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{{Infobox Weapon
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965
|name=PM md. 63
| image = PMmd.1963.jpg
|image=[[Image:M16A4_AIM_Iraq.jpg|300px]]
| image_size = 300
|caption=US Army soldier training with the md. 63
| caption = [[Cutaway (industrial)|Cutaway]] model of a PM md. 63
|origin={{flag|Romania}}
| origin = [[Socialist Republic of Romania]] <!-- WP:INFOBOXFLAG -->
|type=[[Assault rifle]]
| type = [[Assault rifle]]
<!-- Type selection -->
|is_ranged=yes
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged = Yes
<!-- Service history -->
<!-- Service history -->| service
| service = 1963–present<ref name="Humphries">{{cite journal |last=Humphries |first=Michael |title=Romanian PM md. 65 7.62mm |journal=Gun Buyer's Annual #163: AK-47 & Soviet Weapons |pages=14–18 |publisher=Harris Publications |location=New York City |date=January 1, 2015}}</ref>
|service=1963-present
| used_by = See ''[[#Users|Users]]''
|used_by=[[Romania]], [[Libya]], [[Morocco]], [[Palestine]], [[Georgia]], [[Iraq]]
| wars = See ''[[#Conflicts|Conflicts]]''
|wars=
<!-- Production history -->
<!-- Production history -->| designer =
| design_date = 1960–1963<ref name="Humphries"/>
|designer=[[ROMARM]]
| unit_cost =
|design_date=1960s
| production_date = 1963–present<ref name=Brayley>{{cite book|last=Brayley|first=Martin|title=Kalashnikov AK47 Series: The 7.62 x 39mm Assault Rifle in Detail|date=June 1, 2013|pages=15, 165, 214-217|publisher=The Crowood Press|location=Marlborough|isbn=978-1847974839}}</ref><ref name="Onokoy3">{{cite web|title=Romanian AKs: The Best Among The Worst, The Worst Among The Best. Part 3|last=Onokoy|first=Vladimir|url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2023/06/22/romanian-aks-the-best-among-the-worst-the-worst-among-the-best-part-3/|location=Bingham Farms, Michigan|publisher=Carbon Media Group|date=June 22, 2023|access-date=3 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624134004/https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2023/06/22/romanian-aks-the-best-among-the-worst-the-worst-among-the-best-part-3/|archive-date=24 June 2023}}</ref>
|manufacturer=Uzinele Mecanice Cugir
| number =
|unit_cost=
| variants = See ''[[#Variants|Variants]]''
|production_date=1963-1980s
<!-- General specifications -->| weight = {{convert|3.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name=Jane98>{{cite book|last=Gander|first=Terry|title=Jane's Infantry Weapons, 1997-98|date=1997|pages=163–164, 170|publisher=Jane's Information Group|location=Surrey, UK |isbn=0-7106-1548-5}}</ref>
|number=
| length = {{convert|750|mm|in|abbr=on}} <small>(fixed stock)</small><ref name=Jane98/>
|variants=PM md. 65
| part_length = {{convert|414|mm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name=Jane98/>
<!-- General specifications -->
| width =
|spec_label=
| height =
|weight={{kg to lb|3.1|sp=us|abbr=on|precision=2|wiki=yes}} (md. 63)<br/> {{convert|3.3|kg|abbr=on}} (md. 65)<br/>
| diameter = <!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
|length={{mm to in|880|abbr=on|precision=1|wiki=yes}} (md. 63)<br/> {{convert|902|mm|abbr=on|1}} stock extended / {{convert|655|mm|abbr=on|1}} stock folded (md. 65)
| cartridge = [[7.62×39mm]]<ref name=Jane98/>
|part_length={{convert|415|mm|abbr=on|1}}
| action = [[Gas-operated reloading|Gas-operated]] ([[rotating bolt]])<ref name=Jane98/>
|width=
| rate = 600 rounds/min<ref name=Jane98/>
|height=
| velocity = {{convert|670|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name=Jane98/>
|diameter=
| range = {{convert|400|m|yd|abbr=on}}<ref name=Jane98/>
|crew=
| max_range =
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
| feed = 30-round [[Magazine (firearms)#Box|detachable magazine]]s<ref name=Jane98/>
|cartridge=[[7.62x39mm]]
| sights =
|caliber=
|barrels=
|action=[[Gas-operated reloading|Gas operated]], [[rotating bolt]]
|rate=600 rounds/min
|velocity={{convert|715|m/s|0|lk=on|sp=us|abbr=on}}
|range=100 to 1,000 [[Metre|m]] sight adjustments
|max_range=
|feed=30-round box [[Magazine (firearm)|magazine]]
|sights=Rear sight notch on sliding tangent, front post, {{convert|378|mm|abbr=on|1}} sight radius
}}
}}


'''The Pistol Mitralieră model 1963''' (abbreviated ''PM md. 63'' or simply ''md. 63'') is an [[assault rifle]] patterned after the [[AK-47]], and chambered in the [[7.62x39mm]] cartridge. It exported as the [[AIM (rifle)|AIM]].
The '''Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965''' (abbreviated '''PM md. 63''' or simply '''md. 63''') is a Romanian [[7.62×39mm]] [[assault rifle]]. Developed in the late 1950s, the PM md. 63 was a derivative of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[AKM]] produced under license.<ref name=Brayley/> It was the standard-issue infantry weapon of the [[Army of the Socialist Republic of Romania]] until the late 1980s, after which it was gradually superseded by the [[Pușcă Automată model 1986]], a derivative of the Soviet [[AK-74]].<ref name=Jane98/>


'''The Pistol Mitralieră model 1965''' (abbreviated ''PM md. 65'' or simply ''md. 65'') is the underfolding stock version of the '''md. 63''', and is exported as the '''AIMS'''.
Beginning in 1965, Romania also produced the Pistol Mitralieră model 1965 (abbreviated PM md. 65 or simply md. 65), which is an md. 63 with a folding stock.<ref name=Brayley/>


== History ==
==History==
===Development===
In the early 60s, the [[Romanian Army]] used mostly [[PPSh-41]], [[Oriţă]] [[submachine guns]] and imported AK-47 rifles. With the developement of the stamped AKM receiver, and the [[Soviet Union]]'s call to each of the [[Warsaw Pact]]'s nations to produce their own assault rifles chambered in 7.62mm, be they AK-47 pattern or not, the Romanian State Arsenal developed an AKM clone featuring a forward curved handgrip molded into the lower handguard, called the '''PM md. 63'''. The '''PM md. 65''', in order to fully accommodate the underfolding stock, has a rear curved handgrip.
During the late 1950s, the standard service rifle of the Romanian Army was the Soviet [[AK-47]], as well as a variant of the same weapon with a folding stock, the AKS.<ref name="Humphries"/> Around the same period, however, the Soviet Union developed the [[AKM]], an improved AK-47 design which utilized a stamped metal receiver and was cheaper to produce. <ref name="Humphries"/> With Soviet assistance, the Romanian government launched a program to manufacture a domestic AK rifle patterned directly after the AKM.<ref name="Humphries"/> The new weapon was to replace the AK-47 in Romanian service and was designated ''Pistol Mitralieră''.<ref name="Humphries"/> The first production model appeared in 1963 and was designated ''Pistol Mitralieră model 1963'' (PM md. 63).<ref name="Humphries"/> PM md. 63s produced for export were designated AIM md. 63.<ref name="Humphries"/> A semi-automatic variant of the PM md. 63 was produced solely for issue to the [[Patriotic Guards (Romania)|Patriotic Guards]], a state militia; these were marked with a large "G" on either side of the trunnion.<ref name="Rottman">{{cite book|title =The AK-47: Kalashnikov-series assault rifles |first= Gordon|last= Rottman |editor-last= Pegler|editor-first= Martin|pages=24, 40, 64|publisher =[[Osprey Publishing]]|location=Oxford, United Kingdom| year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qK9Nn-2xocUC |isbn=978-1-84908-835-0 }}</ref> The PM md. 63 was initially indistinguishable from the Soviet AKM; however, during the mid 1960s a laminated wooden foregrip was added to the design.<ref name="Humphries"/> This was to allow Romanian riflemen to control the weapon's vertical muzzle climb during fully automatic fire.<ref name=Brayley/> For the duration of its service life, the PM md. 63 and its derivatives were primarily produced at the [[Cugir Arms Factory]] in [[Alba County]].<ref name=Brayley/> Beginning in the 1970s, some limited production was also outsourced to Uzina Mecanica Sadu in [[Gorj County]].<ref name="Onokoy3"/>


In 1965, a second production model appeared and was designated ''Pistol Mitralieră model 1965'' (PM md. 65).<ref name="Humphries"/> This was to replace the AKS in Romanian service and featured a folding stock; it resembled a Soviet AKMS with an older AKS-pattern stock.<ref name="Humphries"/> PM md. 65s produced for export were designated AIMS md. 65.<ref name="Humphries"/> The PM md. 65 was initially produced with traditional AKM pattern handguards due to the difficulty encountered in adding the PM md. 63's foregrip to the folding stock design; the stock was designed to fold flat against the base of the handguard.<ref name="Humphries"/> Adding a foregrip which pointed drastically rearwards was problematic because this would impede changing the magazine.<ref name="Humphries"/> Romanian engineers subsequently designed a shorter foregrip for the PM md. 65 with a slight rearward cant, allowing the folding stock to lock undearneath the handguard while also allowing enough space for a magazine to be removed or inserted.<ref name="Humphries"/>
== Features ==
The '''PM md. 63/65''' is almost identical to the AKM/AKMS, and thus is simple, inexpensive to manufacture, and easy to clean and maintain.
The [[bore]] and [[chamber]], as well as the gas piston and the interior of the [[gas cylinder]], are generally [[chromium]]-plated. This plating dramatically increases the life of these parts by resisting [[corrosion]] and wear.
Most '''md. 63/65''' rifles don' have a muzzle break, but a muzzle nut, as muzzle breaks entered production in the late 70s. The navy version of the '''md.65''' uses black polymer furniture.


The PM md. 65 initially required a separate production line from that of the PM md. 63, since the addition of a folding stock to the design necessitated a different receiver.<ref name=Brayley/> In an attempt to streamline production, the Cugir Arms Factory subsequently replaced the traditional AKS under-folding stock with a side-folding stock copied directly from the [[East Germany|East German]] MpiKMS, which was itself a licensed derivative of the AKMS.<ref name=Brayley/> The side-folding MpiKMS stock could be fitted on AKM-pattern receivers designed for fixed stocks, making the receivers interchangeable.<ref name=Brayley/> This modified PM md. 65 received the designation PM md. 90.<ref name=Brayley/> The PM md. 90 was assembled with the same foregrip and handguards as the PM md. 63, since the side-folding stock meant that a different foregrip was no longer necessary.<ref name=Brayley/>
=== Disassembly ===
Dismantling the md. 63/65 is identical to dismantling the AK-47 and it involves the operator depressing the magazine catch and removing the magazine. The charging handle is pulled to the rear and the operator inspects the chamber to verify the weapon is unloaded. The operator presses forward on the retainer button at the rear of the receiver cover while simultaneously lifting up on the rear of the cover to remove it. The operator then pushes the spring assembly forward and lifts it from its raceway, withdrawing it out of the bolt carrier and to the rear. The operator must then pull the carrier assembly all the way to the rear, lift it, and then pull it away. The operator removes the bolt by pushing it to the rear of the bolt carrier; rotating the bolt so the camming lug clears the raceway on the underside of the bolt carrier and then pulls it forward and free. When cleaning, the operator will pay special attention to the barrel, bolt face, and gas piston, then oil lightly and reassemble.


== Users ==
===Service===
[[File:DF-ST-85-11998.jpg|thumb|US Air Force personnel with AIM md. 65s during a training exercise in 1985.]]
Initially used exclusively by the Romanian Army in the 60s, they were widely exported in the 70s and after the [[PA md. 86]] entered production. A large number of these rifles got into the hands of Arab [[paramilitary organization]]s.
In the early 1970s, Romania supplied AIM md. 63s as military aid to the [[People's Army of Vietnam]].<ref name="Onokoy2">{{cite web|title=Romanian AKs: The Best Among The Worst, The Worst Among The Best. Part 2|last=Onokoy|first=Vladimir|url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2023/06/13/romanian-aks-best-among-worst-worst-among-best-part-2/|location=Bingham Farms, Michigan|publisher=Carbon Media Group|date=June 13, 2023|access-date=3 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616130559/https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2023/06/13/romanian-aks-best-among-worst-worst-among-best-part-2/|archive-date=16 June 2023}}</ref> These weapons saw service during the final years of the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="Onokoy2"/>


During the 1980s, the [[United States Army]] acquired a number of AIM md. 63/65s from an unidentified nation which had received Romanian military aid; these were used to simulate AKMs by its [[opposing force]] (OPFOR) units during training exercises.<ref name="Rottman"/> The AIM md. 63s were also used by the [[United States Marine Corps]] for weapons familiarization courses during the [[Iraq War]].<ref name="Chivers">{{cite book|title =The Gun |first= C. J.|last= Chivers |page=409-412|publisher =Simon and Schuster|location=New York| year=2011 |isbn = 978-0-7432-7173-8 }}</ref>
*{{flag|Romania}} Used by Navy personnel, border guards, reserve troops and in training.

*{{flag|Morocco}}
Over the course of the [[Iran–Iraq War]], Romania exported AIM md. 63/65s to both [[Iraq]] and [[Iran]].<ref name="Onokoy2"/>
*{{flag|Georgia}} Recently sold batch, some of which were found to be defective.

*{{flag|Libya}}
During the [[Angolan Civil War]], [[South Africa]]'s [[apartheid]] government covertly armed the [[National Union for the Total Independence of Angola]] (UNITA) with AIM md. 63s.<ref name=Cock>{{cite book|last=Cock|first=Jacklyn|editor-last1=Rotberg|editor-first1=Robert|editor-last2=Mills|editor-first2=Gregory|title=War and Peace in Southern Africa: Crime, Drugs, Armies, Trade|year=1998|page=102|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|location=Washington|isbn=0-8157-7585-7}}</ref><ref name=Restructure>{{cite book|last1=Moller|first1=Bjorn|last2=Cawthra|first2=Gavin|title=Defensive Restructuring of the Armed Forces in Southern Africa|date=2019|page=130|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=Abingdon|isbn=978-0429873737}}</ref> Although the country was then under an arms embargo as a result of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 418]], it was able to purchase the rifles through black market intermediaries in Europe.<ref name=Cock/> Kalashnikov-pattern arms like the AIM md. 63 were obtained to keep South Africa's involvement deniable, since they could be easily passed off as weapons captured from the Angolan armed forces by the UNITA rebels.<ref name=Cock/> AIM md. 65s were also used alongside Soviet AKM and AKMS rifles by [[uMkhonto weSizwe]] during its [[Internal resistance to apartheid|internal resistance campaign]] against apartheid.<ref name="Moorcraft">{{cite book|title=Africa's Super Power|last=Moorcraft|first=Paul|date=1 January 1981|page=101|location=Johannesburg|publisher=Sygma Books & Collins Vaal|isbn=978-0868760094}}</ref>
*{{flag|Palestine}}

*{{flag|Iraq}}i Insurgents and Police
The [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) used AIM md. 63s during [[the Troubles]]; these were apparently received as military aid from Libya.<ref name="Imp2">{{cite web|title=Kalashnikov AKM 7.62 mm assault rifle used by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 1987|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1996-08-270-1|location=London|publisher=National Army Museum|year=2017|access-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203231926/https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1996-08-270-1|archive-date=3 February 2023}}</ref> Due to the well-publicized appearance of AIM md. 63s and other Libyan-supplied Romanian weapons in the hands of the IRA, the US State Department warned Romania to cease arms exports to Libya or risk being classified as a state sponsor of terrorism.<ref name="Onokoy2"/> Following the official cessation of hostilities in Northern Ireland, the rifles continued to be used by republican dissidents in attacks such as the [[Massereene Barracks shooting]].<ref name="Imp2"/>

Vast numbers of surplus or redundant PM md. 63/65s were disposed of from Romanian military stocks following the [[Romanian Revolution]] and sold overseas, making the weapon type increasingly prolific around the world.<ref name="Rottman"/> In 1995, India purchased 100,000 of the rifles from Romania to arm its security forces, at a cost estimated to be $85 to $90 per weapon.<ref name=Jane98/>

In October 2024, the PM md. 63 remained in limited Romanian service with reserve military units alongside the PA md. 86.<ref name="UA2">{{cite news |title=Romania complains about training reservists using 50-year-old tactics |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/romania-complains-about-training-reservists-using-50-year-old-tactics/ |work=Militarnyi |location=Kyiv |date=24 October 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105172634/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/romania-complains-about-training-reservists-using-50-year-old-tactics/ |archive-date=5 November 2024}}</ref>

==Features==

The PM md. 63 was almost indistinguishable from an early Soviet AKM with a stamped receiver.<ref name=Brayley/> It was issued with an early pattern AKM bayonet, also manufactured under license from the Soviet Union.<ref name=Brayley/> The Romanian PM md. 63 bayonets were indistinguishable from early Soviet AKM bayonets, bar the unique serial numbers with a Latin letter prefix etched on the crossguard and scabbard face.<ref name=Brayley/> They were also fitted with wrist straps of brown leather with three-slot buckles for attachment to the crossguard and a friction buckle for attachment to the hilt.<ref name=Brayley/> The bayonet was suspended by a bayonet frog, rather than the more common hangar strap favored by some Eastern European armies of the era, from a rifleman's equipment.<ref name=Brayley/> The PM md. 63 was also issued with a unique Romanian leather sling, which was later replaced by nylon slings that more closely resembled the late Soviet pattern.<ref name=Brayley/>

Early production PM md. 63/65s were not fitted with the same slanted muzzle brake as the Soviet AKM, but a simple muzzle nut which more closely resembled that of the original AK-47.<ref name=Brayley/> Later PM md. 63s and PM md. 90s were fitted with the slanted muzzle brake.<ref name=Brayley/>

Each PM md. 63/65's receiver was marked on the left with the year of production and a serial number with a Latin letter prefix.<ref name=Brayley/> There are three fire selector markings on the right side of the receiver: "S" ("Sigur", safety), "FA" ("Foc Automat", automatic fire), and "FF" ("Foc cu Foc", semi-automatic fire).<ref name=Brayley/> The same fire selector markings on the AIM and AIMS export variants were "S", "A", and "R".<ref name=Brayley/>

==Variants==
=== Patriotic Guards version ===
[[File:AKROMAIM.jpg|thumb|250px|A reconstructed 'Gardă' PM md. 63, with a US-made receiver.]]
The most-produced civilian export variation of this rifle is that of the 'Gardă' designation, produced for the Romanian [[Patriotic Guards (Romania)|Patriotic Guards]]. These rifles have a letter 'G' engraved on the left side of the rear sight block. The civil guard versions are modified by the removal of the sear and the modification of the disconnector to be [[semi-automatic rifle|semi-automatic]] only. Tens of thousands of these have been imported into the United States and sold as 'parts kits' (the [[Receiver (firearms)|receiver]] is destroyed by torch-cutting per [[BATF]] regulations – without the receiver, the kit is no longer legally considered a firearm). They are colloquially known among firearms enthusiasts as "Romy G's".

=== PM md. 80 ===
The '''Pistol Mitralieră model 1980''' is a short barreled AK variant, and the first side-folding stock version produced in Romania. It featured a shorter gas block and usually used 20 round magazines. The front sight post is combined with the gas-block to provide an overall short length. The side folder is straight and folds to the left. There are two types of muzzle brakes used: a cylindrical one, and more commonly a slightly conical one. It is also known as the AIMR.

=== PM md. 90 ===

The '''Pistol Mitralieră model 1990''' also known as the PM md 90<ref>{{Cite web|title=Romanian Fighter: The Short-Barreled PM md 90 AK Variant|url=https://sofrep.com/gear/romanian-fighter-short-barreled-pm-md-90-ak-variant/|access-date=2021-04-12|website=SOFREP|language=en}}</ref> is the 7.62mm response to the [[Pușcă Automată model 1986|5.45mm Pușcă Automată model 1986]]. It is internally identical to a PM md. 63/65, and outwardly differs in that it has a wire folding stock identical to the PA md. 86 stock, and that all of the rifles are fitted with slant brakes. It was extensively used in the [[Romanian Revolution]] along with the md. 63 and md. 65

==== Short barrel version ====
[[File:Images (pm md. 90) (28).jpg|thumb|Short-barreled Pm md. 90]]
The carbine version of the model 90, called simply '''PM md. 90 cu țeavă scurtă''' (''short barreled PM md. 90''), has a 12-inch [305&nbsp;mm] barrel, an overall length of 31.69 inches [805&nbsp;mm] (or 23.81 inches [605&nbsp;mm] with the stock folded), and weighs 6.83&nbsp;lbs. (3.1&nbsp;kg) empty. It was designed for tank crews and special forces. Apart from the stock and the shortened barrel, it features the same modifications as the PM md. 80.

=== 7.62mm RPK ===
The RPK version of the md. 63 is called the '''md. 64'''. It is essentially identical to the Soviet RPK.

===Other civilian versions===
Several semi-automatic variants of the PM md. 63 have been produced for commercial export to the [[United States]], namely the [[WASR-series rifles]] imported by [[Century Arms]]. Other semi-automatic PM md. 63 derivatives sold commercially in the United States were designated SAR-1, ROMAK 1, ROMAK 991, and WUM-1. A variant of the PM md. 90 carbine is also available in the United States as the Draco.

In Germany there are civilian versions on the market under the name / model Cugir WS1-63 (fixed wood stock), WS1-64 (underfolder stock), WS1-64SB (Short Barrel 314mm with the underfolder stock).

The WS1-63HO is the straight pull non semi auto version. The gun must be charged after every shot that is fired.

==Conflicts==
<!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.-->

{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Vietnam War]]<ref name="Onokoy2"/>
* [[The Troubles]]<ref name="Imp2"/>
* [[Iran–Iraq War]]<ref name="Onokoy2"/>
* [[Romanian Revolution]]<ref name="Onokoy1">{{cite web|title=Romanian AKs: The Best Among The Worst, The Worst Among The Best. Part 1|last=Onokoy|first=Vladimir|url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2023/06/01/romanian-aks-best-among-worst-worst-among-best-part-1/|location=Bingham Farms, Michigan|publisher=Carbon Media Group|date=1 June 2023|access-date=3 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616130624/https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2023/06/01/romanian-aks-best-among-worst-worst-among-best-part-1/|archive-date=16 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[Gulf War]]<ref name="Imp">{{cite web|title=AKM, Romanian|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30029785|location=London|publisher=National Army Museum|year=2017|access-date=5 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905162809/https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30029785|archive-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>
* [[Yugoslav Wars]]<ref name=Brayley/><ref name="Croatia">{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Nigel|last2=Mikulan|first2=Krunoslav|title=The Yugoslav Wars (1): Slovenia & Croatia 1991-95|year=2006|pages=24-26|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1841769639}}</ref>
* [[Angolan Civil War]]<ref name=Cock>{{cite book|last=Cock|first=Jacklyn|editor-last1=Rotberg|editor-first1=Robert|editor-last2=Mills|editor-first2=Gregory|title=War and Peace in Southern Africa: Crime, Drugs, Armies, Trade|year=1998|page=102|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|location=Washington|isbn=0-8157-7585-7}}</ref>
* [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]]<ref name="Azeri">{{cite web|title=Azerbaijan seizes arms from Nagorno-Karabakh separatists|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/9/24/azerbaijan-seizes-arms-from-nagorno-karabakh-separatists|location=Doha|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network]]|date=24 September 2023|access-date=27 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727233834/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/9/24/azerbaijan-seizes-arms-from-nagorno-karabakh-separatists|archive-date=27 July 2024}}</ref>
* [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]<ref name=ANA>{{cite book|last1=Bhatia|first1=Michael|last2=Sedra|first2=Mark|title=Afghanistan, Arms and Conflict: Armed Groups, Disarmament and Security in a Post-War Society|year=2008|page=165|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon|isbn=978-0415453080}}</ref>
* [[Dissident Irish republican campaign]]<ref name="Dissidents">{{cite web |title=Where did the Adidas Tracksuit Wearing IRA Gunmen Get Their Gear? |url=https://reaperfeed.com/where-did-the-adidas-tracksuit-wearing-ira-gunmen-get-their-gear/ |access-date=22 August 2023 |date=14 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815101856/https://reaperfeed.com/where-did-the-adidas-tracksuit-wearing-ira-gunmen-get-their-gear/|archive-date=August 15, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Syrian civil war]]<ref name="Armament1">{{cite web|title=https://www.conflictarm.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Weapons-of-the-Islamic-State.pdf|last1=Inowlocki|first1=Tania|last2=Knott|first2=Julian|url=https://www.conflictarm.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Weapons-of-the-Islamic-State.pdf|location=London
|publisher=Conflict Armament Research|date=December 2017|access-date=3 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308081757/https://conflictarm.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Weapons-of-the-Islamic-State.pdf|archive-date=8 March 2024}}</ref>
* [[Mali War]]<ref name="Anders">{{cite web|title=Continuity and Change: Extremist-used arms in Mali|last=Anders|first=Holger|url=https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/sites/default/files/resources/SAS-SANA-BP-2024-Mali-Extremist-EN.pdf|location=Geneva|publisher=Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies|year=2024|access-date=3 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718161950/https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/sites/default/files/resources/SAS-SANA-BP-2024-Mali-Extremist-EN.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2024}}</ref>
* [[RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)]]<ref name="Jackson">{{cite news |title=Mozambique Government to Talk with Renamo Rebels |last=Jackson |first=Jinty |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/mozambique-government-to-talk-with-renamo-rebels/1551664.html |work=[[Voice of America]] |location=Washington DC |date=23 November 2012 |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014195436/https://www.voanews.com/a/mozambique-government-to-talk-with-renamo-rebels/1551664.html |archive-date=14 October 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Yemeni civil war (2014–present)]]<ref name="Saudi">{{cite web|title=The Kalashnikovs of Saudi Forces in Yemen, Part One|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://silahreport.com/2021/06/03/the-kalashnikovs-of-saudi-forces-in-yemen-part-1/|location=West Perth|publisher=[[Armament Research Services]] Pty. Ltd|date=2010|access-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112130822/https://silahreport.com/2021/06/03/the-kalashnikovs-of-saudi-forces-in-yemen-part-1/|archive-date=12 November 2022}}</ref>
* [[Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)]]<ref name="Armament1"/>
* [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<ref name="UA1">{{cite web |title=Ukrainian Chechen volunteers armed with SIG 516 rifles |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/ukrainian-chechen-volunteers-armed-with-sig-516-rifles/ |website=Militarnyi |access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>
{{Div col end}}

==Operators==
<!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed.-->
===Current operators===
* {{flag|Azerbaijan}}<ref name="Azeri"/>
*{{flag|Bangladesh}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Gunshots heard again as Sylhet raid continues |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/215150/Gunshots-heard-again-as-Sylhet-raid-continues |website=DailySun |access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref>
* {{flag|Central African Republic}}<ref name="Tinderbox">{{cite web|title=The Central African Republic And Small Arms: A Regional Tinderbox|last1=Berman|first1=Eric|last2=Lombard|first2=Louisa|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/95111/Central-African-Republic-Small-Arms.pdf|location=Geneva
|publisher=[[Small Arms Survey]]|date=2008|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324194711/https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/95111/Central-African-Republic-Small-Arms.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2017}}</ref>
* {{flag|Croatia}}<ref name="Croatia"/>
* {{flag|Estonia}}<ref name="Copley">{{cite book|last=Copley|first=Gregory|title=Defense & Foreign Affairs Handbook 2002|year=2002|page=528|publisher=Perth Corporation|location=Alexandria, Virginia|isbn=978-1892998064}}</ref>
* {{flag|Georgia}}<ref name="SM">{{cite journal|last=Minasian|first=Sergey|url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/arms-control-in-the-southern-caucasus|date=2004|title= Arms Control in the Southern Caucasus|journal=Central Asia and the Caucasus|volume=6|issue=30|page=36}}</ref>
* {{flag|India}}<ref name="IT">{{cite news |title=Why General Kalashnikov couldn't sell the AK in India |last=Unnithan |first=Sandeep |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/why-general-kalashnikov-couldnt-sell-the-ak-47-in-india-222396-2013-12-30 |work=India Today |location=New Delhi |date=30 December 2013 |access-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326125239/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/why-general-kalashnikov-couldnt-sell-the-ak-47-in-india-222396-2013-12-30|archive-date=26 March 2021}}</ref>
* {{flag|Iran}}<ref name="Onokoy2"/>
* {{flag|Indonesia}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite tweet |number=1632178320946388992 |user=RandomWorldWar |title=AK yang sangat unik untuk ditemukan di Indonesia, apalagi di lingkungan TNI. Sepertinya mereka menggunakan senapan PM md. 90 Carbine, kaliber 7.62x39mm, dengan konfigurasi popor yang sama, flash hider/muzzle device yang sama, tapi dengan handguard yang berbeda. Ada kru FKO kah.. |date=5 March 2023 |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=id}}</ref>
* {{flag|Iraq}}<ref name="Imp"/>
* {{flag|Libya}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/worldinventory/wiw_africa/wiw_af_libya|title=World Infantry Weapons: Libya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005200329/https://sites.google.com/site/worldinventory/wiw_africa/wiw_af_libya|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag red yellow 5x3.svg}} [[Lord Resistance Army|Lord's Resistance Army]]<ref name ='SAS 2006 11'/>
* {{flag|Mali}}<ref>{{cite news|language=fr|title=Défense : où en sont les Forces armées maliennes ? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/52526/politique/d-fense-o-en-sont-les-forces-arm-es-maliennes/|first=Laurent|last=Touchard|date=11 June 2014|work=[[Jeune Afrique]]}}</ref>
* {{flag|Mozambique}}<ref name="Jane1">{{cite book | last = Hogg| first = Ian|title = Jane's Infantry Weapons, 1991-1992| year = 1991|edition= 1992|page= 747 | publisher = Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd| isbn= 9780710609632}}</ref>
* {{flag|Nicaragua}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Carlos Caballero|last= Jurado|title=Central American Wars 1959-89|url=https://archive.org/details/centralamericanw89jura|url-access=limited|series= Men-at-Arms 221 |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|place= London|year= 1990 |isbn=9780850459456|page=[https://archive.org/details/centralamericanw89jura/page/n45 46]}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Romania}}: Used by Navy personnel, border guards, tank crews, reserve troops.<ref>{{cite web|author=nineoclock |url=http://www.nineoclock.ro/navy-day-romanian-naval-forces-celebrate-155th-anniversary-by-impressive-air-sea-and-land-exercise/ |title=Navy Day: Romanian Naval Forces celebrate 155th anniversary by impressive air, sea and land exercise |publisher=nineoclock.ro |date=2015-08-15 |accessdate=2017-06-22}}</ref><ref name="UA2"/>
* {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<ref name="Saudi"/>
* {{flag|Sierra Leone}}<ref>{{cite web|title=World Infantry Weapons: Sierra Leone|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124203938/https://sites.google.com/site/worldinventory/wiw_af_sierraleone|archive-date=24 November 2016|url=https://sites.google.com/site/worldinventory/wiw_af_sierraleone|date=2013}}</ref>
* {{flag|South Sudan}}<ref>{{cite web |author=Persecution Project Foundation |url=http://persecutionproject.org/general/south-sudan-worlds-newest-nation-emerges-africas-longest-war/ |title=SOUTH SUDAN: The World's Newest Nation Emerges from Africa's Longest War |publisher=Persecution Project Foundation |date=2011-03-04 |accessdate=2017-06-25 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* {{flag|Uganda}}<ref name='SAS 2006 11'>{{cite book|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2006.html|chapter-url= http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2006/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2006-Chapter-11-EN.pdf|chapter=Fuelling Fear: The Lord's Resistance Army and Small Arms|title=Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2006|author=[[Small Arms Survey]]|page=283|isbn=978-0-19-929848-8}}</ref>
* {{flag|Ukraine}}<ref name="UA1"/>
* {{flag|United States}}: 100 AIMs used by [[US Army]] [[Opposing force|OPFOR]] in the 1980s.{{sfn|Rottman|2011|p=64}}
* {{flag|Vietnam}}<ref name="Onokoy2"/>

===Former operators===
* {{flag|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}}: 1,000 donated by Romania between 2002 and 2006.<ref name=ANA/>
* [[File:Provisional Irish Republican Army Badge.svg|20px]] [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]]<ref name="Imp2"/><ref name="Dissidents"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of RENAMO (3rd version).png}} [[RENAMO]]<ref name="Jackson"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the African National Congress.svg}} [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]]<ref name="Moorcraft"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of UNITA.svg}} [[UNITA]]<ref name=Cock/>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="150" heights="150" style="font-size:100%">
File:Romanian AKM Soldier.JPEG|A Romanian soldier armed with a PM md. 65 in 1989.
File:Afghan Uniformed Police officers fire their AK-47 assault rifles under the watch of Czech Military Police instructors, during training on Swanson Small Arms Range, Forward Operating Base Shank, Logar province 120201-A-BZ540-025.jpg|Afghan Police officers fire their PM md. 63 assault rifles.
File:Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) Pfc. Cyres Thompson, right, checks out his shot placement while U.S. Marine Corps Gunnery Sgt. Daniel Garcia, a mentor for the AFL's 1st Battalion, 23rd Infantry Brigade, ensures 130426-F-ED706-093.jpg|Liberian soldiers armed with MP md. 63
File:Flintlock 2017 range training in Morocco 170301-M-ZG301-040.jpg|Moroccan Special Forces member with MP md. 63
File:Burundian Positions in Deynile 19-2 (6430134427).jpg|Burundian peacekeeper in Somalia armed with MP md. 63
File:Shooting at insurgents.jpg|U.S. Army Soldier from the 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team return fire on insurgents from a rooftop in Buhriz, Iraq
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Pușcă Automată model 1986]]
* [[WASR-series rifles]]
* [[List of assault rifles]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090318084526/http://kalashnikov.guns.ru/models/ka234.html Kalashnikov guns website (confuses the md. 63 designation for the md. 65)]
{{Commons category|PM md. 63}}

{{AK47 derivatives}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pistol Mitraliera Model 1963 1965}}
[[Category:Rifles of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Infantry weapons of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Assault rifles of Romania]]
[[Category:Kalashnikov derivatives]]
[[Category:Romania–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:7.62×39mm assault rifles]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1963]]

Latest revision as of 07:13, 1 January 2025

Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965
Cutaway model of a PM md. 63
TypeAssault rifle
Place of originSocialist Republic of Romania
Service history
In service1963–present[1]
Used bySee Users
WarsSee Conflicts
Production history
Designed1960–1963[1]
Produced1963–present[2][3]
VariantsSee Variants
Specifications
Mass3.1 kg (6.8 lb)[4]
Length750 mm (30 in) (fixed stock)[4]
Barrel length414 mm (16.3 in)[4]
Cartridge7.62×39mm[4]
ActionGas-operated (rotating bolt)[4]
Rate of fire600 rounds/min[4]
Muzzle velocity670 m/s (2,200 ft/s)[4]
Effective firing range400 m (440 yd)[4]
Feed system30-round detachable magazines[4]

The Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965 (abbreviated PM md. 63 or simply md. 63) is a Romanian 7.62×39mm assault rifle. Developed in the late 1950s, the PM md. 63 was a derivative of the Soviet AKM produced under license.[2] It was the standard-issue infantry weapon of the Army of the Socialist Republic of Romania until the late 1980s, after which it was gradually superseded by the Pușcă Automată model 1986, a derivative of the Soviet AK-74.[4]

Beginning in 1965, Romania also produced the Pistol Mitralieră model 1965 (abbreviated PM md. 65 or simply md. 65), which is an md. 63 with a folding stock.[2]

History

[edit]

Development

[edit]

During the late 1950s, the standard service rifle of the Romanian Army was the Soviet AK-47, as well as a variant of the same weapon with a folding stock, the AKS.[1] Around the same period, however, the Soviet Union developed the AKM, an improved AK-47 design which utilized a stamped metal receiver and was cheaper to produce. [1] With Soviet assistance, the Romanian government launched a program to manufacture a domestic AK rifle patterned directly after the AKM.[1] The new weapon was to replace the AK-47 in Romanian service and was designated Pistol Mitralieră.[1] The first production model appeared in 1963 and was designated Pistol Mitralieră model 1963 (PM md. 63).[1] PM md. 63s produced for export were designated AIM md. 63.[1] A semi-automatic variant of the PM md. 63 was produced solely for issue to the Patriotic Guards, a state militia; these were marked with a large "G" on either side of the trunnion.[5] The PM md. 63 was initially indistinguishable from the Soviet AKM; however, during the mid 1960s a laminated wooden foregrip was added to the design.[1] This was to allow Romanian riflemen to control the weapon's vertical muzzle climb during fully automatic fire.[2] For the duration of its service life, the PM md. 63 and its derivatives were primarily produced at the Cugir Arms Factory in Alba County.[2] Beginning in the 1970s, some limited production was also outsourced to Uzina Mecanica Sadu in Gorj County.[3]

In 1965, a second production model appeared and was designated Pistol Mitralieră model 1965 (PM md. 65).[1] This was to replace the AKS in Romanian service and featured a folding stock; it resembled a Soviet AKMS with an older AKS-pattern stock.[1] PM md. 65s produced for export were designated AIMS md. 65.[1] The PM md. 65 was initially produced with traditional AKM pattern handguards due to the difficulty encountered in adding the PM md. 63's foregrip to the folding stock design; the stock was designed to fold flat against the base of the handguard.[1] Adding a foregrip which pointed drastically rearwards was problematic because this would impede changing the magazine.[1] Romanian engineers subsequently designed a shorter foregrip for the PM md. 65 with a slight rearward cant, allowing the folding stock to lock undearneath the handguard while also allowing enough space for a magazine to be removed or inserted.[1]

The PM md. 65 initially required a separate production line from that of the PM md. 63, since the addition of a folding stock to the design necessitated a different receiver.[2] In an attempt to streamline production, the Cugir Arms Factory subsequently replaced the traditional AKS under-folding stock with a side-folding stock copied directly from the East German MpiKMS, which was itself a licensed derivative of the AKMS.[2] The side-folding MpiKMS stock could be fitted on AKM-pattern receivers designed for fixed stocks, making the receivers interchangeable.[2] This modified PM md. 65 received the designation PM md. 90.[2] The PM md. 90 was assembled with the same foregrip and handguards as the PM md. 63, since the side-folding stock meant that a different foregrip was no longer necessary.[2]

Service

[edit]
US Air Force personnel with AIM md. 65s during a training exercise in 1985.

In the early 1970s, Romania supplied AIM md. 63s as military aid to the People's Army of Vietnam.[6] These weapons saw service during the final years of the Vietnam War.[6]

During the 1980s, the United States Army acquired a number of AIM md. 63/65s from an unidentified nation which had received Romanian military aid; these were used to simulate AKMs by its opposing force (OPFOR) units during training exercises.[5] The AIM md. 63s were also used by the United States Marine Corps for weapons familiarization courses during the Iraq War.[7]

Over the course of the Iran–Iraq War, Romania exported AIM md. 63/65s to both Iraq and Iran.[6]

During the Angolan Civil War, South Africa's apartheid government covertly armed the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) with AIM md. 63s.[8][9] Although the country was then under an arms embargo as a result of United Nations Security Council Resolution 418, it was able to purchase the rifles through black market intermediaries in Europe.[8] Kalashnikov-pattern arms like the AIM md. 63 were obtained to keep South Africa's involvement deniable, since they could be easily passed off as weapons captured from the Angolan armed forces by the UNITA rebels.[8] AIM md. 65s were also used alongside Soviet AKM and AKMS rifles by uMkhonto weSizwe during its internal resistance campaign against apartheid.[10]

The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) used AIM md. 63s during the Troubles; these were apparently received as military aid from Libya.[11] Due to the well-publicized appearance of AIM md. 63s and other Libyan-supplied Romanian weapons in the hands of the IRA, the US State Department warned Romania to cease arms exports to Libya or risk being classified as a state sponsor of terrorism.[6] Following the official cessation of hostilities in Northern Ireland, the rifles continued to be used by republican dissidents in attacks such as the Massereene Barracks shooting.[11]

Vast numbers of surplus or redundant PM md. 63/65s were disposed of from Romanian military stocks following the Romanian Revolution and sold overseas, making the weapon type increasingly prolific around the world.[5] In 1995, India purchased 100,000 of the rifles from Romania to arm its security forces, at a cost estimated to be $85 to $90 per weapon.[4]

In October 2024, the PM md. 63 remained in limited Romanian service with reserve military units alongside the PA md. 86.[12]

Features

[edit]

The PM md. 63 was almost indistinguishable from an early Soviet AKM with a stamped receiver.[2] It was issued with an early pattern AKM bayonet, also manufactured under license from the Soviet Union.[2] The Romanian PM md. 63 bayonets were indistinguishable from early Soviet AKM bayonets, bar the unique serial numbers with a Latin letter prefix etched on the crossguard and scabbard face.[2] They were also fitted with wrist straps of brown leather with three-slot buckles for attachment to the crossguard and a friction buckle for attachment to the hilt.[2] The bayonet was suspended by a bayonet frog, rather than the more common hangar strap favored by some Eastern European armies of the era, from a rifleman's equipment.[2] The PM md. 63 was also issued with a unique Romanian leather sling, which was later replaced by nylon slings that more closely resembled the late Soviet pattern.[2]

Early production PM md. 63/65s were not fitted with the same slanted muzzle brake as the Soviet AKM, but a simple muzzle nut which more closely resembled that of the original AK-47.[2] Later PM md. 63s and PM md. 90s were fitted with the slanted muzzle brake.[2]

Each PM md. 63/65's receiver was marked on the left with the year of production and a serial number with a Latin letter prefix.[2] There are three fire selector markings on the right side of the receiver: "S" ("Sigur", safety), "FA" ("Foc Automat", automatic fire), and "FF" ("Foc cu Foc", semi-automatic fire).[2] The same fire selector markings on the AIM and AIMS export variants were "S", "A", and "R".[2]

Variants

[edit]

Patriotic Guards version

[edit]
A reconstructed 'Gardă' PM md. 63, with a US-made receiver.

The most-produced civilian export variation of this rifle is that of the 'Gardă' designation, produced for the Romanian Patriotic Guards. These rifles have a letter 'G' engraved on the left side of the rear sight block. The civil guard versions are modified by the removal of the sear and the modification of the disconnector to be semi-automatic only. Tens of thousands of these have been imported into the United States and sold as 'parts kits' (the receiver is destroyed by torch-cutting per BATF regulations – without the receiver, the kit is no longer legally considered a firearm). They are colloquially known among firearms enthusiasts as "Romy G's".

PM md. 80

[edit]

The Pistol Mitralieră model 1980 is a short barreled AK variant, and the first side-folding stock version produced in Romania. It featured a shorter gas block and usually used 20 round magazines. The front sight post is combined with the gas-block to provide an overall short length. The side folder is straight and folds to the left. There are two types of muzzle brakes used: a cylindrical one, and more commonly a slightly conical one. It is also known as the AIMR.

PM md. 90

[edit]

The Pistol Mitralieră model 1990 also known as the PM md 90[13] is the 7.62mm response to the 5.45mm Pușcă Automată model 1986. It is internally identical to a PM md. 63/65, and outwardly differs in that it has a wire folding stock identical to the PA md. 86 stock, and that all of the rifles are fitted with slant brakes. It was extensively used in the Romanian Revolution along with the md. 63 and md. 65

Short barrel version

[edit]
Short-barreled Pm md. 90

The carbine version of the model 90, called simply PM md. 90 cu țeavă scurtă (short barreled PM md. 90), has a 12-inch [305 mm] barrel, an overall length of 31.69 inches [805 mm] (or 23.81 inches [605 mm] with the stock folded), and weighs 6.83 lbs. (3.1 kg) empty. It was designed for tank crews and special forces. Apart from the stock and the shortened barrel, it features the same modifications as the PM md. 80.

7.62mm RPK

[edit]

The RPK version of the md. 63 is called the md. 64. It is essentially identical to the Soviet RPK.

Other civilian versions

[edit]

Several semi-automatic variants of the PM md. 63 have been produced for commercial export to the United States, namely the WASR-series rifles imported by Century Arms. Other semi-automatic PM md. 63 derivatives sold commercially in the United States were designated SAR-1, ROMAK 1, ROMAK 991, and WUM-1. A variant of the PM md. 90 carbine is also available in the United States as the Draco.

In Germany there are civilian versions on the market under the name / model Cugir WS1-63 (fixed wood stock), WS1-64 (underfolder stock), WS1-64SB (Short Barrel 314mm with the underfolder stock).

The WS1-63HO is the straight pull non semi auto version. The gun must be charged after every shot that is fired.

Conflicts

[edit]

Operators

[edit]

Current operators

[edit]

Former operators

[edit]
[edit]
  • A Romanian soldier armed with a PM md. 65 in 1989.
    A Romanian soldier armed with a PM md. 65 in 1989.
  • Afghan Police officers fire their PM md. 63 assault rifles.
    Afghan Police officers fire their PM md. 63 assault rifles.
  • Liberian soldiers armed with MP md. 63
    Liberian soldiers armed with MP md. 63
  • Moroccan Special Forces member with MP md. 63
    Moroccan Special Forces member with MP md. 63
  • Burundian peacekeeper in Somalia armed with MP md. 63
    Burundian peacekeeper in Somalia armed with MP md. 63
  • U.S. Army Soldier from the 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team return fire on insurgents from a rooftop in Buhriz, Iraq
    U.S. Army Soldier from the 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team return fire on insurgents from a rooftop in Buhriz, Iraq

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Humphries, Michael (1 January 2015). "Romanian PM md. 65 7.62mm". Gun Buyer's Annual #163: AK-47 & Soviet Weapons. New York City: Harris Publications: 14–18.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Brayley, Martin (1 June 2013). Kalashnikov AK47 Series: The 7.62 x 39mm Assault Rifle in Detail. Marlborough: The Crowood Press. pp. 15, 165, 214–217. ISBN 978-1847974839.
  3. ^ a b Onokoy, Vladimir (22 June 2023). "Romanian AKs: The Best Among The Worst, The Worst Among The Best. Part 3". Bingham Farms, Michigan: Carbon Media Group. Archived from the original on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gander, Terry (1997). Jane's Infantry Weapons, 1997-98. Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group. pp. 163–164, 170. ISBN 0-7106-1548-5.
  5. ^ a b c Rottman, Gordon (2011). Pegler, Martin (ed.). The AK-47: Kalashnikov-series assault rifles. Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing. pp. 24, 40, 64. ISBN 978-1-84908-835-0.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Onokoy, Vladimir (13 June 2023). "Romanian AKs: The Best Among The Worst, The Worst Among The Best. Part 2". Bingham Farms, Michigan: Carbon Media Group. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  7. ^ Chivers, C. J. (2011). The Gun. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 409-412. ISBN 978-0-7432-7173-8.
  8. ^ a b c d e Cock, Jacklyn (1998). Rotberg, Robert; Mills, Gregory (eds.). War and Peace in Southern Africa: Crime, Drugs, Armies, Trade. Washington: Brookings Institution Press. p. 102. ISBN 0-8157-7585-7.
  9. ^ Moller, Bjorn; Cawthra, Gavin (2019). Defensive Restructuring of the Armed Forces in Southern Africa. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis. p. 130. ISBN 978-0429873737.
  10. ^ a b Moorcraft, Paul (1 January 1981). Africa's Super Power. Johannesburg: Sygma Books & Collins Vaal. p. 101. ISBN 978-0868760094.
  11. ^ a b c d "Kalashnikov AKM 7.62 mm assault rifle used by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 1987". London: National Army Museum. 2017. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  12. ^ a b "Romania complains about training reservists using 50-year-old tactics". Militarnyi. Kyiv. 24 October 2024. Archived from the original on 5 November 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  13. ^ "Romanian Fighter: The Short-Barreled PM md 90 AK Variant". SOFREP. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  14. ^ Onokoy, Vladimir (1 June 2023). "Romanian AKs: The Best Among The Worst, The Worst Among The Best. Part 1". Bingham Farms, Michigan: Carbon Media Group. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  15. ^ a b "AKM, Romanian". London: National Army Museum. 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  16. ^ a b Thomas, Nigel; Mikulan, Krunoslav (2006). The Yugoslav Wars (1): Slovenia & Croatia 1991-95. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-1841769639.
  17. ^ a b "Azerbaijan seizes arms from Nagorno-Karabakh separatists". Doha: Al Jazeera Media Network. 24 September 2023. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  18. ^ a b Bhatia, Michael; Sedra, Mark (2008). Afghanistan, Arms and Conflict: Armed Groups, Disarmament and Security in a Post-War Society. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 165. ISBN 978-0415453080.
  19. ^ a b "Where did the Adidas Tracksuit Wearing IRA Gunmen Get Their Gear?". 14 September 2020. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  20. ^ a b Inowlocki, Tania; Knott, Julian (December 2017). "https://www.conflictarm.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Weapons-of-the-Islamic-State.pdf" (PDF). London: Conflict Armament Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 3 November 2024. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  21. ^ Anders, Holger (2024). "Continuity and Change: Extremist-used arms in Mali" (PDF). Geneva: Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  22. ^ a b Jackson, Jinty (23 November 2012). "Mozambique Government to Talk with Renamo Rebels". Voice of America. Washington DC. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
  23. ^ a b "The Kalashnikovs of Saudi Forces in Yemen, Part One". West Perth: Armament Research Services Pty. Ltd. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  24. ^ a b "Ukrainian Chechen volunteers armed with SIG 516 rifles". Militarnyi. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  25. ^ "Gunshots heard again as Sylhet raid continues". DailySun. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  26. ^ Berman, Eric; Lombard, Louisa (2008). "The Central African Republic And Small Arms: A Regional Tinderbox" (PDF). Geneva: Small Arms Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  27. ^ Copley, Gregory (2002). Defense & Foreign Affairs Handbook 2002. Alexandria, Virginia: Perth Corporation. p. 528. ISBN 978-1892998064.
  28. ^ Minasian, Sergey (2004). "Arms Control in the Southern Caucasus". Central Asia and the Caucasus. 6 (30): 36.
  29. ^ Unnithan, Sandeep (30 December 2013). "Why General Kalashnikov couldn't sell the AK in India". India Today. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 26 March 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  30. ^ @RandomWorldWar (5 March 2023). "AK yang sangat unik untuk ditemukan di Indonesia, apalagi di lingkungan TNI. Sepertinya mereka menggunakan senapan PM md. 90 Carbine, kaliber 7.62x39mm, dengan konfigurasi popor yang sama, flash hider/muzzle device yang sama, tapi dengan handguard yang berbeda. Ada kru FKO kah." (Tweet) (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 January 2024 – via Twitter.
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  33. ^ Touchard, Laurent (11 June 2014). "Défense : où en sont les Forces armées maliennes ?". Jeune Afrique (in French).
  34. ^ Hogg, Ian (1991). Jane's Infantry Weapons, 1991-1992 (1992 ed.). Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd. p. 747. ISBN 9780710609632.
  35. ^ Jurado, Carlos Caballero (1990). Central American Wars 1959-89. Men-at-Arms 221. London: Osprey Publishing. p. 46. ISBN 9780850459456.
  36. ^ nineoclock (15 August 2015). "Navy Day: Romanian Naval Forces celebrate 155th anniversary by impressive air, sea and land exercise". nineoclock.ro. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  37. ^ "World Infantry Weapons: Sierra Leone". 2013. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016.
  38. ^ Persecution Project Foundation (4 March 2011). "SOUTH SUDAN: The World's Newest Nation Emerges from Africa's Longest War". Persecution Project Foundation. Retrieved 25 June 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  39. ^ Rottman 2011, p. 64.
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