-code modulation]] (PCM). This type of AIFF file uses much more disk space than [[lossy]] formats like [[MP3]]—about 10&nbsp;MB for one minute of stereo audio at a sample rate of 44.1&nbsp;kHz and a bit depth of 16 bits. There is also a compressed variant of AIFF known as '''AIFF-C''' or '''AIFC''', with various defined compression codecs.


In addition to audio data, AIFF can include [[Loop (music)|loop]] point data and the musical note of a [[sampling (music)|sample]], for use by hardware samplers and musical applications.
The file extension for the standard AIFF format is '''.aiff''' or '''.aif'''. For the compressed variants it is supposed to be '''.aifc''', but .aiff or .aif are accepted as well by audio applications supporting the format.


The file extension for the standard AIFF format is <code>.aiff</code> or <code>.aif</code>. For the compressed variants it is supposed to be <code>.aifc</code>, but <code>.aiff</code> or <code>.aif</code> are accepted as well by audio applications supporting the format.
==AIFF on Mac OS X==


==AIFF on macOS==
With the development of the [[Mac OS X]] operating system, Apple quietly created a new type of AIFF which is, in effect, an alternative [[little-endian]] byte order format.
{{Original research|section|date=March 2009}}


With the development of the OS X operating system now known as [[macOS]], Apple created a new type of AIFF which is, in effect, an alternative [[little-endian]] byte order format.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-10-29 |title=Speech Synthesis Manager - OS X Manual |url=https://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man1/say.1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091128075236/https://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man1/say.1.html |archive-date=2009-11-28 |website=Apple}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-11-13 |title=Supported Audio File and Data Formats in Mac OS X |url=https://developer.apple.com/iphone/library/documentation/musicaudio/Conceptual/CoreAudioOverview/SupportedAudioFormatsMacOSX/SupportedAudioFormatsMacOSX.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523155253/https://developer.apple.com/iphone/library/documentation/musicaudio/Conceptual/CoreAudioOverview/SupportedAudioFormatsMacOSX/SupportedAudioFormatsMacOSX.html |archive-date=2009-05-23 |website=Apple}}</ref>
Almost nothing is documented about the purpose of this — one source{{Fact|date=April 2008}} describes it as making the writing of data to audio CDs more efficient, but the then secret plans for transition to the [[Apple Intel transition|Intel platform]] may explain both the format switch and the fact that it is an extremely obscure subject that has never been discussed explicitly by Apple.


Because the AIFF architecture has no provision for alternate byte order, Apple used the existing AIFF-C compression architecture, and created a "pseudo-compressed" codec called '''sowt'''. The only difference between a standard AIFF file and an AIFF-C/sowt file is the byte order; there is no compression involved at all.
Because the AIFF architecture has no provision for alternative byte order, Apple used the existing AIFF-C compression architecture, and created a "pseudo-compressed" codec called '''sowt''' ('''twos''' spelled backwards). The only difference between a standard AIFF file and an AIFF-C/sowt file is the byte order; there is no compression involved at all.<ref name="RF04">{{cite web |date=1995-05-01 |title=Technical Q&A QTMRF04: QuickTime Sound |url=https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/qa/qtmrf/qtmrf04.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705133320/https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/qa/qtmrf/qtmrf04.html |archive-date=2022-07-05 |access-date=2009-11-09 |website=Apple |publisher=}}</ref>


Apple uses this new little-endian AIFF type as its standard on Mac OS X. When a file is imported to or exported from [[iTunes]] in "AIFF" format, it is actually AIFF-C/sowt that is being used. When audio from an audio CD disc is imported by dragging to the Mac OS X Desktop, the resulting file is also an AIFF-C/sowt. In all cases, Apple refers to the files simply as "AIFF", and uses the ".aiff" extension.
Apple uses this new little-endian AIFF type as its standard on macOS. When a file is imported to or exported from [[iTunes]] in "AIFF" format, it is actually AIFF-C/sowt that is being used. When audio from an audio CD is imported by dragging to the macOS Desktop, the resulting file is also an AIFF-C/sowt. In all cases, Apple refers to the files simply as "AIFF", and uses the <code>.aiff</code> extension.

What meaning '''sowt''' may have as an acronym or abbreviation does not appear to be documented, but it is probably the reverse of "twos", the big-endian designation for twos-complement format.


For the vast majority of users this technical situation is completely unnoticeable and irrelevant. The sound quality of standard AIFF and AIFF-C/sowt are identical, and the data can be converted back and forth without loss. Users of older audio applications, however, may find that an AIFF-C/sowt file will not play, or will prompt the user to convert the format on opening, or will play as static.
For the vast majority of users this technical situation is completely unnoticeable and irrelevant. The sound quality of standard AIFF and AIFF-C/sowt are identical, and the data can be converted back and forth without loss. Users of older audio applications, however, may find that an AIFF-C/sowt file will not play, or will prompt the user to convert the format on opening, or will play as static.


All traditional AIFF and AIFF-C files continue to work normally on Mac OS X (including on the new Intel-based hardware), and many third-party audio applications continue to use the standard AIFF big-endian byte order.
All traditional AIFF and AIFF-C files continue to work normally on macOS, and many third-party audio applications as well as hardware continue to use the standard AIFF big-endian byte order.

'''Note:''' As of Mac OS X version 10.4.9, many programs are only able to export AIFF-C. [[QuickTime]] Pro, and [[Digital Performer]] 5.11 for example, will export AIF-C when AIFF is selected as the export format. This can be verified by highlighting any newly created AIFF, and selecting "Get Info" from the "File" Menu. This was ''not'' the case with OS 10.4.8 and earlier. This is not, however, observed in all programs. [[iTunes]] and [[Logic Express]], for example continue to properly export AIFF files.

This change presents potential compatibility issues between systems which use only AIFF, and files written in OS 10.4.9 as AIFF-C. For example, the [[Alesis]] HD24 hard disk recorder can work with AIFF files; however, AIFF-C files, like those created in Mac OS X 10.4.9 are not compatible.


==AIFF Apple Loops==
==AIFF Apple Loops==
Apple has also created another recent extension to the AIFF format in the form of Apple Loops<ref>{{cite web |title=Logic Studio - Plug-ins & Sounds |url=https://www.apple.com/logic-pro/plugins-and-sounds/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720011337/http://www.apple.com/logic-pro/plugins-and-sounds |archive-date=2013-07-20 |access-date=2010-04-30 |website=Apple |publisher=}}</ref> used by [[GarageBand]] and [[Logic Pro]], which allows the inclusion of data for pitch and tempo shifting by an application in the more common variety, and [[MIDI]]-sequence data and references to GarageBand playback instruments in another variety.


Apple Loops use either the <code>.aiff</code> (or <code>.aif</code>) or <code>.caf</code> extension regardless of type.
Apple has also created another recent extension to the AIFF format in the form of [[Apple Loops]][http://www.apple.com/logicpro/appleloops.html] used by [[GarageBand]] and [[Logic Audio]], which allows the inclusion of data for pitch and tempo shifting by an application in the more common variety, and [[MIDI]]-sequence data and references to GarageBand playback instruments in another variety.


==Data format==
AppleLoops use the .aiff (or .aif) extension regardless of type.
An AIFF file is divided into a number of chunks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kabal |first=Peter |date=2017-09-20 |title=Audio File Format Specifications |url=https://www-mmsp.ece.mcgill.ca/Documents/AudioFormats/AIFF/AIFF.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724201945/https://www-mmsp.ece.mcgill.ca/Documents/AudioFormats/AIFF/AIFF.html |archive-date=2022-07-24 |website=MMSP Lab, ECE, McGill University}}</ref> Each chunk is identified by a ''chunk ID'' more broadly referred to as [[FourCC]].

==Data Format==

An AIFF file is divided into a number of [[Chunked file format|chunk]]s. Each chunk is identified by a ''chunk ID'' more broadly referred to as [[FourCC]].


Types of chunks found in AIFF files:
Types of chunks found in AIFF files:

* Common Chunk (required)
* Common Chunk (required)
* Sound Data Chunk (required)
* Sound Data Chunk (required)
Line 66: Line 69:
* MIDI Data Chunk
* MIDI Data Chunk
* Application Chunk
* Application Chunk
* [[ID3]] Chunk


== See also ==
==Metadata==
AIFF files can store [[metadata]] in Name, Author, Comment, Annotation, and Copyright chunks. An [[ID3v2 tag]] chunk can also be embedded in AIFF files, as well as an Application Chunk with [[Extensible Metadata Platform]] (XMP) data in it.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 18, 2013 |title=AIFF Tagging |url=http://aifftagging.blogspot.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407031344/https://aifftagging.blogspot.com/ |archive-date=2022-04-07}}</ref>
* [[Apple Lossless]]

==Common compression types==
AIFF supports only uncompressed PCM data. AIFF-C also supports compressed audio formats, which can be specified in the "COMM" chunk. The compression type is "NONE" for PCM audio data. The compression type is accompanied by a printable name. Common compression types and names include, but are not limited to:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+AIFF-C common compression types<ref name="aiff-spec" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://shoko.calarts.edu/~tre/AIFFC/comptype.html |title=AIFF-C Compression Types and Names |author=Tom Erbe |year=1999 |access-date=2010-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620002145/http://shoko.calarts.edu/~tre/AIFFC/comptype.html |archive-date=2006-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2005-05-09 |title=AIFF-hul Module |url=http://hul.harvard.edu/jhove/aiff-hul.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629090032/http://hul.harvard.edu/jhove/aiff-hul.html |archive-date=2010-06-29 |access-date=2010-03-21 |website=JSTOR/Harvard Object Validation Environment}}</ref>
|-
! Compression type
! Compression name
! Data
! Source
|-
| NONE
| not compressed
| PCM, big-endian
| Apple Inc.
|-
| sowt
| not compressed
| PCM, little-endian
| Apple Inc.
|-
| fl32
| 32-bit [[floating point]]
| [[IEEE]] 32-bit float
| Apple Inc.
|-
| fl64
| 64-bit floating point
| IEEE 64-bit float
| Apple Inc.
|-
| alaw
| ALaw 2:1
| 8-bit ITU-T [[G.711]] [[A-law]]
| Apple Inc.
|-
| ulaw
| μLaw 2:1
| 8-bit ITU-T G.711 [[μ-law]]
| Apple Inc.
|-
| ALAW
| [[CCITT]] G.711 A-law
| 8-bit ITU-T G.711 A-law (64&nbsp;kbit/s)
| SGI
|-
| ULAW
| CCITT G.711 u-law
| 8-bit ITU-T G.711 μ-law (64&nbsp;kbit/s)
| SGI
|-
| FL32
| Float 32
| IEEE 32-bit float
| SoundHack & Csound
|-
| ADP4
| 4:1 Intel/[[Digital Video Interactive|DVI]] [[ADPCM]]
|
| Stéphane Tavenard (Audio Convert/Player) [[AmigaOS]]
|-
| ima4
| [[Interactive Multimedia Association|IMA]] 4:1
|
|
|-
| ACE2
| ACE 2-to-1
|
| Apple IIGS ACE (Audio Compression/Expansion)
|-
| ACE8
| ACE 8-to-3
|
|
|-
| DWVW
| Delta with variable word width
|
| TX16W Typhoon
|-
| MAC3
| MACE 3-to-1
|
| Apple Inc.
|-
| MAC6
| MACE 6-to-1
|
| Apple Inc.
|-
| Qclp
| [[Qualcomm]] PureVoice
|
| Qualcomm
|-
| QDMC
| [[QDesign]] Music
|
| QDesign
|-
| rt24
| RT24 50:1
|
| Voxware
|-
| rt29
| RT29 50:1
|
| Voxware
|-
| SDX2
| Square-Root-Delta
| Big-endian
| 3DO (Panasonic) / Mac (Apple)
|}

==See also==
* [[Apple Lossless]] (ALAC)
* [[FLAC]]
* [[FLAC]]
* [[WAV]]
* [[WAV]]
* [[Resource Interchange File Format|RIFF]], the [[little-endian]] format corresponding to [[Interchange File Format|IFF]]
* [[RIFF (File format)|RIFF]]
* [[OSType]]
* [[OSType]]
* [[FourCC]]
* [[FourCC]]


==References==
== External links ==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.borg.com/~jglatt/tech/aiff.htm AIFF file format details] '''BROKEN on 7/7/08'''

* [http://www.onicos.com/staff/iz/formats/aiff.html AIFF file format details]
==External links==
* [http://www.cnpbagwell.com/aiff-c.txt AIFC official specification]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071219035740/http://www.cnpbagwell.com/aiff-c.txt Audio Interchange File Format AIFF-C – Draft 08/26/91 – Apple Computer, Inc.] – (archive.org backup)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20171118222232/http://www-mmsp.ece.mcgill.ca/documents/audioformats/aiff/aiff.html AIFF / AIFC Sound File Specifications – Draft 17/11/17] – (archive.org backup)


{{Compression Formats}}
{{Compression formats}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Computer file formats]]


[[Category:Audio file formats]]
[[ca:AIFF]]
[[Category:Digital container formats]]
[[de:Audio Interchange File Format]]
[[Category:Apple Inc. software]]
[[es:Audio Interchange File Format]]
[[fr:AIFF]]
[[gl:AIFF]]
[[ko:AIFF]]
[[it:AIFF]]
[[ja:AIFF]]
[[no:Audio Interchange File Format]]
[[pl:AIFF]]
[[pt:AIFF]]
[[fi:AIFF]]
[[sv:AIFF]]
[[zh:音频交换文件格式]]

Latest revision as of 11:41, 20 November 2024

Audio Interchange File Format
(AIFF)
Filename extension
.aiff
.aif
.aifc
Internet media type
audio/x-aiff
audio/aiff
Type codeAIFF, AIFC
Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)public.aiff-audio
public.aifc-audio
Developed byApple Inc.
Initial release21 January 1988; 36 years ago (1988-01-21)[1]
Latest release
1.3
January 4, 1989; 35 years ago (1989-01-04)
AIFF-C / July 1991; 33 years ago (1991-07)[2]
Type of formataudio file format, container format
Extended fromIFF (File format)

Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF) is an audio file format standard used for storing sound data for personal computers and other electronic audio devices. The format was developed by Apple Inc. in 1988 based on Electronic Arts' Interchange File Format (IFF, widely used on Amiga systems) and is most commonly used on Apple Macintosh computer systems.

The audio data in most AIFF files is uncompressed pulse-code modulation (PCM). This type of AIFF file uses much more disk space than lossy formats like MP3—about 10 MB for one minute of stereo audio at a sample rate of 44.1 kHz and a bit depth of 16 bits. There is also a compressed variant of AIFF known as AIFF-C or AIFC, with various defined compression codecs.

In addition to audio data, AIFF can include loop point data and the musical note of a sample, for use by hardware samplers and musical applications.

The file extension for the standard AIFF format is .aiff or .aif. For the compressed variants it is supposed to be .aifc, but .aiff or .aif are accepted as well by audio applications supporting the format.

AIFF on macOS

[edit]

With the development of the OS X operating system now known as macOS, Apple created a new type of AIFF which is, in effect, an alternative little-endian byte order format.[3][4]

Because the AIFF architecture has no provision for alternative byte order, Apple used the existing AIFF-C compression architecture, and created a "pseudo-compressed" codec called sowt (twos spelled backwards). The only difference between a standard AIFF file and an AIFF-C/sowt file is the byte order; there is no compression involved at all.[5]

Apple uses this new little-endian AIFF type as its standard on macOS. When a file is imported to or exported from iTunes in "AIFF" format, it is actually AIFF-C/sowt that is being used. When audio from an audio CD is imported by dragging to the macOS Desktop, the resulting file is also an AIFF-C/sowt. In all cases, Apple refers to the files simply as "AIFF", and uses the .aiff extension.

For the vast majority of users this technical situation is completely unnoticeable and irrelevant. The sound quality of standard AIFF and AIFF-C/sowt are identical, and the data can be converted back and forth without loss. Users of older audio applications, however, may find that an AIFF-C/sowt file will not play, or will prompt the user to convert the format on opening, or will play as static.

All traditional AIFF and AIFF-C files continue to work normally on macOS, and many third-party audio applications as well as hardware continue to use the standard AIFF big-endian byte order.

AIFF Apple Loops

[edit]

Apple has also created another recent extension to the AIFF format in the form of Apple Loops[6] used by GarageBand and Logic Pro, which allows the inclusion of data for pitch and tempo shifting by an application in the more common variety, and MIDI-sequence data and references to GarageBand playback instruments in another variety.

Apple Loops use either the .aiff (or .aif) or .caf extension regardless of type.

Data format

[edit]

An AIFF file is divided into a number of chunks.[7] Each chunk is identified by a chunk ID more broadly referred to as FourCC.

Types of chunks found in AIFF files:

  • Common Chunk (required)
  • Sound Data Chunk (required)
  • Marker Chunk
  • Instrument Chunk
  • Comment Chunk
  • Name Chunk
  • Author Chunk
  • Copyright Chunk
  • Annotation Chunk
  • Audio Recording Chunk
  • MIDI Data Chunk
  • Application Chunk
  • ID3 Chunk

Metadata

[edit]

AIFF files can store metadata in Name, Author, Comment, Annotation, and Copyright chunks. An ID3v2 tag chunk can also be embedded in AIFF files, as well as an Application Chunk with Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP) data in it.[8]

Common compression types

[edit]

AIFF supports only uncompressed PCM data. AIFF-C also supports compressed audio formats, which can be specified in the "COMM" chunk. The compression type is "NONE" for PCM audio data. The compression type is accompanied by a printable name. Common compression types and names include, but are not limited to:

AIFF-C common compression types[1][9][10]
Compression type Compression name Data Source
NONE not compressed PCM, big-endian Apple Inc.
sowt not compressed PCM, little-endian Apple Inc.
fl32 32-bit floating point IEEE 32-bit float Apple Inc.
fl64 64-bit floating point IEEE 64-bit float Apple Inc.
alaw ALaw 2:1 8-bit ITU-T G.711 A-law Apple Inc.
ulaw μLaw 2:1 8-bit ITU-T G.711 μ-law Apple Inc.
ALAW CCITT G.711 A-law 8-bit ITU-T G.711 A-law (64 kbit/s) SGI
ULAW CCITT G.711 u-law 8-bit ITU-T G.711 μ-law (64 kbit/s) SGI
FL32 Float 32 IEEE 32-bit float SoundHack & Csound
ADP4 4:1 Intel/DVI ADPCM Stéphane Tavenard (Audio Convert/Player) AmigaOS
ima4 IMA 4:1
ACE2 ACE 2-to-1 Apple IIGS ACE (Audio Compression/Expansion)
ACE8 ACE 8-to-3
DWVW Delta with variable word width TX16W Typhoon
MAC3 MACE 3-to-1 Apple Inc.
MAC6 MACE 6-to-1 Apple Inc.
Qclp Qualcomm PureVoice Qualcomm
QDMC QDesign Music QDesign
rt24 RT24 50:1 Voxware
rt29 RT29 50:1 Voxware
SDX2 Square-Root-Delta Big-endian 3DO (Panasonic) / Mac (Apple)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Apple Computer, Inc. (1989-01-04), Audio Interchange File Format, A Standard for Sampled Sound Files, Version 1.3 (PDF), retrieved 2010-03-21
  2. ^ P. Kabal (2005-03-15). "Audio File Format Specifications - AIFF / AIFF-C Specifications". McGill University. Retrieved 2010-03-21.
  3. ^ "Speech Synthesis Manager - OS X Manual". Apple. 2008-10-29. Archived from the original on 2009-11-28.
  4. ^ "Supported Audio File and Data Formats in Mac OS X". Apple. 2008-11-13. Archived from the original on 2009-05-23.
  5. ^ "Technical Q&A QTMRF04: QuickTime Sound". Apple. 1995-05-01. Archived from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
  6. ^ "Logic Studio - Plug-ins & Sounds". Apple. Archived from the original on 2013-07-20. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
  7. ^ Kabal, Peter (2017-09-20). "Audio File Format Specifications". MMSP Lab, ECE, McGill University. Archived from the original on 2022-07-24.
  8. ^ "AIFF Tagging". November 18, 2013. Archived from the original on 2022-04-07.
  9. ^ Tom Erbe (1999). "AIFF-C Compression Types and Names". Archived from the original on 2006-06-20. Retrieved 2010-03-21.
  10. ^ "AIFF-hul Module". JSTOR/Harvard Object Validation Environment. 2005-05-09. Archived from the original on 2010-06-29. Retrieved 2010-03-21.
[edit]
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