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Asian people^[1] (or Asians, sometimes referred to as Asiatic people)^[2] are the people of the continent of Asia. The term may also refer to their descendants.^[3]

Meanings by region

Anglophone Africa and the Caribbean

In parts of anglophone Africa, especially East Africa and in parts of the Caribbean, the term "Asian" is more commonly associated with people of South Asian origin, particularly Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Sri Lankans.^[4] In South Africa the term "Asian" is also usually synonymous with the Indian race group.^[5] East Asians in South Africa, including Chinese were classified either as Coloureds or as honorary whites.^[5]

Arab states of the Persian Gulf

In the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, the term "Asian" generally refers to people of South Asian and Southeast Asian descent due to the large Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Filipino expatriate populations in these countries.^[6]^[7]^[8] However, there are instances where the term is used solely to refer to those of South Asian descent.^[9]

Australia

The Australian Census includes four regions of Asia in its official definition. Defined by the 2006–2011 Australian Census, three broad groups have the word Asian included in their name: Central and Southern Asian, South-East Asian and North-East Asian. West Asians are classified as North African and Middle Eastern.^[10]

Canada

The Canadian Census uses the term 'Asian' pan-continentally. In its presentation of the "ethnic origin" results of the 2016 census, Statistics Canada under the category "Asian origins" includes: West Central Asian and Middle Eastern (includes "Arab, not otherwise specified"), South Asian, East and Southeast Asian, and "other" Asian origins.^[11]

New Zealand

New Zealand's census undertaken by Statistics New Zealand defines Asian to include people of Bangladeshi, Chinese, Indian, Korean, Filipino, Japanese, Vietnamese, Sri Lankan, Cambodian and Thai ancestries.^[12] In less formal contexts, the term Asian often does not refer to South Asian people.^[13] Those of West or Central Asian origin are excluded from the term.

Norway

Statistics Norway uses the term 'Asian' pan-continentally and considers people of Asian background to be people from all Asian countries.^[14]^[15]

Sweden

Statistics Sweden uses the term 'Asian' to refer to immigrants of Asian background from all Asian countries, including Western Asia/the Middle East.^[16]^[17] West Asians make up the largest region of Asian descent in the country, with Iraq once being the largest group of Asian immigrants.^[18]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the term "Asian" is more commonly associated with people of South Asian origin, particularly Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Sri Lankans.^[4]^[19] Most respondents to the UK 2001 Census of non-Chinese East Asian and Southeast Asian descent chose to write-in their ethnicity in the "Other Ethnic Group" category rather than the "Other Asian" category, reflecting the association of the word Asian in the UK with South Asian.^[20] Despite there being a strong presence of East Asians in the United Kingdom there are considerably more South Asians, for example the 2001 Census recorded 1.05 million people of Indian origin and 247,000 of Chinese origin in the UK.^[21] Common origins in the "Other Asian" category include Filipinos, Afghans and Nepalese.^[22] Peter J. Aspinall of the Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent, recommends privileging the term "South Asian" over the term "Asian", since the term "Asian" is a "contested term".^[19]

United States

Asian ancestries as defined by the 2000 U.S. census.

In 1968, an Asian activist conference decided on favoring the name "Asian American" over the competing terms—"yellow", "Mongoloid", "Asiatic", and "Oriental"—since the Filipinos at the meeting thought they were "brown" rather than "yellow" and the conference thought the term "Oriental" was Eurocentric since they originate from lands "east" only from Europe's standpoint and the term "Oriental" suggested to them "passivity".^[23]

Earlier Census forms from 1980 and prior listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups along with White and Black or Negro.^[24] Previously, Asian Americans were classified as "other".^[25] But the 1980 Census marked the first general analyses of Asians as a group, combining several individual ancestry groups into "Asian or Pacific Islander." By the 1990 census, Asian or Pacific Islander (API) was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry.^[26]^[27]^[28]

The 2000 and 2010 U.S. Census Bureau definition of the Asian race is: "people having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent (for example, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam)".^[29]

Sandra S. Lee et al. (2001) said, in regards to the categories of the 2000 U.S. census, that it is difficult to determine why Asian Americans are a "race" while Latino and Hispanic are an "ethnic group." Lee said, referring to the Hispanic or Latino category, that the category of Asian Americans, quite similarly, comprises different populations of diverse origins. Lee said that people of South Asian origin were categorically identified as "Hindu," regardless of their religion, in the early 20th century. Lee said that the policy changed to classify people from the Indian subcontinent as "white." Lee said that, more recently, South Asian Americans were added to the long list of groups that comprise the category of Asian American. Referring to their classification as "Asian," Lee said that, in the United States, the classification of people from the Indian subcontinent depends on their historical location.^[30]

In 1930 and 1940, Indian Americans were identified as a separate race, Hindu, and in 1950 and 1960 they were racially classified as Other Race, and then in 1970 they were classified as White. Since 1980, Indians and all other South Asians have been classified as part of the Asian ethnic group.^[31] Sociologist Madhulika Khandelwal described how "....as a result of activism, South Asians came to be included as 'Asians' in the census only in the 80's. Prior to that many South Asians had been checking 'Caucasian' or 'Other'."^[32]

Respondents can also report their specific ancestry, e.g.: Okinawan, etc. Someone reporting these ancestries but no race would be classified as "Asian". Unlike Southeast Asians, Afghan Americans, Arab Americans, Armenian Americans, Assyrian Americans, Azerbaijani Americans, Georgian Americans, Israeli Americans, Kurdish Americans, Turkish Americans, Iranian Americans, and Central Asian Americans have not lobbied to be included as Asians by the U.S. Census Board.^[33]

In normal American usage Asian does not refer to the people from the Pacific Islands who are usually called Pacific Islanders.^[34] The term "Asians and Pacific Islanders" or "Asia/Pacific" was used on the 1990 U.S. census.^[35]

However, in the 2000 U.S. census, the Asian or Pacific Islander category was separated into two categories, "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander".^[36]

References

^ "Asian M-w.com Archived December 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine." Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary.
^ United States National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings. 2004. November 17, 2006.Nlm.nih.gov Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine: Asian Continental Ancestry Group is also used for categorical purposes.
^ "Definition of ASIAN". www.merriam-webster.com. December 27, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
^ ^a ^b British Sociological Association. Equality and Diversity. Language and the BSA:Ethnicity & Race. 2005. October 26. Britsoc.co.uk Archived November 1, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "The source discusses car accidents amongst Asians, Emiratis and other Arabs in the UAE". February 15, 2015. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
^ ""Kuwait Asians" is a community website for the Indian, Sri Lankan, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Filipino expatriate population in Kuwait". Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
^ "The source discusses the Asian Town complex in Qatar that was created for the Asian expatriate community from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh and the Philippines". Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
^ Ltd, Time Out Guides (August 5, 2011). Time Out Dubai is a book written by local experts on travel in the UAE and the authors use the words "Asian" and "Filipino" separately. Ebury. ISBN 9781407011783. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups Second Edition. 2005. August 20, 2006. Ausstats.abs.gov.au Archived January 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Data Tables, 2016 Census". Statistics Canada. February 14, 2018. Archived from the original on October 26, 2017. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
^ Statistics New Zealand. Asian people. 2006. December 4, 2006 Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ For example, "Asian and Indian people" are referred to in the New Zealand Heart Foundation's BMI calculator Archived May 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
^ (in Norwegian) Immigration and emigration Archived January 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
^ (in Norwegian) SSB: Unge innvandrere i arbeid og utdanning – Er innvandrerungdom en marginalisert gruppe? Archived January 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
^ (in Swedish) Scb.se
^ (in Swedish) Scb.se
^ "Invandring och utvandring för grupper av länder" (PDF). Statistics Sweden. pp. 39–40. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2011. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Aspinall, Peter J. Oxford Journals. Journal of Public Health. 2003. October 26, 2006. Jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org Archived January 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
^ Gardener, David; Connolly, Helen (October 2005). "Who are the 'Other' ethnic groups?" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 30, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
^ "Population size: 7.9% from a minority ethnic group". Office for National Statistics. February 13, 2003. Archived from the original on May 27, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
^ "2011 Census analysis: Ethnicity and religion of the non-UK born population in England and Wales: 2011". Office for National Statistics. June 18, 2015.
^ Yen Le Espiritu. (1992). Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identities Archived January 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. Temple University Press, Philadelphia. ISBN 978-1-4399-0556-2
^ 1980 Census: Instructions to Respondents, republished by Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota at www.ipums.org Accessed November 19, 2006.
^ Lee, Gordon. Hyphen Magazine. "The Forgotten Revolution." 2003. January 28, 2007.Hyphenmagazine.com Archived October 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ 1990 Census: Instructions to Respondents Archived April 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, republished by Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota at www.ipums.org Accessed November 19, 2006.
^ Reeves, Terrance Claudett, Bennett. United States Census Bureau. Asian and Pacific Islander Population: March 2002. 2003. September 30, 2006.
^ "U.S. Bureau of Statistics" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
^ Barnes, Jessica S. and Bennett, Claudett E. The Asian Population:2000. 2002. September 1, 2006. Census.gov Archived November 16, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
^ Lee, S.S., Mountain, J. & Koenig, B.A. (2001). The Meanings of Race in the New Genomics: Implications for Health Disparities Research. Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics 1, (1). Pages 43, 44, & 45. Wayback Machine link.
^ Campbell Gibson and Kay Jung. Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States, Working Paper No. 76 (2005). See footnote 6 in paper
^ Chandy, Sunu P. What is a Valid South Asian Struggle? Archived December 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Report on the Annual SASA Conference. Retrieved August 8, 2008.
^ Not Quite White: Race Classification and the Arab American Experience Archived September 27, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Arab American Institute, 1997, September 29, 2006.
^ American Heritage Book of English Usage. Asian. 1996. September 29, 2006. Bartleby.com Archived February 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ Census '90. Asian and Pacific Islanders in the United States. 1990. September 1, 2006. Census.gov
^ "Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity". White House. 1997. Archived from the original on February 8, 2004. Retrieved August 27, 2008. The Native Hawaiians presented compelling arguments that the standards must facilitate the production of data to describe their social and economic situation and to monitor discrimination against Native Hawaiians in housing, education, employment, and other areas. Under the current standards for data on race and ethnicity, Native Hawaiians comprise about three percent of the Asian and Pacific Islander population. By creating separate categories, the data on the Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islander groups will no longer be overwhelmed by the aggregate data of the much larger Asian groups. Native Hawaiians will comprise about 60 percent of the new category. The Asian, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander population groups are well defined; moreover, there has been experience with reporting in separate categories for the Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander population groups. The 1990 census included "Hawaiian," "Samoan," and "Guamanian" as response categories to the race question. In addition, two of the major tests conducted as part of the current review (the NCS and the RAETT) used "Hawaiian" and/or "Native Hawaiian," "Samoan," "Guamanian," and "Guamanian or Chamorro" as response options to the race question. These factors facilitate breaking apart the current category.

External links

Media related to People of Asia at Wikimedia Commons

[1] "Asian M-w.com Archived December 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine." Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary.

[MESH-2] United States National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings. 2004. November 17, 2006.Nlm.nih.gov Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine: Asian Continental Ancestry Group is also used for categorical purposes.

[3] "Definition of ASIAN". www.merriam-webster.com. December 27, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.

[autogenerated5-4] British Sociological Association. Equality and Diversity. Language and the BSA:Ethnicity & Race. 2005. October 26. Britsoc.co.uk Archived November 1, 2006, at the Wayback Machine

[leej2016-5] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[6] "The source discusses car accidents amongst Asians, Emiratis and other Arabs in the UAE". February 15, 2015. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2016.

[7] ""Kuwait Asians" is a community website for the Indian, Sri Lankan, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Filipino expatriate population in Kuwait". Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.

[8] "The source discusses the Asian Town complex in Qatar that was created for the Asian expatriate community from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh and the Philippines". Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.

[9] Ltd, Time Out Guides (August 5, 2011). Time Out Dubai is a book written by local experts on travel in the UAE and the authors use the words "Asian" and "Filipino" separately. Ebury. ISBN 9781407011783. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2016.

[10] Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups Second Edition. 2005. August 20, 2006. Ausstats.abs.gov.au Archived January 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine

[11] "Data Tables, 2016 Census". Statistics Canada. February 14, 2018. Archived from the original on October 26, 2017. Retrieved March 17, 2019.

[StatNewZealand-12] Statistics New Zealand. Asian people. 2006. December 4, 2006 Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine

[13] For example, "Asian and Indian people" are referred to in the New Zealand Heart Foundation's BMI calculator Archived May 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.

[14] (in Norwegian) Immigration and emigration Archived January 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine

[15] (in Norwegian) SSB: Unge innvandrere i arbeid og utdanning – Er innvandrerungdom en marginalisert gruppe? Archived January 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine

[16] (in Swedish) Scb.se

[17] (in Swedish) Scb.se

[Immigration-18] "Invandring och utvandring för grupper av länder" (PDF). Statistics Sweden. pp. 39–40. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2011. Retrieved July 14, 2021.

[Aspinall-19] Aspinall, Peter J. Oxford Journals. Journal of Public Health. 2003. October 26, 2006. Jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org Archived January 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine

[ONS_who-20] Gardener, David; Connolly, Helen (October 2005). "Who are the 'Other' ethnic groups?" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 30, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2009.

[ONS_ethnicity-21] "Population size: 7.9% from a minority ethnic group". Office for National Statistics. February 13, 2003. Archived from the original on May 27, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2009.

[22] "2011 Census analysis: Ethnicity and religion of the non-UK born population in England and Wales: 2011". Office for National Statistics. June 18, 2015.

[23] Yen Le Espiritu. (1992). Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identities Archived January 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. Temple University Press, Philadelphia. ISBN 978-1-4399-0556-2

[24] 1980 Census: Instructions to Respondents, republished by Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota at www.ipums.org Accessed November 19, 2006.

[GordonLee-25] Lee, Gordon. Hyphen Magazine. "The Forgotten Revolution." 2003. January 28, 2007.Hyphenmagazine.com Archived October 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine

[26] 1990 Census: Instructions to Respondents Archived April 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, republished by Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota at www.ipums.org Accessed November 19, 2006.

[27] Reeves, Terrance Claudett, Bennett. United States Census Bureau. Asian and Pacific Islander Population: March 2002. 2003. September 30, 2006.

[28] "U.S. Bureau of Statistics" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2017.

[USCensus2000Asian-29] Barnes, Jessica S. and Bennett, Claudett E. The Asian Population:2000. 2002. September 1, 2006. Census.gov Archived November 16, 2020, at the Wayback Machine

[LeeMountainKoenig2001-30] Lee, S.S., Mountain, J. & Koenig, B.A. (2001). The Meanings of Race in the New Genomics: Implications for Health Disparities Research. Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics 1, (1). Pages 43, 44, & 45. Wayback Machine link.

[31] Campbell Gibson and Kay Jung. Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States, Working Paper No. 76 (2005). See footnote 6 in paper

[32] Chandy, Sunu P. What is a Valid South Asian Struggle? Archived December 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Report on the Annual SASA Conference. Retrieved August 8, 2008.

[autogenerated1-33] Not Quite White: Race Classification and the Arab American Experience Archived September 27, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Arab American Institute, 1997, September 29, 2006.

[34] American Heritage Book of English Usage. Asian. 1996. September 29, 2006. Bartleby.com Archived February 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine

[35] Census '90. Asian and Pacific Islanders in the United States. 1990. September 1, 2006. Census.gov

[36] "Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity". White House. 1997. Archived from the original on February 8, 2004. Retrieved August 27, 2008. The Native Hawaiians presented compelling arguments that the standards must facilitate the production of data to describe their social and economic situation and to monitor discrimination against Native Hawaiians in housing, education, employment, and other areas. Under the current standards for data on race and ethnicity, Native Hawaiians comprise about three percent of the Asian and Pacific Islander population. By creating separate categories, the data on the Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islander groups will no longer be overwhelmed by the aggregate data of the much larger Asian groups. Native Hawaiians will comprise about 60 percent of the new category. The Asian, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander population groups are well defined; moreover, there has been experience with reporting in separate categories for the Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander population groups. The 1990 census included "Hawaiian," "Samoan," and "Guamanian" as response categories to the race question. In addition, two of the major tests conducted as part of the current review (the NCS and the RAETT) used "Hawaiian" and/or "Native Hawaiian," "Samoan," "Guamanian," and "Guamanian or Chamorro" as response options to the race question. These factors facilitate breaking apart the current category.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|People of Asia}}
-{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}}
+{{Redirect|Asians|a nomadic Central Asian people of antiquity|Asii}}
+{{About||the individual peoples of Asia|Ethnic groups in Asia|demographic data|Demographics of Asia}}
+{{pp-semi-indef}}
+{{pp-move-indef}}
+{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2019}}
+'''Asian people'''<ref>"[http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Asian Asian M-w.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226203404/http://m-w.com/dictionary/asian |date=December 26, 2007 }}." ''[[Merriam-Webster]]'s Online Dictionary.</ref> (or '''Asians''', sometimes referred to as '''Asiatic people''')<ref name="MESH">United States National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings. 2004. November 17, 2006.[https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2004/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Asian+Continental+Ancestry+Group&field=entry Nlm.nih.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110000/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2004/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Asian+Continental+Ancestry+Group&field=entry |date=March 4, 2016 }}: ''Asian Continental Ancestry Group'' is also used for categorical purposes.</ref> are the [[List of Asian countries by population|people]] of the continent of [[Asia]]. The term may also refer to their [[Asian diaspora|descendants]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-27 |title=Definition of ASIAN |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Asian |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref>
-{{race}}
-'''Asian people''',<ref>"[http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Asian Asian]".  ''[[Merriam-Webster]]'s Online Dictionary.</ref> '''Asiatic'''<ref name="MESH"/> or '''Asian Continental Ancestry Group'''<ref name="MESH">United States National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings. 2004. November 17, 2006.[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2004/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Asian+Continental+Ancestry+Group&field=entry]</ref> is a [[demonym]] for people from [[Asia]].  However, the use of the term varies by country and person, often referring to people from a particular [[region]] or [[subregion]] of Asia.<ref name=autogenerated4>Aspinall, Peter J. Oxford Journals.  Journal of Public Health. 2003. [[October 26]] [[2006]]. [http://jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/2/91]</ref><ref name=autogenerated3>Lee, Sandra S. Mountain, Joanna.  Barbara, Koening A. The Meanings of Race in the New Genomics: Implications for Health Disparities Research. Yale University. 2001. [[October 26]] [[2006]]. [http://www.yale.edu/yjhple/volume_1/pdf/033%20(koenig).pdf]</ref>  Though it may be based on residence, it is also often considered a "[[Race (classification of human beings)|racial group]]"<ref name="USCensus2000Asian">Barnes, Jessica S. and Bennett, Claudett E. The Asian Population:2000. 2002. [[September 1]] [[2006]].  [http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/c2kbr01-16.pdf#search=%22Asian%20Census%20PDF%22]</ref> or an [[ethnic group]].<ref name=StatUK />
+==Meanings by region==
-In the [[United States]], [[Canada]], and [[Australia]], the term refers most commonly to people of predominantly [[East Asia]]n, [[South Asia]]n, and [[Southeast Asia]]n ancestry; however in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Anglophone]] [[Africa]], the term refers most commonly to [[South Asia]]ns.<ref name=autogenerated2>Color Q World. Clarifying the Definition of Asian. 2005. [[October 1]] [[2006]]. [http://www.colorq.org/PetSins/article.asp?y=2005&m=5&x=5_7]</ref><ref name=Oxford1>''[[Oxford English Dictionary|The New Oxford Dictionary of English]].''  2001.  New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> In other countries, the term is applied to all people from Asia in general. In the US, however, [[Middle East]]ern and [[Central Asia]]n people are usually not considered Asian peoples.<ref name="SharonLee ">Lee, Sharon M. Population Reference Bureau. Asian Americans Diverse and Growing. 2006. [[September 10]] [[2006]]. [http://www.prb.org/Template.cfm?Section=Data_by_Country&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=9862#search=%22Middle%20East%20%22is%20not%20asian%22%22]</ref>
+===Anglophone Africa and the Caribbean===
-==Definitions by country==
+{{Further|Indian South Africans|Asian Caribbeans|Indo-Caribbean|Chinese Caribbean|Indo-African (disambiguation)|Afro-Asians}}
-===United States===
-{{main|Asian American|Racial classification of Indian Americans}}
+In parts of [[English-speaking world|anglophone]] Africa, especially East Africa and in parts of the [[Caribbean]], the term "Asian" is more commonly associated with people of South Asian origin, particularly Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Sri Lankans.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> In South Africa the term "Asian" is also usually synonymous with the [[Indian South Africans|Indian race group]].<ref name="leej2016"/> East Asians in South Africa, including [[Chinese South Africans|Chinese]] were classified either as [[Coloureds]] or as [[honorary whites]].<ref name="leej2016">{{Cite web |url=https://krieger.jhu.edu/research-opps/wp-content/uploads/sites/86/2015/06/Lee-Jennifer.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=March 5, 2021 |archive-date=July 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716044440/https://krieger.jhu.edu/research-opps/wp-content/uploads/sites/86/2015/06/Lee-Jennifer.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-Earlier Census forms from 1980 and before listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups along with ''White'' and ''Black or Negro''.<ref>[http://usa.ipums.org/usa/voliii/items1980.shtml 1980 Census: Instructions to Respondents], republished by Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota at www.ipums.org Accessed 19 Nov 2006.</ref> Previously, Asian Americans were classified as "other". <ref name=GordonLee>Lee, Gordon. Hyphen Magazine. "The Forgotten Revolution." 2003. January 28, 2007.[http://www.hyphenmagazine.com/features/issues/summer03/theforgottenrevolution.php]</ref>  But the 1980 census marked the first general analyses of Asians as a group, combining several individual ancestry groups into "Asian or Pacific Islander."  By the 1990 census, ''Asian or Pacific Islander (API)'' was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry.<ref>[http://usa.ipums.org/usa/voliii/items1990.shtml 1990 Census: Instructions to Respondents], republished by Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota at www.ipums.org  Accessed 19 Nov 2006.</ref><ref>Reeves, Terrance Claudett, Bennett. United States Census Bureau. Asian and Pacific Islander Population: March 2002. 2003. September 30, 2006.</ref> <ref>http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/p20-540.pdf#search=%22asian%20definition%20difference%22</ref>
+===Arab states of the Persian Gulf===
-{{Regions-Asia.png|float=right}}
+In the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]], the term "Asian" generally refers to people of [[South Asian]] and [[Southeast Asia]]n descent due to the large [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian]], [[Overseas Pakistani|Pakistani]], [[Overseas Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi]], and [[Overseas Filipinos|Filipino]] expatriate populations in these countries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/emiratis-vs-asians-which-drivers-crash-most-2015-02-15-1.580758 |title=The source discusses car accidents amongst Asians, Emiratis and other Arabs in the UAE. |date=February 15, 2015 |access-date=January 15, 2016 |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110075119/https://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/emiratis-vs-asians-which-drivers-crash-most-2015-02-15-1.580758 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kuwaitasians.com/ |title="Kuwait Asians" is a community website for the Indian, Sri Lankan, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Filipino expatriate population in Kuwait. |access-date=January 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005010605/http://kuwaitasians.com/ |archive-date=October 5, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.qatar-tribune.com/viewnews.aspx?n=006E99B7-6F47-4B4A-BFDC-7D50DE7F3401&d=20150604 |title=The source discusses the Asian Town complex in Qatar that was created for the Asian expatriate community from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh and the Philippines. |access-date=January 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124211049/http://www.qatar-tribune.com/viewnews.aspx?n=006E99B7-6F47-4B4A-BFDC-7D50DE7F3401&d=20150604 |archive-date=January 24, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, there are instances where the term is used solely to refer to those of South Asian descent.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-75n5Iaz5wC&q=asians+in+the+uae+indian+pakistani+filipino&pg=PT80 |title=''Time Out Dubai'' is a book written by local experts on travel in the UAE and the authors use the words "Asian" and "Filipino" separately. |isbn=9781407011783 |access-date=September 27, 2016 |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110075120/https://books.google.com/books?id=x-75n5Iaz5wC&pg=PT80&lpg=PT80&dq=asians+in+the+uae+indian+pakistani+filipino&source=bl&ots=tWHs9xarfx&sig=ZH_dmWYSCuBfNQKBCdasWBrJ-KA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix5K3ItKjKAhWBJpQKHRzaCAk4ChDoAQgoMAM |url-status=live |last1=Ltd |first1=Time Out Guides |date=August 5, 2011 |publisher=Ebury }}</ref>
+===Australia===
-The US Census Bureau definition includes people who originate in the original peoples of [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Indian subcontinent]]. In 1930 and 1940, Indian Americans were a separate race, ''Hindu'', and in 1950 and 1960, they were racially classified as ''Other Race'', and in 1970, they were classified as ''White''. Since 1980, Indians, and all other South Asians, have been classified as part of the [[Race (United States Census)|Asian race]]<ref>Campbell Gibson and Kay Jung, [http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076.html Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States] Working Paper no. 76 (2005); see footnote 6 in paper</ref>.  Sociologist Madhulika Khandelwal "''described how, as a result of activism, South Asians came to be included as 'Asians' in the census only in the 80's. Prior to that, many South Asians had been checking 'Caucasian' or 'Other'.''"<ref>Chandy, Sunu P. What is a Valid South Asian Struggle? Report on the Annual SASA Conference. Accessed August 8, 2008. [http://way.net/sawa/desiaspora/02conf.html].</ref>  Respondents can also report their specific ancestry like Okinawan, etc. Someone reporting these ancestries but no race will be classified as "Asian". Unlike South Asians, Middle Eastern Americans and Central Asian Americans have not lobbied to be included as Asians by the [[Race (United States Census)|US Census]].<ref name=autogenerated1>Arab American Institute. Not Quite White:Race Classification and the Arab American Experience. 1997. [[September 29]] [[2006]]. [http://www.aaiusa.org/foundation/355/not-quite-white]</ref>
+{{Main|Asian Australians|Indian Australians}}
+The [[Census in Australia|Australian Census]] includes four regions of Asia in its official definition. Defined by the 2006–2011 Australian Census, three ''broad groups'' have the word Asian included in their name: [[Central Asia|''Central'']] and [[South Asia|''Southern Asian'']], [[Southeast Asia|''South-East Asian'']] and [[East Asians|''North-East Asian'']]. [[West Asians]] are classified as ''[[North African]] and [[Middle Eastern]]''.<ref>Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups Second Edition. 2005. August 20, 2006. [http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/8D2B70A9563E9970CA257036008072B8/$File/ascceg%202nd%20ed%20classification%20structure.xls Ausstats.abs.gov.au] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110075135/https://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/8D2B70A9563E9970CA257036008072B8/$File/ascceg%202nd%20ed%20classification%20structure.xls |date=January 10, 2021 }}</ref>
-According to Sharon M. Lee in her 1998 publication, for many non-Asian Americans in the United States (in 1998) Asian American means [[Oriental]], [[Chinese American]] or [[Japanese American]].  This is due to the Chinese and Japanese immigrants being the first Asian immigrants into the United States.<ref name=SharonLee />  Today, with the increasing demographic of South Asian Americans and Southeast Asian Americans the definition among United States citizens of who is Asian American is expanding.<ref name="SharonLee " />
-===United Kingdom===
+===Canada===
+{{Main|Asian Canadians|East Asian Canadians|South Asian Canadians|West Asian Canadians}}
-{{main|British Asian}}
+The [[Census in Canada|Canadian Census]] uses the term 'Asian' pan-continentally. In its presentation of the "ethnic origin" results of the 2016 census, [[Statistics Canada]] under the category "Asian origins" includes: West Central Asian and Middle Eastern (includes "Arab, not otherwise specified"), South Asian, East and Southeast Asian, and "other" Asian origins.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= | title=Data Tables, 2016 Census | publisher=Statistics Canada | date=February 14, 2018 | access-date=March 17, 2019 | archive-date=October 26, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026161129/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= | url-status=live }}</ref>
+===New Zealand===
-In the [[United Kingdom]], the term "Asian", though it can refer to the continent of Asia as a whole,<ref name=autogenerated2 /> is more commonly associated with people of [[South Asia]]n origin, particularly [[India]]ns, [[Pakistan]]is, [[Bangladesh]]is and [[Sri Lanka]]ns.<ref name=autogenerated5>British Sociological Association. Equality and Diversity. Language and the BSA:Ethnicity & Race. 2005. [[October 26]]. [http://www.britsoc.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/4E70B7F7-58A1-43AB-A414-77F929A954D2/534/EqualityandDiversity_LanguageandtheBSA_RaceMar05.doc]</ref>  The UK usage of the term "Asian" is reflected in the "ethnic group" section of [[United Kingdom Census 2001|UK census forms]], which treat [[British Asian|"Asian"]] and [[British Chinese|"Chinese"]] as separate (see [[British Asian]]).<ref name=StatUK>National Statistics.  Ethnicity. 2005. [[August 27]] [[2006]]. [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=764&Pos=3&ColRank=1&Rank=176]</ref>  Most respondents to the UK 2001 Census of non-Chinese East Asian and Southeast Asian descent chose to write-in their ethnicity in the "Other Ethnic Group" category rather than the "Other Asian" category, reflecting the association of the word Asian in the UK with South Asian.<ref>Gardener, David. Who are the Other Ethnic Groups. 2005. [[October 27]] [[2006]]. [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/articles/nojournal/other_ethnicgroups.pdf]</ref>
+{{Main|Asian New Zealanders}}
+New Zealand's census undertaken by [[Statistics New Zealand]] defines Asian to include people of Bangladeshi, Chinese, Indian, Korean, [[Filipino people|Filipino]], Japanese, [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], [[Demographics of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan]], [[Demographics of Cambodia|Cambodian]] and [[Thai people|Thai]] ancestries.<ref name=StatNewZealand>[http://www.stats.govt.nz/people/communities/asianpeople.htm Statistics New Zealand. Asian people. 2006. December 4, 2006] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061130000252/http://www.stats.govt.nz/people/communities/asianpeople.htm |date=November 30, 2006 }}</ref> In less formal contexts, the term ''Asian'' often does not refer to [[South Asian ethnic groups|South Asian people]].<ref>For example, "Asian and Indian people" are referred to in the New Zealand Heart Foundation's [http://www.pickthetick.org.nz/bmi/ BMI calculator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531222922/http://www.pickthetick.org.nz/bmi/ |date=May 31, 2009 }}.</ref> Those of West or Central Asian origin are excluded from the term.
-The United Kingdom, Anglophone Africa and Anglophone Caribbean are places in the Western world where the word "Asian" is used primarily to identify people from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Due to the term's contested definition in British English, the use of the term "South Asian" is used for clarity in discussions in the United Kingdom on colonialism, discrimination, and migration<ref name=autogenerated4 /> or when the content of its parameters may become mistakenly conflated with those of East Asian descent. <ref name=autogenerated5 />
-===Canada===
+===Norway===
+[[Statistics Norway]] uses the term 'Asian' pan-continentally and considers people of Asian background to be people from all Asian countries.<ref>{{in lang|no}} [http://www.ssb.no/vis/english/subjects/02/02/20/innvutv_en/main.html Immigration and emigration<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110075123/https://www.ssb.no/en/innvutv |date=January 10, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{in lang|no}} [http://www.ssb.no/vis/samfunnsspeilet/utg/200604/10/art-2006-10-10-01.html SSB: Unge innvandrere i arbeid og utdanning – Er innvandrerungdom en marginalisert gruppe?<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110075148/https://www.ssb.no/sosiale-forhold-og-kriminalitet/ssp |date=January 10, 2021 }}</ref>
-{{Main|Asian Canadian}}
-The Canadian Census' list of Visible Minorities includes "''West Asian''", "''South Asian''" and "''Southeast Asian''".<ref>'2001 Census Visible Minority and Population Group User Guide' [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Products/Reference/tech_rep/vismin.cfm ]</ref>.
-===Australia===
+===Sweden===
-{{main|Asian Australian}}
+{{Main|Asian in Sweden}}
+[[Statistics Sweden]] uses the term 'Asian' to refer to immigrants of Asian background from all Asian countries, including Western Asia/the Middle East.<ref>{{in lang|sv}} [http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Levnadsforhallanden/Levnadsforhallanden/Integration---analys/224581/224589/Behallare-for-Press/Integration---En-beskrivning-av-laget-i-Sverige1/ Scb.se]</ref><ref>{{in lang|sv}} [http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/BE0701_1950I02_BR_06_BE51ST0405.pdf Scb.se]</ref> [[West Asia]]ns make up the largest region of Asian descent in the country, with Iraq once being the largest group of Asian immigrants.<ref name="Immigration">{{cite web|title=Invandring och utvandring för grupper av länder|url=http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/BE0701_1950I02_BR_06_BE51ST0405.pdf|website=Statistics Sweden|access-date=14 July 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612085937/http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/BE0701_1950I02_BR_06_BE51ST0405.pdf|archive-date=12 June 2011|pages=39–40}}</ref>
-Notably, the [[Australian Census]] includes [[Central Asia]],  a region that is often considered to be part of the [[Greater Middle East]].<ref>World Atlas.com The Middle East. [[September 30]] [[2006]]. [http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/me.htm]</ref> The [[Census in Australia|Australian Census]] includes four regions of Asia in its official definition. Defined by the 2006&ndash;2011 Australian Census, three ''broad groups'' have the word Asian included in their name: [[Central Asia|''Central'']] [[South Asia|''and Southern Asian'']], [[Southeast Asia|''South-East Asian'']] and [[East Asia|''North-East Asian'']].  Russians are classified as ''Southern and Eastern Europeans'' while Middle Easterners are classified as ''North African and Middle Easterners''.<ref>Australian Bureau of Statistics.  Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups Second Edition. 2005. [[August 20]] [[2006]]. [http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/8D2B70A9563E9970CA257036008072B8/$File/ascceg%202nd%20ed%20classification%20structure.xls]</ref>
+===United Kingdom===
-===Anglophone Africa and Caribbean===
-{{see|Asians in South Africa|Indo-Caribbean}}
+{{Main|British Asian|East Asians in the United Kingdom|British Indo-Caribbean people}}
+In the United Kingdom, the term "Asian" is more commonly associated with people of South Asian origin, particularly Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Sri Lankans.<ref name=autogenerated5>British Sociological Association. Equality and Diversity. Language and the BSA:Ethnicity & Race. 2005. October 26. [http://www.britsoc.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/4E70B7F7-58A1-43AB-A414-77F929A954D2/534/EqualityandDiversity_LanguageandtheBSA_RaceMar05.doc Britsoc.co.uk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101052823/http://www.britsoc.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/4E70B7F7-58A1-43AB-A414-77F929A954D2/534/EqualityandDiversity_LanguageandtheBSA_RaceMar05.doc |date=November 1, 2006 }}</ref><ref name="Aspinall">Aspinall, Peter J. Oxford Journals. Journal of Public Health. 2003. October 26, 2006. [http://jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/2/91 Jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110075200/https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/article/25/2/91/1504920?login=true |date=January 10, 2021 }}</ref> Most respondents to the UK 2001 Census of non-Chinese East Asian and Southeast Asian descent chose to write-in their ethnicity in the "Other Ethnic Group" category rather than the "Other Asian" category, reflecting the association of the word Asian in the UK with South Asian.<ref name="ONS who">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/articles/nojournal/other_ethnicgroups.pdf|title=Who are the 'Other' ethnic groups?|last=Gardener|first=David|author2=Connolly, Helen|date=October 2005|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=June 6, 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090530164748/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/articles/nojournal/other_ethnicgroups.pdf| archive-date= May 30, 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> Despite there being a strong presence of [[East Asians in the United Kingdom]] there are considerably more [[British Asian|South Asians]], for example the 2001 Census recorded 1.05&nbsp;million people of Indian origin and 247,000 of Chinese origin in the UK.<ref name="ONS ethnicity">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=273|title=Population size: 7.9% from a minority ethnic group|date=February 13, 2003|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=June 6, 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090527101447/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=273| archive-date= May 27, 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> Common origins in the "Other Asian" category include Filipinos, Afghans and Nepalese.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/2011censusanalysisethnicityandreligionofthenonukbornpopulationinenglandandwales/2015-06-18|title=2011 Census analysis: Ethnicity and religion of the non-UK born population in England and Wales: 2011|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]]|date=18 June 2015}}</ref> [[Peter J. Aspinall]] of the Centre for Health Services Studies, [[University of Kent]], recommends privileging the term "South Asian" over the term "Asian", since the term "Asian" is a "contested term".<ref name="Aspinall" />
-In parts of [[anglophone]] [[Africa]], especially [[East Africa]] and [[South Africa]], and in parts of the [[Anglophone Caribbean]], the term "Asian", though it can refer to the continent of Asia as a whole,<ref name=autogenerated2 /> is more commonly associated with people of [[South Asia]]n origin, particularly [[India]]ns, [[Pakistan]]is, [[Bangladesh]]is and [[Sri Lanka]]ns.<ref name=autogenerated5 />
+===United States===
-The United Kingdom, Anglophone Africa,<ref>Sinha, Gayatri. Diatribe or art? The Hindu. 2002. [[September 29]] [[2006]]. [http://www.hinduonnet.com/mag/2002/09/01/stories/2002090100340200.htm]</ref> and Anglophone Caribbean are places in the Western world where the word "Asian" is used primarily to identify people from the [[Indian subcontinent]], although in South Africa, Asian can refer to East Asians as well.<ref>University of Maryland. Assessment for Asians in South Africa. 2003. [[September 29]] [[2006]]. [http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=56001]</ref>
+{{Main|Asian Americans|Racial classification of Indian Americans|Indo-Caribbean Americans}}
+[[File:RegionsofAsia-Census.PNG|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Asian ancestries as defined by the 2000 U.S. census.]]
+In 1968, an Asian activist conference decided on favoring the name "Asian American" over the competing terms—"[[yellow people|yellow]]", "[[Mongoloid race|Mongoloid]]", "Asiatic", and "[[Orient]]al"—since the [[Filipinos]] at the meeting thought they were "[[Brown (racial classification)|brown]]" rather than "yellow" and the conference thought the term "Oriental" was [[Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] since they originate from lands "east" only from Europe's standpoint and the term "Oriental" suggested to them "passivity".<ref>Yen Le Espiritu. (1992). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1bw1jcp Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110075123/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1bw1jcp |date=January 10, 2021 }}. Temple University Press, Philadelphia. {{ISBN|978-1-4399-0556-2}}</ref>
+Earlier Census forms from 1980 and prior listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups along with ''White'' and ''Black or Negro''.<ref>[http://usa.ipums.org/usa/voliii/items1980.shtml 1980 Census: Instructions to Respondents], republished by [[IPUMS|Integrated Public Use Microdata Series]], Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota at www.ipums.org Accessed November 19, 2006.</ref> Previously, Asian Americans were classified as "other".<ref name=GordonLee>Lee, Gordon. [[Hyphen (magazine)|Hyphen Magazine]]. "The Forgotten Revolution." 2003. January 28, 2007.[http://www.hyphenmagazine.com/features/issues/summer03/theforgottenrevolution.php Hyphenmagazine.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071002114541/http://hyphenmagazine.com/features/issues/summer03/theforgottenrevolution.php |date=October 2, 2007 }}</ref> But the [[1980 United States Census|1980 Census]] marked the first general analyses of Asians as a group, combining several individual ancestry groups into "Asian or Pacific Islander." By the [[1990 United States census|1990 census]], ''[[Asian Pacific American|Asian or Pacific Islander]] (API)'' was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry.<ref>[http://usa.ipums.org/usa/voliii/items1990.shtml 1990 Census: Instructions to Respondents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406100938/http://usa.ipums.org/usa/voliii/items1990.shtml |date=April 6, 2012 }}, republished by [[IPUMS|Integrated Public Use Microdata Series]], Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota at www.ipums.org Accessed November 19, 2006.</ref><ref>Reeves, Terrance Claudett, Bennett. United States Census Bureau. Asian and Pacific Islander Population: March 2002. 2003. September 30, 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/p20-540.pdf#search=%22asian%20definition%20difference%22 |title=U.S. Bureau of Statistics |access-date=December 11, 2017 |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110075208/https://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/p20-540.pdf#search=%22asian%20definition%20difference%22 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-===New Zealand===
-[[New Zealand|New Zealand's]] census called [[Statistics New Zealand]] defines the Asian to include people of Chinese, Indian, Korean, Filipino, Japanese, Sri Lankan, Cambodian and Thai ancestries.<ref name=StatNewZealand>Statistics New Zealand. Asian people. 2006. December 4, 2006.[http://www.stats.govt.nz/people/communities/asianpeople.htm]</ref>
+The 2000 and 2010 U.S. Census Bureau definition of the Asian [[Race (human classification)|race]] is: "people having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the [[Indian subcontinent]] (for example, [[Bangladesh]], [[Cambodia]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]], [[Malaysia]], [[Pakistan]], the [[Philippines|Philippine Islands]], [[Thailand]], and [[Vietnam]])".<ref name="USCensus2000Asian">Barnes, Jessica S. and Bennett, Claudett E. The Asian Population:2000. 2002. September 1, 2006. [https://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/c2kbr01-16.pdf#search=%22Asian%20Census%20PDF%22 Census.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116102137/https://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/c2kbr01-16.pdf#search=%22Asian%20Census%20PDF%22 |date=November 16, 2020 }}</ref>
-===Norway===
-[[Statistics Norway]] considers people of Asian background to be people from all Asian countries.<ref>{{no icon}} [http://www.ssb.no/vis/english/subjects/02/02/20/innvutv_en/main.html Immigration and emigration<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{no icon}} [http://www.ssb.no/vis/samfunnsspeilet/utg/200604/10/art-2006-10-10-01.html SSB: Unge innvandrere i arbeid og utdanning - Er innvandrerungdom en marginalisert gruppe?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
+Sandra S. Lee et al. (2001) said, in regards to the [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|categories of the 2000 U.S. census]], that it is difficult to determine why Asian Americans are a "race" while [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino and Hispanic]] are an "ethnic group."<!--This is in the last sentence, of the 2nd paragraph, of page 44. The context of it being in regards to the categories of the 2000 US Census is given by that paragraph and the previous paragraph, which is on the previous page.--> Lee said, referring to the Hispanic or Latino category, that the category of Asian Americans, quite similarly, comprises different populations of diverse origins.<!--This is in the 2nd-to-last sentence, of the 2nd paragraph, of page 44. The phrase "Quite similarly...," used in that sentence, refers to the Hispanic or Latino category, mentioned in the previous sentence.--> Lee said that people of South Asian origin were categorically identified as "[[Hinduism|Hindu]]," regardless of their religion, in the early 20th century.<!--This is in the 2nd-to-last sentence, of the 2nd paragraph, of page 45.--> Lee said that the [[Racial classification of Indian Americans|policy changed to classify people from the Indian subcontinent as "white."]]<!--This is in the last sentence, of the 2nd paragraph, of page 45.--> Lee said that, more recently, South Asian Americans were added to the long list of groups that comprise the category of Asian American.<!--This is in the 1st sentence, of the last paragraph, of page 45.--> Referring to their classification as "Asian," Lee said that, in the United States, the classification of people from the Indian subcontinent depends on their historical location.<!--This is in the 3rd sentence, of the 2nd paragraph, of page 45. The phrase "these individuals," used in that sentence, refers to "...those from the Indian subcontinent," mentioned in the previous sentence. The "categorization," mentioned in the 3rd sentence, of the 2nd paragraph, of page 45, refers to their categorization as "Asian," mentioned in the previous sentence.--><ref name="LeeMountainKoenig2001">Lee, S.S., Mountain, J. & Koenig, B.A. (2001). The Meanings of Race in the New Genomics: Implications for Health Disparities Research. ''[[Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics]] 1,'' (1). Pages 43, 44, & 45. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061101012859/http://www.yale.edu/yjhple/volume_1/pdf/033%20%28koenig%29.pdf Wayback Machine link].</ref>
-==Definition by non-government sources==
-===Keith Lowe===
-Dr. Keith Lowe, race-relations expert for the Canadian government,<ref>Ontario Multicultural Association. "Speaker Biography: Dr. Keith Lowe." 2007. July 29, 2007.[http://www.omamo.org/speaker_lowebio.html]</ref> claims that Asian people refer to Central, South, Southeast and East Asians.<ref>Asian Heritage Month. "Credits." 2007. July 29, 2007. [http://asian-heritage-month.org/credits.html]</ref>
-===Oxford English Dictionary===
-The [[Oxford English Dictionary]], states that ''Asian'' is used in North America to refer to people originating from [[East Asia]] like [[China]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]], etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/asian?view=get|title=Asian|publisher=AskOxford.com|accessdate=2007-09-29}}</ref><ref>http://www.aasp.cornell.edu/courses.php Cornell Asian American Studies</ref>
+In 1930 and 1940, ''[[Indian Americans]]'' were identified as a separate race, ''[[Hindus|Hindu]]'', and in 1950 and 1960 they were racially classified as ''Other Race'', and then in 1970 they were classified as ''White''. Since 1980, Indians and all other South Asians have been classified as part of the [[Race (United States Census)|Asian ethnic group]].<ref>Campbell Gibson and Kay Jung. [https://web.archive.org/web/20051031073634/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076.html Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States], Working Paper No. 76 (2005). See footnote 6 in paper</ref> Sociologist Madhulika Khandelwal described how "''....as a result of activism, South Asians came to be included as 'Asians' in the census only in the 80's. Prior to that many South Asians had been checking 'Caucasian' or 'Other'.''"<ref>Chandy, Sunu P. [http://way.net/sawa/desiaspora/02conf.html What is a Valid South Asian Struggle?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205220353/http://way.net/sawa/desiaspora/02conf.html |date=December 5, 2006 }} Report on the Annual SASA Conference. Retrieved August 8, 2008.</ref>
-==Orientals and the Orient==
-The term "'''Oriental'''" (from the Latin word for "Eastern")<ref>Cawley, Kevin. University of Notre Dame. Oriental. 2004. [[September 29]] [[2006]]. [http://www.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/lookit.pl?latin=oriental]</ref> was originally used in Europe in reference to the [[Near East]]. It was later extended to the rest of Asia, but came to refer to Northeast Asians and Southeast Asians in the 19th and 20th century US,<ref>Hu, Alan. Model Minority. On Asian and Oriental. 1993. [[September 29]] [[2006]]. [http://www.modelminority.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=183]</ref> where most Asians were Chinese (and later Japanese and Filipino). By the late 20th century, the term had gathered associations in North America with older attitudes now seen as outmoded, and was replaced with the term "Asian" as part of the updating of language concerning [[Social identity|social identities]],<ref>Bartleby.com The American Heritage Book of English Usage. 2005. [[September 1]] [[2006]]. [http://www.bartleby.com/64/C006/007.html]</ref> which critics have derided as [[political correctness]].<ref>Friedman. Haladina. The Politically Correct Handbook. 1992. [[September 1]] [[2006]]. In the UK however since the 'term' Asian is universally assumed to mean South Asian Oriental is regarded as an acceptable term for someone of East Asian descent.[http://webpages.marshall.edu/~hartwel1/humor/misc/politically_correct_handbook.html]</ref> In Europe however use of the term oriental for a east Asian has no negative connotations attached and is commonly used since here 'Asian' is taking to mean a South Asian.
+Respondents can also report their specific ancestry, e.g.: [[Ryukyuan people|Okinawan]], etc. Someone reporting these ancestries but no race would be classified as "Asian". Unlike Southeast Asians, [[Afghan Americans]], [[Arab Americans]], [[Armenian Americans]], [[Assyrian Americans]], [[Azerbaijani Americans]], [[Georgian Americans]], [[Israeli Americans]], [[Kurdish Americans]], [[Turkish Americans]], [[Iranian Americans]], and Central Asian Americans have not lobbied to be included as Asians by the U.S. Census Board.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.aaiusa.org/foundation/355/not-quite-white Not Quite White: Race Classification and the Arab American Experience] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927220911/http://www.aaiusa.org/foundation/355/not-quite-white |date=September 27, 2006 }}, Arab American Institute, 1997, September 29, 2006.</ref>
-==Marginal Inclusion==
-===West Asians===
-Clovis Maksoud, Director for the Organization of Global South, argues that the term "Middle East" is a [[Eurocentric]] term denoting the region between Europe and East Asia, because it denies the Middle East's connection with Muslim North Africa.<ref>Katz, Elizabeth. Virginia Law. Democracy in the Middle East. 2006. [[September 9]] [[2006]]. [http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2006_spr/jb_religion.htm]</ref> In English parlance, [[Western Asia]]ns like Jews, Iranians and Arabs,<ref name="SharonLee " /> and the Central Asians of the former Soviet Republics are not referred to as "Asian" by United States government agencies.
-The Canadian government uses "West Asian" in its statistics; however people from the Arab countries are counted in a separate "Arab" category. <ref>http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/89-621-XIE/89-621-XIE2007003.pdf</ref> <ref>http://www.google.com/search?q=west+asian+site%3Astatcan.ca</ref>
+In normal American usage Asian does not refer to the people from the [[List of islands in the Pacific Ocean|Pacific Islands]] who are usually called [[Pacific Islander]]s.<ref>American Heritage Book of English Usage. Asian. 1996. September 29, 2006. [http://www.bartleby.com/64/C006/007.html Bartleby.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216060110/http://www.bartleby.com/64/C006/007.html |date=February 16, 2006 }}</ref> The term "Asians and Pacific Islanders" or "Asia/Pacific" was used on the [[1990 United States census|1990 U.S. census]].<ref>Census '90. Asian and Pacific Islanders in the United States. 1990. September 1, 2006. [https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cp3/cp-3-5.pdf#search=%22pacific%20islanders%20%22not%20asian%22%201990%20census%22 Census.gov]</ref>
-===Pacific Islanders===
-In normal usage Asian does not refer to the people from the [[Pacific Islands]] who are usually called [[Pacific Islanders]].<ref>American Heritage Book of English Usage. Asian.  1996. [[September 29]] [[2006]]. [http://www.bartleby.com/64/C006/007.html]</ref>  The term "Asians and Pacific Islanders" or "Asia/Pacific" was used on the 1990 US Census.<ref>Census '90. Asian and Pacific Islanders in the United States. 1990. [[September 1]] [[2006]]. [http://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cp3/cp-3-5.pdf#search=%22pacific%20islanders%20%22not%20asian%22%201990%20census%22]</ref>
 <!-- Misinterpretation of source
 As late as 2001, they were considered by most Americans to be the same racial group as Asians due to a perception of their implicit contrast to "whiteness".<ref name=autogenerated3 />
 -->
-However, in the [[United States 2000 Census|2000 US Census]],  the Asian or Pacific Islander category was separated into two categories, "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander".
-<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html|publisher=OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET|title=Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity|quote=The Native Hawaiians presented compelling arguments that the standards must facilitate the production of data to describe their social and economic situation and to monitor discrimination against Native Hawaiians in housing, education, employment, and other areas. Under the current standards for data on race and ethnicity, Native Hawaiians comprise about three percent of the Asian and Pacific Islander population. By creating separate categories, the data on the Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islander groups will no longer be overwhelmed by the aggregate data of the much larger Asian groups. Native Hawaiians will comprise about 60 percent of the new category.
-The Asian, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander population groups are well defined; moreover, there has been experience with reporting in separate categories for the Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander population groups. The 1990 census included "Hawaiian," "Samoan," and "Guamanian" as response categories to the race question. In addition, two of the major tests conducted as part of the current review (the NCS and the RAETT) used "Hawaiian" and/or "Native Hawaiian," "Samoan," "Guamanian," and "Guamanian or Chamorro" as response options to the race question. These factors facilitate breaking apart the current category.}}</ref>
+However, in the [[2000 United States census|2000 U.S. census]], the Asian or Pacific Islander category was separated into two categories, "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander".<ref>{{cite web|year=1997|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html|publisher=White House|title=Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity|quote=The Native Hawaiians presented compelling arguments that the standards must facilitate the production of data to describe their social and economic situation and to monitor discrimination against Native Hawaiians in housing, education, employment, and other areas. Under the current standards for data on race and ethnicity, Native Hawaiians comprise about three percent of the Asian and Pacific Islander population. By creating separate categories, the data on the Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islander groups will no longer be overwhelmed by the aggregate data of the much larger Asian groups. Native Hawaiians will comprise about 60 percent of the new category. The Asian, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander population groups are well defined; moreover, there has been experience with reporting in separate categories for the Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander population groups. The 1990 census included "Hawaiian," "Samoan," and "Guamanian" as response categories to the race question. In addition, two of the major tests conducted as part of the current review (the NCS and the RAETT) used "Hawaiian" and/or "Native Hawaiian," "Samoan," "Guamanian," and "Guamanian or Chamorro" as response options to the race question. These factors facilitate breaking apart the current category.|access-date=August 27, 2008|archive-date=February 8, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040208185224/http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+==See also==
+* [[Afro-Asian]] (African-Asian mixed ancestry)
+* [[Amerasian]] — especially the offspring of a U.S. serviceman and an Asian
+* [[Asian diaspora]]
+** [[Asian Americans]]
+** [[Asian Brazilians]]
+** [[Asian Caribbeans]]
+* [[Dravidian peoples]]
+* [[East Asians]]
+* [[Ethnic groups in Asia]]
+* [[Hapa]] — Hawaiian term commonly referring to Eurasians
+* [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
+* [[Orient]]
+* [[Race and genetics]]
+* [[South Asian ethnic groups]]
+* [[West Asians]]
 ==References==
-{{reflist|2}}
+{{Reflist|2}}
-==See also==
+==External links==
+*{{Commons category-inline|People of Asia}}
-*[[Asian Europeans]]
-*[[Afro-Asian]] (African-Asian mixed ancestry)
-*[[Amerasian]] &mdash; especially the offspring of a U.S. serviceman and an Asian
-*[[Asia]] &mdash; includes boundaries of the continent.
-*[[Asian pride]]
-*[[Desi]]
-*[[Eurasian (mixed ancestry)|Eurasian]] (European-Asian mixed ancestry)
-*[[Hapa]] &mdash; Hawaiian term commonly referring to [[Eurasian (mixed ancestry)|Eurasian]]s
-*[[Oriental]]
-*[[Race and genetics]]
-{{Asian Americans}}
+{{Overseas Asians}}{{Asia topics}}{{Asian Americans}}
+{{AsiansinUK}}
-{{Asians in the UK}}
 {{Asian Canadians}}
 {{Asian Australians}}
+{{Historical definitions of race}}
-[[Category:Asian people| ]]
+{{Authority control}}
+[[Category:Asian people| ]]
-[[el:Ασία#Φυλές και Άνθρωποι της Ασίας]]
+[[Category:Race (human categorization)]]
-[[es:Asiático]]
-[[ja:アジア系民族]]
-[[pl:Azjaci]]
-[[pt:Asiático]]
-[[ru:Азиаты]]
-[[simple:Asian]]
-[[sk:Ázijčania]]
-[[sv:Asiater]]
-[[vi:Người Châu Á]]

v t e Asian Americans
Central Asian	Afghan Baloch Kazakh Kyrgyz Tajik Turkmen Uyghur Uzbek
East Asian	Chinese Fuzhounese Hakka Hoklo Hong Kong Japanese Ryukyuan (Okinawans) in Hawaii Korean in Hawaii Mongolian Taiwanese Tibetan
South Asian	Bangladeshi Bengali Bhutanese Indian Gujarati Telugu Indo-Caribbean Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Punjabi Sindhi Tamil Sri Lankan
Southeast Asian	Burmese Karen Cambodian Filipino Hmong Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Mien
Other	Asian Hispanic and Latino Punjabi Mexican Multiracial Americans Afro-Asian Amerasian
History	Immigration Military Internment of Japanese Americans
Topics	Arts and Entertainment Broadcast journalism Demographics Politics Science and technology Sports Stereotypes East and Southeast Asians South Asians Model minority myth
Regions	California Los Angeles San Francisco Metro Detroit Hawaii Houston Louisiana Maryland New York City Nevada North Carolina Philadelphia Puerto Rico Washington Washington, D.C. Virginia

v t e Canadians of Asian descent by area of origin
Central Asia	Afghan Kazakh Tatar Tajik Uzbek
East Asia	Chinese Hong Kong Japanese Korean Mongolian Taiwanese Tibetan
Southeast Asia	Cambodian Filipino Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Singaporean Thai Vietnamese
South Asia	Bangladeshi Indian Nepali Pakistani Punjabi Sri Lankan Tamil Sindhi
West Asia	Arab Iraqi Jordanian Lebanese Palestinian Saudi Syrian Yemeni Armenian Assyrian Azerbaijani Georgian Iranian Israeli Jewish Turkish

v t e Asian Australians
Central Asia	Afghan Hazara Armenian Azeri Georgian Kazakh Kyrgyz Pathan Tatar Tajik Turkmen Uzbek Uyghur
East Asia	Chinese Fuzhou/Hokchiu Hakka Hoklo Hong Konger Tibetan Japanese Korean Mongolian Taiwanese
South Asia	Bangladeshi Bengali Bhutanese Indian Indo-Fijian Bengali Gujarati Malayali Punjabi Sindhi Tamil Telugu Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Baloch Pashtun Punjabi Sindhi Sri Lankan Tamil
Southeast Asia	Burmese Mon Chin Cambodian East Timorese Filipino Hmong Indonesian Javanese Madurese Sundanese Acehnese Balinese Karen Laotian Malaysian Bruneian Kadazan Temoq Mien Singaporean Thai Vietnamese
History	General Immigration
Topics	Organized crime Politics Stereotypes East Asians South Asians
According to Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ASCCEG)[1] Category Commons

v t e Obsolete definitions of race
Racism Scientific racism Pseudoscience
Color terminology	Black Bronze Brown Olive Red White
Concepts	Australoid Capoid Caucasoid Alpine Arabid Armenoid Aryan Atlantid Caspian Dinaric East Baltic Ethiopid Hamites Indid Iranid Mediterranean Nordic Semites Turanid Malay Mongoloid Proto-Mongoloid Sinodonty and Sundadonty Negroid Negrito
Sociological	in India Passing Racial discrimination Racism Racial stereotypes Colorism Master race Nazism and race Racial hygiene Whiteness studies Négritude
Writers	Louis Agassiz John Baker Erwin Baur John Beddoe Robert Bennett Bean François Bernier Renato Biasutti Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Franz Boas Daniel Garrison Brinton Paul Broca Alice Mossie Brues Halfdan Bryn Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon Charles Caldwell Petrus Camper Samuel A. Cartwright Houston Stewart Chamberlain Sonia Mary Cole Carleton S. Coon Georges Cuvier Jan Czekanowski Charles Davenport Joseph Deniker Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt Anténor Firmin Eugen Fischer Francis Galton Stanley Marion Garn Reginald Ruggles Gates George Gliddon Arthur de Gobineau Madison Grant John Grattan Hans F. K. Günther Ernst Haeckel Frederick Ludwig Hoffman Earnest Hooton Julian Huxley Thomas Henry Huxley Calvin Ira Kephart Robert Knox Robert E. Kuttner Georges Vacher de Lapouge Fritz Lenz Carl Linnaeus Cesare Lombroso Bertil Lundman Felix von Luschan Dominick McCausland John Mitchell Ashley Montagu Lewis H. Morgan Samuel George Morton Josiah C. Nott Karl Pearson Roger Pearson Oscar Peschel Isaac La Peyrère Charles Pickering Ludwig Hermann Plate Alfred Ploetz James Cowles Prichard Otto Reche Gustaf Retzius William Z. Ripley Alfred Rosenberg Benjamin Rush Henric Sanielevici Heinrich Schmidt Ilse Schwidetzky Charles Gabriel Seligman Giuseppe Sergi Samuel Stanhope Smith Herbert Spencer Morris Steggerda Lothrop Stoddard William Graham Sumner Thomas Griffith Taylor Paul Topinard John H. Van Evrie Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer Alexander Winchell Ludwig Woltmann
Publications	An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People in Different Climates (1744) The Outline of History of Mankind (1785) Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question (1849) An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1855) The Races of Europe (Ripley, 1899) The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1899) Race Life of the Aryan Peoples (1907) Heredity in Relation to Eugenics (1911) Castes in India (1916) The Passing of the Great Race (1916) The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy (1920) The Myth of the Twentieth Century (1930) Annihilation of Caste (1936) An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus (1943) The Race Question (1950)
Related	Ethnogenesis Eugenics Great chain of being History of anthropometry Miscegenation Monogenism Multiracial Polygenism Pre-Adamite Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness