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{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Copyedit|date=February 2008}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=June 2016}}


'''Pakistani Arms Industry''' the Ministry of Defence Production was created in September 1991 to promote and coordinate the patchwork of military production facilities that have developed since independence. The ministry also includes seven other specialized organizations devoted to research and development, production, and administration.<ref>[http://pakistantimes.net/2004/12/10/top1.htm ''Pakistan moves swiftly to self-reliance in defence needs'']</ref>
The '''Defence Industry of Pakistan''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|دفاعی صنعتِ پاکستان}}}}), established in September 1951, mainly falls under the purview of the [[Ministry of Defence Production (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence Production (MoDP)]]. It aims to foster collaboration and oversee the diverse range of military production facilities that have emerged since Pakistan's independence. The MoDP comprises specialized organizations, each dedicated to various aspects of the defence industry, including research and development, production, and administration.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=''Pakistan moves swiftly to self-reliance in defence needs'' |url=http://pakistantimes.net/2004/12/10/top1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605042133/http://pakistantimes.net/2004/12/10/top1.htm |archive-date=2008-06-05 |access-date=2008-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-08-27 |title=Pakistan Link Headlines |url=http://www.pakistanlink.com/headlines/oct03/20/02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050827205550/http://www.pakistanlink.com/headlines/oct03/20/02.html |archive-date=27 August 2005 |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=}}</ref>
<ref>[http://www.pakistanlink.com/headlines/oct03/20/02.html ''Saudi Crown Prince witnesses exhibition of Pak Defense Production -- Shows interest in many, raises queries'']</ref>
The navy is supported mainly by a facility at the Karachi Shipyard, which has limited production capacity. In 1987 development of a submarine repair and rebuild facility at Port Qasim was begun. By early 2000, in a joint project with China led to the development of the JF-17 Thunder fighter and the Al-Khalid Tank. Pakistan also has taken major steps to becoming self sufficient in aircraft overhaul and modernization and tank and helicopter sales and in a transfer of technology with France led to the construction of the Agosta B-90 Submarine in the late 1990s and early 2000s and is currently actively participating in many joint production projects such as Al Khalid 2, advance trainer aircraft, combat aircraft, navy ships and submarines.


== Introduction ==
After the success of its major developments in the defence industry the Defence Export Promotion Organisation ([http://www.depo.org.pk D.E.P.O.]) was created to promote Pakistani defence equipment to the world by inviting major and small players to the [http://www.ideaspakistan.com I.D.E.A.S.] Exhibition, which is held annually at the Karachi expo center. In recent reports, the defence exports were worth over $500 million [[USD]] in 2006 and growing annually.
{{See also|Ministry of Defence Production (Pakistan)|Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction}}


=== <small>Early Years (1947-1965)</small> ===
==Facilities==
At the time of its creation in 1947, Pakistan inherited virtually no military industry or production capability. Its heavy industry was limited to the [[Karachi Shipyard & Engineering Works|Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works (KSEW)]], mainly focused on civilian maritime construction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2008 |title=Pakistan Navy inducts two newly built tugs |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/620921-Pakistan-Navy-inducts-two-newly-built-tugs |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=Dunya News}}</ref> To meet its defense needs, the newly formed nation relied solely on inherited equipment or imports, primarily from the United Kingdom.


Recognizing the need for self-reliance, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan established the [[Pakistan Ordnance Factories|Pakistan Ordnance Factory (POF)]] in Wah in 1951. Led by [[Abdul Hafeez (chemist)|Dr. Abdul Hafeez]], a distinguished scientist, the POF initially focused on producing small arms, ammunition, and chemical explosives.
* [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]]
* [[Pakistan Ordnance Factories]]
* [[Heavy Industries Taxila]]
* [[Karachi Shipyard]]


However, from 1955 to 1964, Pakistan heavily relied on the United States for military equipment due to its membership in [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization|SEATO]] and [[Central Treaty Organization|CENTO]]. This period saw minimal development of the domestic arms industry.<ref name=":0" />
==Weapons and Equipment==
===Small Arms===
* [[Heckler & Koch MP5]] 9 mm carbines and the Carbine 1A 9 mm sub-machine guns
* Machine Gun [[Rheinmetall MG3|MG-3]]
* [[SMG PK]], Type 1 & 2 9 essentially an [[MP5K]] variant
* Automatic Rifle [[Heckler & Koch G3|G-3]], Types A3 & P4
* Anti Aircraft Machine Gun 12.7 mm, Type 54


=== <small>Turning Point and Expansion (1965-1972)</small> ===
===Main Battle Tanks===
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and the subsequent cutoff of U.S. military assistance marked a turning point. Realizing the vulnerability of relying solely on external sources, Pakistan sought help from China to expand its military capabilities. China played a crucial role in modernizing the POF facilities and fostering domestic production.
* [[MBT 2000]] Al-Khalid: - new generation tank being inducted into the Pakistan Army.
* [[Al-Zarar MBT|Al-Zarar]]: - A substantial upgrade of the [[T-59]] tank, bringing them more on par with the [[T-72]].
* [[Al Khalid II Main Battle Tank]]: - Reportedly under development, it will replace Al Zarrar and T-59 tanks from 2012.


=== <small>Self-Reliance and Growth (1972-Present)</small> ===
===Armored Personnel Carriers===
In 1972, the aftermath of the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971 war]] further emphasized the need for self-reliance. The government established the [[Ministry of Defence Production (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence Production (MoDP)]] to coordinate and promote a growing network of military production facilities established since independence.
<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:Mohafiz.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Mohafiz, security Vehicle designed and manufactured at Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT)]] -->


PAC played a key role in propelling domestic aircraft production. It reverse-engineered various aircraft technologies, built the [[PAC MFI-17 Mushshak|Mushshak]] trainer, and maintained vital radar and avionics equipment. This success paved the way for further advancements, including the Super Mushshak and the [[Hongdu JL-8|Karakoram-8]] advanced training jet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-07 |title=Ministry of Defence Production |url=http://www.modp.gov.pk/gop/index.php?q=aHR0cDovLzE5Mi4xNjguNzAuMTM2L21vZHAvLi9mcm1EZXRhaWxzLmFzcHg/b3B0PWJhc2ljJmlkPTE= |access-date=2024-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307012924/http://www.modp.gov.pk/gop/index.php?q=aHR0cDovLzE5Mi4xNjguNzAuMTM2L21vZHAvLi9mcm1EZXRhaWxzLmFzcHg/b3B0PWJhc2ljJmlkPTE= |archive-date=2014-03-07 }}</ref>
*[Al-Talha] - Five roadwheel personnel carrier version. Pakistan currently operates 400 of these machines and expects to operate 2000 Al-Talha's by 2010
*Al-Hadeed - Armored Repair and Recovery version.
*Al-Hamza - Armored Infantry Fighting Vehicle version.
*Al-Maaz - Variant fitted with the Baktar Shikan anti-tank missile.
*[Al-Qaswa] - Armored Logistics Vehicle version.
*Al-Saad - Armored six roadwheel personnel carrier version.
*Al-Sakb - Armored logistics support and command post carrier version. It is fitted with an Integrated Battlefield Management System.


By 1999, the [[Karachi Shipyard & Engineering Works]] (KSEW) completed its first long-range attack submarine, the [[Agosta-class submarine|Agosta 90B]]. This submarine marked a significant advancement, incorporating [[air-independent propulsion]] (AIP) technology acquired from France in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SSK Agosta 90B Class Submarine |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/agosta/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Naval Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> Early 2000 saw further progress through joint ventures with China. These collaborations led to the introduction of the [[CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder|JF-17 fighter jet]], developed by the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC), and the [[Al-Khalid/VT-1|Al-Khalid main battle tank]], produced at [[Heavy Industries Taxila|Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT)]]. Since 2001, Pakistan has made significant strides towards self-sufficiency in aircraft overhaul and modernization, as well as in the export of defence equipment.
<small>*Al-Talha APC are upgraded versions of M113 and are currently being manufactured at Heavy Industries Taxila</small>


In 2016, the Pakistani government managed to reduce its defence imports by 90%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-29 |title=Issuance of NOCs for defence products' import curtailed by 90pc in three years |url=https://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/business-a-economy/311133-issuance-of-nocs-for-defence-products-import-curtailed-by-90pc-in-three-years.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729160420/https://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/business-a-economy/311133-issuance-of-nocs-for-defence-products-import-curtailed-by-90pc-in-three-years.html |archive-date=29 July 2016 |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=}}</ref> Today, the MoDP oversees a vast network dedicated to research, development, production and administration, solidifying Pakistan's position as a significant regional military force.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fagoyinbo |first=Joseph Babatunde |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUdHBgAAQBAJ&dq=port+qasim+%221987%22+%22submarine%22&pg=PA392 |title=The Armed Forces: Instrument of Peace, Strength, Development and Prosperity |date=May 2013 |publisher=Author House |isbn=978-1-4772-1844-0 |language=en}}</ref>
===Multiple Rocket System===
* [[T-83 Azar]] 122 mm


=== <small>Youm-e-Takbir</small> ===
===Anti Tank Guided Weapons===
{{See also|Youm-e-Takbir|Project-706}}
* [[Baktar-Shikan]] Anti-tank Guided Missile (ATGM)
Youm-e-Takbir (Urdu: یومِ تکبیر, lit. "The Day of Greatness") is a national day celebrated in Pakistan on May 28 each year. It commemorates the [[Chagai-I]] and [[Chagai-II]] nuclear tests conducted by [[Pakistan]] in 1998. These tests made Pakistan the seventh country to possess nuclear weapons and the first Islamic-majority nation to do so.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program - 1998: The Year of Testing |url=https://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/PakTests.html |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=nuclearweaponarchive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Nuclear Weapons |url=https://nuke.fas.org/guide/pakistan/nuke/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=nuke.fas.org}}</ref>


=== <small>Local Gunsmith's</small> ===
===Army Air Defence===
{{See also|Khyber Pass Copy}}
* [[Anza (missile)|Anza MK I]] Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM)
Pakistan's [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province, particularly the [[Darra Adam Khel|Dara Adam Khel]] area bordering Afghanistan, is known for a unique cottage industry: the manufacturing of unlicensed firearms by local gunsmiths. This industry boasts a long history, dating back to the mid-19th century, and has garnered a global reputation for its ability to produce replicas of sophisticated weaponry. [[Darra Adam Khel|Dara Adam Khel's]] story begins in 1857 with the establishment of a small gun-making factory by a British soldier. This act laid the foundation for what would become a thriving black market for firearms. Historical records indicate that by 2014, the area housed a staggering 7,500 gun-manufacturing workshops, all catering to a booming demand. Located just 49 kilometers south of [[Peshawar]], the provincial capital, Dara Adam Khel's weapons market has become synonymous with handmade replicas of deadly weapons.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hashim |first=Asad |title=Darra Adam Khel: Pakistan’s dying gun bazaar |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2019/2/4/darra-adam-khel-pakistans-dying-gun-bazaar |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> From the iconic [[AK-47]] to anti-aircraft guns, the industry prides itself on its ability to create affordable replicas of virtually any firearm in the world. These replicas, known as "[[Khyber Pass copy|Khyber Pass copies]]" are a testament to the skill of local gunsmiths. The cottage gunsmiths of Dara Adam Khel operate with resourcefulness. They employ basic hand tools and readily available materials such as scrap metal from railways and vehicles. The quality of these Khyber Pass copies varies significantly. While some may be comparable to factory-produced firearms, others can be dangerously unreliable and prone to malfunction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-04 |title=The Way of the Gun: The legendary gunsmiths of Darra Adam Khel |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/458310/the-legendary-gunsmiths-of-darra-adam-khel |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Anza (missile)|Anza MK II]] Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM)
* [[Anza (missile)|Anza MK III]] Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM)
* [[SD 10]] Beyond Visual Range (BVR) Air-to-Air Missile (AAM) / (BVRAAM)


== Missiles ==
==Domestic Industry==
{{See also|List of military equipment manufactured in Pakistan|List of missiles of Pakistan|Pakistani missile research and development program}}
<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:Shaheen 2.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Pakistan's Indigenously produced Shaheen II Missile. The most advanced Missile in Pakistan's Arsenal]] -->
[[File:Pakistan_JF-17_(modified).jpg|thumb|right|200px|A [[CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder]] of the [[Pakistan Air Force]].]]
* [[Hatf-I/IA|Hatf-I/IA/IB]] BRBM
[[File:Al-Khalid IDEAS 2012.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Heavy Industries Taxila|HIT]] built [[Al-Khalid tank]] on display.]]
* [[Abdali-I]] SRBM
[[File:Bomb Shells produced at POF WAH.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A variety of grenades, artillery shells, mortar shells and other ammunition produced by [[Pakistan Ordnance Factories|POF]].]]
* [[Ghaznavi|Ghaznavi-I]] SRBM
* [[Shaheen missile|Shaheen-I]] MRBM
* [[Ghauri missile|Ghauri-I]] MRBM
* [[Ghauri-II]] IRBM
* [[Shaheen-II]] IRBM
* [[Babur missile|Babur]] Cruise Missile
* [[Ra'ad]] Cruise Missile
* [[Ghauri-III]] IRBM
* [[Shaheen-III]] IRBM
* [[Tippu missile]] IRBM


== Aircraft ==
=== Public ===
* [[K-8 Karakorum]]
* [[JF-17 Thunder]]
* [[MFI-17 Mushshak|Shahbaz]]
* [[MFI-17 Mushshak|MFI-395 Super Mushaq]]
* [[MFI-17 Mushshak|MFI-17 Mushaq]]


* [[Global Industrial Defence Solutions|Global Industrial & Defence Solutions (GIDS)]] <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=PAKISTAN DEFENCE INDUSTRIES - Public Sector |url=https://depo.gov.pk/publicSector.php |website=depo.gov.pk}}</ref>
== Submarines ==
* [[Agosta 90B class submarine]]
* [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]]
** Al-Technique Corporation of Pakistan Limited (ATCOP) <ref>{{Cite web |title=ATCOP – Al-Technique Corporation of Pakistan |url=https://atcop.org.pk/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Cosmos class [[MG110 Mini-Sub]]
* [[National Engineering and Scientific Commission|National Engineering and Scientific Commission (NESCOM)]]
** [[Air Weapons Complex]] (AWC)
** [[National Defence Complex]] (NDC)
** Maritime Technologies Complex (MTC) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maritime Technological Complex (MTC, NESCOM) Islamabad Pakistan - Islamabad |url=http://wikimapia.org/5920183/Maritime-Technological-Complex-MTC-NESCOM-Islamabad-Pakistan |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=wikimapia.org |language=en}}</ref>
** Project Management Organization (PMO) <ref>{{Cite web |title="National Engineering and Scientific Commission (NESCOM) {{!}} Facilities {{!}} NTI" |url=https://www.nti.org/learn/facilities/586/ |website=www.nti.org}}</ref>
**[[Defence Science and Technology Organization|Defence Science and Technology Organization (DESTO)]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=OFFICIAL OPCW PROFICIENCY TEST |url=https://www.opcw.org/sites/default/files/documents/S_series/2015/en/s-1307-2015_e_.pdf |website=www.opcw.org}}</ref>
**National Electronics Complex of Pakistan (NECOP) <ref>{{Cite web |title=NECOP Project {{!}} china.aiddata.org |url=https://china.aiddata.org/projects/53883/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=china.aiddata.org |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Khan Research Laboratories|Dr. A. Q. Khan Research Laboratories]]
* People Steel Mills Ltd <ref name=":1" />
* [[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[National Radio & Telecommunication Corporation|National Radio & Telecommunication Corporation (NRTC)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=NRTC Official Website |url=http://www.nrtc.com.pk/}}</ref>
** Telephone Industries of Pakistan (TIP) <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=MoDP Yearbook 2021-2022 |url=https://www.modp.gov.pk/SiteImage/Publication/Year%20Book%202021-2022%20Final.pdf |website=Ministry of Defence Production Pakistan}}</ref>
* [[Karachi Shipyard|Karachi Shipyard & Engineering Works (KSEW)]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]]<ref name=":1" />
** Kamra Aviation Industries Limited (KAIL) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - |url=https://kail.com.pk/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=kail.com.pk |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Pakistan Ordnance Factories]]<ref name=":1" />
** Wah Industries Limited <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wah Industries Limited |url=https://www.wahindustries.com/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=www.wahindustries.com}}</ref>
** Wah Nobel Limited <ref name=":3" />
** POF Materials Testing Laboratories ([[POF Metallurgical Laboratory]]) <ref>{{Cite web |title=..PMT LABS.. |url=https://www.pmt-labs.com.pk/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=www.pmt-labs.com.pk}}</ref>
* [[Heavy Industries Taxila]]<ref name=":1" />
** Margalla Heavy Industries Limited <ref name=":3" />
* [[Research & Development Establishment (Pakistan)|Research & Development Establishment (RDE)]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directorate General Research & Development Establishment (DGRDE) |url=https://www.rde.gov.pk/ |website=rde.gov.pk}}</ref>
* Navy Research and Development Institute (NRDI) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inter Services Public Relations Pakistan |url=https://ispr.gov.pk/press-release-detail?id=5567 |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=ispr.gov.pk}}</ref>
* [[Pakistan International Airlines#Precision Engineering Complex|Precision Engineering Complex (PEC)]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Pakistan Machine Tool Factory]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Heavy Mechanical Complex]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Karachi Naval Dockyard|Pakistan Naval Dockyard]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[National Aerospace Science & Technology Park]]


== Patrol Craft ==
=== Private ===
{| class="wikitable"
* Jalalat II Missile Boat
|+
* [[Larkana]] Large Patrol Craft
! colspan="2" |Company
! colspan="2" |Company
|-
|Advanced Systems (Pvt) Limited
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Advanced Systems Limited - EXCELLENCE IN ENGINEERING |url=https://www.advanced.com.pk/ |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=www.advanced.com.pk}}</ref>
|SATUMA
|<ref>{{cite web |title=SATUMA |url=https://satuma.com.pk/ |website=Satuma official website}}</ref>
|-
|Shibli Electronics Ltd
|<ref>{{cite web |title=SHIBLI |url=https://www.shibli.com/ |website=SHIBLI Official Website}}</ref>
|Cavalier Group
|<ref>{{cite web |title=MILITARY – Cavalier Group |url=https://cavalier-group.com/military/}}</ref>
|-
|Daudsons Armoury
|<ref>{{cite web |title=DAUDSONS DEFENSE |url=http://www.daudsons.com/store/c2/Defense.html |website=Daudsons Armoury}}</ref>
|[[Integrated Dynamics]]
|
|-
|Advance Systems (Pvt) Ltd
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=PAKISTAN DEFENCE INDUSTRIES - Private Sector |url=https://depo.gov.pk/privateSector.php |website=depo.gov.pk}}</ref>
|Afridi Hunting Arms
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|AKSA Solutions Development Services (Pvt) Ltd
|<ref name=":2" />
|Alpine Industries (Pvt) Ltd
|
|-
|Alsons Industries (Pvt) Ltd
|<ref name=":2" />
|And-Or Logic Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|Aero Engine Craft (Pvt) Ltd
|
|Automobile Corporation of Pakistan
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|Bismillah Electronics
|<ref name=":2" />
|Center for Advanced Research in Engineering (CARE)
|
|-
|East West Infinity (Pvt) Ltd
|<ref name=":2" />
|Elektro Control Industries, Islamabad
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|ElectraTech PCB
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electratech |url=https://electratech.pk/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Fast Cables Ltd
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|Haseen Habib Corporation
|<ref name=":2" />
|International Fabrication Company
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|International Polymer Industries (Pvt) Ltd
|<ref name=":2" />
|Lyra (Pvt) Ltd
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|Machine Craft (Pvt) Ltd
|<ref name=":2" />
|Meraj (Pvt) Ltd, Karachi
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|Metal Engineering Works (Pvt) Ltd
|<ref name=":2" />
|MICRO Electronics International (Pvt) Ltd
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|Genesis Solutions (Pvt) Ltd
|<ref name=":2" />
|New Stainless Industries
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|NexTek Service, Islamabad
|<ref name=":2" />
|[[Pakistan Hunting & Sporting Arms Development Company|PHSADC, Peshawar]]
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|Pakistan Vehicle Engineering
|<ref name=":2" />
|Steelex (Pvt) Ltd
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|TASH International (Pvt) Ltd
|<ref name=":2" />
|Teresol
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|United Industries
|<ref name=":2" />
|Zuflah International Company
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|Soft Innovative Systems
|<ref name=":2" />
|DATA Communication & Control (Pvt) Ltd
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|Multisupport Engineering & Consultancy Service
|<ref name=":2" />
|Sipka Manufacturing (Pvt) Ltd
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|Sysverve Aerospace
|<ref name=":2" />
|Zeeshan Electronics
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zeeshan Electronics |url=https://www.zeeshanelectronics.com/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=www.zeeshanelectronics.com}}</ref>
|-
|Rapidev Group
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-20 |title=Home2 - Rapidev |url=https://rapidev.com/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Metal Paint Products (Pvt) Ltd
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=MPPL- Metal Paint Products (Pvt) Ltd. |url=https://mppl.com.pk/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Advanced Computing and Engineering Solutions (ACES) Pvt Ltd
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ACES {{!}} Advanced Computing & Engineering Solutions |url=http://www.aces.com.pk/index.htm |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=www.aces.com.pk}}</ref>
|Smart PCBs
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart PCBs |url=https://www.smartpcbs.com/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=www.smartpcbs.com}}</ref>
|-
|Future Innovative Enterprise Pvt. Ltd
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIE – Pathway to Strength |url=https://fie.com.pk/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Qaswa Technlogies
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qaswa Technlogies - Leading Innovation |url=https://qaswaindustries.com.pk/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=Qaswa Technlogies - Leading Innovation |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Harobanx Industries
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=HaroBanx Industries Pvt |title=HaroBanx Industries Pvt Ltd. |url=https://www.harobanx.com/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=www.harobanx.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Stingray Technologies
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stingray Technologies |url=https://www.stingray.com.pk/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=www.stingray.com.pk}}</ref>
|-
|Laser & Electro Optical Solutions (LEOS)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=LEOS – "Laser & Electro Optical Solutions, (Pvt) Ltd |url=https://www.leos.pk/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|DynTek Engineering
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=DynTek Engg |url=https://dyntekengg.com/ |website=DYNTEK ENGINEERING PVT LTD}}</ref>
|}

== Foreign suppliers ==
The [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] utilize a blend of domestically produced and internationally procured military equipment. As per the 2021 [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)]] report, Pakistan ranked 10th globally in terms of arms imports for the 2016-2020 period. During this timeframe, the People's Republic of China constituted the primary source of imported weaponry, accounting for 74% of Pakistan's total imports. The Russian Federation and the Italian Republic followed suit, contributing 6.6% and 5.9%, respectively. Notably, the 2016-2020 period witnessed a 23% decrease in Pakistan's foreign arms imports compared to the preceding five-year period (2011-2015).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawn.com |first= |date=2021-03-15 |title=Pakistan ranks 10th among largest importers of major arms globally: report |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1612678 |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> Listed below are the main foreign suppliers to Pakistan:
<!---This section is for cited entries only uncited entries will be removed--->

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
* {{Flag|Canada}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Czech Republic}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|France}}
* {{Flag|Germany}}
* {{Flag|South Korea}}
* {{Flag|Italy}}
* {{Flag|Japan}}
* {{Flag|Jordan}}
* {{Flag|Russia}}
* {{Flag|Serbia}}
* {{Flag|Slovakia}}
* {{Flag|Spain}}
* {{Flag|Sweden}}
* {{Flag|Switzerland}}
* {{Flag|Turkey}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
* {{Flag|United States}}
{{Div col end}}

== Exports ==
Pakistan's defense industry has emerged as a notable exporter of military equipment in recent decades. Its offerings encompass a diverse range of products, including small arms and ammunition, armored vehicles like the [[Al-Khalid/VT-1|Al-Khalid]] tank and the [[CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder|JF-17 Thunder]] fighter jet co-developed with China. Pakistan's ability to offer these products at competitive prices compared to Western alternatives has been a key driver of its success in the international market. This, coupled with close defense ties with countries in the Middle East and growing partnerships with nations like China and Turkey, has facilitated exports to regions like the Middle East, Africa and South Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=With China as its mentor, Pakistan triples arms exports |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/With-China-as-its-mentor-Pakistan-triples-arms-exports |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref>

However, Pakistan's defense exports also face challenges. Established players like the US, Russia, and European nations pose significant competition, and concerns have been raised about the level of technological sophistication in certain Pakistani defense products. Additionally, regional tensions and international arms control regulations can sometimes hinder export deals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alam |first=Kazim |date=2022-11-17 |title='Pakistan's share in global arms export market growing' |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1721398 |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

Despite these challenges, Pakistan is actively working to expand its defense exports. The country aims to achieve this by focusing on several key areas: enhancing the technological sophistication of its products, exploring new markets in Southeast Asia and beyond, and forging strategic partnerships to bolster its production capabilities. Events like the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar|International Defence Exhibition and Seminar (IDEAS)]] further contributes to these efforts by showcasing Pakistani defense products and fostering interactions with potential buyers. Overall, Pakistan's defense industry exports represent a significant and evolving aspect of the country's economy and strategic landscape.

== Exhibition ==
The [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar|International Defence Exhibition and Seminar (IDEAS)]] is a biennial defence exhibition and seminar organized by the [[Defence Export Promotion Organization|Defence Export Promotion Organization (DEPO)]] since 2002 in [[Karachi Expo Centre|Karachi Expo Center]].

==See also==
* [[Defence Export Promotion Organization]]
* [[List of military equipment manufactured in Pakistan]]
* [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]


== External Links ==
==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
{{Military of Pakistan}}
*[http://ideaspakistan.gov.pk/depo/publicSect.php Defence supplier establishments of Pakistan]
*[http://tribune.com.pk/story/462957/pakistan-finalising-arrangements-to-target-global-arms-market/ Pakistan finalising arrangements to target global arms market]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110610224950/http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2005/May/Pages/SB-Pakistan_Pushing3217.aspx Pakistan pushing military exports]
*[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/pakistan/arms-exports Pakistan - Arms exports values]
*[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/pakistan-defence-industrial-base-better-than-ours-army-vice-chief-4766949/ Pakistan Defense Industrial Base Comparison: Lt. Gen. Sarath Chand, Vice Chief of Army Staff (VCOAS) Indian Army]
*[https://ideaspakistan.gov.pk/ International Defence Exhibition and Seminar (IDEAS) Website]

{{Defence industry of Pakistan}}
{{Ministry of Defence Production (Pakistan)}}
{{Missiles of Pakistan}}
{{World topic| Defense industry of | title= [[Defense industry]] by country |noredlinks=yes}}
{{Pakistan Armed Forces}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Military equipment of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Defence industry of Pakistan|*]]
[[Category:Military of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Military industry by country|Pakistan]]
[[Category:Industries of Pakistan]]

Latest revision as of 14:47, 27 November 2024

The Defence Industry of Pakistan (Urdu: دفاعی صنعتِ پاکستان), established in September 1951, mainly falls under the purview of the Ministry of Defence Production (MoDP). It aims to foster collaboration and oversee the diverse range of military production facilities that have emerged since Pakistan's independence. The MoDP comprises specialized organizations, each dedicated to various aspects of the defence industry, including research and development, production, and administration.[1][2]

Introduction

[edit]
See also: Ministry of Defence Production (Pakistan) and Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction

Early Years (1947-1965)

[edit]

At the time of its creation in 1947, Pakistan inherited virtually no military industry or production capability. Its heavy industry was limited to the Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works (KSEW), mainly focused on civilian maritime construction.[3] To meet its defense needs, the newly formed nation relied solely on inherited equipment or imports, primarily from the United Kingdom.

Recognizing the need for self-reliance, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan established the Pakistan Ordnance Factory (POF) in Wah in 1951. Led by Dr. Abdul Hafeez, a distinguished scientist, the POF initially focused on producing small arms, ammunition, and chemical explosives.

However, from 1955 to 1964, Pakistan heavily relied on the United States for military equipment due to its membership in SEATO and CENTO. This period saw minimal development of the domestic arms industry.[1]

Turning Point and Expansion (1965-1972)

[edit]

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and the subsequent cutoff of U.S. military assistance marked a turning point. Realizing the vulnerability of relying solely on external sources, Pakistan sought help from China to expand its military capabilities. China played a crucial role in modernizing the POF facilities and fostering domestic production.

Self-Reliance and Growth (1972-Present)

[edit]

In 1972, the aftermath of the 1971 war further emphasized the need for self-reliance. The government established the Ministry of Defence Production (MoDP) to coordinate and promote a growing network of military production facilities established since independence.

PAC played a key role in propelling domestic aircraft production. It reverse-engineered various aircraft technologies, built the Mushshak trainer, and maintained vital radar and avionics equipment. This success paved the way for further advancements, including the Super Mushshak and the Karakoram-8 advanced training jet.[4]

By 1999, the Karachi Shipyard & Engineering Works (KSEW) completed its first long-range attack submarine, the Agosta 90B. This submarine marked a significant advancement, incorporating air-independent propulsion (AIP) technology acquired from France in 1995.[5] Early 2000 saw further progress through joint ventures with China. These collaborations led to the introduction of the JF-17 fighter jet, developed by the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC), and the Al-Khalid main battle tank, produced at Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT). Since 2001, Pakistan has made significant strides towards self-sufficiency in aircraft overhaul and modernization, as well as in the export of defence equipment.

In 2016, the Pakistani government managed to reduce its defence imports by 90%.[6] Today, the MoDP oversees a vast network dedicated to research, development, production and administration, solidifying Pakistan's position as a significant regional military force.[7]

Youm-e-Takbir

[edit]
See also: Youm-e-Takbir and Project-706

Youm-e-Takbir (Urdu: یومِ تکبیر, lit. "The Day of Greatness") is a national day celebrated in Pakistan on May 28 each year. It commemorates the Chagai-I and Chagai-II nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan in 1998. These tests made Pakistan the seventh country to possess nuclear weapons and the first Islamic-majority nation to do so.[8][9]

Local Gunsmith's

[edit]
See also: Khyber Pass Copy

Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, particularly the Dara Adam Khel area bordering Afghanistan, is known for a unique cottage industry: the manufacturing of unlicensed firearms by local gunsmiths. This industry boasts a long history, dating back to the mid-19th century, and has garnered a global reputation for its ability to produce replicas of sophisticated weaponry. Dara Adam Khel's story begins in 1857 with the establishment of a small gun-making factory by a British soldier. This act laid the foundation for what would become a thriving black market for firearms. Historical records indicate that by 2014, the area housed a staggering 7,500 gun-manufacturing workshops, all catering to a booming demand. Located just 49 kilometers south of Peshawar, the provincial capital, Dara Adam Khel's weapons market has become synonymous with handmade replicas of deadly weapons.[10] From the iconic AK-47 to anti-aircraft guns, the industry prides itself on its ability to create affordable replicas of virtually any firearm in the world. These replicas, known as "Khyber Pass copies" are a testament to the skill of local gunsmiths. The cottage gunsmiths of Dara Adam Khel operate with resourcefulness. They employ basic hand tools and readily available materials such as scrap metal from railways and vehicles. The quality of these Khyber Pass copies varies significantly. While some may be comparable to factory-produced firearms, others can be dangerously unreliable and prone to malfunction.[11]

Domestic Industry

[edit]
See also: List of military equipment manufactured in Pakistan, List of missiles of Pakistan, and Pakistani missile research and development program
A CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder of the Pakistan Air Force.
HIT built Al-Khalid tank on display.
A variety of grenades, artillery shells, mortar shells and other ammunition produced by POF.

Public

[edit]

Private

[edit]
Company Company
Advanced Systems (Pvt) Limited [25] SATUMA [26]
Shibli Electronics Ltd [27] Cavalier Group [28]
Daudsons Armoury [29] Integrated Dynamics
Advance Systems (Pvt) Ltd [30] Afridi Hunting Arms [30]
AKSA Solutions Development Services (Pvt) Ltd [30] Alpine Industries (Pvt) Ltd
Alsons Industries (Pvt) Ltd [30] And-Or Logic Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd [30]
Aero Engine Craft (Pvt) Ltd Automobile Corporation of Pakistan [30]
Bismillah Electronics [30] Center for Advanced Research in Engineering (CARE)
East West Infinity (Pvt) Ltd [30] Elektro Control Industries, Islamabad [30]
ElectraTech PCB [31] Fast Cables Ltd [30]
Haseen Habib Corporation [30] International Fabrication Company [30]
International Polymer Industries (Pvt) Ltd [30] Lyra (Pvt) Ltd [30]
Machine Craft (Pvt) Ltd [30] Meraj (Pvt) Ltd, Karachi [30]
Metal Engineering Works (Pvt) Ltd [30] MICRO Electronics International (Pvt) Ltd [30]
Genesis Solutions (Pvt) Ltd [30] New Stainless Industries [30]
NexTek Service, Islamabad [30] PHSADC, Peshawar [30]
Pakistan Vehicle Engineering [30] Steelex (Pvt) Ltd [30]
TASH International (Pvt) Ltd [30] Teresol [30]
United Industries [30] Zuflah International Company [30]
Soft Innovative Systems [30] DATA Communication & Control (Pvt) Ltd [30]
Multisupport Engineering & Consultancy Service [30] Sipka Manufacturing (Pvt) Ltd [30]
Sysverve Aerospace [30] Zeeshan Electronics [32]
Rapidev Group [33] Metal Paint Products (Pvt) Ltd [34]
Advanced Computing and Engineering Solutions (ACES) Pvt Ltd [35] Smart PCBs [36]
Future Innovative Enterprise Pvt. Ltd [37] Qaswa Technlogies [38]
Harobanx Industries [39] Stingray Technologies [40]
Laser & Electro Optical Solutions (LEOS) [41] DynTek Engineering [42]

Foreign suppliers

[edit]

The Pakistan Armed Forces utilize a blend of domestically produced and internationally procured military equipment. As per the 2021 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) report, Pakistan ranked 10th globally in terms of arms imports for the 2016-2020 period. During this timeframe, the People's Republic of China constituted the primary source of imported weaponry, accounting for 74% of Pakistan's total imports. The Russian Federation and the Italian Republic followed suit, contributing 6.6% and 5.9%, respectively. Notably, the 2016-2020 period witnessed a 23% decrease in Pakistan's foreign arms imports compared to the preceding five-year period (2011-2015).[43] Listed below are the main foreign suppliers to Pakistan:

Exports

[edit]

Pakistan's defense industry has emerged as a notable exporter of military equipment in recent decades. Its offerings encompass a diverse range of products, including small arms and ammunition, armored vehicles like the Al-Khalid tank and the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet co-developed with China. Pakistan's ability to offer these products at competitive prices compared to Western alternatives has been a key driver of its success in the international market. This, coupled with close defense ties with countries in the Middle East and growing partnerships with nations like China and Turkey, has facilitated exports to regions like the Middle East, Africa and South Asia.[44]

However, Pakistan's defense exports also face challenges. Established players like the US, Russia, and European nations pose significant competition, and concerns have been raised about the level of technological sophistication in certain Pakistani defense products. Additionally, regional tensions and international arms control regulations can sometimes hinder export deals.[45]

Despite these challenges, Pakistan is actively working to expand its defense exports. The country aims to achieve this by focusing on several key areas: enhancing the technological sophistication of its products, exploring new markets in Southeast Asia and beyond, and forging strategic partnerships to bolster its production capabilities. Events like the International Defence Exhibition and Seminar (IDEAS) further contributes to these efforts by showcasing Pakistani defense products and fostering interactions with potential buyers. Overall, Pakistan's defense industry exports represent a significant and evolving aspect of the country's economy and strategic landscape.

Exhibition

[edit]

The International Defence Exhibition and Seminar (IDEAS) is a biennial defence exhibition and seminar organized by the Defence Export Promotion Organization (DEPO) since 2002 in Karachi Expo Center.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Pakistan moves swiftly to self-reliance in defence needs". Archived from the original on 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  2. ^ "Pakistan Link Headlines". 2005-08-27. Archived from the original on 27 August 2005. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
  3. ^ "Pakistan Navy inducts two newly built tugs". Dunya News. 14 February 2008. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
  4. ^ "Ministry of Defence Production". 2014-03-07. Archived from the original on 2014-03-07. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
  5. ^ "SSK Agosta 90B Class Submarine". Naval Technology. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
  6. ^ "Issuance of NOCs for defence products' import curtailed by 90pc in three years". 2016-07-29. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
  7. ^ Fagoyinbo, Joseph Babatunde (May 2013). The Armed Forces: Instrument of Peace, Strength, Development and Prosperity. Author House. ISBN 978-1-4772-1844-0.
  8. ^ "Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program - 1998: The Year of Testing". nuclearweaponarchive.org. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  9. ^ "Pakistan Nuclear Weapons". nuke.fas.org. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  10. ^ Hashim, Asad. "Darra Adam Khel: Pakistan's dying gun bazaar". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  11. ^ "The Way of the Gun: The legendary gunsmiths of Darra Adam Khel". The Express Tribune. 2012-11-04. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "PAKISTAN DEFENCE INDUSTRIES - Public Sector". depo.gov.pk.
  13. ^ "ATCOP – Al-Technique Corporation of Pakistan". Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  14. ^ "Maritime Technological Complex (MTC, NESCOM) Islamabad Pakistan - Islamabad". wikimapia.org. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
  15. ^ ""National Engineering and Scientific Commission (NESCOM) | Facilities | NTI"". www.nti.org.
  16. ^ "OFFICIAL OPCW PROFICIENCY TEST" (PDF). www.opcw.org.
  17. ^ "NECOP Project | china.aiddata.org". china.aiddata.org. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
  18. ^ "NRTC Official Website".
  19. ^ a b c "MoDP Yearbook 2021-2022" (PDF). Ministry of Defence Production Pakistan.
  20. ^ "Home -". kail.com.pk. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  21. ^ "Wah Industries Limited". www.wahindustries.com. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  22. ^ "..PMT LABS." www.pmt-labs.com.pk. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  23. ^ "Directorate General Research & Development Establishment (DGRDE)". rde.gov.pk.
  24. ^ "Inter Services Public Relations Pakistan". ispr.gov.pk. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
  25. ^ "Advanced Systems Limited - EXCELLENCE IN ENGINEERING". www.advanced.com.pk. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
  26. ^ "SATUMA". Satuma official website.
  27. ^ "SHIBLI". SHIBLI Official Website.
  28. ^ "MILITARY – Cavalier Group".
  29. ^ "DAUDSONS DEFENSE". Daudsons Armoury.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag "PAKISTAN DEFENCE INDUSTRIES - Private Sector". depo.gov.pk.
  31. ^ "Electratech". Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  32. ^ "Zeeshan Electronics". www.zeeshanelectronics.com. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  33. ^ "Home2 - Rapidev". 2023-11-20. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
  34. ^ "MPPL- Metal Paint Products (Pvt) Ltd". Retrieved 2024-04-07.
  35. ^ "ACES | Advanced Computing & Engineering Solutions". www.aces.com.pk. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
  36. ^ "Smart PCBs". www.smartpcbs.com. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
  37. ^ "FIE – Pathway to Strength". Retrieved 2024-04-07.
  38. ^ "Qaswa Technlogies - Leading Innovation". Qaswa Technlogies - Leading Innovation. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
  39. ^ Ltd, HaroBanx Industries Pvt. "HaroBanx Industries Pvt Ltd". www.harobanx.com. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
  40. ^ "Stingray Technologies". www.stingray.com.pk. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
  41. ^ "LEOS – "Laser & Electro Optical Solutions, (Pvt) Ltd". Retrieved 2024-04-07.
  42. ^ "DynTek Engg". DYNTEK ENGINEERING PVT LTD.
  43. ^ Dawn.com (2021-03-15). "Pakistan ranks 10th among largest importers of major arms globally: report". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
  44. ^ "With China as its mentor, Pakistan triples arms exports". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
  45. ^ Alam, Kazim (2022-11-17). "'Pakistan's share in global arms export market growing'". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
[edit]
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