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{{short description|Protective casings of the seeds of cereal grain}} |
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{{otheruses}} |
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{{other uses|Chaff (disambiguation)}}{{distinguish|Bran}} |
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[[File:Rice chaffs.jpg|300px|thumb|[[Rice]] chaff]] |
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'''Chaff''' ({{PronEng|tʃɑːf}} or {{IPA|/tʃæf/}}, depending on dialect – both to rhyme with "half") is the inedible, dry, scaly protective casings of the seeds of [[cereal grain]], or similar fine, dry, scaly plant material such as scaly parts of [[flower]]s, or finely chopped [[straw]]. In [[agriculture]] chaff is used as [[livestock]] [[fodder]], or is a waste material [[plough]]ed into the [[soil]] or burnt. |
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'''Chaff''' ({{IPAc-en|tʃ|æ|f}}; {{IPAc-en|also|UK|tʃ|ɑː|f}})<ref>{{cite book |title=Cambridge Pronouncing Dictionary|author=Daniel Jones|editor1=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartman |editor3=Jane Setter |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006}}</ref> is dry, scale-like plant material such as the protective [[husk|seed casings]] of [[cereal grain]]s, the scale-like parts of flowers, or finely chopped [[straw]]. Chaff cannot be digested by humans, but it may be [[fodder|fed to livestock]], [[plough]]ed into soil, or burned. |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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"Chaff" comes from [[Middle English]] |
"Chaff" comes from [[Middle English]] {{lang|enm|chaf}}, from [[Old English language|Old English]] {{lang|ang|ceaf}}, related to [[Old High German]] ''{{lang|goh|cheva}}'', "husk". |
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==Grain chaff== |
==Grain chaff== |
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[[Image:Usdaeinkorn1 Triticum monococcum.jpg|thumbnail|Spikelets of a hulled wheat, [[Einkorn wheat|einkorn]]]]In [[Poaceae|grass]]es (including [[cereal|cereals]] such as [[rice]], [[barley]], [[oat|oats]], and [[wheat]]), the ripe seed is surrounded by thin, dry, scaly [[bracts]] (called [[glume|glumes]], [[Lemma (botany)|lemmas]], and [[palea (botany)|paleas]]), forming a dry [[husk]] (or hull) around the grain. Once it is removed, it is often referred to as chaff. |
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| ⚫ | In wild cereals and in the primitive domesticated [[einkorn]],<ref name=Potts>Potts, D. T. (1996) ''Mesopotamia Civilization: The Material Foundations'' [[Cornell University Press]]. p. 62. {{ISBN|0-8014-3339-8}}.</ref> [[emmer]]<ref>Nevo, Eviatar & A. B. Korol & A. Beiles & T. Fahima. (2002) ''Evolution of Wild Emmer and Wheat Improvement: Population Genetics, Genetic Resources, and Genome...''. Springer. p. 8. {{ISBN|3-540-41750-8}}.</ref> and [[spelt]]<ref>Vaughan, J. G. & P. A. Judd. (2003) ''The Oxford Book of Health Foods''. [[Oxford University Press]]. p. 35. {{ISBN|0-19-850459-4}}.</ref> wheats, the husks enclose each seed tightly. Before the grain can be used, the husks must be removed. |
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The process of loosening the chaff from the grain is called ''[[threshing]]'', and separating the loose chaff from the grain is called ''[[winnowing]]'' – traditionally done by using the wind to blow the lighter chaff aside from grain tossed in the air. |
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The process of loosening the chaff from the grain so as to remove it is called "[[threshing]]" before "[[drying]]" – traditionally done by milling or pounding, making it finer like "[[flour]]". Separating remaining loose chaff from the grain is called "[[winnowing]]" – traditionally done by repeatedly tossing the grain up into a light wind, which gradually blows the lighter chaff away. This method typically uses a broad, plate-shaped basket or similar receptacle to hold and collect the winnowed grain as it falls back down.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Chaff: Learn How To Winnow Seeds From Chaff |url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/grains/general-grains/chaff-and-winnowing-information.htm |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Gardening Know How |date=7 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> |
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Domesticated grains such as [[durum wheat|durum]] and [[common wheat]] have been bred to have chaff that is easily removed. These varieties are known as "free-threshing" or "naked".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cereals & Grains Association |url=https://www.cerealsgrains.org/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=www.cerealsgrains.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tzarfati |first1=Raanan |last2=Saranga |first2=Yehoshua |last3=Barak |first3=Vered |last4=Gopher |first4=Avi |last5=Korol |first5=Abraham B. |last6=Abbo |first6=Shahal |date=September 2013 |title=Threshing efficiency as an incentive for rapid domestication of emmer wheat |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=112 |issue=5 |pages=829–837 |doi=10.1093/aob/mct148 |issn=0305-7364 |pmc=3747801 |pmid=23884398}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Watanabe |first=N. |date=2017-08-04 |title=Breeding opportunities for early, free-threshing and semi-dwarf Triticum monococcum L. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-017-1987-0 |journal=Euphytica |language=en |volume=213 |issue=8 |pages=201 |doi=10.1007/s10681-017-1987-0 |issn=1573-5060}}</ref> |
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==Straw chaff== |
==Straw chaff== |
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Chaff is also made by chopping [[straw]] (or sometimes coarse [[hay]]) into very short lengths, using a machine called a [[chaff cutter]]. |
Chaff is also made by chopping [[straw]] (or sometimes coarse [[hay]]) into very short lengths, using a machine called a [[chaff cutter]]. Like grain chaff, it is used as animal feed and is a way of making coarse fodder more palatable for livestock.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dulwichpicturegallery.org.uk/collection/search/display.aspx?irn=56 |title=The Chaff cutter |access-date=2005-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103083512/http://www.dulwichpicturegallery.org.uk/collection/search/display.aspx?irn=56 |archive-date=2006-01-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.antiquefarmtools.info/ Cutting chaff by hand]: detail of painting by [[David Teniers the Younger]]</ref><ref>[http://www.victorians.asp-host.co.uk/themes/agriculture/chaffcutterobj.htm A Victorian chaff cutter] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321063813/http://www.victorians.asp-host.co.uk/themes/agriculture/chaffcutterobj.htm |date=March 21, 2008 }}</ref> |
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[http://www.dulwichpicturegallery.org.uk/collection/search/display.aspx?irn=56 "The Chaff cutter"]</ref><ref>[http://www.antiquefarmtools.info/ Cutting chaff by hand]: detail of painting by [[David Teniers the Younger]]</ref><ref>[http://www.victorians.asp-host.co.uk/themes/agriculture/chaffcutterobj.htm A Victorian chaff cutter]</ref><ref> [http://www.victorians.asp-host.co.uk/ Virtual Victorians] (Accessed 12 May 2008)</ref><ref>[http://www.maharashtradirectory.com/Catalogue/agricultural_implements.htm Modern chaff cutter], Maharashtra Industries Directory. (Accessed 12 May 2008)</ref> |
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==Coffee chaff== |
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''Coffee chaff'' is produced from the so called ''silverskin'', the thin inner-parchment layer on dried coffee beans, in the process of [[coffee grinder|grinding coffee]] beans. |
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==Botany== |
==Botany== |
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In [[botany]], chaff refers to the thin [[List of plant morphology terms#Basic flower parts|receptacular]] [[bracts]] of many species in the sunflower family [[Asteraceae]] and related families. They are modified scale-like [[leaves]] surrounding single [[floret]]s in the flower-head. |
In [[botany]], chaff refers to the thin [[List of plant morphology terms#Basic flower parts|receptacular]] [[bracts]] of many species in the sunflower family [[Asteraceae]] and related families. They are modified scale-like [[leaves]] surrounding single [[floret]]s in the flower-head.<ref name="Jones2005">{{cite book|author=Ronald Jones|title=Plant Life of Kentucky: An Illustrated Guide to the Vascular Flora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bsngx7s0OI4C&pg=PA751|date=25 March 2005|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=0-8131-7194-6|pages=751–}}</ref> |
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==Metaphor== |
==Metaphor== |
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Chaff as a waste product from grain processing leads to a [[metaphor]]ical use of the term, to refer to something seen as worthless. In the [[Bible]], such use is found in Job 13:25,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Job 13:25 Would You frighten a windblown leaf? Would You chase after dry chaff? |url=https://biblehub.com/job/13-25.htm |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=biblehub.com}}</ref> Isaiah 33:11,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Isaiah 33:11 - New International Version |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah%2033%3A11&version=NIV |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en}}</ref> Psalm 83:13-15,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Psalm 83:13-15 - New International Version |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm%2083%3A13-15&version=NIV |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en}}</ref> and other places. Chaff also lends its name to [[Chaff (countermeasure)|a radar countermeasure]], composed of small particles dropped from an aircraft.{{cn|date=February 2023}} |
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Chaff as a waste product from grain processing leads to a [[metaphor]]ical use of the term, to refer to something worthless. This is most commonly in the expression "to separate the wheat from the chaff", which means to separate things of value from things of no value. Another example is in Psalm 1 of the [[Bible]], which says: "Not so the wicked! They are like chaff that the wind blows away". |
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==Use== |
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Hungarian engineer László Schremmer has discovered that the use of chaff-based filters can reduce the [[arsenic]] content of water to 3 microgram/litre. This is especially important in areas where the potable water is provided by filtering the water extracted from an underground [[aquifer]].<ref>[http://mno.hu/gazdasag/szenzacios-magyar-talalmany-1068315 Newspaper article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417212726/http://mno.hu/gazdasag/szenzacios-magyar-talalmany-1068315 |date=2012-04-17 }} (in Hungarian) published by [[Magyar Nemzet]] on April 15, 2012.</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Awn (botany)]] |
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*[[Bran]] |
* [[Bran]] |
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*[[Biomass]] |
* [[Biomass]] |
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*[[Combine harvester]] |
* [[Combine harvester]] |
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*[[ |
* [[Rice hulls]] |
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*[[ |
* [[Rice huller]] |
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*[[ |
* [[Sifting]] |
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==References== |
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[[Category:Plant morphology]] |
[[Category:Plant morphology]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Fodder]] |
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[[Category:Waste]] |
[[Category:Waste]] |
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[[ca:Espícula#Glumel·les]] |
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[[de:Spelze]] |
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[[es:Gluma]] |
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[[eo:Glumo]] |
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[[fr:Glume]] |
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[[nl:Kelkkafje]] |
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[[ja:籾殻]] |
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[[pl:Plewa (liść)]] |
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[[ru:Мякина]] |
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[[th:แกลบ]] |
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Latest revision as of 20:18, 1 December 2024
Chaff (/tʃæf/; also UK: /tʃɑːf/)[1] is dry, scale-like plant material such as the protective seed casings of cereal grains, the scale-like parts of flowers, or finely chopped straw. Chaff cannot be digested by humans, but it may be fed to livestock, ploughed into soil, or burned.
Etymology
[edit]
"Chaff" comes from Middle English chaf, from Old English ceaf, related to Old High German cheva, "husk".
Grain chaff
[edit]
In grasses (including cereals such as rice, barley, oats, and wheat), the ripe seed is surrounded by thin, dry, scaly bracts (called glumes, lemmas, and paleas), forming a dry husk (or hull) around the grain. Once it is removed, it is often referred to as chaff.
In wild cereals and in the primitive domesticated einkorn,[2] emmer[3] and spelt[4] wheats, the husks enclose each seed tightly. Before the grain can be used, the husks must be removed.
The process of loosening the chaff from the grain so as to remove it is called "threshing" before "drying" – traditionally done by milling or pounding, making it finer like "flour". Separating remaining loose chaff from the grain is called "winnowing" – traditionally done by repeatedly tossing the grain up into a light wind, which gradually blows the lighter chaff away. This method typically uses a broad, plate-shaped basket or similar receptacle to hold and collect the winnowed grain as it falls back down.[5]
Domesticated grains such as durum and common wheat have been bred to have chaff that is easily removed. These varieties are known as "free-threshing" or "naked".[6][7][8]
Chaff should not be confused with bran, which is a finer, scaly material that is part of the grain itself.
Straw chaff
[edit]Chaff is also made by chopping straw (or sometimes coarse hay) into very short lengths, using a machine called a chaff cutter. Like grain chaff, it is used as animal feed and is a way of making coarse fodder more palatable for livestock.[9][10][11]
Coffee chaff
[edit]Coffee chaff is produced from the so called silverskin, the thin inner-parchment layer on dried coffee beans, in the process of grinding coffee beans.
Botany
[edit]In botany, chaff refers to the thin receptacular bracts of many species in the sunflower family Asteraceae and related families. They are modified scale-like leaves surrounding single florets in the flower-head.[12]
Metaphor
[edit]Chaff as a waste product from grain processing leads to a metaphorical use of the term, to refer to something seen as worthless. In the Bible, such use is found in Job 13:25,[13] Isaiah 33:11,[14] Psalm 83:13-15,[15] and other places. Chaff also lends its name to a radar countermeasure, composed of small particles dropped from an aircraft.[citation needed]
Use
[edit]Hungarian engineer László Schremmer has discovered that the use of chaff-based filters can reduce the arsenic content of water to 3 microgram/litre. This is especially important in areas where the potable water is provided by filtering the water extracted from an underground aquifer.[16]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Daniel Jones (2006). Peter Roach; James Hartman; Jane Setter (eds.). Cambridge Pronouncing Dictionary. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Potts, D. T. (1996) Mesopotamia Civilization: The Material Foundations Cornell University Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-8014-3339-8.
- ^ Nevo, Eviatar & A. B. Korol & A. Beiles & T. Fahima. (2002) Evolution of Wild Emmer and Wheat Improvement: Population Genetics, Genetic Resources, and Genome.... Springer. p. 8. ISBN 3-540-41750-8.
- ^ Vaughan, J. G. & P. A. Judd. (2003) The Oxford Book of Health Foods. Oxford University Press. p. 35. ISBN 0-19-850459-4.
- ^ "What Is Chaff: Learn How To Winnow Seeds From Chaff". Gardening Know How. 7 September 2019. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
- ^ "Cereals & Grains Association". www.cerealsgrains.org. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
- ^ Tzarfati, Raanan; Saranga, Yehoshua; Barak, Vered; Gopher, Avi; Korol, Abraham B.; Abbo, Shahal (September 2013). "Threshing efficiency as an incentive for rapid domestication of emmer wheat". Annals of Botany. 112 (5): 829–837. doi:10.1093/aob/mct148. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 3747801. PMID 23884398.
- ^ Watanabe, N. (2017-08-04). "Breeding opportunities for early, free-threshing and semi-dwarf Triticum monococcum L." Euphytica. 213 (8): 201. doi:10.1007/s10681-017-1987-0. ISSN 1573-5060.
- ^ "The Chaff cutter". Archived from the original on 2006-01-03. Retrieved 2005-09-06.
- ^ Cutting chaff by hand: detail of painting by David Teniers the Younger
- ^ A Victorian chaff cutter Archived March 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ronald Jones (25 March 2005). Plant Life of Kentucky: An Illustrated Guide to the Vascular Flora. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 751–. ISBN 0-8131-7194-6.
- ^ "Job 13:25 Would You frighten a windblown leaf? Would You chase after dry chaff?". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
- ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Isaiah 33:11 - New International Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
- ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Psalm 83:13-15 - New International Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
- ^ Newspaper article Archived 2012-04-17 at the Wayback Machine (in Hungarian) published by Magyar Nemzet on April 15, 2012.
