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{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox Election
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}}{{for|related races|1884 United States elections}}
| election_name = United States presidential election, 1884
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1884 United States presidential election
| country = United States
| country = United States
| flag_year = 1877
| type = presidential
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = United States presidential election, 1880
| previous_election = 1880 United States presidential election
| previous_year = 1880
| previous_year = 1880
| next_election = United States presidential election, 1888
| next_election = 1888 United States presidential election
| next_year = 1888
| next_year = 1888
| votes_for_election = 401 members of the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]]
| election_date = [[4 November]] [[1884]]
| needed_votes = 201 electoral
| turnout = 77.5%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/turnout.php|title=Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections|work=The American Presidency Project|publisher=[[UC Santa Barbara]]}}</ref> {{decrease}} 1.9 [[percentage point|pp]]
| election_date = November 4, 1884


<!-- Grover Cleveland -->
<!-- Grover Cleveland -->| image1 = [[File:StephenGroverCleveland.jpg|x200px]]
| image1 = [[Image:Grover Cleveland Portrait.jpg|135px]]
| nominee1 = '''[[Grover Cleveland]]'''
| nominee1 = [[Grover Cleveland]]
| party1 = Democratic Party (United States)
| party1 = Democratic Party (United States)
| home_state1 = [[New York]]
| home_state1 = [[New York (state)|New York]]
| running_mate1 = '''[[Thomas Andrews Hendricks]]'''
| running_mate1 = '''[[Thomas A. Hendricks]]'''
| electoral_vote1 = 219
| electoral_vote1 = '''219'''
| states_carried1 = 20
| states_carried1 = '''20'''
| popular_vote1 = '''4,874,621'''
| popular_vote1 = '''4,914,482'''
| percentage1 = '''48.5%'''
| percentage1 = '''48.8%'''


<!-- James G. Blaine -->
<!-- James G. Blaine -->| image2 = [[File: Unsuccessful 1884.jpg |x200px]]
| image2 = [[Image:James G. Blaine - Brady-Handy.jpg|150px]]
| nominee2 = [[James G. Blaine]]
| nominee2 = [[James G. Blaine]]
| party2 = Republican Party (United States)
| party2 = Republican Party (United States)
| home_state2 = [[Maine]]
| home_state2 = [[Maine]]
| running_mate2 = [[John Alexander Logan]]
| running_mate2 = [[John A. Logan]]
| electoral_vote2 = 182
| electoral_vote2 = 182
| states_carried2 = 17
| states_carried2 = 18
| popular_vote2 = 4,848,936
| popular_vote2 = 4,856,905
| percentage2 = 48.2%
| percentage2 = 48.3%
| map = {{1884 United States presidential election imagemap}}

| map_size = 350px
| map_image = ElectoralCollege1884.svg
| map_caption = Presidential election results map. <span style="color:blue;">Blue</span> denotes those won by Cleveland/Hendricks, <span style="color:red;">red</span> denotes states won by Blaine/Logan. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
| map_size = 400px
| title = President
| map_caption = Presidential election results map. <font color = "#CC2200">Red</font> denotes states won by Blaine/Logan, <font color = "darkblue">Blue</font> denotes those won by Cleveland/Hendricks. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
| before_election = [[Chester A. Arthur]]

| title = President
| before_election = [[Chester Alan Arthur]]
| before_party = Republican Party (United States)
| before_party = Republican Party (United States)
| before_color = FF3333
| after_election = [[Grover Cleveland]]
| after_election = [[Grover Cleveland]]
| after_party = Democratic Party (United States)
| after_party = Democratic Party (United States)
| after_color = 3333FF
}}
}}
[[United States presidential election|Presidential elections]] were held in the [[United States]] on November 4, 1884. [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] Governor [[Grover Cleveland]] of [[New York (state)|New York]] narrowly defeated [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] [[James G. Blaine]] of [[Maine]]. It was set apart by [[mudslinging]] and personal allegations that eclipsed substantive issues, such as civil administration change. Cleveland was the first [[United States Democratic Party|Democrat]] elected [[president of the United States]] since [[James Buchanan]] in [[1856 United States presidential election|1856]], the first to hold office since [[Andrew Johnson]] left the [[White House]] in 1869, and the last to hold office until [[Woodrow Wilson]], who began his first term in 1913. For this reason, 1884 is a significant election in U.S. political history, marking an interruption in the era when Republicans largely controlled the presidency between [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction]] and the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]].


Cleveland won the presidential nomination on the second ballot of the [[1884 Democratic National Convention]]. President [[Chester A. Arthur]] had acceded to the presidency in 1881 following the [[assassination of James A. Garfield]], but he was unsuccessful in his bid for nomination to a full term. Blaine, who had served as Secretary of State under President Garfield, defeated Arthur and other candidates on the fourth ballot of the [[1884 Republican National Convention]]. A group of reformist Republicans known as "[[Mugwumps]]" abandoned Blaine's candidacy, viewing him as corrupt. The campaign was marred by exceptional political acrimony and personal invective. Blaine's reputation for public corruption and his inadvertent last minute alienation of [[Catholicism|Catholic]] voters proved decisive, as well as general voter burnout after a generation of Republican rule.
The '''United States presidential election of 1884''' featured excessive mudslinging and personal acrimony. On [[November 4]], [[1884]], New York Governor [[Grover Cleveland]] narrowly defeated [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] United States Senator [[James G. Blaine]] of Maine to become the first [[United States Democratic Party|Democrat]] elected [[President of the United States]] since the [[United States presidential election, 1856|election of 1856]], before the [[American Civil War]]. [[New York]] decided the election, awarding Governor Cleveland the state's 36 electors by a margin of just 1,047 of 1,167,003 votes cast.

In the election, Cleveland won 48.8% of the nationwide popular vote and 219 [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral votes]], carrying the [[Solid South]] and several key [[swing state]]s. Blaine won 48.3% of the popular vote and 182 electoral votes. Cleveland won his home state by just 1,149 votes. Two third-party candidates, [[John St. John (Governor of Kansas)|John St. John]] of the [[Prohibition Party]] and [[Benjamin Butler (politician)|Benjamin Butler]] of the [[Greenback Party]] and the [[Anti-Monopoly Party]], each won less than 2% of the popular vote. Blaine was the last former secretary of state to be nominated by a major political party until the [[2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries|nomination]] of [[Hillary Clinton]] in [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]], while Cleveland, who would be elected to another non-consecutive term in 1892, became the only Democratic president between the end of the Civil War and the election of [[Woodrow Wilson]] in [[1912 United States presidential election|1912]], a span of almost 50 years. Blaine, similarly, also became the only Republican nominee in the 56-year period between [[1860 United States presidential election|1860]] and [[1916 United States presidential election|1916]] never to win a presidential election, and just one of three nominees from that party never to win the presidency in the 80-year span between 1856 and 1936. This election is the only time that both vice presidential candidates would die before the next election.


== Nominations ==
== Nominations ==
===Republican Party nomination===
Republican candidates


=== Democratic Party nomination ===
* [[James G. Blaine]], former U.S. senator from [[Maine]]
{{Main|1884 Democratic National Convention}}
* [[Chester Alan Arthur]], President of the United States from [[Vermont]]
* [[George F. Edmunds]], U.S. senator from [[Vermont]]
* [[John A. Logan]], U.S. senator from [[Illinois]]


{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
====Candidates gallery====
|-
| style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"|[[File:Democratic Disc.svg|65px|center|link=Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party (United States)]]<big>'''1884 Democratic Party ticket'''</big>
|-
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#3333FF; width:200px;"| [[Grover Cleveland|{{color|white|Grover Cleveland}}]]
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#3333FF; width:200px;"| [[Thomas A. Hendricks|{{color|white|Thomas A. Hendricks}}]]
|-
| style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:#C8EBFF; width:200px;"|'''''for President'''''
| style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:#C8EBFF; width:200px;"|'''''for Vice President'''''
|-
| [[File:StephenGroverCleveland.jpg|center|200x200px]]
| [[File:Thomas Andrews Hendricks.jpg|center|200x200px]]
|-
| [[List of Governors of New York|28th]]<br>[[Governor of New York]]<br /><small>(1883–1885)</small>
| [[List of Governors of Indiana|16th]]<br>[[Governor of Indiana]]<br /><small>(1873–1877)</small>
|-
| colspan=2 |[[Grover Cleveland 1884 presidential campaign|'''Campaign''']]
|-
| colspan=2 |[[File:1884DemocraticPoster.png|400px]]
|-
|}


The Democrats convened in Chicago on July 8–11, 1884, with New York Governor Grover Cleveland as clear frontrunner, the candidate of northern reformers and sound-money men (as opposed to inflationists). Although [[Tammany Hall]] bitterly opposed his nomination, the machine represented a minority of the New York delegation. Its only chance to block Cleveland was to break the unit rule, which mandated that the votes of an entire delegation be cast for only one candidate, and this it failed to do. [[Daniel N. Lockwood]] from New York placed Cleveland's name in nomination. But this rather lackluster address was eclipsed by the seconding speech of [[Edward S. Bragg]] from Wisconsin, who roused the delegates with a memorable slap at Tammany. "They love him, gentlemen," Bragg said of Cleveland, "and they respect him, not only for himself, for his character, for his integrity and judgment and iron will, but they love him most of all for the enemies he has made." As the convention rocked with cheers, Tammany boss [[John Kelly (New York politician)|John Kelly]] lunged at the platform, screaming that he welcomed the compliment.
<gallery>

Image:James G. Blaine - Brady-Handy.jpg|[[United States Senate|Former Senator]] '''[[James G. Blaine]]''' of [[Maine]]
On the first ballot, Cleveland led the field with 392 votes, more than 150 votes short of the nomination. Trailing him were [[Thomas F. Bayard]] from Delaware, 170; [[Allen G. Thurman]] from Ohio, 88; [[Samuel J. Randall]] from Pennsylvania, 78; and [[Joseph E. McDonald]] from Indiana, 56; with the rest scattered. Randall then withdrew in Cleveland's favor. This move, together with the Southern bloc scrambling aboard the Cleveland bandwagon, was enough to put him over the top of the second ballot, with 683 votes to 81.5 for Bayard and 45.5 for [[Thomas A. Hendricks]] from Indiana. Hendricks was nominated unanimously for vice president on the first ballot after [[John C. Black]], [[William Rosecrans]], and [[George Washington Glick]] withdrew their names from consideration.<ref>William DeGregorio, ''The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents'', Gramercy 1997</ref>
Image:Chester Alan Arthur.jpg|[[President of the United States|President]] '''[[Chester Alan Arthur]]''' of [[Vermont]]

Image:GFEdmunds.jpg|[[United States Senate|Senator]] '''[[George F. Edmunds]]''' of [[Vermont]]
=== Republican Party nomination ===
Image:John Alexander Logan.jpg|[[United States Senate|Senator]] '''[[John A. Logan]]''' of [[Illinois]]
{{Main|1884 Republican National Convention}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
| style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"|[[File:Republican Disc.svg|65px|center|link=Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party (United States)]]<big>'''1884 Republican Party ticket'''</big>
|-
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#E81B23; width:200px;"| [[James G. Blaine|{{color|white|James G. Blaine}}]]
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#E81B23; width:200px;"| [[John A. Logan|{{color|white|John A. Logan}}]]
|- style="color:#000; font-size:100%; background:#FFD0D7;"
| style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''for President'''''
| style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''for Vice President'''''
|-
| [[File:JamesGBlaine.png|center|200x200px]]
| [[File:John Alexander Logan crop.jpg|center|200x200px]]
|-
| [[List of secretaries of state of the United States|28th]] <br>[[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]]<br><small>(1881)</small>
| [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]]<br />from [[Illinois]]<br /><small>(1871–1877 & 1879–1886)</small>
|-
| colspan=2 |[[File:1884RepublicanPoster.png|400px]]
|-
|}
[[File:20 Chester Arthur 3x4.jpg|thumb|227x227px|[[Chester A. Arthur]], the incumbent president in 1884, whose term expired on March 4, 1885]]
The [[1884 Republican National Convention]] was held in [[Chicago]], Illinois, on June 3–6, with former Secretary of State James G. Blaine from Maine, [[Chester A. Arthur|President Arthur]], and Senator [[George F. Edmunds]] from Vermont as the frontrunners. Though he was still popular, Arthur did not make a serious bid for a full-term nomination, knowing that his increasing health problems meant he would probably not survive a second term (he ultimately died in November 1886). Blaine led on the first ballot, with Arthur second, and Edmunds third. This order did not change on successive ballots as Blaine increased his lead, and he won a majority on the fourth ballot. After nominating Blaine, the convention chose Senator [[John A. Logan]] from Illinois as the vice-presidential nominee. Blaine remains the only presidential nominee ever to come from Maine.<ref>[http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2009/09/23/what-states-do-presidents-come/ ‘What States do Presidents Come From?’]</ref>

Famed [[American Civil War|Civil War]] general [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] was considered a possible Republican candidate, but ruled himself out with what has become known as the [[Sherman pledge]]: "If drafted, I will not run; if nominated, I will not accept; if elected, I will not serve." [[Robert Todd Lincoln]], [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War of the United States]], and son of the past President [[Abraham Lincoln]], was also strongly courted by politicians and the media of the day to seek the presidential or vice-presidential nomination, but Lincoln was as averse to the nomination as Sherman.

=== Other parties and candidates ===

==== Anti-Monopoly Party nomination ====
Anti-Monopoly candidates:
<gallery perrow="3" mode="packed" heights="160">
File:Bfbutler.jpg|{{center|'''[[Benjamin Butler (politician)|Benjamin F. Butler]]''' from [[Massachusetts]]}}
File:AllenGThurman.png|{{center|'''[[Allen G. Thurman]]''' from [[Ohio]]}}
File:James Weaver - Brady-Handy (cropped).jpg|{{center|'''[[James B. Weaver]]''' from [[Iowa]]<br><small>''(Declined to be nominated)''</small>}}
</gallery>
</gallery>


The [[Anti-Monopoly Party|Anti-Monopoly]] National Convention assembled in the Hershey Music Hall in Chicago, Illinois on May 14.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/today-in-labor-history-anti-monopoly-party-founded/|date=14 May 2014| publisher=People's World|title=Today in labor history:Anti-Monopoly Party founded| accessdate=13 February 2021}}</ref> The party had been formed to express opposition to the business practices of the emerging nationwide companies. There were around 200 delegates from 16 states, but 61 of them were from Michigan and Illinois.
[[Image:James G. Blaine - John A. Logan.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Republican banner]]


[[Alson Streeter]] was the temporary chairman and John F. Henry was the permanent chairman.
The Republicans convened the [[1884 Republican National Convention]] in [[Chicago]] with US Senator and former Speaker of the House [[James G. Blaine]] of [[Maine]], President [[Chester A. Arthur]], and Senator [[George F. Edmunds]] of [[Vermont]] leading the contest. Blaine led on the first ballot, with Arthur in second, and Edmunds in third. This order did not change on successive ballots as Blaine increased his lead, and he won a majority on the fourth ballot. After nominating Blaine, the convention chose Senator [[John A. Logan]] of [[Illinois]] as the vice-presidential nominee.


[[Benjamin Butler (politician)|Benjamin F. Butler]] was nominated for president on the first ballot. Delegates from New York, Washington, D.C., and Maryland bolted the convention when it appeared that no discussion of other candidates would be allowed. [[Allen G. Thurman]] and [[James B. Weaver]] were put forward as alternatives to Butler, but Weaver declined, not wishing to run another national campaign for political office, and Thurman generated little enthusiasm. Butler, while far from opposed to the nomination, hoped to be nominated by the Democratic or Republican party, or at least in the case of the former, to make its platform more favorable to greenbacks. Ultimately only the [[Greenback Party]] endorsed his candidacy.
Famed Civil War general [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] was considered a possible Republican candidate, but ruled himself out with what has become known as the [[Sherman pledge]]: "If drafted, I will not run; if nominated, I will not accept; if elected, I will not serve."


The convention chose not to nominate a candidate for vice president, hoping that other conventions would endorse a similar platform and name a suitable vice-presidential nominee.<ref name=Hinshaw>{{Cite book |last=Hinshaw |first=Seth |title=Ohio Elects the President: Our State's Role in Presidential Elections 1804-1996 |publisher=Book Masters, Inc |year=2000 |location=Mansfield}}</ref>{{rp|55}} The committee ultimately nominated [[Absolom M. West|Absolom Madden West]] as their vice-presidential candidate.<ref name=Havel />{{rp|56}}
===Democratic Party nomination===
Democratic candidates


{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
* [[Grover Cleveland]], U.S. governor of [[New York]]
|-
* [[Thomas F. Bayard]], U.S. senator from [[Delaware]]
| colspan="2" | '''Presidential Ballot'''<ref name=Havel>{{Cite book |last=Havel |first=James T. |title=U.S. Presidential Elections and the Candidates: A Biographical and Historical Guide |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1996 |isbn=0-02-864623-1 |volume=2: The Elections, 1789-1992 |location=New York |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=56}}
* [[Thomas A. Hendricks]], former U.S. governor of [[Indiana]]
|-
* [[Allen G. Thurman]], former U.S. senator from [[Ohio]]
! Ballot!!1st
* [[Samuel J. Randall]], U.S. representative from [[Pennsylvania]]
|-
* [[Joseph E. McDonald]], U.S. senator from [[Indiana]]
![[Benjamin Butler (politician)|Benjamin F. Butler]] !!124
* [[John G. Carlisle]], U.S. representative from [[Kentucky]]
|-
![[Allen G. Thurman]]{{efn|Published sources disagree on how many votes Thurman received on the ballot. Hinshaw claims he received 7 votes, but Havel finds only 2.}} !!2
|-
![[Solon Chase]] !!1
|}


==== Greenback Party nomination ====
====Candidates gallery====
{{Main|1884 Greenback National Convention}}


Greenback candidates:
<gallery>
<gallery perrow="2" mode="packed" heights="160">
Image:President Grover Cleveland.jpg|[[Governor of New York|Governor]] '''[[Grover Cleveland]]''' of [[New York]]
File:Bfbutler.jpg|{{center|'''[[Benjamin Butler (politician)|Benjamin F. Butler]]''' from [[Massachusetts]]}}
Image:Thomas F. Bayard, Brady-Handy photo portrait, circa 1870-1880.jpg|[[United States Senate|Senator]] '''[[Thomas F. Bayard]]''' of [[Delaware]]
File:Jesseharper.jpg|{{center|[[Party chair|Party Chairman]] '''[[Jesse Harper (politician)|Jesse Harper]]''' from [[Illinois]]}}
Image:Thomas Andrews Hendricks, photo portrait seated, 1860-65.jpg|[[Governor of Indiana|Former Governor]] '''[[Thomas A. Hendricks]]''' of [[Indiana]]
Image:Allen G. Thurman - Brady-Handy.jpg|[[United States Senate|Former Senator]] '''[[Allen G. Thurman]]''' of [[Ohio]]
Image:Samuel J. Randall - Brady-Handy.jpg|[[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] '''[[Samuel J. Randall]]''' of [[Pennsylvania]]
Image:Joseph E. McDonald - Brady-Handy.jpg|[[United States Senate|Senator]] '''[[Joseph E. McDonald]]''' of [[Indiana]]
Image:John Griffin Carlisle, Brady-Handy photo portrait, ca1870-1880.jpg|[[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] '''[[John G. Carlisle]]''' of [[Kentucky]]
</gallery>
</gallery>


The third Greenback National Convention assembled in [[English's Opera House]] in Indianapolis, Indiana. Delegates from 28 states and the [[District of Columbia]] were in attendance. The convention nominated former [[Massachusetts]] [[Governor of Massachusetts|Governor]] Benjamin F. Butler for president over chairman Jesse Harper on the first ballot. [[Mississippi]] [[Mississippi Senate|State Senator]] [[Absolom M. West]] was nominated unanimously for vice president. The ticket was subsequently adopted by the Anti-Monopoly Party.
The [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] convention (also in [[Chicago]]) chose [[New York]] Governor [[Grover Cleveland]] as its Presidential nominee. He defeated a host of candidates who failed to claim the nomination in previous attempts, including [[Thomas F. Bayard]], [[Thomas A. Hendricks]], [[Allen G. Thurman]], [[Samuel J. Randall]], [[Joseph E. McDonald]], and [[John G. Carlisle]]. [[Thomas A. Hendricks]], however, did get the nomination for [[Vice President of the United States]].


Butler initially hoped to organize [[Electoral fusion in the United States|fusion]] tickets with the minority party in each state, a strategy designed to capitalize on the cross-partisan popularity of many elements of the candidate's program. The Greenbacks succeeded in negotiating fusion arrangements with the Democrats in [[1884 United States presidential election in Iowa|Iowa]], [[1884 United States presidential election in Michigan|Michigan]], and [[1884 United States presidential election in Nebraska|Nebraska]] and with the Republicans in [[1884 United States presidential election in Missouri|Missouri]] and [[1884 United States presidential election in West Virginia|West Virginia]]. The fusion electors agreed to divide their votes between Butler and Cleveland, or Butler and Blaine, in proportion to the statewide popular vote for each candidate; however, the fusion ticket was not elected in any state, and Butler received no votes in the Electoral College.<ref>{{cite book |title=National Contest: Containing Portraits and Biographies of our National Favorites |date=1888 |location=Chicago |page=127 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L45BAQAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fuller |first1=William D. |title=Butler in Michigan |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025167/1884-09-25/ed-1/seq-1 |work=Iowa Plain Dealer |date=September 25, 1884}}</ref>
=== Equal Rights Party ===
Dissatisfied with resistance by the men of the major parties to woman suffrage, a small group of women announced the formation in 1884 of this third party. [[Belva Lockwood]], an attorney in Washington, D.C., agreed to be its candidate even though most women in the United States did not yet have the right to vote. She said, "I cannot vote but I can be voted for." She was the first woman to run a full campaign for the office (Victoria Woodhull conducted a more limited campaign in 1872). The Equal Rights Party had no treasury but Lockwood gave lectures to pay for campaign travel. She won fewer than 5000 votes but taught the nation an important civics lesson: that women were interested in politics and could be good candidates.


{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
=== Greenback Party ===
|-
The Greenback Labor Party dropped “Labor” from its name and chose Civil War hero [[Benjamin Franklin Butler (politician)|Benjamin Franklin Butler]] as its Presidential nominee and [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[General]] [[Absolom M. West]] for Vice President.
| colspan="2" | '''Presidential Ballot'''<ref name=Havel />{{rp|57}}
|-
! Ballot!!1st
|-
![[Benjamin Butler (politician)|Benjamin F. Butler]] !!323
|-
![[Jesse Harper (politician)|Jesse Harper]]!!98
|-
![[Solon Chase]] !!2
|-
![[Edward P. Allis (businessman)|Edward Phelps Allis]] !!1
|-
![[David Davis (Supreme Court justice)|David Davis]] !!0
|}


=== Prohibition Party ===
==== American Prohibition Party nomination ====
<gallery perrow="1" mode="packed" heights="160">
The Prohibitionists chose their third Presidential ticket with [[John St. John]] for President and [[William Daniel]] for Vice President. The straightforward single-issue [[Prohibition Party]] platform advocated for the criminalization of [[alcoholic beverage]]s.
File:Samuel C. Pomeroy - Brady-Handy.jpg|{{center|'''[[Samuel C. Pomeroy]]''' from [[Kansas]]<br><small>''(Withdrew Aug 27, 1884)''</small><br><small>''(Endorsed John St. John)''</small>}}
</gallery>

The American Prohibition Party held its national convention in the YMCA building in Chicago, Illinois. There were 150 delegates, including many non-voting delegates. The party sought to merge the reform movements of [[anti-masonry]], [[Prohibition in the United States|prohibition]], [[anti-polygamy]], and direct election of the president into a new party. [[Jonathan Blanchard (abolitionist)|Jonathan Blanchard]] was a major figure within the party. He traveled throughout northern states in the spring and gave an address entitled "The American Party – Its Principles and Its Claims."

During the convention, the party name was changed from the American Party to the American Prohibition Party. The party had been known as the Anti-Masonic Party in 1880. Many of the delegates at the convention were initially interested in nominating [[John St. John (American politician)|John St. John]], the former governor of Kansas, but it was feared that such a nomination might cost him that of the Prohibition Party, which he was actively seeking. Party leaders met with [[Samuel C. Pomeroy]], a former senator from the same state who was the convention's runner-up for the nomination, and at Pomeroy's suggestion they agreed to withdraw the ticket from the race should St. John win the Prohibition Party nomination. Nominated alongside Pomeroy was John A. Conant from Connecticut.

St. John later unanimously won the Prohibition Party nomination, with Pomeroy and Conant withdrawing from the presidential contest and endorsing him. The ''New York Times'' speculated that the endorsement would "give him 40,000 votes".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1884/08/28/106153063.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1884/08/28/106153063.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Withdraws in Favor of St. John. |date=August 28, 1884 |newspaper=New York Times |access-date=2014-07-09}}</ref>

==== Prohibition Party nomination ====
{{Main|1884 Prohibition National Convention}}

<gallery perrow="1" mode="packed" heights="160">
File:John St John 1880.jpg|{{center|'''[[John St. John (American politician)|John St. John]]''' from [[Kansas]]}}
</gallery>

The fourth Prohibition Party National Convention assembled in Lafayette Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. There were 505 delegates from 31 states and territories at the convention. The national ticket was nominated unanimously: John St. John for president and [[William Daniel (Maryland politician)|William Daniel]] for vice president. The straightforward single-issue [[Prohibition Party]] platform advocated the criminalization of [[alcoholic beverage]]s.<ref name="Havel" />{{Rp|page=58}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Presidential Ballot<ref name="Hinshaw" />'''{{Rp|page=56}}
|-
! Ballot!!1st
|-
![[John St. John (American politician)|John St. John]] !!505
|}

==== Equal Rights Party nomination ====
<gallery perrow="1" mode="packed" heights="160">
File:Belva Ann Lockwood - Brady-Handy.jpg|{{center|[[Lawyer]] and [[Suffragette]] '''[[Belva Ann Lockwood]]''' from [[Washington, D.C.]]}}
</gallery>

Dissatisfied with resistance by the men of the major parties to women's suffrage, a small group of women announced the formation in 1884 of the [[National Equal Rights Party|Equal Rights Party]].

The Equal Rights Party held its national convention in San Francisco, California, on September 20. The convention nominated [[Belva Ann Lockwood]], an attorney in [[Washington, D.C.]], for president. Chairman [[Marietta Stow]], the first woman to preside over a national nominating convention, was nominated for vice president.<ref name=Havel />{{rp|57}}<ref name=Hinshaw />{{rp|56}}

Lockwood agreed to be the party's presidential candidate even though most women in the United States did not yet have the right to vote. She said, "I cannot vote but I can be voted for." She was the first woman to run a full campaign for the office ([[Victoria Woodhull]] conducted a more limited campaign in [[1872 United States presidential election|1872]]). The Equal Rights Party had no treasury, but Lockwood gave lectures to pay for campaign travel. She received approximately 4,194 votes nationally.<ref>{{cite web|last=Soden|first= Suzanne|title=Belva A. Lockwood Collection [1830–1917]|publisher = New York State Library|date = February 1997|url= http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/msscfa/sc21041.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009100317/https://www.nysl.nysed.gov/msscfa/sc21041.htm |archive-date= Oct 9, 2023 }}</ref>


== General election==
== General election ==


=== Campaign ===
=== Campaign ===
[[Image:Cleveland poster.jpg|thumb|right|Campaign poster showing Cleveland with Washington and Lincoln.]]
[[Image:Another voice for Cleveland - F.B. LCCN95522869 - restoration2.jpg|thumb|right|Campaign poster attacking Cleveland's morals]]
[[Image:Ma ma wheres my pa.jpg|thumb|Left|Campaign poster attacking Cleveland's morals.]]
The issue of personal character marked this campaign. Former [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] [[James G. Blaine]] had been prevented from getting the Republican presidential nomination during the previous two elections because of the stigma of the “Mulligan letters”: in 1876, a Boston bookkeeper named James Mulligan had located some letters showing that Blaine had sold his influence in Congress to various businesses. One such letter ended with the phrase "burn this letter", from which a popular chant of the Democrats arose - "Burn, burn, burn this letter!" In just one deal, he had received $110,150 (over $1.5 million in 2005 dollars) from the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad for, among other things, securing a federal land grant. Democrats and anti-Blaine Republicans made unrestrained attacks on his integrity as a result.
New York Governor [[Grover Cleveland]], on the other hand, was known as “Grover the Good” for his personal integrity; in the space of the three previous years he had become, successively the Mayor of [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] and then the Governor of the state, cleaning up large amounts of [[Tammany Hall]]'s graft.


The issue of personal character was paramount in the 1884 campaign. Blaine had been prevented from getting the Republican presidential nomination during the previous two elections because of the stigma of the "Mulligan letters": in 1876, a Boston bookkeeper named James Mulligan had located some letters showing that Blaine had sold his influence in Congress to various businesses. One such letter ended with the phrase "burn this letter", from which a popular chant of the Democrats arose – "Burn, burn, burn this letter!" In just one deal, he had received $110,150 (over $1.5 million in 2010 dollars) from the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad for securing a federal land grant, among other things. Democrats and anti-Blaine Republicans made unrestrained attacks on his integrity as a result.
Thus, it was a huge shock when, on [[July 21|July 21st]], the Buffalo ''Evening Telegraph'' reported that Cleveland had fathered a child out of wedlock, that the child had gone to an orphanage, and that the mother had been driven to an asylum. Cleveland's campaign decided that candor was the best approach to this scandal: they admitted that Cleveland had formed an “illicit connection” with the mother and that a child had been born and given the Cleveland surname. They also noted that there was no proof that Cleveland was the [[father]], and claimed that, by assuming responsibility and finding a home for the child, he was merely doing his duty. Finally, they showed that the mother had not been forced into an asylum; her whereabouts were unknown. Blaine's supporters condemned Cleveland in the strongest of terms, singing "Ma, Ma, Where's my Pa? Gone to the White House, Ha, Ha, Ha." However,
Cleveland, on the other hand, was known as "Grover the Good" for his personal integrity; in the space of the three previous years he had become successively the mayor of [[Buffalo, New York]], and then the governor of the state of New York, cleaning up large amounts of Tammany Hall's [[graft (politics)|graft]].
the Cleveland campaign's approach worked well enough and the race remained close through Election Day. In fact, many Republican reformers, put off by Blaine's scandals, worked for the election of Cleveland; these reformers were known as “[[Mugwumps]]”.


[[File:How The Public Domain Has Been Squandered 1884 Cornell CUL PJM 1088.jpg|thumbnail|left|This campaign poster purports to show the area of land grants to railroads]]
In the final week of the campaign, Blaine's campaign suffered a catastrophe. At a Republican meeting attended by Blaine, a group of New York preachers castigated the [[Mugwumps]]. Their spokesman, the [[Rev. Samuel D. Burchard|Rev. Dr. Samuel Burchard]], made this fatal statement: “We are Republicans, and don't propose to leave our party and identify ourselves with the party whose antecedents have been [[rum]], [[Romanism]], and [[American Civil War|rebellion]].” Blaine did not notice Burchard's anti-Catholic slur, nor did the assembled newspaper reporters, but a Democratic operative did, and Cleveland's campaign managers made sure that it was widely publicized. The statement energized the Catholic vote in New York City heavily against Blaine, costing him New York state and the election by the narrowest of margins.
Commentator [[Jeff Jacoby (columnist)|Jeff Jacoby]] notes that, "Not since George Washington had a candidate for president been so renowned for his rectitude."<ref>Jeff Jacoby, "[https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2015/02/15/presidents-day-grover-cleveland-most-honest-president-them-all/CmhndHa3aA1t0cvAfjB6LL/story.html 'Grover the good' — the most honest president of them all]", ''Boston Globe'', February 15. 2015.</ref> In July the Republicans found a refutation buried in Cleveland's past. Aided by sermons from a minister named George H. Ball, they charged that Cleveland had fathered an illegitimate child while he was a lawyer in Buffalo. When confronted with the scandal, Cleveland immediately instructed his supporters to "Above all, tell the truth." Cleveland admitted to paying child support in 1874 to Maria Crofts Halpin, the woman who claimed he fathered her child, named Oscar Folsom Cleveland after Cleveland's friend and law partner, but asserted that the child's paternity was uncertain.<ref name="Henry F. Graff 2002 61–63">{{cite book|author=Henry F. Graff|title=Grover Cleveland: The American Presidents Series: The 22nd and 24th President, 1885–1889 and 1893–1897|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjE7XsSQxmAC&pg=PA61|year=2002|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|pages=61–63|isbn=9780805069235}}</ref> Shortly before election day, the Republican media published an affidavit from Halpin in which she stated that until she met Cleveland her "life was pure and spotless," and "there is not, and never was, a doubt as to the paternity of our child, and the attempt of Grover Cleveland, or his friends, to couple the name of Oscar Folsom, or any one else, with that boy, for that purpose is simply infamous and false."<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Lachman|first=Charles|title=A Secret Life|date=2014|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|pages=285–288}}</ref> In a supplemental affidavit, Halpin also implied Cleveland had raped her, hence the conception of their child.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-life-and-presidency-of-grover-cleveland|title=The Life and Presidency of Grover Cleveland|last1=Bushong|first1=William|last2=Chervinsky|first2=Lindsay|date=2007|website=White House History}}</ref> Republican cartoonists across the land had a field day.<ref>Glen Jeansonne, "Caricature and Satire in the Presidential Campaign of 1884." ''Journal of American Culture'' (1980) 3#2 pp: 238–244. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1542-734X.1980.0302_238.x/abstract Online]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fultonhistory.com/Process%20small/Newspapers/Rochester%20NY%20Democrat%20Chronicle/Rochester%20NY%20Democrat%20Chronicle%201884/Newspapers%20Rochester%20NY%20Democrat%20Chronicle%201884%20-%200236.PDF |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.fultonhistory.com/Process%20small/Newspapers/Rochester%20NY%20Democrat%20Chronicle/Rochester%20NY%20Democrat%20Chronicle%201884/Newspapers%20Rochester%20NY%20Democrat%20Chronicle%201884%20-%200236.PDF |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Maria Halpin's Affidavit|date=Oct 31, 1884|pages=1|work=[[Democrat and Chronicle]] (Rochester, NY)}}</ref><ref>Daily Gazette (Fort Wayne, Indiana) Nov. 1, 1884. p. 5</ref><ref>Topeka Daily Capital (Topeka, Kansas) Nov. 1, 1884. p. 4</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045789/1884-11-02/ed-1/seq-2/|title=That Scandal|work=[[Wichita Daily Eagle]] (Wichita, Kansas)|date=Nov 2, 1884|access-date=July 30, 2014|page=2}}</ref><ref>Cedar Rapids Evening Gazette, (Cedar Rapids, Iowa). October 31, 1884. p. 3</ref>

Cleveland's campaign decided that candor was the best approach to this scandal: it admitted that Cleveland had formed an "illicit connection" with the mother and that a child had been born and given the Cleveland surname. They also noted that there was no proof that Cleveland was the father, and claimed that, by assuming responsibility and finding a home for the child, he was merely doing his duty. Finally, they showed that the mother had not been forced into an asylum; her whereabouts were unknown. Blaine's supporters condemned Cleveland in the strongest of terms, singing "Ma, Ma, Where's my Pa?"<ref>Tugwell, 90{{full citation needed|date=March 2024}}</ref> (After Cleveland's victory, Cleveland supporters would respond to the taunt with: "Gone to the White House, Ha, Ha, Ha.") However, the Cleveland campaign's damage control worked well enough and the race remained a tossup through Election Day. The greatest threat to the Republicans came from reformers called "[[Mugwump]]s" who were angrier at Blaine's public corruption than at Cleveland's private affairs.<ref>Geoffrey T. Blodgett, "The Mind of the Boston Mugwump." ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' (1962): 614–634. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1893145 in JSTOR]</ref>

[[File:PresidentialCounty1884Colorbrewer.gif|400px|thumb|Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage of the winning candidate in each county. Shades of blue are for Cleveland (Democratic), shades of red are for Blaine (Republican), shades of green are for Butler (Straight Greenback), and shades of yellow are for bolting electors (Whig Republican).]]
In the final week of the campaign, the Blaine campaign suffered a catastrophe. At a Republican meeting attended by Blaine, a group of New York preachers castigated the Mugwumps. Their spokesman, [[Samuel D. Burchard (minister)|Reverend Dr. Samuel Burchard]], said, "We are Republicans, and don't propose to leave our party and identify ourselves with the party whose antecedents have been [[rum]], [[Romanism]], and [[American Civil War|rebellion]]." Blaine did not notice Burchard's anti-Catholic slur, nor did the assembled newspaper reporters, but a Democratic operative did, and Cleveland's campaign managers made sure it was widely publicized. The statement energized the Irish and Catholic vote in New York City heavily against Blaine, costing him New York state and the election by a narrow margin.

In addition to Burchard's statement, it is also believed that John St. John's campaign was responsible for winning Cleveland the election in New York. Since Prohibitionists tended to ally more with Republicans, the Republican Party attempted to convince St. John to drop out. When they failed, they resorted to [[Defamation|slandering]] him. Because of this, he redoubled his efforts in upstate New York, where Blaine was vulnerable on his prohibition stance, and took votes away from the Republicans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elections.harpweek.com/1884/Overview-1884-3.htm |title=HarpWeek &#124; Elections &#124; 1884 Overview |publisher=Elections.harpweek.com |access-date=2014-07-09}}</ref>

===Results===
35.6% of the voting age population and 78.3% of eligible voters participated in the election.{{sfn|Abramson|Aldrich|Rohde|1995|p=99}}

While the results remained broadly the same as those from 1880, Cleveland narrowly won three states ([[New York (state)|New York]], [[Indiana]], and [[Connecticut]]) that [[James A. Garfield]] had won, while Blaine won two states ([[California]] and [[Nevada]]) that [[Winfield Scott Hancock|Winfield Hancock]] had won. But most of those states had relatively small numbers of electoral votes, and Cleveland's victory in New York was decisive. Cleveland won by a slightly larger margin than Garfield (0.57% compared to 0.11%) in the popular vote, but a slightly smaller margin in the Electoral College (29 votes to 59). Cleveland became the first Democrat to ever win without Pennsylvania, California, Nevada, and Illinois. Pennsylvania voted for the losing candidate for the first time since 1824, and the loser of the popular vote since 1800.

The result marked an electoral breakthrough for the Prohibition Party, who had been little more than a fringe party in the previous three elections. While they never seriously challenged for the presidency and had only limited success in congressional and state-level elections, they regularly earned at least a percentage point of the popular vote (and occasionally finished third in that vote) in presidential elections for the next three decades before declining back to fringe status after the passage of the [[Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Eighteenth Amendment]] in 1919. By contrast, Butler earned less than half the popular vote share that [[James B. Weaver]] had won in 1880, accelerating the decline of the Greenback Party. This was the last presidential election the party contested; it collapsed after failing to nominate a ticket in 1888.

This is one of only four U.S. presidential elections in which the winner did not carry any of the three [[Rust Belt]] states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin; the others were [[1916 United States presidential election|1916]], [[2000 United States presidential election|2000]], and [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/17/politics/blue-wall-states-harris-trump-analysis/index.html|title=Why these three states are the most consistent tipping point in American politics|publisher=CNN|last=Brownstein|first=Ronald|date=September 16, 2024|accessdate=September 16, 2024}}</ref>

16.08% of Blaine's votes came from the eleven states of the former Confederacy, with him taking 40.15% of the vote in that region.{{sfn|Sherman|1973|p=263}}

In [[Burke County, Georgia]], 897 votes were cast for bolting "Whig Republican" electors for president (they were not counted for Blaine).<ref name="An American Almanac and Treasury of Facts, Statistical, Financial, and Political, for the year 1886">An American Almanac and Treasury of Facts, Statistical, Financial, and Political, for the year 1886., Ainsworth R. Spofford, https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZcYAAAAIAAJ (pg. 207)</ref> The Republicans won in 20 of the 33 cities with populations over 50,000 outside the southern U.S.<ref>{{cite book |last=Murphy |first=Paul |date=1974 |title=Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890-present |publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons]]}}</ref>

[[File:United States Electoral College 1884.svg]]


=== Results ===
{{start U.S. presidential ticket box|pv_footnote=|ev_footnote=}}
{{start U.S. presidential ticket box|pv_footnote=|ev_footnote=}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[Grover Cleveland|Grover Cleveland]]| vp_name=[[Thomas A. Hendricks|Thomas Andrews Hendricks]]| party=[[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]]| state=[[New York]]| vp_state=[[Indiana]]| pv=4,874,621| pv_pct=48.5%| ev=219}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[Grover Cleveland]]| vp_name=[[Thomas A. Hendricks]]| party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]| state=[[New York (state)|New York]]| vp_state=[[Indiana]]| pv=4,914,482| pv_pct=48.85%| ev=219}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row|name=[[James G. Blaine|James Gillespie Blaine]]|vp_name=[[John A. Logan|John Alexander Logan]]| party=[[United States Republican Party|Republican]]|state=[[Maine]]|vp_state=[[Illinois]]|pv=4,848,936|pv_pct=48.2%|ev=182}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row|name=[[James G. Blaine]]|vp_name=[[John A. Logan]]| party=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]|state=[[Maine]]|vp_state=[[Illinois]]|pv=4,856,903|pv_pct=48.28%|ev=182}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row|name=[[Benjamin Franklin Butler (politician)|Benjamin Franklin Butler]]|vp_name=[[Absolom M. West|Absolom Madden West]]| party=[[United States Greenback Party|Greenback]]/</br>[[Anti-Monopoly Party|Anti-Monopoly]]| state=[[Massachusetts]]|vp_state=[[Mississippi]]|pv=175,096|pv_pct=1.7%|ev=0}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row|name=[[John St. John (Governor of Kansas)|John St. John]]|vp_name=[[William Daniel (Maryland politician)|William Daniel]]|party=[[Prohibition Party|Prohibition]]| state=[[Kansas]]|vp_state=[[Maryland]]|pv=147,482|pv_pct=1.50%|ev=0}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row|name=[[John Pierce St. John]]|vp_name=[[William Daniel]]|party=[[United States Prohibition Party|Prohibition]]| state=[[Kansas]]|vp_state=[[Maryland]]|pv=147,482|pv_pct=1.5%|ev=0}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row|name=[[Benjamin Butler (politician)|Benjamin Butler]]|vp_name=[[Absolom M. West]]| party=[[Greenback Party|Greenback]]/[[Anti-Monopoly Party|Anti-Monopoly]]| state=[[Massachusetts]]|vp_state=[[Mississippi]]|pv=134,294|pv_pct=1.33%|ev=0}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box other| footnote=| pv=3,619| pv_pct=0.0%}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row|name=[[Belva Ann Lockwood]]|vp_name=[[Marietta Stow]]| party=[[National Equal Rights Party|Equal Rights]]| state=[[Washington, D.C.]]|vp_state=[[California]]|pv=4,194|pv_pct=0.04%|ev=0}}
{{end U.S. presidential ticket box| pv=10,049,754| ev=401| to_win=201}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box other| footnote=| pv=3,576| pv_pct=0.04%}}
{{end U.S. presidential ticket box| pv=10,060,145| ev=401| to_win=201}}
'''Source (Popular Vote):''' {{Leip PV source| year=1884| as of=[[July 27]], [[2005]]}}

'''Source (Popular Vote):''' {{Leip PV source| year=1884| as of=July 27, 2005}}

'''Source (Electoral Vote):''' {{National Archives EV source| year=1884| as of=July 31, 2005}}

{{bar box
|title=Popular vote
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=600px
|barwidth=410px
|bars=
{{bar percent|'''Cleveland'''|{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}|48.85}}
{{bar percent|Blaine|{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}|48.28}}
{{bar percent|St. John|#ff9955|1.50}}
{{bar percent|Butler|#0BDA51|1.33}}
{{bar percent|Others|#777777|0.09}}
}}
{{bar box
|title=Electoral vote
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=600px
|barwidth=410px
|bars=
{{bar percent|'''Cleveland'''|{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}|54.61}}
{{bar percent|Blaine|{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}|45.39}}
}}

=== Geography of results ===
[[File:1884 Electoral Map.png|650px|thumb|left]]
<gallery perrow="3" widths="500px" heights="317px">
Image:1884 United States presidential election results map by county.svg|Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote
</gallery>

==== Cartographic gallery ====
<gallery perrow="4" widths="200px" heights="157px">
Image:PresidentialCounty1884Colorbrewer.gif|Map of presidential election results by county
Image:DemocraticPresidentialCounty1884Colorbrewer.gif|Map of Democratic presidential election results by county
Image:RepublicanPresidentialCounty1884Colorbrewer.gif|Map of Republican presidential election results by county
Image:OtherPresidentialCounty1884Colorbrewer.gif|Map of "other" presidential election results by county
</gallery>

=== Results by state ===
Source: Data from [[Walter Dean Burnham]], ''Presidential ballots, 1836–1892'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1884&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0|title=1884 Presidential General Election Data – National|access-date=May 7, 2013}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
|States/districts won by [[Grover Cleveland|Cleveland]]/[[Thomas A. Hendricks|Hendricks]]
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
|States/districts won by [[James G. Blaine|Blaine]]/[[John A. Logan|Logan]]
|}<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! colspan=2 |
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| Grover Cleveland<br>Democratic
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| James Blaine<br>Republican
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| John St. John<br>Prohibition
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| Benjamin Butler <br>Greenback
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Margin
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| State Total
|-
! align=center | State
! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br>votes
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| #
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| %
! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br>votes
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| #
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| %
! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br>votes
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| #
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| %
! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br>votes
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| #
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| %
! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | electoral<br>votes
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| #
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| %
! style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number" | #
!
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Alabama|Alabama]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| 92,736
| 60.37
| 10
| 59,444
| 38.69
| –
| 610
| 0.40
| –
| 762
| 0.50
| –
| 33,292
| 21.67
| 153,624
| style="text-align:center;" | AL
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Arkansas|Arkansas]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| 72,734
| 57.83
| 7
| 51,198
| 40.70
| –
| –
| –
| –
| 1,847
| 1.47
| –
| 21,536
| 17.12
| 125,779
| style="text-align:center;" | AR
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in California|California]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| 89,288
| 45.33
| –
| 102,369
| 51.97
| 8
| 2,965
| 1.51
| –
| 2,037
| 1.03
| –
| −13,081
| −6.64
| 196,988
| style="text-align:center;" | CA
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Colorado|Colorado]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| 27,723
| 41.68
| –
| 36,084
| 54.25
| 3
| 756
| 1.14
| –
| 1,956
| 2.94
| –
| −8,361
| −12.57
| 66,519
| style="text-align:center;" | CO
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Connecticut|Connecticut]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| 67,182
| 48.95
| 6
| 65,898
| 48.01
| –
| 2,493
| 1.82
| –
| 1,684
| 1.23
| –
| 1,284
| 0.94
| 137,257
| style="text-align:center;" | CT
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Delaware|Delaware]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| 16,957
| 56.55
| 3
| 12,953
| 43.20
| –
| 64
| 0.21
| –
| 10
| 0.03
| –
| 4,004
| 13.35
| 29,984
| style="text-align:center;" | DE
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Florida|Florida]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| 31,769
| 52.96
| 4
| 28,031
| 46.73
| –
| 72
| 0.12
| –
| –
| –
| –
| 3,738
| 6.23
| 59,990
| style="text-align:center;" | FL
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Georgia|Georgia]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 12
| 94,667
| 65.92
| 12
| 48,603
| 33.84
| –
| 195
| 0.14
| –
| 145
| 0.10
| –
| 46,064
| 32.08
| 143,610
| style="text-align:center;" | GA
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Illinois|Illinois]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 22
| 312,351
| 46.43
| –
| 337,469
| 50.17
| 22
| 12,074
| 1.79
| –
| 10,776
| 1.60
| –
| −25,118
| −3.73
| 672,670
| style="text-align:center;" | IL
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Indiana|Indiana]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 15
| 245,005
| 49.46
| 15
| 238,489
| 48.15
| –
| 3,028
| 0.61
| –
| 8,810
| 1.78
| –
| 6,516
| 1.32
| 495,332
| style="text-align:center;" | IN
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Iowa|Iowa]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 13
| 177,316
| 47.01
| –
| 197,089
| 52.25
| 13
| 1,499
| 0.40
| –
| –
| –
| –
| −19,773
| −5.24
| 377,201
| style="text-align:center;" | IA
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Kansas|Kansas]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| 90,132
| 33.90
| –
| 154,406
| 58.08
| 9
| 4,495
| 1.69
| –
| 16,346
| 6.15
| –
| −64,274
| −24.18
| 265,848
| style="text-align:center;" | KS
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Kentucky|Kentucky]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 13
| 152,961
| 55.32
| 13
| 118,690
| 42.93
| –
| 3,139
| 1.14
| –
| 1,691
| 0.61
| –
| 34,271
| 12.40
| 276,481
| style="text-align:center;" | KY
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Louisiana|Louisiana]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| 62,594
| 57.22
| 8
| 46,347
| 42.37
| –
| 338
| 0.31
| –
| 120
| 0.11
| –
| 16,247
| 14.85
| 109,399
| style="text-align:center;" | LA
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Maine|Maine]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| 52,153
| 39.97
| –
| 72,217
| 55.34
| 6
| 2,160
| 1.66
| –
| 3,955
| 3.03
| –
| −20,064
| −15.38
| 130,491
| style="text-align:center;" | ME
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Maryland|Maryland]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| 96,866
| 52.07
| 8
| 85,748
| 46.10
| –
| 2,827
| 1.52
| –
| 578
| 0.31
| –
| 11,118
| 5.98
| 186,019
| style="text-align:center;" | MD
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Massachusetts|Massachusetts]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 14
| 122,352
| 40.33
| –
| 146,724
| 48.36
| 14
| 9,923
| 3.27
| –
| 24,382
| 8.04
| –
| −24,372
| −8.03
| 303,383
| style="text-align:center;" | MA
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Michigan|Michigan]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 13
| 189,361
| 47.20
| –
| 192,669
| 48.02
| 13
| 18,403
| 4.59
| –
| 753
| 0.19
| –
| −3,308
| −0.82
| 401,186
| style="text-align:center;" | MI
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Minnesota|Minnesota]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| 70,065
| 36.87
| –
| 111,685
| 58.78
| 7
| 4,684
| 2.47
| –
| 3,583
| 1.89
| –
| −41,620
| −21.90
| 190,017
| style="text-align:center;" | MN
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Mississippi|Mississippi]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| 77,653
| 64.34
| 9
| 43,035
| 35.66
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| 34,618
| 28.68
| 120,688
| style="text-align:center;" | MS
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Missouri|Missouri]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 16
| 236,023
| 53.49
| 16
| 203,081
| 46.02
| –
| 2,164
| 0.49
| –
| –
| –
| –
| 32,942
| 7.47
| 441,268
| style="text-align:center;" | MO
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Nebraska|Nebraska]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| 54,391
| 40.53
| –
| 76,912
| 57.31
| 5
| 2,899
| 2.16
| –
| –
| –
| –
| −22,521
| −16.78
| 134,202
| style="text-align:center;" | NE
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Nevada|Nevada]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| 5,578
| 43.59
| –
| 7,193
| 56.21
| 3
| –
| –
| –
| 26
| 0.20
| –
| −1,615
| −12.62
| 12,797
| style="text-align:center;" | NV
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| 39,198
| 46.34
| –
| 43,254
| 51.14
| 4
| 1,580
| 1.87
| –
| 554
| 0.65
| –
| −4,056
| −4.80
| 84,586
| style="text-align:center;" | NH
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in New Jersey|New Jersey]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| 127,798
| 48.98
| 9
| 123,440
| 47.31
| –
| 6,159
| 2.36
| –
| 3,496
| 1.34
| –
| 4,358
| 1.67
| 260,921
| style="text-align:center;" | NJ
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in New York|New York]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 36
| 563,154
| 48.25
| 36
| 562,005
| 48.15
| –
| 25,006
| 2.14
| –
| 17,004
| 1.46
| –
| 1,149
| 0.10
| 1,167,169
| style="text-align:center;" | NY
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in North Carolina|North Carolina]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 11
| 142,905
| 53.25
| 11
| 125,021
| 46.59
| –
| 430
| 0.16
| –
| –
| –
| –
| 17,884
| 6.66
| 268,356
| style="text-align:center;" | NC
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Ohio|Ohio]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 23
| 368,280
| 46.94
| –
| 400,082
| 50.99
| 23
| 11,069
| 1.41
| –
| 5,179
| 0.66
| –
| −31,802
| −4.05
| 784,610
| style="text-align:center;" | OH
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Oregon|Oregon]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| 24,604
| 46.70
| –
| 26,860
| 50.99
| 3
| 492
| 0.93
| –
| 726
| 1.38
| –
| −2,256
| −4.28
| 52,682
| style="text-align:center;" | OR
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 30
| 392,785
| 43.46
| –
| 478,804
| 52.97
| 30
| 15,283
| 1.69
| –
| 16,992
| 1.88
| –
| −86,019
| −9.52
| 903,864
| style="text-align:center;" | PA
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Rhode Island|Rhode Island]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| 12,391
| 37.81
| –
| 19,030
| 58.07
| 4
| 928
| 2.83
| –
| 422
| 1.29
| –
| −6,639
| −20.26
| 32,771
| style="text-align:center;" | RI
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in South Carolina|South Carolina]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| 69,845
| 75.25
| 9
| 21,730
| 23.41
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| 48,115
| 51.84
| 92,812
| style="text-align:center;" | SC
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Tennessee|Tennessee]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 12
| 133,770
| 51.45
| 12
| 124,101
| 47.74
| –
| 1,150
| 0.44
| –
| 957
| 0.37
| –
| 9,669
| 3.72
| 259,978
| style="text-align:center;" | TN
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Texas|Texas]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 13
| 225,309
| 69.26
| 13
| 93,141
| 28.63
| –
| 3,534
| 1.09
| –
| 3,321
| 1.02
| –
| 132,168
| 40.63
| 325,305
| style="text-align:center;" | TX
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Vermont|Vermont]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| 17,331
| 29.18
| –
| 39,514
| 66.52
| 4
| 1,753
| 2.95
| –
| 785
| 1.32
| –
| −22,183
| −37.34
| 59,401
| style="text-align:center;" | VT
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Virginia|Virginia]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 12
| 145,491
| 51.05
| 12
| 139,356
| 48.90
| –
| 130
| 0.05
| –
| –
| –
| –
| 6,135
| 2.15
| 284,977
| style="text-align:center;" | VA
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in West Virginia|West Virginia]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| 67,311
| 50.94
| 6
| 63,096
| 47.75
| –
| 939
| 0.71
| –
| 799
| 0.60
| –
| 4,215
| 3.19
| 132,145
| style="text-align:center;" | WV
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1884 United States presidential election in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 11
| 146,453
| 45.79
| –
| 161,135
| 50.38
| 11
| 7,649
| 2.39
| –
| 4,598
| 1.44
| –
| −14,682
| −4.59
| 319,835
| style="text-align:right;" | WI
|-
! TOTALS:
! 401
! 4,914,482
! 48.85
! 219
! 4,856,903
! 48.28
! 182
! 150,890
! 1.50
! –
! 134,294
! 1.33
! –
! 57,579
! 0.57
! 10,060,145
| style="text-align:center;" | US
|}</div>

===States that flipped from Democratic to Republican===
*[[California]]
*[[Nevada]]

===States that flipped from Republican to Democratic===
*[[Connecticut]]
*[[Indiana]]
*[[New York (state)|New York]]

=== Close states ===
Margin of victory less than 1% (55 electoral votes):
# ''<span style="color:darkblue;">'''New York, 0.10% (1,149 votes)'''</span> (tipping point state)''
#<span style="color:red;">'''Michigan, 0.82% (3,308 votes)''' </span>
#<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Connecticut, 0.94% (1,284 votes)'''</span>

Margin of victory between 1% and 5% (117 electoral votes):
#<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Indiana, 1.32% (6,516 votes)'''</span>
#<span style="color:darkblue;">'''New Jersey, 1.67% (4,358 votes)'''</span>
#<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Virginia, 2.15% (6,135 votes)'''</span>
#<span style="color:darkblue;">'''West Virginia, 3.19% (4,215 votes)'''</span>
#<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Tennessee, 3.72% (9,669 votes)'''</span>
#<span style="color:red;">'''Illinois, 3.73% (25,118 votes)'''</span>
#<span style="color:red;">'''Ohio, 4.05% (31,802 votes)'''</span>
#<span style="color:red;">'''Oregon, 4.28% (2,256 votes)'''</span>
#<span style="color:red;">'''Wisconsin, 4.59% (14,682 votes)'''</span>
#<span style="color:red;">'''New Hampshire, 4.80% (4,056 votes)'''</span>


Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (104 electoral votes):
'''Source (Electoral Vote):''' {{National Archives EV source| year=1884| as of=[[July 31]], [[2005]]}}
#<span style="color:red;">'''Iowa, 5.24% (19,773 votes)'''</span>
#<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Maryland, 5.98% (11,118 votes)'''</span>
#<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Florida, 6.23% (3,738 votes)'''</span>
#<span style="color:red;">'''California, 6.64% (13,081 votes)'''</span>
#<span style="color:darkblue;">'''North Carolina, 6.66% (17,884 votes)'''</span>
#<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Missouri, 7.47% (32,942 votes)'''</span>
#<span style="color:red;">'''Massachusetts, 8.03% (24,372 votes)'''</span>
#<span style="color:red;">'''Pennsylvania, 9.52% (86,019 votes)'''</span>


==See also==
== See also ==
[[Image:DanceCardCoverUSPresidentialCandidatesGroverClevelandEtc1884.jpg|thumb|[[Dance card]] cover depicting the candidates]]


* [[American election campaigns in the 19th century]]
* [[American election campaigns in the 19th century]]
* [[History of the United States (1865–1918)]]
* [[History of the United States (1865–1918)]]
* [[First inauguration of Grover Cleveland]]
* [[1884 United States House of Representatives elections]]
* [[1884–85 United States Senate elections|1884–1885 United States Senate elections]]
* [[President of the United States]]
* [[President of the United States]]
* [[Third Party System]]
* [[Third Party System]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Mark Hirsch, "Election of 1884," in ''History of Presidential Elections: Volume III 1848-1896,'' ed. Arthur Schlesinger and Fred Israel (1971), 3:1578.

* {{cite book| last=Josephson| first=Matthew| title=The Politicos: 1865–1896| year=1938}}
==Works cited==
* {{cite book| last=Keller| first=Morton| title=Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America| year=1977}}
* {{cite book|last1=Abramson |first1=Paul |last2=Aldrich |first2=John |last3=Rohde |first3=David |title=Change and Continuity in the 1992 Elections |publisher=[[CQ Press]] |date=1995 |isbn=0871878399}}
* {{cite book| last=Kleppner| first=Paul| title=The Third Electoral System 1853-1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures| year=1979}}
* {{cite book|last=Sherman |first=Richard |title=The Republican Party and Black America From McKinley to Hoover 1896-1933 |publisher=[[University of Virginia Press]] |date=1973 |isbn=0813904676}}
* Lynch, G. Patrick "U.S. Presidential Elections in the Nineteenth Century: Why Culture and the Economy Both Mattered." ''Polity'' 35#1 (2002) pp 29+.

* Norgren, Jill. Belva Lockwood: The Woman Who Would be President (NY: New York University Press, 2007).
==Sources==
[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000625619 online version], focus on 1884
* {{cite book|doi=10.9783/9780812291360|title=America at the Ballot Box|year=2015|isbn=9780812291360|editor1-last=Davies|editor1-first=Gareth|editor2-last=Zelizer|editor2-first=Julian E}}
* Hirsch, Mark. "Election of 1884", in ''History of Presidential Elections: Volume III 1848–1896'', ed. Arthur Schlesinger and Fred Israel (1971), 3:1578.
* {{cite book| last=Josephson| first=Matthew | author-link = Matthew Josephson| title=The Politicos: 1865–1896| year=1938}}
* {{cite book| last=Keller| first=Morton| title=Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America| year=1977|doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674181885| isbn=9780674181885}}
* {{cite book| last=Kleppner| first=Paul| title=The Third Electoral System 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures| year=1979}}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1086/POLv35n1ms3235469|title=U.S. Presidential Elections in the Nineteenth Century: Why Culture and the Economy Both Mattered|year=2002|last1=Lynch|first1=G. Patrick|journal=Polity|volume=35|pages=29–50|s2cid=157740436}}
* Norgren, Jill. ''Belva Lockwood: The Woman Who Would be President'' (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604182639/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000625619 online version], focus on 1884
* {{cite book| last=Morgan| first=H. Wayne| title=From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896| year=1969}}
* {{cite book| last=Morgan| first=H. Wayne| title=From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896| year=1969}}
* {{cite book| last=Rhodes| first=James Ford| title=History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Roosevelt-Taft Administration| year=1920| format=8 vols.}}
* {{cite book| author=[[James Ford Rhodes]]| title=History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Roosevelt-Taft Administration| year=1920| type=8 vols.}}
* Mark Wahlgren Summers. ''Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884'' [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104865169 (2000) online version]
* Summers, Mark Wahlgren. ''Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884'' [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104865169 (2000) online version]
*[http://elections.harpweek.com/1884/Overview-1884-3.htm "1884 Election Cleveland v. Blaine Overview"], ''HarpWeek'', July 26, 2008. <!--accessed November 21, 2008-->
===Primary sources===
* {{cite book| last=Roberts| first=North| title=Encyclopedia of Presidential Campaigns, Slogans, Issues, and Platforms| year=2004}}
[[Image:DanceCardCoverUSPresidentialCandidatesGroverClevelandEtc1884.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Dance card]] cover depicting the candidates]]
* Thomas, Harrison Cook, ''The return of the Democratic Party to power in 1884'' (1919) [https://archive.org/details/returndemocratic00thomrich online]
* {{cite book| publisher=Republican Congressional Committee| title=The Republican Campaign Text Book for 1884| year=1882| url=http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=0wgffPOM491LNtKC3B&id=r1Ps3-SUqTUC&dq=Democratic+%22campaign+text+Book%22&pg=PR1&printsec=2&lpg=PR1 }}

=== Primary sources ===
* {{cite book| publisher=Republican Congressional Committee| title=The Republican Campaign Text Book for 1884| year=1882| url=https://archive.org/details/republicancampa01goog | quote=Democratic campaign text Book.}}
* Chester, Edward W ''A guide to political platforms'' (1977) [https://archive.org/details/guidetopolitical0000ches online]
* Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. ''National party platforms, 1840-1964'' (1965) [https://archive.org/details/nationalpartypla00port online 1840-1956]


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/elections/election1884.html Presidential Election of 1884: A Resource Guide] from the Library of Congress
* [http://geoelections.free.fr/USA/elec_comtes/1884.htm 1884 popular vote by counties]
* [http://geoelections.free.fr/USA/elec_comtes/1884.htm 1884 popular vote by counties]
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Rum, Romanism and Rebellion|year=1920}}
* Wrong way elections [http://www.RangeVoting.org/FunnyElections.html table] at the [http://www.RangeVoting.org Center for Range Voting]
* [http://www.countingthevotes.com/1884/ Election of 1884 in Counting the Votes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509052627/http://www.countingthevotes.com/1884 |date=May 9, 2017 }}
* [http://www.msu.edu/~sheppa28/elections.html#1884 How close was the 1884 election?] - Michael Sheppard, Michigan State University


{{Grover Cleveland}}
== Navigation ==
{{State Results of the 1884 U.S. presidential election}}
{{United States presidential election, 1884}}
{{USPresidentialElections}}
{{USPresidentialElections}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:United States presidential election, 1884]]
[[Category:1884 United States presidential election| ]]
[[Category:Presidencies of Grover Cleveland]]

[[Category:Grover Cleveland]]
[[de:Präsidentschaftswahl in den Vereinigten Staaten 1884]]
[[Category:Thomas A. Hendricks]]
[[fr:Élection présidentielle américaine de 1884]]
[[Category:James G. Blaine]]
[[it:Elezioni presidenziali statunitensi del 1884]]
[[Category:November 1884 events]]
[[ja:1884年アメリカ合衆国大統領選挙]]
[[Category:1884 in American politics]]
[[nl:Amerikaanse presidentsverkiezingen 1884]]

Latest revision as of 18:15, 17 December 2024

1884 United States presidential election

← 1880 November 4, 1884 1888 →

401 members of the Electoral College
201 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout77.5%[1] Decrease 1.9 pp
 
Nominee Grover Cleveland James G. Blaine
Party Democratic Republican
Home state New York Maine
Running mate Thomas A. Hendricks John A. Logan
Electoral vote 219 182
States carried 20 18
Popular vote 4,914,482 4,856,905
Percentage 48.8% 48.3%

1884 United States presidential election in California1884 United States presidential election in Oregon1884 United States presidential election in Nevada1884 United States presidential election in Colorado1884 United States presidential election in Nebraska1884 United States presidential election in Kansas1884 United States presidential election in Texas1884 United States presidential election in Minnesota1884 United States presidential election in Iowa1884 United States presidential election in Missouri1884 United States presidential election in Arkansas1884 United States presidential election in Louisiana1884 United States presidential election in Wisconsin1884 United States presidential election in Illinois1884 United States presidential election in Michigan1884 United States presidential election in Indiana1884 United States presidential election in Ohio1884 United States presidential election in Kentucky1884 United States presidential election in Tennessee1884 United States presidential election in Mississippi1884 United States presidential election in Alabama1884 United States presidential election in Georgia1884 United States presidential election in Florida1884 United States presidential election in South Carolina1884 United States presidential election in North Carolina1884 United States presidential election in Virginia1884 United States presidential election in West Virginia1884 United States presidential election in Maryland1884 United States presidential election in Delaware1884 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania1884 United States presidential election in New Jersey1884 United States presidential election in New York1884 United States presidential election in Connecticut1884 United States presidential election in Rhode Island1884 United States presidential election in Maryland1884 United States presidential election in Vermont1884 United States presidential election in New Hampshire1884 United States presidential election in Maine1884 United States presidential election in Massachusetts1884 United States presidential election in Maryland1884 United States presidential election in Delaware1884 United States presidential election in New Jersey1884 United States presidential election in Connecticut1884 United States presidential election in Rhode Island1884 United States presidential election in Massachusetts1884 United States presidential election in Vermont1884 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Cleveland/Hendricks, red denotes states won by Blaine/Logan. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.

President before election

Chester A. Arthur
Republican

Elected President

Grover Cleveland
Democratic

Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 4, 1884. Democratic Governor Grover Cleveland of New York narrowly defeated Republican James G. Blaine of Maine. It was set apart by mudslinging and personal allegations that eclipsed substantive issues, such as civil administration change. Cleveland was the first Democrat elected president of the United States since James Buchanan in 1856, the first to hold office since Andrew Johnson left the White House in 1869, and the last to hold office until Woodrow Wilson, who began his first term in 1913. For this reason, 1884 is a significant election in U.S. political history, marking an interruption in the era when Republicans largely controlled the presidency between Reconstruction and the Great Depression.

Cleveland won the presidential nomination on the second ballot of the 1884 Democratic National Convention. President Chester A. Arthur had acceded to the presidency in 1881 following the assassination of James A. Garfield, but he was unsuccessful in his bid for nomination to a full term. Blaine, who had served as Secretary of State under President Garfield, defeated Arthur and other candidates on the fourth ballot of the 1884 Republican National Convention. A group of reformist Republicans known as "Mugwumps" abandoned Blaine's candidacy, viewing him as corrupt. The campaign was marred by exceptional political acrimony and personal invective. Blaine's reputation for public corruption and his inadvertent last minute alienation of Catholic voters proved decisive, as well as general voter burnout after a generation of Republican rule.

In the election, Cleveland won 48.8% of the nationwide popular vote and 219 electoral votes, carrying the Solid South and several key swing states. Blaine won 48.3% of the popular vote and 182 electoral votes. Cleveland won his home state by just 1,149 votes. Two third-party candidates, John St. John of the Prohibition Party and Benjamin Butler of the Greenback Party and the Anti-Monopoly Party, each won less than 2% of the popular vote. Blaine was the last former secretary of state to be nominated by a major political party until the nomination of Hillary Clinton in 2016, while Cleveland, who would be elected to another non-consecutive term in 1892, became the only Democratic president between the end of the Civil War and the election of Woodrow Wilson in 1912, a span of almost 50 years. Blaine, similarly, also became the only Republican nominee in the 56-year period between 1860 and 1916 never to win a presidential election, and just one of three nominees from that party never to win the presidency in the 80-year span between 1856 and 1936. This election is the only time that both vice presidential candidates would die before the next election.

Nominations

[edit]

Democratic Party nomination

[edit]
Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic Party (United States)
1884 Democratic Party ticket
Grover Cleveland Thomas A. Hendricks
for President for Vice President
28th
Governor of New York
(1883–1885)
16th
Governor of Indiana
(1873–1877)
Campaign

The Democrats convened in Chicago on July 8–11, 1884, with New York Governor Grover Cleveland as clear frontrunner, the candidate of northern reformers and sound-money men (as opposed to inflationists). Although Tammany Hall bitterly opposed his nomination, the machine represented a minority of the New York delegation. Its only chance to block Cleveland was to break the unit rule, which mandated that the votes of an entire delegation be cast for only one candidate, and this it failed to do. Daniel N. Lockwood from New York placed Cleveland's name in nomination. But this rather lackluster address was eclipsed by the seconding speech of Edward S. Bragg from Wisconsin, who roused the delegates with a memorable slap at Tammany. "They love him, gentlemen," Bragg said of Cleveland, "and they respect him, not only for himself, for his character, for his integrity and judgment and iron will, but they love him most of all for the enemies he has made." As the convention rocked with cheers, Tammany boss John Kelly lunged at the platform, screaming that he welcomed the compliment.

On the first ballot, Cleveland led the field with 392 votes, more than 150 votes short of the nomination. Trailing him were Thomas F. Bayard from Delaware, 170; Allen G. Thurman from Ohio, 88; Samuel J. Randall from Pennsylvania, 78; and Joseph E. McDonald from Indiana, 56; with the rest scattered. Randall then withdrew in Cleveland's favor. This move, together with the Southern bloc scrambling aboard the Cleveland bandwagon, was enough to put him over the top of the second ballot, with 683 votes to 81.5 for Bayard and 45.5 for Thomas A. Hendricks from Indiana. Hendricks was nominated unanimously for vice president on the first ballot after John C. Black, William Rosecrans, and George Washington Glick withdrew their names from consideration.[2]

Republican Party nomination

[edit]
Republican Party (United States)
Republican Party (United States)
1884 Republican Party ticket
James G. Blaine John A. Logan
for President for Vice President
28th
U.S. Secretary of State
(1881)
U.S. Senator
from Illinois
(1871–1877 & 1879–1886)
Chester A. Arthur, the incumbent president in 1884, whose term expired on March 4, 1885

The 1884 Republican National Convention was held in Chicago, Illinois, on June 3–6, with former Secretary of State James G. Blaine from Maine, President Arthur, and Senator George F. Edmunds from Vermont as the frontrunners. Though he was still popular, Arthur did not make a serious bid for a full-term nomination, knowing that his increasing health problems meant he would probably not survive a second term (he ultimately died in November 1886). Blaine led on the first ballot, with Arthur second, and Edmunds third. This order did not change on successive ballots as Blaine increased his lead, and he won a majority on the fourth ballot. After nominating Blaine, the convention chose Senator John A. Logan from Illinois as the vice-presidential nominee. Blaine remains the only presidential nominee ever to come from Maine.[3]

Famed Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman was considered a possible Republican candidate, but ruled himself out with what has become known as the Sherman pledge: "If drafted, I will not run; if nominated, I will not accept; if elected, I will not serve." Robert Todd Lincoln, Secretary of War of the United States, and son of the past President Abraham Lincoln, was also strongly courted by politicians and the media of the day to seek the presidential or vice-presidential nomination, but Lincoln was as averse to the nomination as Sherman.

Other parties and candidates

[edit]

Anti-Monopoly Party nomination

[edit]

Anti-Monopoly candidates:

The Anti-Monopoly National Convention assembled in the Hershey Music Hall in Chicago, Illinois on May 14.[4] The party had been formed to express opposition to the business practices of the emerging nationwide companies. There were around 200 delegates from 16 states, but 61 of them were from Michigan and Illinois.

Alson Streeter was the temporary chairman and John F. Henry was the permanent chairman.

Benjamin F. Butler was nominated for president on the first ballot. Delegates from New York, Washington, D.C., and Maryland bolted the convention when it appeared that no discussion of other candidates would be allowed. Allen G. Thurman and James B. Weaver were put forward as alternatives to Butler, but Weaver declined, not wishing to run another national campaign for political office, and Thurman generated little enthusiasm. Butler, while far from opposed to the nomination, hoped to be nominated by the Democratic or Republican party, or at least in the case of the former, to make its platform more favorable to greenbacks. Ultimately only the Greenback Party endorsed his candidacy.

The convention chose not to nominate a candidate for vice president, hoping that other conventions would endorse a similar platform and name a suitable vice-presidential nominee.[5]: 55  The committee ultimately nominated Absolom Madden West as their vice-presidential candidate.[6]: 56 

Presidential Ballot[6]: 56 
Ballot 1st
Benjamin F. Butler 124
Allen G. Thurman[a] 2
Solon Chase 1

Greenback Party nomination

[edit]

Greenback candidates:

The third Greenback National Convention assembled in English's Opera House in Indianapolis, Indiana. Delegates from 28 states and the District of Columbia were in attendance. The convention nominated former Massachusetts Governor Benjamin F. Butler for president over chairman Jesse Harper on the first ballot. Mississippi State Senator Absolom M. West was nominated unanimously for vice president. The ticket was subsequently adopted by the Anti-Monopoly Party.

Butler initially hoped to organize fusion tickets with the minority party in each state, a strategy designed to capitalize on the cross-partisan popularity of many elements of the candidate's program. The Greenbacks succeeded in negotiating fusion arrangements with the Democrats in Iowa, Michigan, and Nebraska and with the Republicans in Missouri and West Virginia. The fusion electors agreed to divide their votes between Butler and Cleveland, or Butler and Blaine, in proportion to the statewide popular vote for each candidate; however, the fusion ticket was not elected in any state, and Butler received no votes in the Electoral College.[7][8]

Presidential Ballot[6]: 57 
Ballot 1st
Benjamin F. Butler 323
Jesse Harper 98
Solon Chase 2
Edward Phelps Allis 1
David Davis 0

American Prohibition Party nomination

[edit]

The American Prohibition Party held its national convention in the YMCA building in Chicago, Illinois. There were 150 delegates, including many non-voting delegates. The party sought to merge the reform movements of anti-masonry, prohibition, anti-polygamy, and direct election of the president into a new party. Jonathan Blanchard was a major figure within the party. He traveled throughout northern states in the spring and gave an address entitled "The American Party – Its Principles and Its Claims."

During the convention, the party name was changed from the American Party to the American Prohibition Party. The party had been known as the Anti-Masonic Party in 1880. Many of the delegates at the convention were initially interested in nominating John St. John, the former governor of Kansas, but it was feared that such a nomination might cost him that of the Prohibition Party, which he was actively seeking. Party leaders met with Samuel C. Pomeroy, a former senator from the same state who was the convention's runner-up for the nomination, and at Pomeroy's suggestion they agreed to withdraw the ticket from the race should St. John win the Prohibition Party nomination. Nominated alongside Pomeroy was John A. Conant from Connecticut.

St. John later unanimously won the Prohibition Party nomination, with Pomeroy and Conant withdrawing from the presidential contest and endorsing him. The New York Times speculated that the endorsement would "give him 40,000 votes".[9]

Prohibition Party nomination

[edit]

The fourth Prohibition Party National Convention assembled in Lafayette Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. There were 505 delegates from 31 states and territories at the convention. The national ticket was nominated unanimously: John St. John for president and William Daniel for vice president. The straightforward single-issue Prohibition Party platform advocated the criminalization of alcoholic beverages.[6]: 58 

Presidential Ballot[5]: 56 
Ballot 1st
John St. John 505

Equal Rights Party nomination

[edit]

Dissatisfied with resistance by the men of the major parties to women's suffrage, a small group of women announced the formation in 1884 of the Equal Rights Party.

The Equal Rights Party held its national convention in San Francisco, California, on September 20. The convention nominated Belva Ann Lockwood, an attorney in Washington, D.C., for president. Chairman Marietta Stow, the first woman to preside over a national nominating convention, was nominated for vice president.[6]: 57 [5]: 56 

Lockwood agreed to be the party's presidential candidate even though most women in the United States did not yet have the right to vote. She said, "I cannot vote but I can be voted for." She was the first woman to run a full campaign for the office (Victoria Woodhull conducted a more limited campaign in 1872). The Equal Rights Party had no treasury, but Lockwood gave lectures to pay for campaign travel. She received approximately 4,194 votes nationally.[10]

General election

[edit]

Campaign

[edit]
Campaign poster attacking Cleveland's morals

The issue of personal character was paramount in the 1884 campaign. Blaine had been prevented from getting the Republican presidential nomination during the previous two elections because of the stigma of the "Mulligan letters": in 1876, a Boston bookkeeper named James Mulligan had located some letters showing that Blaine had sold his influence in Congress to various businesses. One such letter ended with the phrase "burn this letter", from which a popular chant of the Democrats arose – "Burn, burn, burn this letter!" In just one deal, he had received $110,150 (over $1.5 million in 2010 dollars) from the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad for securing a federal land grant, among other things. Democrats and anti-Blaine Republicans made unrestrained attacks on his integrity as a result. Cleveland, on the other hand, was known as "Grover the Good" for his personal integrity; in the space of the three previous years he had become successively the mayor of Buffalo, New York, and then the governor of the state of New York, cleaning up large amounts of Tammany Hall's graft.

This campaign poster purports to show the area of land grants to railroads

Commentator Jeff Jacoby notes that, "Not since George Washington had a candidate for president been so renowned for his rectitude."[11] In July the Republicans found a refutation buried in Cleveland's past. Aided by sermons from a minister named George H. Ball, they charged that Cleveland had fathered an illegitimate child while he was a lawyer in Buffalo. When confronted with the scandal, Cleveland immediately instructed his supporters to "Above all, tell the truth." Cleveland admitted to paying child support in 1874 to Maria Crofts Halpin, the woman who claimed he fathered her child, named Oscar Folsom Cleveland after Cleveland's friend and law partner, but asserted that the child's paternity was uncertain.[12] Shortly before election day, the Republican media published an affidavit from Halpin in which she stated that until she met Cleveland her "life was pure and spotless," and "there is not, and never was, a doubt as to the paternity of our child, and the attempt of Grover Cleveland, or his friends, to couple the name of Oscar Folsom, or any one else, with that boy, for that purpose is simply infamous and false."[13] In a supplemental affidavit, Halpin also implied Cleveland had raped her, hence the conception of their child.[13][14] Republican cartoonists across the land had a field day.[15][16][17][18][19][20]

Cleveland's campaign decided that candor was the best approach to this scandal: it admitted that Cleveland had formed an "illicit connection" with the mother and that a child had been born and given the Cleveland surname. They also noted that there was no proof that Cleveland was the father, and claimed that, by assuming responsibility and finding a home for the child, he was merely doing his duty. Finally, they showed that the mother had not been forced into an asylum; her whereabouts were unknown. Blaine's supporters condemned Cleveland in the strongest of terms, singing "Ma, Ma, Where's my Pa?"[21] (After Cleveland's victory, Cleveland supporters would respond to the taunt with: "Gone to the White House, Ha, Ha, Ha.") However, the Cleveland campaign's damage control worked well enough and the race remained a tossup through Election Day. The greatest threat to the Republicans came from reformers called "Mugwumps" who were angrier at Blaine's public corruption than at Cleveland's private affairs.[22]

Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage of the winning candidate in each county. Shades of blue are for Cleveland (Democratic), shades of red are for Blaine (Republican), shades of green are for Butler (Straight Greenback), and shades of yellow are for bolting electors (Whig Republican).

In the final week of the campaign, the Blaine campaign suffered a catastrophe. At a Republican meeting attended by Blaine, a group of New York preachers castigated the Mugwumps. Their spokesman, Reverend Dr. Samuel Burchard, said, "We are Republicans, and don't propose to leave our party and identify ourselves with the party whose antecedents have been rum, Romanism, and rebellion." Blaine did not notice Burchard's anti-Catholic slur, nor did the assembled newspaper reporters, but a Democratic operative did, and Cleveland's campaign managers made sure it was widely publicized. The statement energized the Irish and Catholic vote in New York City heavily against Blaine, costing him New York state and the election by a narrow margin.

In addition to Burchard's statement, it is also believed that John St. John's campaign was responsible for winning Cleveland the election in New York. Since Prohibitionists tended to ally more with Republicans, the Republican Party attempted to convince St. John to drop out. When they failed, they resorted to slandering him. Because of this, he redoubled his efforts in upstate New York, where Blaine was vulnerable on his prohibition stance, and took votes away from the Republicans.[23]

Results

[edit]

35.6% of the voting age population and 78.3% of eligible voters participated in the election.[24]

While the results remained broadly the same as those from 1880, Cleveland narrowly won three states (New York, Indiana, and Connecticut) that James A. Garfield had won, while Blaine won two states (California and Nevada) that Winfield Hancock had won. But most of those states had relatively small numbers of electoral votes, and Cleveland's victory in New York was decisive. Cleveland won by a slightly larger margin than Garfield (0.57% compared to 0.11%) in the popular vote, but a slightly smaller margin in the Electoral College (29 votes to 59). Cleveland became the first Democrat to ever win without Pennsylvania, California, Nevada, and Illinois. Pennsylvania voted for the losing candidate for the first time since 1824, and the loser of the popular vote since 1800.

The result marked an electoral breakthrough for the Prohibition Party, who had been little more than a fringe party in the previous three elections. While they never seriously challenged for the presidency and had only limited success in congressional and state-level elections, they regularly earned at least a percentage point of the popular vote (and occasionally finished third in that vote) in presidential elections for the next three decades before declining back to fringe status after the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919. By contrast, Butler earned less than half the popular vote share that James B. Weaver had won in 1880, accelerating the decline of the Greenback Party. This was the last presidential election the party contested; it collapsed after failing to nominate a ticket in 1888.

This is one of only four U.S. presidential elections in which the winner did not carry any of the three Rust Belt states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin; the others were 1916, 2000, and 2004.[25]

16.08% of Blaine's votes came from the eleven states of the former Confederacy, with him taking 40.15% of the vote in that region.[26]

In Burke County, Georgia, 897 votes were cast for bolting "Whig Republican" electors for president (they were not counted for Blaine).[27] The Republicans won in 20 of the 33 cities with populations over 50,000 outside the southern U.S.[28]

Electoral results
Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral
vote
Running mate
Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote
Grover Cleveland Democratic New York 4,914,482 48.85% 219 Thomas A. Hendricks Indiana 219
James G. Blaine Republican Maine 4,856,903 48.28% 182 John A. Logan Illinois 182
John St. John Prohibition Kansas 147,482 1.50% 0 William Daniel Maryland 0
Benjamin Butler Greenback/Anti-Monopoly Massachusetts 134,294 1.33% 0 Absolom M. West Mississippi 0
Belva Ann Lockwood Equal Rights Washington, D.C. 4,194 0.04% 0 Marietta Stow California 0
Other 3,576 0.04% Other
Total 10,060,145 100% 401 401
Needed to win 201 201

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1884 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 27, 2005.

Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

Popular vote
Cleveland
48.85%
Blaine
48.28%
St. John
1.50%
Butler
1.33%
Others
0.09%
Electoral vote
Cleveland
54.61%
Blaine
45.39%

Geography of results

[edit]
[edit]

Results by state

[edit]

Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.[29]

States/districts won by Cleveland/Hendricks
States/districts won by Blaine/Logan
Grover Cleveland
Democratic
James Blaine
Republican
John St. John
Prohibition
Benjamin Butler
Greenback
Margin State Total
State electoral
votes
# % electoral
votes
# % electoral
votes
# % electoral
votes
# % electoral
votes
# % #
Alabama 10 92,736 60.37 10 59,444 38.69 610 0.40 762 0.50 33,292 21.67 153,624 AL
Arkansas 7 72,734 57.83 7 51,198 40.70 1,847 1.47 21,536 17.12 125,779 AR
California 8 89,288 45.33 102,369 51.97 8 2,965 1.51 2,037 1.03 −13,081 −6.64 196,988 CA
Colorado 3 27,723 41.68 36,084 54.25 3 756 1.14 1,956 2.94 −8,361 −12.57 66,519 CO
Connecticut 6 67,182 48.95 6 65,898 48.01 2,493 1.82 1,684 1.23 1,284 0.94 137,257 CT
Delaware 3 16,957 56.55 3 12,953 43.20 64 0.21 10 0.03 4,004 13.35 29,984 DE
Florida 4 31,769 52.96 4 28,031 46.73 72 0.12 3,738 6.23 59,990 FL
Georgia 12 94,667 65.92 12 48,603 33.84 195 0.14 145 0.10 46,064 32.08 143,610 GA
Illinois 22 312,351 46.43 337,469 50.17 22 12,074 1.79 10,776 1.60 −25,118 −3.73 672,670 IL
Indiana 15 245,005 49.46 15 238,489 48.15 3,028 0.61 8,810 1.78 6,516 1.32 495,332 IN
Iowa 13 177,316 47.01 197,089 52.25 13 1,499 0.40 −19,773 −5.24 377,201 IA
Kansas 9 90,132 33.90 154,406 58.08 9 4,495 1.69 16,346 6.15 −64,274 −24.18 265,848 KS
Kentucky 13 152,961 55.32 13 118,690 42.93 3,139 1.14 1,691 0.61 34,271 12.40 276,481 KY
Louisiana 8 62,594 57.22 8 46,347 42.37 338 0.31 120 0.11 16,247 14.85 109,399 LA
Maine 6 52,153 39.97 72,217 55.34 6 2,160 1.66 3,955 3.03 −20,064 −15.38 130,491 ME
Maryland 8 96,866 52.07 8 85,748 46.10 2,827 1.52 578 0.31 11,118 5.98 186,019 MD
Massachusetts 14 122,352 40.33 146,724 48.36 14 9,923 3.27 24,382 8.04 −24,372 −8.03 303,383 MA
Michigan 13 189,361 47.20 192,669 48.02 13 18,403 4.59 753 0.19 −3,308 −0.82 401,186 MI
Minnesota 7 70,065 36.87 111,685 58.78 7 4,684 2.47 3,583 1.89 −41,620 −21.90 190,017 MN
Mississippi 9 77,653 64.34 9 43,035 35.66 34,618 28.68 120,688 MS
Missouri 16 236,023 53.49 16 203,081 46.02 2,164 0.49 32,942 7.47 441,268 MO
Nebraska 5 54,391 40.53 76,912 57.31 5 2,899 2.16 −22,521 −16.78 134,202 NE
Nevada 3 5,578 43.59 7,193 56.21 3 26 0.20 −1,615 −12.62 12,797 NV
New Hampshire 4 39,198 46.34 43,254 51.14 4 1,580 1.87 554 0.65 −4,056 −4.80 84,586 NH
New Jersey 9 127,798 48.98 9 123,440 47.31 6,159 2.36 3,496 1.34 4,358 1.67 260,921 NJ
New York 36 563,154 48.25 36 562,005 48.15 25,006 2.14 17,004 1.46 1,149 0.10 1,167,169 NY
North Carolina 11 142,905 53.25 11 125,021 46.59 430 0.16 17,884 6.66 268,356 NC
Ohio 23 368,280 46.94 400,082 50.99 23 11,069 1.41 5,179 0.66 −31,802 −4.05 784,610 OH
Oregon 3 24,604 46.70 26,860 50.99 3 492 0.93 726 1.38 −2,256 −4.28 52,682 OR
Pennsylvania 30 392,785 43.46 478,804 52.97 30 15,283 1.69 16,992 1.88 −86,019 −9.52 903,864 PA
Rhode Island 4 12,391 37.81 19,030 58.07 4 928 2.83 422 1.29 −6,639 −20.26 32,771 RI
South Carolina 9 69,845 75.25 9 21,730 23.41 48,115 51.84 92,812 SC
Tennessee 12 133,770 51.45 12 124,101 47.74 1,150 0.44 957 0.37 9,669 3.72 259,978 TN
Texas 13 225,309 69.26 13 93,141 28.63 3,534 1.09 3,321 1.02 132,168 40.63 325,305 TX
Vermont 4 17,331 29.18 39,514 66.52 4 1,753 2.95 785 1.32 −22,183 −37.34 59,401 VT
Virginia 12 145,491 51.05 12 139,356 48.90 130 0.05 6,135 2.15 284,977 VA
West Virginia 6 67,311 50.94 6 63,096 47.75 939 0.71 799 0.60 4,215 3.19 132,145 WV
Wisconsin 11 146,453 45.79 161,135 50.38 11 7,649 2.39 4,598 1.44 −14,682 −4.59 319,835 WI
TOTALS: 401 4,914,482 48.85 219 4,856,903 48.28 182 150,890 1.50 134,294 1.33 57,579 0.57 10,060,145 US

States that flipped from Democratic to Republican

[edit]

States that flipped from Republican to Democratic

[edit]

Close states

[edit]

Margin of victory less than 1% (55 electoral votes):

  1. New York, 0.10% (1,149 votes) (tipping point state)
  2. Michigan, 0.82% (3,308 votes)
  3. Connecticut, 0.94% (1,284 votes)

Margin of victory between 1% and 5% (117 electoral votes):

  1. Indiana, 1.32% (6,516 votes)
  2. New Jersey, 1.67% (4,358 votes)
  3. Virginia, 2.15% (6,135 votes)
  4. West Virginia, 3.19% (4,215 votes)
  5. Tennessee, 3.72% (9,669 votes)
  6. Illinois, 3.73% (25,118 votes)
  7. Ohio, 4.05% (31,802 votes)
  8. Oregon, 4.28% (2,256 votes)
  9. Wisconsin, 4.59% (14,682 votes)
  10. New Hampshire, 4.80% (4,056 votes)

Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (104 electoral votes):

  1. Iowa, 5.24% (19,773 votes)
  2. Maryland, 5.98% (11,118 votes)
  3. Florida, 6.23% (3,738 votes)
  4. California, 6.64% (13,081 votes)
  5. North Carolina, 6.66% (17,884 votes)
  6. Missouri, 7.47% (32,942 votes)
  7. Massachusetts, 8.03% (24,372 votes)
  8. Pennsylvania, 9.52% (86,019 votes)

See also

[edit]
Dance card cover depicting the candidates

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Published sources disagree on how many votes Thurman received on the ballot. Hinshaw claims he received 7 votes, but Havel finds only 2.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections". The American Presidency Project. UC Santa Barbara.
  2. ^ William DeGregorio, The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents, Gramercy 1997
  3. ^ ‘What States do Presidents Come From?’
  4. ^ "Today in labor history:Anti-Monopoly Party founded". People's World. May 14, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
  5. ^ a b c Hinshaw, Seth (2000). Ohio Elects the President: Our State's Role in Presidential Elections 1804-1996. Mansfield: Book Masters, Inc.
  6. ^ a b c d e Havel, James T. (1996). U.S. Presidential Elections and the Candidates: A Biographical and Historical Guide. Vol. 2: The Elections, 1789–1992. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-02-864623-1.
  7. ^ National Contest: Containing Portraits and Biographies of our National Favorites. Chicago. 1888. p. 127.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ Fuller, William D. (September 25, 1884). "Butler in Michigan". Iowa Plain Dealer.
  9. ^ "Withdraws in Favor of St. John" (PDF). New York Times. August 28, 1884. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
  10. ^ Soden, Suzanne (February 1997). "Belva A. Lockwood Collection [1830–1917]". New York State Library. Archived from the original on October 9, 2023.
  11. ^ Jeff Jacoby, "'Grover the good' — the most honest president of them all", Boston Globe, February 15. 2015.
  12. ^ Henry F. Graff (2002). Grover Cleveland: The American Presidents Series: The 22nd and 24th President, 1885–1889 and 1893–1897. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 61–63. ISBN 9780805069235.
  13. ^ a b Lachman, Charles (2014). A Secret Life. Skyhorse Publishing. pp. 285–288.
  14. ^ Bushong, William; Chervinsky, Lindsay (2007). "The Life and Presidency of Grover Cleveland". White House History.
  15. ^ Glen Jeansonne, "Caricature and Satire in the Presidential Campaign of 1884." Journal of American Culture (1980) 3#2 pp: 238–244. Online
  16. ^ "Maria Halpin's Affidavit" (PDF). Democrat and Chronicle (Rochester, NY). October 31, 1884. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
  17. ^ Daily Gazette (Fort Wayne, Indiana) Nov. 1, 1884. p. 5
  18. ^ Topeka Daily Capital (Topeka, Kansas) Nov. 1, 1884. p. 4
  19. ^ "That Scandal". Wichita Daily Eagle (Wichita, Kansas). November 2, 1884. p. 2. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  20. ^ Cedar Rapids Evening Gazette, (Cedar Rapids, Iowa). October 31, 1884. p. 3
  21. ^ Tugwell, 90[full citation needed]
  22. ^ Geoffrey T. Blodgett, "The Mind of the Boston Mugwump." Mississippi Valley Historical Review (1962): 614–634. in JSTOR
  23. ^ "HarpWeek | Elections | 1884 Overview". Elections.harpweek.com. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
  24. ^ Abramson, Aldrich & Rohde 1995, p. 99.
  25. ^ Brownstein, Ronald (September 16, 2024). "Why these three states are the most consistent tipping point in American politics". CNN. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
  26. ^ Sherman 1973, p. 263.
  27. ^ An American Almanac and Treasury of Facts, Statistical, Financial, and Political, for the year 1886., Ainsworth R. Spofford, https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZcYAAAAIAAJ (pg. 207)
  28. ^ Murphy, Paul (1974). Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890-present. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
  29. ^ "1884 Presidential General Election Data – National". Retrieved May 7, 2013.

Works cited

[edit]

Sources

[edit]
  • Davies, Gareth; Zelizer, Julian E, eds. (2015). America at the Ballot Box. doi:10.9783/9780812291360. ISBN 9780812291360.
  • Hirsch, Mark. "Election of 1884", in History of Presidential Elections: Volume III 1848–1896, ed. Arthur Schlesinger and Fred Israel (1971), 3:1578.
  • Josephson, Matthew (1938). The Politicos: 1865–1896.
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  • Kleppner, Paul (1979). The Third Electoral System 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures.
  • Lynch, G. Patrick (2002). "U.S. Presidential Elections in the Nineteenth Century: Why Culture and the Economy Both Mattered". Polity. 35: 29–50. doi:10.1086/POLv35n1ms3235469. S2CID 157740436.
  • Norgren, Jill. Belva Lockwood: The Woman Who Would be President (2007). online version, focus on 1884
  • Morgan, H. Wayne (1969). From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896.
  • James Ford Rhodes (1920). History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Roosevelt-Taft Administration (8 vols.).
  • Summers, Mark Wahlgren. Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884 (2000) online version
  • "1884 Election Cleveland v. Blaine Overview", HarpWeek, July 26, 2008.
  • Roberts, North (2004). Encyclopedia of Presidential Campaigns, Slogans, Issues, and Platforms.
  • Thomas, Harrison Cook, The return of the Democratic Party to power in 1884 (1919) online

Primary sources

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