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{{Short description|Person who by agreement stays sober in order to drive a vehicle for non-sober persons}}
A [[designated driver]] is an individual within a group of people drinking [[alcoholic beverages]] at an event/establishment who promises to remain [[sobriety|sober]] to drive the others home afterwards. In order to encourage these arrangements, some proprietors will offer free non-alcoholic drinks to the drivers as a reward.
[[File:WhovianVaCDesignatedDriver.JPG|thumb|A designated driver on New Year's Eve 2011, United States; the yellow DD badge is courtesy of [[State Farm Insurance]].]]
The terms "'''designated driver'''" and "'''designated driving'''" (commonly known as '''DD''') refer to the selection of a person who remains [[Sobriety|sober]] as the responsible driver of a vehicle whilst others have been allowed to drink [[Alcoholic drink|alcoholic beverage]]s.


Thus, as a practical and ethical matter a ''designated driver'' is a person who abstains from [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] on an occasion in order to drive their companions home safely as an alternative to [[driving under the influence]]. In order to encourage these arrangements, some bar, restaurant and nightclub proprietors will offer free or reduced-price soft drinks to designated drivers.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://wellness.missouri.edu/CHEERS/#about | title=CHEERS General FAQ's | publisher=University of Missouri-Columbia | access-date=2011-11-08 | archive-date=2017-05-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505065955/https://wellness.missouri.edu/CHEERS/#about | url-status=dead }}</ref>
⚫
Various college and high school organizations, such as CARPOOL at [[Texas A&M University]] in [[College Station, Texas]] and BUSY at Gulfport High School in [[Gulfport, Mississippi]], offer to give free rides home on [[weekend]] nights to fellow students. Doctors for Designated Driving is the voice of the medical community in promoting designated driving.


==History==
In Europe, the [[Bob campaign]] aims to raise awareness of the dangers of driving while intoxicated and, more specifically, promotes the idea for a designated driver.
The designated driver concept was developed in [[Scandinavia]] over several decades beginning in the 1920s, leading to a formalized designated driver program in the 1980s.<ref name="CdA">{{Cite book
|last=Greenberg
|first=Martin Alan
|title=Citizens Defending America: From Colonial Times to the Age of Terrorism
|url=https://archive.org/details/citizensdefendin0000gree
|url-access=registration
|access-date=2009-06-06
|edition=1
|date=2005-09-28
|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press
|isbn=978-0-8229-4264-1
|oclc=57754151
|page=[https://archive.org/details/citizensdefendin0000gree/page/198 198]
|chapter=7. Potential Roles for Volunteer Police Service
}}</ref> The program was introduced in [[Canada]] in 1986 by [[Hiram Walker and Sons]] as "The Canadian Club Designated Driver Program". The program was accepted readily and supported by the police, [[Mothers Against Drunk Driving]], the hospitality industry and the public. There were few if any detractors. The program was heavily promoted by Hiram Walker's president Doug Young and the company's PR agency [[Marshall Fenn Limited]] led by David Butler. The concept swept Canada, the [[United States]] and many other countries during 1986.


The concept was imported to the United States on a large scale in 1988 through the [[Harvard Alcohol Project]],<ref name=CdA/> an initiative by the Harvard School of Public Health's Center for Health Communication, led by [[Jay Winsten]]. With heavy involvement by television networks and [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] studios, the campaign popularized the concept through [[public service announcement]]s, as well as the encouragement of drunk driving prevention messages and designated driver references in popular television programs,<ref name=CdA/> such as ''[[Cheers]]'', ''[[L.A. Law]]'', and ''[[The Cosby Show]]''. The U.S. [[Department of Transportation]] used public affairs commercials with the phrase "friends don't let friends drive drunk".<ref name=CdA/>
[http://www.dfdd.org Doctors for Designated Driving]


President [[Bill Clinton]] participated in the designated driver campaign throughout his presidency, taping public service announcements each year at the request of the Harvard Alcohol Project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=98717|title=Clinton Appears in Announcement Encouraging Y2K Designated Driving|access-date=2008-08-23 |last=Solomon-Schwartz |first=Benjamin P. |date=1999-11-30 |work=The Harvard Crimson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041107011238/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=98717|archive-date=2004-11-07|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Elliott |first=Stuart |title=THE MEDIA BUSINESS - ADVERTISING; A (Nearly) Presidential Call for Care in Holiday Imbibing |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1992-12-23 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE3D71339F930A15751C1A964958260 |access-date=2008-08-23 }}</ref> With the endorsement of a broad range of individuals and organizations, designated driving became a national movement, with "designated driver" becoming a common phrase. Based on several polls indicating an increase in designated driving practices since the start of the initiative, the campaign is credited as a contributing factor to the decline in alcohol-related traffic fatalities between 1988 and 1994.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winsten |first=Jay A. |author-link=Jay Winsten |year=2000 |contribution=The Harvard Alcohol Project: Promoting the "Designated Driver" |editor-last=Suman |editor-first=Michael |editor2-last=Rossman |editor2-first=Gabriel |title=Advocacy Groups and the Entertainment Industry |publication-place=Westport, CT |publisher=Praeger Publishers |pages=[https://archive.org/details/advocacygroupsen0000unse/page/n18 3]–8 |isbn=978-0-275-96885-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/advocacygroupsen0000unse |url-access=registration }}</ref>
{{drink-stub}}


Since 2005, the spirits company [[Diageo]] has used a similar concept in [[Brazil]] to discourage drunk driving. Called Piloto da Vez, the campaign was born with the sponsorship of [[McLaren]]. [[Juan Pablo Montoya]], [[Mika Häkkinen]] and [[Lewis Hamilton]] have participated in the campaign.
⚫
[[Category:Drink driving]]

==Impediments==
Though designated drivers are popular, groups often fail to use them properly.<ref>Fell, J., Voas, R., & Lange, J. (1997). Designated Driver Concept: Extent of Use in the USA. J Traffic Med, 25(3-4).</ref> Often, there is a failure of those groups to designate the driver prior to making travel arrangements and arrive in separate vehicles. Even when a group does share a vehicle, it is not always the case that the designated driver remains sober. Failures to require driver abstinence or limitation of consumption is another problem. One study conducted at the [[Tijuana]]/[[San Diego]] border found that by asking groups intent on drinking to identify the designated driver prior to entering the bar district, the driver later returned with substantially lower BACs compared with the control groups.<ref>Lange, J. E., Reed, M. B., Johnson, M. B., & Voas, R. B. (2006). The efficacy of experimental interventions designed to reduce drinking among designated drivers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 67(2), 261-268.</ref>

==Advocacy groups==
⚫
Various college and high school organizations, such as RamRide at [[Colorado State University]] in [[Fort Collins, Colorado]], CARPOOL at [[Texas A&M University]] in [[College Station, Texas]], Drive Safe Kalamazoo at Western Michigan University, and BUSY at Gulfport High School in [[Gulfport, Mississippi]], offer to give free rides home on [[Workweek|weekend]] nights to fellow students.

==Businesses==
===United States===
Numerous businesses have sprouted up across the United States to help address the problem of drinking and driving. Some transport their drivers' home, as passengers, using one of three methods: car, collapsible scooter, or foldable bike. These are not necessarily true ''designated driver'' programs, but instead [[Safe Ride]] programs, as the sober driver is not designated from within the [[natural drinking group]].<ref>Lange, J. E., Johnson, M. B., & Reed, M. B. (2006). Drivers within natural drinking groups: An exploration of role selection, motivation, and group influence on driver sobriety. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 32, 261-274.</ref> Designated Drivers, Inc, was founded in 1998 and later based out of Las Vegas, NV. This company has used two person teams: one person to drive the impaired individual in their own vehicle, and the other person as the follow driver. Pittsburgh's Pear Transportation Company, aka The Pear Cares, has also become well known for using the two-person team approach.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09337/1018012-55.stm|title=Service caters to those too drunk to drive|access-date=2009-12-09 |last=Goga |first=Jennifer |date=2009-12-09 |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette }}</ref> [[Dryver]], formerly known as BeMyDD, established itself by offering designated driver services for events, car pickups for drivers who are too impaired to make it home, and personal drivers for evenings out.<ref>{{Cite press release|url=http://www.einnews.com/pr_news/354195711/bemydd-and-dryver-com-merge-to-expand-nation-s-1-largest-personal-driver-service|title=BeMyDD and Dryver.com Merge to Expand Nation's #1 Largest Personal Driver Service|publisher=IPD Group|date=2016-11-16|via=EIN Newsdesk|access-date=2016-12-13}}</ref> [[NightRiders, Incorporated]] was the first company to use collapsible, motorized scooters in the US. The drivers drove customers home using their own vehicles, stowing a scooter in the customer's trunk (or truck). Upon arrival to the customer's destination, the driver parked the vehicle, collected the fare, assembled the scooter from the vehicle, and rode off to the next customer. This company is now out of business, according to their website. [[Zingo Transportation]] has operated this kind of service in southern US cities since 2005.

===South Korea===

Designated driver services in [[South Korea]] are widely prevalent and in high demand, especially in major cities such as [[Seoul]] and [[Busan]]. Designated driver call centers operate as a central dispatch with some vendors providing mobile apps to request a driver. The driver arrives at the location of the customer's vehicle and will drive it to the requested location for a fee. The Korean language word for these designated drivers for hire is 'dae-ri un-jeon' (대리운전) meaning replacement driver. According to the Korea Service Driver Society, an estimated 100,000 replacement drivers handle 700,000 customers a day across the country (2007) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/10/world/asia/10korea.html|title=Drinkers in Korea Dial for Designated Drivers (Published 2007)|first=Choe|last=Sang-Hun|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 10, 2007}}</ref>

===Australia===

Designated driver services in Australia exist in many capital cities and regional towns. The service is in high demand due to highly regulated, unreliable taxi services.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/latest/8469240/pre-booking-taxi-wont-beat-crowd/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211145436/http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/latest/8469240/pre-booking-taxi-wont-beat-crowd/ |archive-date=2010-12-11 |title=Pre-booking taxi won't beat crowd - The West Australian}}</ref>

===New Zealand===

In 2017, Coca-Cola announced a promotion to encourage people to have sober drivers by offering free Coca-Cola.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/better-business/98398614/free-coke-for-sober-drivers-in-waikato|title=Free Coke for sober drivers in Waikato|date=November 8, 2017|website=Stuff}}</ref>

===Canada===

====Ontario====

Canada has a long history with designated driver services provided by private enterprise going back to 1996 in Ontario. One of central Ontario's largest designated driver services LUDUH Designated Drivers[http://www.luduh.ca] has transported thousands of clients home over the years with multiple offices in Ontario Canada. In the last 10 to 15 years, a number of designated driving services have cropped up all over the province with companies such as URDD ([http://www.urddservice.com www.urddservice.com]) as well as Keys To Us ([http://www.keystous.ca www.keystous.ca]). Companies like these bring technology and professionalism to industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autos.ca/health-and-safety/feature-drinking-and-driving-alternatives |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109061505/http://www.autos.ca/health-and-safety/feature-drinking-and-driving-alternatives |archive-date=2012-01-09 |title=Feature: Drinking and driving alternatives - Autos.ca}}</ref>

====British Columbia====

B.C. has a huge market of designated driver services and new ones are created monthly. Companies throughout the province work 7 days a week to drive intoxicated individuals home in their own vehicles for a fee. If you expect customer service it is not the goal. The DD industry is not regular means for travel but a lifeline service<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/radio/am730/|title=AM730 All Traffic All The Time &#124; Vancouver's Traffic Station|website=AM 730}}</ref>

===China===

In China, ''dàijià'' (代驾) apps, such as E-Daijia and [[DiDi|Didi]] Daijia,<ref name="Straits Times sharing but uncaring">{{cite news |title=Millions in China working in shadow of sharing, but uncaring, economy |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/millions-in-china-working-in-shadow-of-sharing-but-uncaring-economy |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=The Straits Times |date=25 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref> allow a customer to hire a driver to drive them home in the customer's own car.<ref name="abc meet the woman getting China's drinkers home safely"/> This service's popularity is driven by high population density and low cost.<ref name="abc meet the woman getting China's drinkers home safely">{{cite news |title=Meet the woman getting China's drinkers home safely |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-21/daijia-services-in-china-see-businesses-driving-drinkers-home/8729290 |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=ABC News |date=20 July 2017 |language=en-AU}}</ref> The service is used by customers who have been drinking or who want to work on the way instead of focusing on driving.<ref name="Straits Times sharing but uncaring"/> Drivers put an [[e-bike]] in the trunk of the car and ride it away after dropping off the customer and the car.<ref name="Straits Times sharing but uncaring"/>

Hong Kong Designated Driver Limited (HKDD) or easydrive also helps individuals to safely get home in their own cars. HKDD provides Android and iOS mobile apps for their users.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paper.hket.com/article/1423000|title=港首個代駕App 攻專業人士 生意每兩周倍增 冀半年後月賺20萬 - 香港經濟日報 - 報章 - 工商|website=paper.hket.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parentingheadline.com/index.php/zh/%E8%A6%AA%E5%AD%90%E9%A0%AD%E6%A2%9D/3111-%E3%80%90%E8%A6%AA%E5%AD%90%E9%A0%AD%E6%A2%9D%E3%80%91%E5%85%A8%E6%B8%AF%E9%A6%96%E5%80%8B%E4%BB%A3%E9%A7%95app%E7%99%BB%E9%99%B8|title=【拒絕醉駕】全港首個代駕App登陸|access-date=2016-05-11|archive-date=2016-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017182448/http://www.parentingheadline.com/index.php/zh/%E8%A6%AA%E5%AD%90%E9%A0%AD%E6%A2%9D/3111-%E3%80%90%E8%A6%AA%E5%AD%90%E9%A0%AD%E6%A2%9D%E3%80%91%E5%85%A8%E6%B8%AF%E9%A6%96%E5%80%8B%E4%BB%A3%E9%A7%95app%E7%99%BB%E9%99%B8|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Alcohol and health}}

[[Category:Drinking culture]]
[[Category:Driving under the influence]]
⚫
[[Category:Prevention]]
[[Category:Harm reduction]]

Latest revision as of 17:53, 30 November 2024

A designated driver on New Year's Eve 2011, United States; the yellow DD badge is courtesy of State Farm Insurance.

The terms "designated driver" and "designated driving" (commonly known as DD) refer to the selection of a person who remains sober as the responsible driver of a vehicle whilst others have been allowed to drink alcoholic beverages.

Thus, as a practical and ethical matter a designated driver is a person who abstains from alcohol on an occasion in order to drive their companions home safely as an alternative to driving under the influence. In order to encourage these arrangements, some bar, restaurant and nightclub proprietors will offer free or reduced-price soft drinks to designated drivers.[1]

History

[edit]

The designated driver concept was developed in Scandinavia over several decades beginning in the 1920s, leading to a formalized designated driver program in the 1980s.[2] The program was introduced in Canada in 1986 by Hiram Walker and Sons as "The Canadian Club Designated Driver Program". The program was accepted readily and supported by the police, Mothers Against Drunk Driving, the hospitality industry and the public. There were few if any detractors. The program was heavily promoted by Hiram Walker's president Doug Young and the company's PR agency Marshall Fenn Limited led by David Butler. The concept swept Canada, the United States and many other countries during 1986.

The concept was imported to the United States on a large scale in 1988 through the Harvard Alcohol Project,[2] an initiative by the Harvard School of Public Health's Center for Health Communication, led by Jay Winsten. With heavy involvement by television networks and Hollywood studios, the campaign popularized the concept through public service announcements, as well as the encouragement of drunk driving prevention messages and designated driver references in popular television programs,[2] such as Cheers, L.A. Law, and The Cosby Show. The U.S. Department of Transportation used public affairs commercials with the phrase "friends don't let friends drive drunk".[2]

President Bill Clinton participated in the designated driver campaign throughout his presidency, taping public service announcements each year at the request of the Harvard Alcohol Project.[3][4] With the endorsement of a broad range of individuals and organizations, designated driving became a national movement, with "designated driver" becoming a common phrase. Based on several polls indicating an increase in designated driving practices since the start of the initiative, the campaign is credited as a contributing factor to the decline in alcohol-related traffic fatalities between 1988 and 1994.[5]

Since 2005, the spirits company Diageo has used a similar concept in Brazil to discourage drunk driving. Called Piloto da Vez, the campaign was born with the sponsorship of McLaren. Juan Pablo Montoya, Mika Häkkinen and Lewis Hamilton have participated in the campaign.

Impediments

[edit]

Though designated drivers are popular, groups often fail to use them properly.[6] Often, there is a failure of those groups to designate the driver prior to making travel arrangements and arrive in separate vehicles. Even when a group does share a vehicle, it is not always the case that the designated driver remains sober. Failures to require driver abstinence or limitation of consumption is another problem. One study conducted at the Tijuana/San Diego border found that by asking groups intent on drinking to identify the designated driver prior to entering the bar district, the driver later returned with substantially lower BACs compared with the control groups.[7]

Advocacy groups

[edit]

Various college and high school organizations, such as RamRide at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado, CARPOOL at Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas, Drive Safe Kalamazoo at Western Michigan University, and BUSY at Gulfport High School in Gulfport, Mississippi, offer to give free rides home on weekend nights to fellow students.

Businesses

[edit]

United States

[edit]

Numerous businesses have sprouted up across the United States to help address the problem of drinking and driving. Some transport their drivers' home, as passengers, using one of three methods: car, collapsible scooter, or foldable bike. These are not necessarily true designated driver programs, but instead Safe Ride programs, as the sober driver is not designated from within the natural drinking group.[8] Designated Drivers, Inc, was founded in 1998 and later based out of Las Vegas, NV. This company has used two person teams: one person to drive the impaired individual in their own vehicle, and the other person as the follow driver. Pittsburgh's Pear Transportation Company, aka The Pear Cares, has also become well known for using the two-person team approach.[9] Dryver, formerly known as BeMyDD, established itself by offering designated driver services for events, car pickups for drivers who are too impaired to make it home, and personal drivers for evenings out.[10] NightRiders, Incorporated was the first company to use collapsible, motorized scooters in the US. The drivers drove customers home using their own vehicles, stowing a scooter in the customer's trunk (or truck). Upon arrival to the customer's destination, the driver parked the vehicle, collected the fare, assembled the scooter from the vehicle, and rode off to the next customer. This company is now out of business, according to their website. Zingo Transportation has operated this kind of service in southern US cities since 2005.

South Korea

[edit]

Designated driver services in South Korea are widely prevalent and in high demand, especially in major cities such as Seoul and Busan. Designated driver call centers operate as a central dispatch with some vendors providing mobile apps to request a driver. The driver arrives at the location of the customer's vehicle and will drive it to the requested location for a fee. The Korean language word for these designated drivers for hire is 'dae-ri un-jeon' (대리운전) meaning replacement driver. According to the Korea Service Driver Society, an estimated 100,000 replacement drivers handle 700,000 customers a day across the country (2007) [11]

Australia

[edit]

Designated driver services in Australia exist in many capital cities and regional towns. The service is in high demand due to highly regulated, unreliable taxi services.[12]

New Zealand

[edit]

In 2017, Coca-Cola announced a promotion to encourage people to have sober drivers by offering free Coca-Cola.[13]

Canada

[edit]

Ontario

[edit]

Canada has a long history with designated driver services provided by private enterprise going back to 1996 in Ontario. One of central Ontario's largest designated driver services LUDUH Designated Drivers[1] has transported thousands of clients home over the years with multiple offices in Ontario Canada. In the last 10 to 15 years, a number of designated driving services have cropped up all over the province with companies such as URDD (www.urddservice.com) as well as Keys To Us (www.keystous.ca). Companies like these bring technology and professionalism to industry.[14]

British Columbia

[edit]

B.C. has a huge market of designated driver services and new ones are created monthly. Companies throughout the province work 7 days a week to drive intoxicated individuals home in their own vehicles for a fee. If you expect customer service it is not the goal. The DD industry is not regular means for travel but a lifeline service[15]

China

[edit]

In China, dàijià (代驾) apps, such as E-Daijia and Didi Daijia,[16] allow a customer to hire a driver to drive them home in the customer's own car.[17] This service's popularity is driven by high population density and low cost.[17] The service is used by customers who have been drinking or who want to work on the way instead of focusing on driving.[16] Drivers put an e-bike in the trunk of the car and ride it away after dropping off the customer and the car.[16]

Hong Kong Designated Driver Limited (HKDD) or easydrive also helps individuals to safely get home in their own cars. HKDD provides Android and iOS mobile apps for their users.[18][19]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "CHEERS General FAQ's". University of Missouri-Columbia. Archived from the original on 2017-05-05. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
  2. ^ a b c d Greenberg, Martin Alan (2005-09-28). "7. Potential Roles for Volunteer Police Service". Citizens Defending America: From Colonial Times to the Age of Terrorism (1 ed.). University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-8229-4264-1. OCLC 57754151. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  3. ^ Solomon-Schwartz, Benjamin P. (1999-11-30). "Clinton Appears in Announcement Encouraging Y2K Designated Driving". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on 2004-11-07. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
  4. ^ Elliott, Stuart (1992-12-23). "THE MEDIA BUSINESS - ADVERTISING; A (Nearly) Presidential Call for Care in Holiday Imbibing". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
  5. ^ Winsten, Jay A. (2000). "The Harvard Alcohol Project: Promoting the "Designated Driver"". In Suman, Michael; Rossman, Gabriel (eds.). Advocacy Groups and the Entertainment Industry. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. pp. 3–8. ISBN 978-0-275-96885-4.
  6. ^ Fell, J., Voas, R., & Lange, J. (1997). Designated Driver Concept: Extent of Use in the USA. J Traffic Med, 25(3-4).
  7. ^ Lange, J. E., Reed, M. B., Johnson, M. B., & Voas, R. B. (2006). The efficacy of experimental interventions designed to reduce drinking among designated drivers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 67(2), 261-268.
  8. ^ Lange, J. E., Johnson, M. B., & Reed, M. B. (2006). Drivers within natural drinking groups: An exploration of role selection, motivation, and group influence on driver sobriety. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 32, 261-274.
  9. ^ Goga, Jennifer (2009-12-09). "Service caters to those too drunk to drive". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
  10. ^ "BeMyDD and Dryver.com Merge to Expand Nation's #1 Largest Personal Driver Service" (Press release). IPD Group. 2016-11-16. Retrieved 2016-12-13 – via EIN Newsdesk.
  11. ^ Sang-Hun, Choe (July 10, 2007). "Drinkers in Korea Dial for Designated Drivers (Published 2007)". The New York Times.
  12. ^ "Pre-booking taxi won't beat crowd - The West Australian". Archived from the original on 2010-12-11.
  13. ^ "Free Coke for sober drivers in Waikato". Stuff. November 8, 2017.
  14. ^ "Feature: Drinking and driving alternatives - Autos.ca". Archived from the original on 2012-01-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  15. ^ "AM730 All Traffic All The Time | Vancouver's Traffic Station". AM 730.
  16. ^ a b c "Millions in China working in shadow of sharing, but uncaring, economy". The Straits Times. 25 June 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  17. ^ a b "Meet the woman getting China's drinkers home safely". ABC News. 20 July 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  18. ^ "港首個代駕App 攻專業人士 生意每兩周倍增 冀半年後月賺20萬 - 香港經濟日報 - 報章 - 工商". paper.hket.com.
  19. ^ "【拒絕醉駕】全港首個代駕App登陸". Archived from the original on 2016-10-17. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
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